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SHIRE HANDBOOK
CABOOLTURE
QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
LIMITED DISTRIBUTION - GOV'T.i 1NSTRUHENTALITY OFFICERS ONLY
C A B O O L T U R E
S H I R E H A N D B O O K
compiled by G. J. Lukey, Dipl. Trop. Agric (Deventer)
Queensland Department of Primary Industries
October 1973.
The material in this publication is intended forgovernment and institutional use only, and isnot to be used in any court of law.
11
FOREWORD
A detailed knowledge and understanding of the environment andthe pressures its many facets may exert are fundamental to those whowork to improve agriculture, or to conserve or develop the ruralenvironment.
A vast amount of information is accumulating concerning thephysical resources and the farming and social systems as they exist inthe state of Queensland. This information is coming from a number ofsources and references and is scattered through numerous publicationsand unpublished reports.
Shire Handbooks, the first of which was published in February1969, are an attempt to collate under one cover relevant information andreferences which will be helpful to the extension officer, the researchand survey officer or those who are interested in industry or regionalplanning or in reconstruction.
A copy of each shire handbook is held for reference in eachDivision and in each Branch of the Department of Primary Industries inBrisbane. In addition Agriculture Branch holds at its Head Office and ineach of its country centres, Shire Handbooks, Regional TechnicalHandbooks (notes on technical matters relevant to certain agriculturalindustries in the Shire) and monthly and annual reports which are acontinuing record of the progress and problems in agriculture. It issuggested that the 3 sets of records are essential background material forthe professional agriculturalist.
It is intended that the Handbook for each Shire should be reviewedand updated for republication every fifth year.
Mr. G. J. Lukey, Adviser with the Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries, has collated data and assembled material for thisHandbook. The assistance provided by officers of this and otherDepartments both State and Federal is gratefully acknowledged. MissDiana Beal, B. Econ. B. Com has edited the material for publication.
N.F. Fox
DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE
I l l
CONTENTS
Section
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
1.011.021.031.04
Climate
2.012.022.032.042.052.062.072.08
Hydrology
3.013.023.033.043.05
Soils
4.014.024.03
Vegetation
5.015.02
LocationExploration and SettlementTopographyGeology
PreambleRainfallTemperature and FrostRelative HumidityCloudiness and Sunshine HoursEvaporationWindsClimate in relation to pastoral, crop
and forestry enterprises
Hydrology - GeneralSurface SuppliesUnderground SuppliesIrrigationFuture Irrigation Development
Soil TypesSoil ConservationAreas available for Pastoral and Agricultural
Development
& Fauna
VegetationFauna
Farming Systems and Practices
6.016.026.036.046.056.066.076.08
Land TenureLand ValuationTobaccoFruit and Vegetable CroppingDairyingBeef CattlePoultryPigs
IV
Section
7.
8.
9.
10.
1 1 .
12.
Crop,
7.017.027.03
Pasture and Animal Performance
CropsPasturesAnimals
Register of Research Projects
8.018.028.038.048.058.06
Other
9.019.029.039.04
Shire I
10.0110.0210.0310.0410.0510.0610.0710.08
PasturesDairyingHorticultureAgricultureFisheriesCattle Ticks
Primary Industries
ForestryMiningFisheryBeekeeping
Statistics
Primary Production - Holdings and EnterprisesDemographyTransport ServicesSecondary IndustriesTertiary ServicesCommunity ServicesAssociations and SocietiesState Services to Primary Producers
Economics
11.0111.0211.0311.0411.0511.0611.0711.0811.09
IntroductionFodder CropsPasturesDairyingBeefPigsPoultryHorticulture - Fruit and VegetablesTobacco
Primary Producers (Rural Landholders) in the Shire.
Bibliography - References
Map 1Map 2Map 3Map 4
Acknowledgements
Maps
Location Section 1Geology Section 1Streams Section 1Reserves Section 5
1-1
Section 1.
INTRODUCTION
1. 01 Location:
The Caboolture Shire covers an area of 1220km2. The Shirearea lies between latitudes 26°48'S and 27°14'S, and longtitudes 152°40'Eand 153°13'E. The Caboolture township is at a distance of about 50 kmnorth of Brisbane.
The Shire is bounded on the east by Deception and Moreton Baysand the South Pacific Ocean along Bribie Island. On the west the Shire isbounded by Neurum and Mary Smokes Creeks. On the north-west the Shireboundary overlaps the Conondale Range, which is part of the BlackallRange, near Bellthorpe over a width of approximately 10 km. Theboundary then runs in a south-easterly direction to the D'Aguilar Rangeand then follows this range to a point 10 km south of Mt. Beerwah. Theboundary then runs in easterly direclion passing approximately 1 kmsouth of Beerburrum, crossing Pumicestone Channel and the northernhalf of Bribie Island.
On the south the Shire boundary runs from Deception Bay townshipin a westerly direction to approximately 3 km north-east of Dayboro fromwhere it continues north-west to Mt. Mee. South of Mt. Mee the boundarycrosses the D'Aguilar Range and continues in westerly direction tojoin up with the boundary along Neurum Creek.
1. 02 Exploration and Settlement:
The earliest exploration in the present Caboolture Shire area wasby Captain Matthew Flinders in the sloop "Norfolk" on the 16th July, 1799,when he landed on the southern tip of the island now called Bribie. Thislanding place Captain Flinders called Skirmish Point following a briefskirmish with some of the Aborigines in that area. There appears to bestrong evidence that the historic landing of Capt. Flinders and the subsequ-ent skirmish took place on the inside part of the island, marked on presentday maps as South Point, and not on the ocean side of the island. Flinders'own chart indicates the original location of Skirmish Point, which isconfirmed by the report of John Oxley on his exploration in the area in1823, and is also marked as such on the first original map of the Colonyof Queensland. (Ref. Collected works of Thomas Welsby - Vol. II).
Captain M. Flinders explored part of Pumicestone Channel,or River as he thought it was, and beached his sloop for repairs at apoint now known as the White Patch or Tarranggiri. This is on the Bribioside of Pumicestone Channel opposite Toorbul. The aboriginal name forBribie Island was apparently "Yaroon" or "Yarun", as recorded by JohnDunmore Lang, in his book "Queensland - Australia", 1861. Tom Petriestates "Yirin" to be the aboriginal name for mudcrab.
Captain Flinders found well-constructed aboriginal huts,measuring 3-4 m long on the island.
1 - 2
Apart from cannibalism which appeared to be common to theaboriginals in this area, mudcrabs and sea mullet were an importantsource of food, as well as oysters, dugong and turtle. Mullet was caughtin a type of seine net.
The island was inhabited by the "Joondoburrie" or "Joondoobarriepeople. The last member of this tribe was a woman by the name of Kalma-kuta, was passed away in 1897 and was buried near Toorbul Pt. A memorialcarrying a plaque donated by Mr. Petrie was erected by the CabooltureHistorical Society at the site in honour of Kalma-kuta and the Joondoobarriepeople.
Ancient Bora grounds in the form of a large and a smallerring, used for aboriginal ceremonies are located 2 km west of theMemorial on the road to Godwin's Beach.
The mainland area between Toorbul and Toorbul Pt. wasinhabited by the Ninghi Ninghi (oyster) aboriginals.
On the 26th July 1799, Capt. Matthew Flinders accompaniedby Bongaree an aboriginal from the Sydney area and two sailors exploredthe land west of Pumicestone Channel and climbed Mt. Beerburrum,which is Just north of the present Shire boundary.
In January 1822 Captain John Bingle on the cutter "Sally"appears to have been in the Bribie area as part of his commission tosurvey the Eastern Coast.
Richard Parsons, Thomas Pamphlet and John Finnegan werethe next white men to arrive in the Toorbul-Bribie area. On the 21stMarch 1823, these three men left Sydney in an open sailing boat in searchof cedar, for a group of islands 50 miles south of Port Jackson. Aviolent gale drove them out to sea and finally they were shipwrecked onMoreton Island. Imagining themselves still south of Sydney the three mencrossed the southern part of Moreton Bay to reach the mainland andcommenced to walk northwards along the coast. On approximately the14th June 1823 they reached the southern bank of the present Brisbane RiverAfter some difficulties crossing this river they continued northwards viaRedcliffe peninsula and finally reached the Toorbul area where they livedwith the aboriginals for approximately four months.
John Oxley, Surveyor-General to the Government of New SouthWales, on the cutter "Mermaid" anchored off Skirmish Point on the 29thday of November, 1823 and gound the two men Pamphlet and Finneganliving ashore with the aboriginals. Parsons had continued northwardsand apparently lived for two years with aboriginals in the Mary River regionbefore returning South.
John Oxley's journey north of Sydney was to survey suitablelocations for convict penal establishments. On learning of the existenceof a large river to the south John Oxley set out with Finnegan and on the2nd and 3rd December 1823 explored a considerable part of the presentBrisbane River which he named after Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governorof New South Wales.
The name Bribie originates from the period between 1825 to1845 approximately when a prisoner convict named Bribie appears tohave lived with the aboriginals on the island.
1 - 3
In 1839 surveyors were sent to the area north of the BrisbaneRiver in preparation for opening the land for free settlement. This initialsurvey work was completed in 1842. The land around Moreton Bay was thennamed "The Northern District of New South Wales" and land wa« for saleat "12 shillings per acre" ($3/ha).
The name Caboolture was first applied by John Dunmore Lang,in 1848 to the bay into which the river (now called the Caboolture River)flows. The word Caboolture is derived from the aboriginal work"Kabultur" meaning "place of carpet snakes".
The first settler in the Caboolture area was Andrew Gregorwho developed a grazing property in 1842 at what is now Upper Caboolture.In 1850 and his housekeeper Mary Shannon were murdered by a number ofhostile aboriginals. Another source claims 1846 to be the year of thismurder.
The old grazing property of Andrew Gregor has changed handsseveral times since and was during one period stocked with sheep. Otherearly settlers in the region followed in the Burpengary Creek and Bellmeredistricts, at Morayfield, in the Caboolture township area and surroundingsand the Deception Bay area.
A survey of farmlands in the Caboolture area was completedon the 2nd February 1864.
One of the first farming operations was commenced at Moray-field south of the Caboolture River by the Caboolture Cotton Co. as aresult of a shortage of cotton in England due to the Americal Civil War.Cotton and later sugar cane were grown in the area south of the CabooltureRiver by several of the original settlers, one of whom by the name ofCaptain Whish owned land along the southern bank of the Caboolturs Rivernear the present township, which property he named "Oaklands". Asmall sugar mill was erected by Fountain Bros, on the southern sideof the Caboolture River in about 1870, near the eastern part of the presenttownship.
The sugar industry brought many of the original settlers to thedistrict and descendants of these settlers still remain in the area.
The town of Caboolture was first settled in 1867 probably inconjunction with the discovery of gold at Gympie. The original ownerof the townsite was a Mr. Roach. Also in 1867 Mr. James Newman took upthe property where the modern War Veterans Home is now situated. Mr.M. Newman handed over the Historical Newman handed over theHistorical Newman House, which was constructed partly of silky oak andwalnut timber, to the Returned Soldiers League in 1947 to house war veteransfrom the Boer War and World War I.
Caboolture was used as a stop-over point on account of theplentiful water supply in the Caboolture River by the Cobb & Co. CoachService between Brisbane-Gympie-Maryborough which commenced on the23rd November 1868.
Mr. M. Battersby started a blacksmith business in 1870 on thesite of the present Shire Council building, with a contract for shoeinghorses of Cobb & Co. Coach Service.
1- 4
The first Post Office at Caboolture was opened on the 1stSeptember 1869 in close proximity to the site of the present Post Office.The first Post Office was operated under the control of W.G. Geddes,who owned a large portion of the Caboolture town area at that time.
The C tboolture Shire Council was constituted on the 11thNovember, 1879 and was the first Shire on the North Coast stretchingoriginally from the Redcliffe and Pine Rivers area to Maroochydore,including Landsborough and Kilcoy.
According to the 1886 census the population of the Caboolturetownship was 162 and the population of the entire Shire of Caboolture was12373.
Apart from the sugar industry, the timber trade created aconsiderable degree of employment in this time. Large quantities ofpine, red cedar and beech timber were cut in the upper reaches of theCaboolture River on the D'Aguilar Range, at Mr. Mee, in the Woodfordarea and on the Blackall Range near Bellthorpe.
Prior to the opening of the railway to Caboolture in June 1888,timber hauliers transported logs by means of bullock teams to the raft-ing ground at Caboolture, where it was rafted down the river and takento Brisbane by boat.
In this time all transport of produce and supplies to and fromBrisbane was by water.
The sawmilling industry in the area was pioneered by Mr. A.Johnson, followed by dhers at Lagoon Creek, at D'Aguilar, Villeneuve andat Woodford. Apart from pine, cedar and beech, these sawmills also cutblackbutt, tallow wood, ironbark, bluegum, stringybark, flooded gum,box, red gum and grey gum hardwoods.
Following the decline of the sugar industry in the area, maizeand potatoes were grown extensively on the river alluvials, while dairy-ing commenced in the Caboolture and Woodford areas as well as at Mt.Mee, where first settlement took place in 1880-81. The Caboolture butterfactory was established in 1907.
In later years bananas, pineapples and citrus growingdeveloped into important rural industries in the Caboolture and Wamuranareas.
The settlement of the Woodford area begins with the develop-ment of Durundur Sheep Station by the Archer Bros, in September 1841.The whole upper Stanley River area west of the D'Aguilar Range and southof Bellthorpe on the Conondale Range was then part of the station. Dr.Ludwig Leichardt, famous explorer and botanist, is reported to havestayed for a period of 8 months with the Archer Bros, in 1842-43.
The station proved tobe too wet for sheep which became apparentin the form of footrot problems. The Archer Bros, therefore broughtcattle to the station in 1845.
The Durundur aboriginals were fairly peaceful and their chiefBucknor was a renowned figure in the area.
Durundur Station was sold in 1848 to J. & D. McConnel who
1 - 5
also grazed cattle as well as horses. The remains of the house builton the station by the McConnels are still present on the right bank of theStanley River approximately 4 km from the Woodford Post Office.
Woodford is named after H. C. Wood who arrived at Durundurin 1864 and became a partner of J. McConnel.
In 1868 the Act for Closer Settlement came into force and asa result the original large holding of Durundur Station was reduced in sizeand portions resumed and taken up by new settlers.
Fishery enterprises were also an important feature during thetime of early settlement. Dugong and turtle were processed in the earlyeighties by a man named Foster at a location at the southern end of BribieIsland opposite Toorbul Point. Net fishing was carried out extensivelyin the Pumicestone Channel and Deception Bay. A fish canning factorywas built in 1898 on the Deception Bay side of Toorbul Point by Messrs.Charles Godwin and Day at a place called Godwin's Gutter.
Oysters were also obtained from several oyster banks whichwere located in the Pumicestone Channel and amongst others the MoretonBay Oyster Co. operated from the oyster camp at Boonybrook inapproximately 1900.
1.02 Topography:
The Caboolture Shire is approximately bisected by D'AguilarRange which runs in a north-north easterly direction from Mt. Mee towardsthe town of Woodford. The Range forms the watershed between the coastallowlands to the east and the Stanley River basin to the west and varies inheight from 489 m at Mt. Mee to 144 m at the township of D'Aguilar.
The land east of the D'Aguilar Range changes from hilly, over60 m with slopes of 1° a nd more, to large areas of undulating ridgecountry (15 to 45 m. , slopes 5° to 10°), while extensive flats occur nearthe coast in the vicinity of the Caboolture River and towards PumicestonePassage. Bribie Island is gently undulating to flat with mas t of the areason the island being below the 7 m contour level.
The coastal low lands in this part of the Shire include some ofthe southern-most Glasshouse Mts. , namely Mt. Tunbubudla (The Twins)- 289 m and 310 m near the northern Shire boundary, Mr. Miketee-bumulgray 196m. The Saddleback Mt. 127 m west of Elimbah, and RoundMt. - 67 m which is 5 km north-west of Caboolture.
The Caboolture Post & Telegraph Office is at a height of 13 mabove average sea level. Elimbah and Burpengary at 23 m andWamuran at 55 m.
The Conondale Range in the north-west and the D'Aguilar Rangein the east form the watersheds for the Stanley River basin. The country atthe Conondale Range, the D'Aguilar Range, the Mt. Mee area, Mt. Delaneysouth of Delaney Creek, Neurum Mt. between Delaney Creek and StanleyRiver, Mt. McLean in the upper reaches of Stoney Creek and Mt. Peachesternear Hie northern shire boundary west of Stanley River can be regarded asmountainous (elevations between 300 and 600 m with 20° to 30° slopes).
The highest point in the shire is 639 m at Mt. Bellthorpe.
1 - 6
The lowest point in the Stanley River basin is approximately105 m where the Stanley River crosses the Shire boundary east ofVilleneuve.
A large part of the country in the Stanley River basin isotherwise hilly to undulating with slopes from 5° to 20°, while someareas of alluvial flats occur along the Stanley River and its tributaries.
The Woodford Post & Telegraph office is at a height of 118 mwhile Neurum township to the west is at a height of 109 m and D'Aguilartownship to the east is at the height of 143 m.
1.04 Geology:
The geological history of the Caboolture Shire region is thefollowing: -
(a) Mesozoic - Jurassic, Triassic - Landsborough SandstoneCR-Je) which is regarded as equivalent to Coastal Bundambasandstone. This is present west of the North Coast railwayline to an line from east of D'Aguilar - Wamuran - UpperCaboolture - Narangba - Deception Bay, as well as east ofNorth Coast railway line where it is intermignled with alluvia.
(b) Cainozoic - Quaternary - alluvia, coastal dunes and sandrock.(Q)
(c) Rocksberg Greenstones (Pzlt) near Rocksberg and around Mt.Mee west of the D'Aguilar Range extending to the north ofDelaney Creek halfway to Woodford, and the RocksbergGreenstones - Bunya Phyllites transition (Pzlt) zone. Theseare located in the south west region of the Caboolture Shire,west of a line from D'Aguilar - Wamuran - Upper Cabooltureto Narangba which line is considered a supposedly faultedjunction between the Rocksberg Greenstones - Bunya Phyllitestransition beds and the Mesozoic Landsborough Sandstone.
(d) Igneous Rock (gr) granite, granodiorite in the western regionof the Caboolture Shire extending from the surroundings ofD'Aguilar and Woodford to the area north and west of Woodfordwith alluvials (Q) and pockets of Durundur Shales (Pdu)along the Stanley River and tributaries.
(e) Bellthorpe Andesites along the Conondale Range - Palaeozoic -Perrao Carboniferous. (Pbe).
(f) Also on and along the Conondale Range are located some smallareas of Tertiary Basalts (Tv) as well as some Bunya Phyllites.(Pzlb) Near. Mt. Mee on the D'Aguilar Range a four mile longstretch is located of Tertiary Basalt outcrops and weatheredBasalt. (Tv). Tertiary alkaline trachyte (Ttr) in the form ofdenuded intrusive plugs are represented by Mr. Tunbubudla(The Twins), Mt. Miketeebumulgray, The Saddleback Mt.and Round Mr. north-west of Caboolture, and located in theLandsborough Sandstone Zone. Mt. Delaney near the westernboundary of the Shire is also formed of alkaline trachyte rock.(Trh).
1-7
Note:
The Mesozoic - Triassic sedimentary sandstone referred topreviously as Landsborough Sandstone consist of variable texturedfreshwater sediments ranging from conglomerates to fine-grainedsandstones which are largely devoid of fossils. A substantial part ofthese sandstones are apparently equivalent to the Bundamba Group ofUpper Triassic age and are overlain in extensive areas by the mantleof Quaternary siliceous sand.
Approximately 2 km north of Deception Bay township olosoto'the shore a shell bed about 3 m above the present sea level overlies arock platform of Landsborough Sandstone. The shell bed was formedapproximately 5000 years ago during the higher sea level of the postglacial thermal maximum.
(Sources: Geological Excursions in S. E. Qld. N.C. Stevens.Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, S.E. Qld. J.E. Coaldrake)
2 - 1
Section 2.
CLIMATE
2.0t Preamble:
The climatic environment of the Caboolture Shire Region isconsidered to be humid sub-tropical.
The climate in the coastal lowlands east of the D'Aguilar Rangeis influenced by its proximity to the sea as somewhat higher air humidityand precipitation patterns than in the area west of the D'Aguilar Range. Awider variation between summer and winter maximum and minimum temperaturesoccurs also in the west.
The Shire area is located on the fringe of a region of acutethunderstorm activity, and as a result of this a great variability of rainfallexists in the Shire area from year to year.
The high elevation area on the D'Aguilar Range north and south ofMt. Mee has the highest average rainfall in the Shire and has a more temperateclimate in which temperature fluctuations are somewhat less than at loweraltitudes.
2.02 Rainfall:
The rainfall data recorded at two locations in the Shire atCaboolture (27°4'S, 152°57'E, 12m above sea level) and Woodford (26°55'S,152°48'E, 118m a. s. 1.) can be regarded as being representative of thegeneral rainfall pattern in the Shire.
The mean annual rainfall in the Shire increases from east to westfrom 1270mm on the coast to 1400mm on the D'Aguilar Range and decreaseswestward from there to 1000mm. The main rain-bearing influences are thesouth-east trade winds, thunderstorm activity, cyclonic disturbances and coastalinstabilities.
Means of monthly rainfall totals are highest for January, Februaryand March and lowest in August and Setpember.
Useful rains occasionally occur during winter, but in general 70%of the mean annual rainfall is received during the six month period October -March.
A high rainfall variability exists in the Shire with variations ofmore than 20% occurring in the monthly and even the annual average.
A large proportion of the summer rain is in the form of falls ofhigh intensity associated with thunderstorms and cyclonic depressions. It isestimated that these two rain bearing influences contribute approximately 45%lo the total average annual rainfall in this area, with rain from cyclonic(lislrubancos being aboul half of that produced by thunderstorms (Rimmer,Hull and llossuek 1939). In some years cyclonic rainfall can make up 30%lo 60% of the annual rainfall.
2 - 2
The main cyclonic season is from mid-December to mid-April with the highest probability in February and March. Cyclonic rainsare of low frequency but significant because of their high yield over shortperiods. Winter cyclones are of much lower frequency but can beequallyhigh rain yielding as well as damaging to vegetation. The probability of nocyclone influencing the area is about 40% in any season.
Rainfall from slow moving widespread cloud systems such asproduced by south-east trade winds and coastal instabilities is the moststable and effective form of precipitation in the area.
Thunderstorms supply the "opening rains" after a dry springperiod and contribute substantially to the annual rainfall. This type ofrainfall is generally not so effective due to the often high intensity result-ing in high run-off which can cause considerable erosion and flooding. Hailis frequently associated with thunderstorms, but this is generally not sosevere on the coastal lowlands as further inland.
Table 1.
Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Shire (1911 - 1960)
Jan.
3
Feb.
8
Mar.
8
Apr.
3
In 50 Year Period
22
Table 2.
Average Monthly & Yearly Rainfall (mm) & Average Number Rain Days
Station
Month
Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May.Jun.Jul.Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Annual
Caboolture
Points
19620320110550726240467689
147
1308
(401) - 92 years
% yearTotal
15161586553367
11
100
Av.Raindays
111213876645899
98
Woodford (3951) - 81 years
Points
18620920410674736040487281 .
135
1289
% yearTotal
14161686653466
10
100
Av.Raindays
111314
976655789
100
2 - 3
Table 3.
Variability of Annual Rainfall
Station
CabooltureWoodford
Yearsof
Record
9281
Normal(mm)
13031289
% Frequencyof totals
over133
normal
1110
under66
normal
119
Record Totals (& year)
Highest(points)
2446 (1879)3145 (1893)
Lowest(points)
425 (1902)659 (1957)
Table 4.
Percentage Probability of Receiving Rainfall Equal to or Grea ter than
Station
CabooltureWoodford
J a n
4040
F e b
2332
M a r
4241
Norm;
A p r
3935
May
CO
00
CO
C
O
JLl
Jun
3430
J u l
3436
Aug
3733
Sep
4343
Oct
4341
Nov
3937
Dec
3438
Annual
4041
Table 5.
Percentage Probability of Receiving Specified Amounts of Rain.
Monthlyinches
0 . 51234681015
Janio
999893857751402611
F e b%
999988776543292516
Mar%
989685757054422813
A p r%
95897051402212
92
M a j%
867855362614
942
Jun%
797149352412
851
J u l%
756340292011
75X
Aug%
75552716
52211
Sep%
82673823
71X
X
X
Oct%
9586644628
521X
Nov%
95867050341810
1X
D e c%
9995847559331814
4
x Did not occur in any year period analysed.
2 - 4
Caboolture
Two-monthly
i i
0. 5123468
1015
DecJ a n
%
++
99999386766236
J a nF e b
% •
+++
979791806842
F e bM a r
%
++++
9388786748
M a rA p r
%
++
95939182725825
A p rMay
%
9898928676543723
9
MayJun
%
9793837355382717
7
JunJu l
%
9389776753
352015
2
J u lAug
%
9588684836181092
AugSep
%
9788715430
9221
SepOct
%
+9888745929
841
OctNov
at
+98938674493017
3
NovD e c
%
+9995908470494115
+ Occurred in each year of period analysed.
Table 6.
Percentage Probability of Receiving Specified Amounts of Rain
Woodford
Monthlyinches
0 . 5123468
1015
J a n%
989690837247362411
F e b%
999689746544332712
Mar%
999885747254413111
Apr%
95867049382114
92
Maj%
857956352212
421
Jun%
836751312211
951
J u l%
7263432715
6541
Aug%
75532616
5211X
Sep%
7969422311
X
X
X
X
Oct%
9185624120
921X
Nov%
969067403012
42X
D e c%
9996867254322215
2
+X
Occurred in each year of period analysed.Did not occur in any year of period analysed.
Woodford
Two -monthly
i t
0. 5123468
1015
DecJ a n
%
+++
969485715931
J a nF e b
%
+9999969690776443
F e bMar
%
+++
999584796946
M a rA p r
%
++
96949380645631
A p rMaj
%
999593847751322210
MayJun
%
9994837354362314
6
J u nJ u l
%
9386796557281612
6
J u lAug
%
988369513616
964
AugSep
%
9686735638
722X
SepOct
%
98969073573011
5X
OctNov
%
+99958574412112
1
NovDec
%
++
99949063463216
+ Occurred in each year of period analysed.x Did not occur in any year of period analyses.
2 - 5
2. 03 Temperature and Frost:
Temperatures in the Shire region generally range between29°C maximum and 19°C minimum in summer, and 20°C maximum and7°C minimum in winter.
Extremes in temperatures such as 38°C or 20°C occuroccasionally but not once a year.
Differences between average minima and maxima normallydo not exceed 11°C.
Frost incidence is of irregular occurrence but can be at timesfairly severe in some years during July or early August in low lyingareas, valleys and hill slopes with a southern aspect.
Table 7.
Average and Extreme Temperatures
Years ofRecord
Crohamhurst
1 242 243 2445
Brisbane
1 822 823 824 825 82
Jan
291924
2920254315
Feb
281923
2920254115
Mar
271822
2819243911
Apr
251419
261621357
May
221116
231318335
Jun
20814
211115322
Jul
20713
20914292
Aug
21814
221015332
Sep
24
1017
241218385
Oct
271420
261521416
Nov
281622
281823419
Dec
291824
2919244114
Ann
251319432
251520432
Line 1Line 2Line 3
Line 4Line 5
Average Maximum Temperature (°C)Average Minimum Temperature (°C)Mean Temperature (°C) Av. Max. + Av. Min.
Highest Temperature on record (°C)Lowest Temperature on record (°C)
2. 04 Humidity:
The Shire region experiences high relative humidity whichtends to be greater in summer than in winter.
Table 8.
Index of Mean Monthly Relative Humidities.
(Derived from the ratio of the average 9 a. m. vapourpressure to the saturation vapour pressure at the mean temperature).
2 - 6
Crohamhursi
Brisbane
Jan
80
69
2. 05 Cloudiness
F e b
82
72
and
M a r
84
72
A p r
81
71
May
81
f>9
Jun
82
67
J u l
80
66
Aug
74
64
Sep
70
64
Oct
68
64
Nov
74
66
D e c
71
67
Sunshine Hours:
There is a high incidence of sunshine in the area, withmonthly daily averages ranging between 6. 5 and 8. 3 hours.
Table 9.
Cloudiness, Sunshine Hours, Fog (Brisbane)
Data
Cloudiness(in 1/8 sky)
Sunshine(hr/day)
Fog(days/mth)
Jan
4.
7.
0.
6
6
5
F e b
4.
7
0.
7
1
6
M a r
4
6
1.
3
8
3
A p r
3.
7
2.
6
1
3
May
3.
6.
3.
3
9
3
Jun
3.
6.
3.
3
5
1
J u l
2.
7.
3.
9
1
2
Aug
2,
7.
3.
6
9
7
Sep
2.
8.
2.
7
3
7
Oct
3.
8.
1.
4
3
2
Nov
3.
8.
0.
9
2
5
Dec
4.
8.
0.
2
1
4
Year
3.6
7. 5
Source: Bureau of Meteorology.
2.06: Evaporation:
As for temperature, humidity and sunshine hours the nearestpoint where reliable recordings of evaporation are taken is Brisbane.These recordings would be typical for most of the Shire region exceptfor areas of high elevation in the Shire.
Evaporation reaches its highest point of more than 178mmin December, while declining to less than 76mm in June.
Table 10.
Average Monthly and Annual Evaporation (mm) (Brisbane)
Years ofRecord
36
J a n
178
F e b
137
Mar
132
A p r
112
May
89
Jun
73
J u l
76
Aug
99
Sep
120
Oct
150
Nov
170
Dec
187
Year.
1525
2.07 Winds:
During January and February, winds are mostly from theeast. During April and May, southeasterly and south-westerly winds areco-dominant. From late May to September, there is a clear westerlydominance, with a sub-dominance of southeasterly winds. DuringSeptember, off-shore winds again become dominant with a northerlytrend. Northeasterly and southwesterly winds are co-dominant during theperiod from October to December.
2 - 7
Table 11.
Wind Speeds - Brisbane
lvi omn
J a nF e bM a rA p rMayJunJ u lAugSepOctNovDecYear
AverageDailykm/hr.
11.211.010.710. 510.010.0
9.710.010.411. 110.711.011. 1
Highest DailyMean
km/hr.
31.637.132. 526.628. 530.435.223.725.825.124.831. 237.1
Highest Gustkm/hr.
109107106102
7994
11197
10197
111119119
Source: Bureau of Meteorology.
Winds are normally light, however during thunderstorms orcyclones, gusts may exceed 96 - 102 km/hr.
conditions.Damage to property and crops can be expected under these
Table 12.
Prevalent Wind Direction and % Frequency
for Speeds of 9. 25 km/hr or more (1956-60)
Month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
9 a.m.
Direction
SESWSWSWSWSWSWSWSWSWSE
N
Frequency%
433346675770444743252323
i
D
S
W
W
SW
F%
19
40
22
21
3 p . m .
Direction
EEE
SEWWW
NWNENENENE
Frequency%
473231323022332029464953
D
SESESE
ESESW
NEE
F%
292434301822
2027
Source: Bureau of Meteorology.
2 - 8
2.08 Climate in Relation to Pastoral, Crop and Forestry Enterprises:
The Caboolture Shire area has a milk subtropical climate witha marked dominance of summer rainfall and a small but significant winterrainfall.
The total annual rainfall seems high compared with thatapplying to the temperate zone. However the effectiveness of a considerablepart of the rainfall is low by comparison. This is because of the oftenhigh intensity of precipitation which causes considerable loss by run-off oncethe perched water tables are raised. In agriculture and horticultureconsiderable erosion can occur as a result, while waterlogging and loss ofplant nutrients through leaching are additional factors which present problems.
Much of the annual rainfall occurs at times when conditionsimmediately afterwards are conductive to high rates of evapo-transpiration.
The drought period of late winter and spring may be quitesevere in several years. Such dry periods are commonly in conjunctionwith a fairly high frequency of frosts.
These conditions may lead to a situation of high grass andbushfire danger during this period.
During the first half of many summers the coincidence ofhigh light intensity, high temperatures and adequate moisture can producevery rapid growth and is of advantage in crops, pastures, forest plantationsand natural vegetation.
Normally winds in this region are of low strength.
However the two most outstanding seasonal effects of wind arefirstly the severe drying out effect of westerly winds on pastures and cropsduring winter, and secondly the devastating effect of high velocity windsproduced by thunderstorms of cyclones on crops, forest plantations andnatural vegetation.
In general the climate in the region is characterised by acertain degree of unpredictability in the occurrence of periods of optimumgrowth and periods of water stress. These climatic changes can occurquite abruptly and fairly frequently.
3 - 1
Section 3.
HYDROLOGY
3. 01 Hydrology - General:
Water resources in Queensland are the responsibility of theCommissioner of Irrigation and Water Supply.
His mandate covers:
(a) investigation and recording of the State's water resourcesand planning for efficient use,
(b) licensing and control of water use,(c) supervision of stream improvement to control stream
erosion and provide flood mitigation,(d) technical and financial assistance to farmers,(e) constitution and supervision of Boards for Rural Water
Supply, Irrigation and Drainage.
Legislation governing these functions is administered by theCommissioner, subject to the Minister for Local Government andConservation.
3. 02 Surface Supplies:
The D'Aguilar Range forms the watershed between the coastallowlands to the east and the Stanley River Basin to the west. In theStanley River Basin, drainage is received for a considerable part from theConondale Range. The Stanley River has its source in the Conondale Rangewith numerous tributaries of this river draining the southern slopes of theConondale Range and the western slopes of the D'Aguilar Range.
East of the D'Aguilar Range, the Caboolture River drains theShire, with such creeks as Lagoon Creek, Burpengary Creek, ElimbahCreek, which frequently carry heavy run-offs. There are wide areas ofpoorly drained and swampy land near the coast as the gradient diminishesand also where streams become subject to tidal influences.
There are a considerable number of farm dams in the Shire.The Caboolture township watersupply is obtained from the Wararba CreekWeir, which creek is a tributary of the Caboolture River.
3.03 Underground Supplies:
Groundwater in the sub-coastal strip of sandy deposits iswidespread, but the availability and quality of such water varies greatly.Contamination from drainage and from tidal influences nearer to the coastoften occurs.
Relative small volumes satisfactory for stock and domesticsupplies are widely available, but not in quantities suitable for irrigationor town water supplies.
Therefore very little underground water is exploited in theCaboolture Shire. Available supplies are mostly drawn from the alluvia
3 - 2
of the Caboolture River, Burpengary Creek and the Stanley River.
The post laterite tertiary basalt around Mt. Mee may yieldvarying supplies.
3.04 Irrigation:
Although the Shire has not a large area of crops, irrigationis relatively important to that area. The area of crops has rangedbetween 1 600 and 3 400 ha in the past 10 years. The irrigated areain that time has been 280 - 480 ha. (16 - 20%).
Tobacco is the most consistently irrigated crop with practically100% irrigated to supplement rainfall.
About 200 ha of pastures are irrigated each year.
Table 13.
A griculture and Horticulture Crops (ha)
Year
1962-631963-641964-651965-661966-671967-681968-691969-701970-711971-72
WinterCereals
141020183412
81016
SummerCereals
1128262684656401242
Tobacco
164160146180216220240194220250
GreenFodder
488514568612526
80570
80616
Fruit
732802788902896222
1056230
1192
Veges
132138134228172112212218218
TotalArea of
Crops
165417101736202819001981214024462438
Table 14.
Irrigated Crops and Pastures (ha)
Year
1966-671967-681968-691969-701970-711971-72
Cereals
326
188
4630
Tobacco
216220240194220250
FodderCrops
168
30543214
Fruit
46809090
106120.
Veges
242274
102102
74
TotalIrrig
336396454450506490
Pastures
Introd-uced
134112126154158
Native
3216283034
188
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics:
3 - 3
The irrigation water is mostly drawn from on-farm dams (70%)and creeks (30%). Very little groundwater is used.
Pumping restrictions have been imposed by the I. W. S.occasionally on the creeks used for irrigation is the Shire.
Mary Smokes Creek, Stoney Creek, Stanley River, CabooltureRiver and Wararaba Creek.
The drying-up of the upper reaches of these streams imposesa natural restriction at times.
Practically all water used for irrigation purposes is appliedby spray irrigation.
Table 15.
Sources of Irrigation Water
Year
1966-671967-681968-691969-701970-711971-72
Under-ground
(ha)
6_
14243816
Surface
Creekse tc
4
Dams
34380
204198210162
332380382372
% water applied
by spray
90%99. 5%99. 6%97. 9%98%98%
No.
Holdings
Irrigated
8278
109111117111
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics
3. 05 Future Developments :
No major water supply development is being considered bythe I. W. S. at present.
4 - 1
Section 4.
SOILS
4. 01 Soil Type:
The Soils in the Caboolture Shire region have been mappedand described by R.F. Isbell, C.H. Thompson, G.D. Hubble, G.G.Beckmann and T. R. Patton, and collated by K. H. Northcote in the Atlasof Australian Soils and Explanatory Data as part of Sheet 4, printed byC.S.I.R.O.
The soil map units are associations of soils delineated bylandscapes. The soils recorded for each map unit have been classifiedaccording to "A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils"(C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Div. Soils Divl. Rep. No. 2/65).
When compared with the respective geologicHmap of the regionthe strong influence of lithology on soils and their distribution is apparent.
Red Earth Residuals.
One particular group of soils is found to occur scatteredwithin the soil units of podsolized soils east of the D'Aguilar Range andalso to a limited extent west of the northern part of the D'Aguilar Rangewithin the Caboolture Shire. This soil type is commonly named Red earthresidual and is typified by a relatively great depth, a striking red colour,a loamy texture, the presence of a well-defined zone of ironstone nodulesand the absence of any other sharp change in the profile, gradationaltexture profile, with a tendency to laterisation as a characteristic feature.The red earth residuals as did the proper Red earth soils are believed tohave been formed under an earlier climate (Tertiary - Pliocene),considerably different from that operating at present and that mildpodsolisation was superimposed on them by the current soil forming pro-cess. The mild podsolisation is the only slight similarity with the other soilunits within which they occur, which are otherwise also of much loweragricultural value.
The Red Earth residuals commonly occupy a series of isolatedflat-topped areas - miniature plateaux - with gentle scarps and these canbe considered as remnants of a once continuous and relatively level surfaceout of which many of the present surface features have been carved.
An inherent lack of fertility is the general and common featureof the majority of the soils in the Caboolture Shire region, as most of thesesoils are derived from rocks poor in many of the elements important toplant growth. This includes trace element deficiencies. Some alluvialshave a better fertility while some humic gley have a somewhat higherphosphate level.
The soils occurring East of the D'Aguilar Range in the CoastalLowlands are red-yellow podsolics on rises gleyed podsolics on slopes togley and humic gley soils on low areas of impeded drainage. Groundwater podsols with a mantle of Quaternary sands with a strongly developed
4 - 2
hardpan are common in poorly drained areas. Acid bog and fen peatsare common in areas receiving continual drainage from sandhills as atBribie Island.
Nodular accumulation of iron, with alluminium in addition and alower percentage of manganese nodules is widespread and massive on flatsor very gentle slopes, strong on upper slopes and ridge tops and to a lesserdegree on lower slopes. This nodular accumulation occurs in soils wherethe water table fluctuates rapidly and freely several times each wetseason and occasionally at other times of the year. The layers of nodulesvary in thickness from \S c««. to sometimes one. m*tore in light texturedloamy sand or sandy loam A horizon overlying fairly impermeable Bhorizons of sandy clay or clay.
Physical differences between the podsolised soils and gley andhumic gley soils in the lowlands appear to occur mainly on account oftopographic control of perched watertables and the soil horizons ingeneral conform to the present landscape.
The scattered rather frequent occurrences of Red EarthResiduals in contrast do not appear to conform to the present landscape.The sandy lateritic podsols around Caboolture appear to be a variant ofred earth residuals with more bleached and sandy superficial horizonson the higher elevations of the rolling country.
Surface litter and organic matter are extremely low in most ofthese lowland soils, mainly due to regular and rapid destruction by fire.Appreciable quantities of organic matter are often present in the humicand humic gley soils on account of restricted drainage which suits densestands of Paper bark Tea Trees which produces much litter. Long periodsof inundations reduces decomposition and the rick of destruction by fire.
Drainage is generally good with regard to the higher elevationsin the area although numerous small perched marshes and basins occurin which the water table may be close to the soil surface for the greaterpart of the wet season. Soils of drainage lines are poorly drained andsubject to some flooding and perched water tables may exist in even thebetter drained soils for short periods following very heavy rains.
At elevations of 75"FK or less above average sealevel drainageis very poor except on coastal sand dunes. The country water-table isnear or above the soil surface for most of the wet season, graduallyreceding during the dry part of the year. Sandy-natured soils dry outrapidly as the water-table falls. Some tru swamp country occurs in theeastern part of these lowlands.
The more fertile soils in the Caboolture Shire are mainly thered friable earths and red and dark grey loams (approx. 70%) in the Mt.Mee area on the D'Aguilar Range and adjacent country extending westwardfrom Mt. Mee. Other occurrences of more fertile red loamy type soilsare found in the Wamuran Basin area and at Bellthorpe on the ConondaleRange.
Soils of intermediate fertility west of the D'Aguilar Rangeare represented by the alluvial black-grey and brown cracking clays alongthe Stanley River and tributaries and by isolated occurrences of soilswhich originally carried a scrub begetation was in the form of open forests.
4 - 3
Responses to phosphate, potash and nitrogen fertilizers area common characteristic on these soils.
Much of the country east of Woodford is low lying and wetduring the summer period of high rainfall due to restricted drainage.
The more fertile soils in the area such as at Mt. Mee areauitable for dairying with a carrying capacity of one beast per area,and one beast to two acres on river flats and alluvials.
The less fertile unimproved soils in the Shire are suitablefor grazing rather than dairying with a carrying capacity of one beastto four acres down to one beast to six acres where the original vegetationwas of the open forest type.
In relation to soil formation, the climate conditions of moderatetemperatures and high summer rainfall promote intense weathering andleaching of permeable soil materials of the better drained areas.Flooding and prolonged periods of excess moisture have produced arange of strongly developed hydromorphic soils on the lower areas of thecoastal lowlands. Slow drainage to the sea and the annual recessionof the water-table have led to strong leaching of these soils.
(Sources: Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, Sth. Qld. J.E.Coaldrake, C.S.I. R. O. Div. Soils Report 1/54 by G. D.Hubble.The Red Earths Residuals and Their Significance in S.E.Qld. by W. H. Bryan.)
Soi
l U
nit
Soi
lR
eact
ion
Soil
Des
crip
tion
on
basi
s of
the
ir
prop
erti
esL
ands
cape
and
geo
logi
cal
asso
ciat
ion
Loc
atio
n in
the
Shi
re
PL
1
Con
tras
ting
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls o
n m
oder
ate
to s
teep
slo
pes
are
hard
-se
ttin
g lo
amy
red
and
yell
ow s
oils
wit
h m
ottl
edcl
ayey
soi
ls i
n so
me
loca
liti
es c
onta
inin
g m
od-
ular
iro
nsto
ne m
ater
ial.
B
leac
hed
A2
hori
zon.
Min
or s
oil
occu
rran
ces
are
sand
s on
ste
ep s
lope
sas
soci
ated
wit
h sa
ndst
ones
.
Hil
ly c
ount
ry o
f sa
ndst
ones
and
int
rude
din
term
edia
te a
nd b
asic
roc
k ri
sing
to
180
mak
°ve
se
a le
vel
Wes
t an
d ad
-ja
cent
of
nort
h-er
n se
ctio
n of
D'A
guil
ar R
ange
in t
he S
hire
.
PL
4
Con
tras
ting
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls a
re h
ard-
sett
ing
loam
y re
d so
ils
wit
hm
ottl
ed c
laye
y su
bsoi
l an
d bl
each
ed A
2 ho
rizo
n,co
mm
only
cal
led
red
pods
olic
soi
ls.
Ass
ocia
ted
are
skel
etal
soi
ls o
n hi
ll c
rest
s an
d no
dula
rpo
dsol
ic s
oils
on
low
er h
ill
slop
es.
Min
or
type
sar
e gl
eyed
soi
ls o
n fl
ats,
ye
llow
pod
soli
c so
ils
on g
rani
te a
nd s
ands
tone
.
Hil
ly d
isec
ted
eros
ion
scar
p m
ainl
y in
phyl
lite
s bu
t w
ith
som
e gr
eens
tone
,gr
anit
es a
nd s
ands
tone
s.
Con
vex
hill
sw
ith
narr
ow s
purs
and
mod
erat
e to
ste
epsl
opes
, V
-val
leys
wit
h na
rrow
all
uvia
lfl
ats
and
som
e lo
w h
illy
are
as a
long
east
ern
mar
gin.
Eas
t of
sou
ther
nse
ctio
n of
D'A
guil
ar R
ange
in t
heS
hire
.
Mo
10G
rada
tion
alT
extu
reP
rofi
le
Neu
tral
Chi
ef s
oils
are
red
fri
able
ea
rths
hig
hly
stru
ctur
ed,
no A
2 ho
rizo
n,
both
sha
llow
and
deep
var
iant
s on
slo
pes,
pl
atfo
rms
and
spu
rs.
Som
e as
soci
ated
soi
ls w
ith
acid
rea
ctio
n on
phyl
lite
s an
d lo
amy
soil
und
erla
in b
y w
eath
er-
ed c
ount
ry r
ock
on p
hyll
ites
.
Hil
ly t
o st
eep
hill
y la
nd m
ainl
y on
gre
en-s
tone
s al
ong
the
eros
ion
scar
p of
the
head
wat
ers
of c
oast
al s
trea
ms,
st
eep
to v
ery
stee
p si
de s
lope
s to
V-v
alle
ys,
som
e cl
iffs
wit
h m
uch
rock
out
crop
.
Sou
ther
n se
ctio
nea
st o
f D
'Agu
ilar
Ran
ge i
n th
eS
hire
, ad
jace
ntan
d w
est
of u
nit
PL
4.
Mp
10
Gra
dati
onal
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls a
re r
ed f
riab
le
eart
hs h
ighl
y st
ruct
-ur
ed,
no A
2 ho
rizo
n,
com
mon
ly n
amed
kra
sno
-ze
ms
as f
or M
olO
. M
inor
soi
ls i
nclu
de l
owhu
mic
gle
ys i
n sw
ampy
dra
inag
e w
ays,
da
rksc
rub
soil
s on
pla
teau
mar
gins
and
nod
ular
pods
olic
wit
h ye
llow
pod
soli
c so
ils
on p
hyll
ites
.
Low
hil
ly b
asal
tic
plat
eau
mor
e th
an 3
6ta
Eas
t &
som
eab
ove
sea
leve
l w
ith
cres
ts t
o <|3
&nin
pla
ces,
w
est
ofSm
ooth
con
vex
low
hil
ls w
ith
gent
le s
lope
s D
'Agu
ilar
R.
to n
arro
w s
wam
py d
rain
age
way
s ar
e ch
ar-
acce
nt &
acte
rist
ics
of t
he l
ess
diss
ecte
d p
arts
. L
ow
exte
ndin
ghi
lly
area
s w
ith
mod
erat
e sl
opes
& s
ome
wes
t of
uni
t M
ohi
lly
area
s ar
e in
clud
ed,
som
e st
onyk
noll
s of
10
in
the
met
amor
phic
roc
ks o
ccur
& s
ome
phyl
lite
s M
t.
Mee
£re
excf
osed
. .
1 fc
ar
ea.
Soil
Unit
Soil
Reacti
on
Soil
Desc
rip
tio
n o
n b
asi
s of
th
eir
p
rop
ert
ies
Landsc
ape a
nd
geolo
gic
al
ass
ocia
tio
nL
ocati
on
in
the S
hir
e
Fu
3
Unif
orm
Tex
ture
Pro
file
non
calc
are
-ous
Chie
f so
ils
on s
lop
es
are
shal
low
lo
am
s d
ark
en
ed
Ste
ep
hil
ly t
o m
ounta
inous
terr
ain
on
by o
rgan
ic m
ate
rial
in t
he s
urf
ace so
il w
ith
weath
ere
d r
ock m
ate
rial
bel
ow
the b
leach
ed
(A
2)su
bsu
rface hori
zon
and
loam
s sh
ow
ing
wea
khori
zonati
on a
nd w
ith
the t
enden
cy t
o p
ulb
eri
ze
when
dry
. A
sso
cia
ted
in
less
ele
vate
d s
ites
are
acid
reacti
on s
easo
nall
y h
ard
sett
ing
su
rface sa
ndy
loam
or
loam
so
ils
wit
h r
ed
or
yel
low
cla
yey
su
b-
soil
s an
d s
hal
low
gre
y-b
row
n s
an
ds
usu
all
y u
nd
er-
lain
by w
eath
ere
d r
ock
wit
h s
om
e a
cid
reacti
on
fria
ble
su
rface so
ils
whic
h d
o n
ot
set
hard
se
aso
n-
all
y w
ith r
ed o
r yel
low
mott
led
cla
yey
su
bso
ils
onin
cluded
gra
nit
es.
S
om
e r
ed
fri
ab
le eart
hs,
acid
no A
2 h
ori
zon o
n s
mall
basa
ltic
resi
du
als
. B
row
nse
lf m
ulc
hin
g c
lays
of u
nit
MM
q i
n n
arr
ow
terr
aced v
all
ey
s are
inclu
ded.
South
of
Sta
nle
y R
iver
in D
elan
ey C
reek
regio
nm
eta
sed
imen
ts a
nd
ph
yll
ites.
S
om
e l
ess
ele
vate
d s
ites
and
narr
ow
terr
aced
vall
ey
s an
d e
ast
of
Neuru
m C
k.
are
inclu
ded.
I
MM
q
Unif
orm
Tex
ture
Pro
file
vari
ab
leC
rack
ing c
lay s
oil
s m
ainly
bro
wn
and
gre
y s
elf
-m
ulc
hin
g (
all
uvia
ls)
on t
he t
hir
d t
err
ace w
ith
acid
red f
riab
le eart
h a
nd
no
A2
hori
zon
and
wit
hh
ard
sett
ing s
andy l
oam
and
loam
so
ils
hav
ing
mottle
d y
ello
w c
layey
subso
il e
ith
er
acid
or
alk
ali
ne.
Ass
ocia
ted
on
sec
ond
terr
ace re
dfr
iab
le eart
h w
ithout
A2
hori
zon
eit
her
acid
or
alk
ali
ne a
nd o
n b
acksl
opes
dee
p c
rack
ing
dark
cla
ys
un
derl
ain
by
gre
y o
r bro
wn
cla
ys
whic
hca
n b
e m
ott
led,
countr
y r
ock
deep
er
than
60
in
.S
easo
nall
y h
ard
-sett
ing
san
dy
loam
and
loam
so
ils
with y
ello
w c
layey s
ub
-so
il o
f n
eu
tral
reacti
on
on
sandv l
ev
ees.
Terr
aced
val
ley p
lain
s w
ith
fir
st,
seco
nd
C
ountr
y a
dja
cent
toan
d t
hir
d t
err
aces,
lev
ee b
anks
and
late
ralS
tan
ley
Riv
er
and
fans.
B
uri
ed
so
ils
occu
r th
roughout.
tr
ibu
tari
es
no
rth
, w
est
and
south
of
Woodfo
rd.
Soil
Uni
tS
oil
Rea
ctio
nS
oil
Des
crip
tion
on
bas
is o
f th
eir
prop
erti
esL
ands
cape
and
geo
logi
cal
asso
ciat
ion
Loc
atio
n in
th
e S
hire
Qd6
Con
tras
ting
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Har
d se
ttin
g lo
amy
soil
s w
ith
red
cla
yey
subs
oils
, Hil
ls w
ith
roun
ded
cres
ts,
smoo
th s
lope
s N
orth
of
Sta
nley
Riv
erbl
each
ed A
2 h
oriz
on.
Chi
ef s
oils
are
neu
tral
red a
nd fe
w r
ock
outc
rops
dev
elop
ed o
n g
rani
tes
allu
vial
s.an
d ye
llow
soi
ls s
ome
wit
h w
hole
-col
oure
d o
r an
d g
rani
dior
ites
.
neut
ral
Lnhi
ghel
evat
ions
m
ottl
ed s
ubso
il.
Nar
row
ter
race
d va
lley
s of
alka
line
I c
rack
ing
clay
soi
ls (
unit
MM
q) a
re i
nclu
ded
inin
low
pl
aces
,el
evat
ions
Cd
4U
nifo
rmT
extu
reP
rofi
le
No
free
CaC
O3
in r
ock
mat
eria
l
Lea
ched
san
ds w
ith
wea
ther
ed r
ock
belo
w t
he
blea
ch.
Chi
ef s
oils
are
gri
tty
leac
hed
sand
s w
ithsu
rfac
e so
il d
arke
ned
by o
rgan
ic m
atte
r.A
ssoc
iate
d so
ils
on lo
wer
slo
pes
are
fri
able
mai
nly
neut
ral,
so
me
acid
soi
ls w
ith
red o
rye
llow
cla
yey
subs
oils
. S
mal
l ar
eas
of f
riab
lere
d ea
rth
acid
and
wit
hout
A2
hor
izon
. S
mal
lva
lley
s of
cra
ckin
g cl
ays
(uni
t M
M 9)
are
incl
uded
in
pla
ces.
Mou
ntai
nous
lan
d on
gra
nite
s an
d a
ssoc
iate
d B
ellt
horp
e ar
eaac
id t
o in
term
edia
te p
luto
nic
rock
s.
sout
h al
ong
Con
on-
dale
Ran
ge.
i
Mf
13
Gra
dati
onal
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls a
re y
ello
w f
riab
le e
arth
s on
phy
llit
eson
all
th
e ge
ntle
to
mod
erat
e sl
opes
wit
hout
A2
or u
nble
ache
d A
2 h
oriz
on.
Ass
ocia
ted
are
fria
ble
eart
hs o
n lo
wer
slo
pes
wit
h sp
orad
-ic
ally
to
con
spic
uous
ly b
leac
hed
A2
hor
izon
s an
dse
ason
ally
har
d se
ttin
g sa
ndy
loam
or
loam
s w
ith
mot
tled
sub
soil
on
som
e sl
opes
whi
ch i
nclu
dem
inor
occ
urre
nces
on
gra
nite
.
Low
hil
ly t
o h
illy
dis
sect
ed p
late
au a
bove
420m
to 4
80 m
abo
ve s
eale
vel
wit
h cr
ests
Con
onda
le R
ange
are
ato
nea
r B
ellt
horp
e..7
20 m
. R
ocks
are
chi
efly
phy
llit
es a
ndre
late
d m
etam
orph
ics
wit
h so
me
gree
nsto
nes,
ande
site
s an
d g
rani
tes.
Wf
1C
ontr
asti
ng
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dSa
ndy
soil
s w
ith m
ottl
ed y
ello
w c
laye
y su
bsoi
ls,
unbl
each
ed A
2 h
oriz
on,
ofte
n sh
allo
w a
nd
grav
elly
whe
re d
irec
tly
unde
rlai
n b
y w
eath
ered
coun
try
rock
. A
lso
incl
uded
sha
llow
gra
vell
y re
d n
arro
w.
eart
h re
sidu
als
on s
ome
ridg
e pl
atfo
rms.
i
Ero
sion
sca
rps
cut i
n s
ands
tone
, sc
arp
base
at a
bout
10
5 m
abo
ve s
eale
vel
and
cre
sts
at16
5m -
180
m. S
lope
s ve
ry s
teep
& ri
dge
tops
D'A
guil
ar R
ange
appr
ox,
nort
h of
Wam
uran
.
Soil
Uni
tS
oil
Rea
ctio
nSo
il D
escr
ipti
on o
n ba
sis
of t
heir
pr
oper
ties
Lan
dsca
pe a
nd g
eolo
gica
l as
soci
atio
nL
ocat
ion
in t
he S
hire
Tb
82
Con
tras
ting
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls a
re h
ard-
sett
ing
loam
y so
ils
wit
hm
ottl
ed y
ello
w c
laye
y su
bsoi
l an
d re
late
d so
ils
on s
lope
s an
d cr
ests
, bl
each
ed A
2 ho
rizo
n su
chas
sha
llow
loa
ms
dark
ened
by
orga
nic
mat
ter
insu
rfac
e so
il w
ith r
ock
mat
eria
l be
low
A2
hori
zon
and
seas
onal
ly h
ard-
sett
ing
sand
y lo
am a
nd l
oam
sov
er y
ello
w c
laye
y su
bsoi
ls o
n lo
wer
slo
pes
and
flat
s.
Oth
er s
oils
inc
lude
san
dy a
nd l
oam
y so
ils
wit
h un
blea
ched
A2
hori
zon
on c
rest
s,
alka
line
seas
onal
ly h
ard-
sett
ing
surf
ace
soil
s w
ith
dark
cco
lour
ed c
laye
y su
bsoi
ls o
n fl
ats
and
sim
ilar
but
brow
n an
d ne
utra
l so
ils
& fr
iabl
e re
d ea
rth
resi
d-
uals
on
adne
siti
c dy
kes.
E
ast
& a
djac
ent
to U
nit
PL
4.
Gen
eral
ly l
ow h
illy
cou
ntry
on
shel
ves
wit
hge
ntle
to
mod
erat
e si
de s
lope
s to
sha
llow
open
val
leys
wit
h si
gnif
ican
t al
luvi
al f
lats
.
Eas
t of
D'A
guil
arR
ange
.
i O3
Mf
11
ijra
dati
onal
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls a
re y
ello
w f
riab
le e
arth
s w
ith
unbl
e-ac
hed
A2
hori
zon
on s
lope
s an
d cr
ests
of
hill
s.A
ssoc
iate
d ar
e re
d ea
rths
wit
h po
rous
B h
oriz
onon
fla
t to
pped
cre
sts.
S
mal
l ar
eas
of m
any
othe
rso
ils.
S
mal
l va
lley
s of
gre
y fr
iabl
e ea
rths
ar
ein
clud
ed.
Adj
acen
t an
d ea
st o
f U
nit
PL
4.
Low
hil
ly c
ount
ry o
n sa
ndst
one
- pr
obab
lydi
ssec
ted
old
coas
tal
plai
n w
ith
gent
le t
om
oder
ate
slop
es o
n el
evat
ions
bet
wee
n 30
man
d 54
m
abov
e se
alev
el.
Bur
peng
ary-
Nar
angb
are
gion
, so
uth
ofC
aboo
ltur
e.
Mf
12
Gra
dati
ona
l
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Aci
dC
hief
soi
ls a
re y
ello
w f
eiab
le e
arth
s w
ith
unbl
ea-
Low
hil
ly l
ands
cape
on
sand
ston
e ge
nera
lly
Nor
th o
f W
amur
anch
ed A
2 ho
rizo
n an
d so
me
wit
h co
nspi
cuou
sly
bela
ched
A2
hori
zons
on
cres
ts a
nd s
lope
s of
conv
ex h
ills
and
red
and
yel
low
bro
wn
eart
hs o
nfl
at t
oppe
d cr
ests
of
hill
s an
d ri
dg
es.
Ass
oc-
iate
d ar
e ot
her
type
s of
yel
low
ear
ths
with
mot
tled
sub
soil
on
low
pla
tfor
ms
and
terr
aces
alon
g st
ream
s.
Oth
er s
oils
inc
lude
lea
ched
sa
nds,
frin
bie
soil
s w
ith m
ottl
ed b
row
n or
yel
low
cla
yey
subs
oils
on
trac
hyte
and
san
dsto
ne h
ills
.
belo
w 9
0 m
ab
ove
seal
evel
& c
har
acte
ris-
ea
st o
f D
'Agu
ilar
ed b
y tr
achy
te p
lugs
ris
ing
abru
ptly
to
heig
hts
Ran
ge,
and
nort
hof
285
m
wit
h de
bris
apr
ons
betw
een
90m
&12
0rn
and
mos
tly
vert
ical
bar
e ro
ck a
bov«
apro
ns.
of C
aboo
ltur
e.
Soil
Unit
Kt
3
Gra
dati
on
al
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Wa 1
7
Co
ntr
ast
ing
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Soil
Reacti
on
Aci
d
Aci
d
Soil
Desc
rip
tio
n o
f b
asi
s of
th
eir
p
rop
ert
ies
Chie
f so
ils
are
yel
low
eart
hs
on r
idg
e cre
sts,
slopes
and s
om
e s
tream
te
rraces
wit
h p
oro
us
yel
low
su
bso
ils
and s
urf
ace so
ils
dark
ened b
yo
rgan
ic m
att
er
of s
andy t
o s
andy l
oam
tex
ture
,unble
ached
A2 h
ori
zo
n,
mott
led s
ub
soil
or
wit
hble
ached A
2 h
ori
zon a
nd p
oro
us
yel
low
-bro
wn
clay
ey s
ub
soil
. A
sso
cia
ted a
re se
aso
nall
y h
ard
-se
ttin
g s
andy l
oam
or
loam
s, bela
ched A
2 h
ori
zo
and y
ello
w m
ott
led c
layey
su
bso
il.
Sm
all
are
as
of m
any o
ther
soil
s occur
incl
udin
g r
ed eart
hs
resi
du
als
. D
isti
nct
vall
ey
s of
gre
y f
riable
eart
hare
incl
uded
as
well
as
small
are
as
of s
oil
s of
adja
cent
soil
un
its.
Chie
f so
ils
are
fri
ab
le
sandy y
ello
w
soil
s w
ith
mott
led y
ello
w c
layey
su
bso
ils
wit
h o
r w
ithout
ble
ached
A 2
ho
rizo
n,
or
wit
h f
riable
lo
amy
surf
ace so
il d
ark
ened b
y o
rgan
ic m
att
er,
co
n-
spic
uousl
y b
leac
hed
A2 h
ori
zon a
nd m
ott
led r
ed
clay
ey s
ub
soil
on s
lop
es.
O
n s
ad
dle
s,
mid
&lo
wer
slo
pes
seaso
nall
y h
ard
-sett
ing s
andy
loam
or
loam
y s
urf
ace so
il w
ith y
ello
w c
layey
subso
il w
hic
h i
s m
ott
led o
r not
mott
led.
Insw
ampy d
ep
ress
ion
s fr
iab
le an
d a
lso s
easo
n-
all
y h
ard
-sett
ing su
rface so
ils
wit
h m
ott
ley
Gle
y c
layey
su
bso
ils.
S
mall
are
as
of m
any
oth
er
soil
s occ
ur
esp
ecia
lly t
he e
art
h
(resi
du
al)
types
of a
dja
cent
un
its,
Landsc
ape a
nd g
eolo
gic
al
ass
ocia
tio
n
Roll
ing w
eakly
dis
secte
d co
ast
al
pla
inw
ith b
road g
entl
y c
onvex
rid
ge
cre
sts
and g
entl
e si
de s
lopes
to f
lat
wet
vall
ey
bo
tto
ms,
g
en
era
lly
bel
ow
30
m
above
seale
vel.
M
ost
of
the l
eached
eart
hs
soil
s co
nta
in m
od
era
te t
o l
arg
e am
ounts
of h
ard
nodule
s an
d l
um
ps
of i
ron
sto
ne
n
25m
m
to
50m
m
acro
ss.
s
Roll
ing t
o l
ow
hil
ly t
err
ain
on
san
dst
on
es
wit
h g
entl
e t
o m
od
era
te sl
op
es,
sh
allo
wopen
vall
ey
s w
ith
poorl
y d
efin
ed d
rain
ag
ew
ay
s,
som
e s
andst
one i
nse
lberg
s ri
seab
ove t
he g
en
era
l le
vel.
Loca
tion
in
the S
hir
e
Surr
oundin
gs
ofC
ab
oo
ltu
re t
ow
n a
nd
exte
ndin
g so
uth
-east
to D
ecep
tion
Bay.
Mai
nly
east
of
Eli
mbah,
Beerb
urr
um
&
no
rth
-east
of
Cab
oo
ltu
re i
np
laces
exte
ndin
g t
oP
um
icest
on
e P
ass
ag
e.
I
!
Soil
Unit
,
Mf
4
Gra
dat
iona:
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Mf
5
Gra
dati
on
al
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Nx 1
Co
ntr
ast
ing
Tex
ture
Pro
file
!S
oil
Rea
ctio
n
Acid
Aci
d
Alk
ali
ne
Soil
Desc
rip
tio
n on
basi
s of
th
eir
p
rop
ert
ies
Chie
f so
ils
are
gre
y f
riab
le
eart
hs,
su
rface
soil
dark
ened b
y o
rgan
ic m
att
er,
m
ott
led o
r w
hole
colo
ure
d c
layey
su
bso
il,
wit
hout
A2 h
ori
zon o
rconsp
icuousl
y b
leached A
2 h
ori
zo
n.
Ass
ocia
ted
are
fri
ab
le
surf
ace so
ils
wit
h m
ott
led g
ley c
layey
sub
soil
s an
d i
n s
om
e l
ocali
ties
fria
ble
o
r sa
ndy
surf
ace so
ils
wit
h b
leac
hed
A2 h
ori
zon a
nd y
ello
wcl
ayey
su
bso
il.
Sm
all
are
as
of m
any o
ther
soil
socc
ur
such
as
poro
us
sandy t
o l
oam
y y
ello
weart
hs
loam
y g
rey
eart
hs
un
derl
ain
by p
ale
fa
ir-
ly i
mp
erm
eab
le cl
ayey
su
bso
ils
in w
et p
laces
onte
rraces
and s
tream
lev
ees.
S
mall
are
as
ofad
join
ing s
oil
un
its
are
inclu
ded.
Soil
s are
those
for
un
its
Mf
4 a
nd M
t 3 r
esp
ect-
ively
gre
y g
riab
le e
art
hs
and y
ello
w e
art
hs
wit
hth
e g
rey g
riab
le e
art
hs,
dark
ened s
urf
ace
soil
by o
rgan
ic m
att
er
& w
hole
colo
ure
d o
r m
ott
led
clay
ey s
ub
soil
do
rmin
an
t,
& e
ith
er
no A
2 h
ori
zon
or
consp
icuousl
y b
leached A
2 h
ori
zo
n.
Chie
f so
ils
appear
to b
e s
ali
ne g
ley s
oil
s,
hard
-se
ttin
g l
oam
y s
oil
s w
ith g
ley c
layey
su
bso
il,
un-
ble
ached A
2 h
ori
zo
n,
wit
h m
ott
led s
ub
soil
&sa
lin
e
gre
y m
uds
and c
lay
s on
the m
angro
ve m
ud
flats
. A
sso
cia
ted a
re g
rey f
riab
le eart
hs
in s
al-
ine m
ars
hes
& s
oil
wit
h u
nif
orm
te
xtu
re pro
file
in t
he f
orm
of
calc
are
ou
s sa
nd a
nd a
lso l
eached
sand,
both
types
dark
ened b
y o
rgan
ic m
att
er
insu
rface so
il o
n low
dunes
& r
esp
ecti
vely
with
dee
p c
olo
urs
bel
ow
su
rface so
il a
nd m
ott
led s
and
bel
ow
su
rface so
il. .
Lan
dsc
ap
e a
nd g
eolo
gic
al
ass
ocia
tio
n
Fla
t to
very
gen
tle u
ndula
ting
co
ast
al
pla
in l
ess
than
7. 5m
ab
ove s
eale
vel,
a f
ew l
ow
san
dy r
ise
s (p
laned
off
san
dst
on
e h
ills
) are
inclu
ded.
Fla
t to
very
gen
tly
undula
ting
co
ast
al
pla
in l
ess
than
7. 5m
above s
eale
vel
as
for
Unit
Mf
4 b
ut
wit
h r
em
nan
ts o
f a
hig
her
roll
ing d
isse
cte
d co
ast
al
pla
inas
for
Un
itM
t 3.
Fla
t to
very
gen
tly
slo
pin
g c
oast
al
pla
inw
ith a
few
low
du
nes,
ti
dal
mud
fla
ts,
&sa
lin
e m
ars
hes
(ele
vati
ons
less
than
3m
wit
h s
om
e a
reas
up
to
7
.5 m
above
seale
vel.
)
Locati
on
in
the S
hir
e
South
of
Caboolt
ure
Riv
er
& e
ast
of
rail
way
lin
e.
Dec
epti
on
Bay
tow
n-
ship
su
rro
un
din
gs.
Near
riv
er
& c
reek
mouth
s at
the s
ho
res
of D
ecep
tion
Bay
&P
um
icest
on
e P
ass
ag
e&
the P
ass
ag
e sh
ore
of
Bri
bie
Isl
an
d.
00
Soil
Unit
Soil
Reacti
on
Soil
Desc
rip
tio
n o
n b
asi
s of
th
eir
p
rop
ert
ies
Landsc
ape an
d g
eolo
gic
al ass
ocia
tio
nL
oca
tion i
n t
he S
hir
e
Cb 3
5
Unif
orm
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Chie
f so
ils
are
leached
san
ds
dark
en
ed
by
org
an
icm
att
er
in s
urf
ace so
il w
ith
ble
ach
ed
A2
ho
rizo
n s
ub
-su
rface &
bel
ow
th
is c
om
pact,
ce
men
ted
sin
gle
&double
pan
-lik
e h
ori
zo
ns.
A
lso
occu
rrin
g a
re m
od
er-
ate
are
as
of s
oil
s u
nit
s C
a 1
3,
Nx
1 &
Wa 1
7.
Fla
t to
very
gen
tly u
ndula
ting c
oast
al
pla
in l
ess
than
7. 5m
ab
ove s
eale
vel.
Beach
mere
, T
oorb
ul
Pt.
&
Toorb
ul
co
ast
-al
are
a.
Ca 1
1
Unif
orm
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Chie
f so
ils
are
dee
p l
each
ed
san
ds
dark
ened
by
org
an
-ic
matt
er
in t
he s
urf
ace so
il w
ith
a c
olo
ure
d b
ut
not
not
com
pac
ted
san
d h
ori
zo
n b
elow
the b
leac
hed
(A
2)h
ori
zo
n su
bsu
rface an
d w
ith
a w
ate
r ta
ble
oft
enbet
wee
n 5
& 0
ft.
in
dep
th.
Ass
ocia
ted
are
leached
san
ds
wit
h a
sin
gle
pan
bel
ow
th
e A
2 h
ori
zon
in
sw
ale
s&
low
er d
une s
lop
es.
O
ther
so
ils
incl
ude p
eats
in
swam
py
sw
ale
s o
ther
typ
es
of l
each
ed
san
ds
wit
hout
apan
& s
oil
wit
h a
cid
mott
led
gle
y g
layey
su
bso
il i
n s
wale
s.Old
dune s
yst
em
para
llel
to t
he p
rese
nt
co
ast
lin
e w
ith l
ow b
road d
unes
less
than
7. 5m
ab
ove s
eale
vel,
so
me s
wam
py
swale
s.
Bri
bie
Isl
an
d
•
Ca 1
3
Unif
orm
Tex
ture
Pro
file
Chie
f so
ils
are
leach
ed
sil
iceo
us
san
ds
dark
ened
by
or-
ganic
matt
er
in s
urf
ace so
il w
ithout
a c
om
pac
ted
or
pan
-li
ke l
ay
er
bel
ow
the b
leach
on
dune c
rest
s &
sw
ale
s.A
sso
cia
ted
are
sil
iceo
us
san
ds
dark
en
ed
by
org
an
icm
att
er
& p
ale
co
lou
rs b
elow
the s
urf
ace so
il o
n c
oast
al
dunes
and
leached
dark
san
ds
wit
h b
leac
hed
A2
ho
rizo
n&
a s
ing
le p
an h
ori
zo
n b
elow
th
is o
n i
ncl
uded
old
dunes
Oth
er
soil
s in
clude a
cid
peats
in
sw
am
ps
and
so
il w
ith
acid
mo
ttle
d g
ley
cla
yey
su
bso
il i
n s
wam
py
dep
ress
ion
s.
Sm
all
low
dunes
less
than
7. 5m
ab
ove
seale
vel,
m
od
ern
co
ast
al
dunes
wit
hsw
ampy
dep
ress
ion
s beh
ind t
hem
.
Bri
bie
Isl
an
d.
Z 6
Org
an
ic
Pro
file
Acid
Chie
f so
ils
are
aci
d p
eats
of
the s
wam
pla
nd
s,
som
edev
eloped
on
sphag
num
mo
ss.
Ass
ocia
ted
are
si
liceo
us
& l
each
ed
sands
dark
en
ed
by
org
an
ic m
att
er
in su
rface
soil
, so
me w
ith
ble
ached
A2
ho
rizo
n &
no
com
pac
ted
sand
ho
rizo
n b
elow
th
is.
Low
lyin
g c
oast
al
pla
in c
on
sist
ing e
ssen
t-ia
lly
of
fresh
w
ate
r sw
ampla
nd b
ehin
d t
he
mo
dern
beach d
unes,
m
ud f
lats
, sa
lin
e|
mars
hes.
Bri
bie
Isl
an
d &
along m
ainla
nd
co
ast
li.
ie.
So
urc
e:
Atl
as
of A
ust
rali
an
Soil
s -
Shee
t 4
and
its
Ex
pla
nato
ry D
ata -
C.S
.I.
R. O
. A
ust
. D
iv.
So
ils.
(P
rin
ted 1967.)
4 - 1 0
Dominant soil groups in Map Units (Previously used names)
(Dominance determined according to its occurrence in the group to theorder of 60% or more)
SoilUnit
PI 1
PI 4
Mo 10
Mp 10
Fu 3
MM 9
Qd 6
Cd 4
Commonly Used Name
Red podsolics - Soloths
Red podsolics
Red loams
Krasnozems
Skeletal soils
Brown soils of heavy textureGrey soils of heavy texture
Solodic soils
Solodic soils
Skeletal soils
Other Names Used
Soloths - Yellow podsolics
Soloths
Krasnozems, red volcanics
Red loams, red volcanics
Lithosols, podsolic loams
Alluvial soilsGrumsols, cracking clays
red podsolics
solidized solonet«
Lithosols, podsolic lithosols
Mf 13 Nodular podsolic soils
Mf 13 Nodular podsolic soils
Yellow earths
Wf 1 yellow podsolic soilssome skeletal soilssome red podsolic soil
Tb
Mf
Mf
M t
Wa
Mf
Mf
82
11
12
3
17
4
5
Soloths
Nodular podsolics
Nodular podsolics
Red earths
Alluvials
Nodular podsolics
Yellow podsolics, solothsred podsolicsHumic gley soils
Low humic gleys
Low humic gleys
Nx 1
Some nodular podsolics
Mud flats
Lateritic podsolic soilsyellow earths, yellow-red latosols
Lateritic podsolic soilsyellow earths, yellow-red latosolsyellow podsolicsYellow-red latosols
SolothsLithosols, podsolic lithosols
yellow podsolics
Lateritic pqdsolics, yellow, redlatosols, yellow podsolics
Lateritic podsolics, yellowpodsolics, yellow-red latosolsLateritic red earths, podsolicred earths
!
Lateritic podsolics, yellowpodsolics, yellow earths
soloths, yellow podsolics
low humic gleys
yellow podsolics, gleyed podsolicsmeadow podsolics
yellow podsolics, gleyed podsolicsmeadow podsolicslateritic podsolics, yellow podsolics
gleyed soils, saline muds,hydromorphic soil, saline gley
4 - 1 1
Commonly Used Name Other Names Used
Cb 35
Ca 11
Ca 13
Z 6
Ground-water podsolsome podsolic sandssome mudflatssome yellow podsolics
Podsolic sand, coastalsand dunes
some ground water podsols
Podsolic sandssome coastal sand dunessome ground water podsol
Peatssome coastal sand dunessome podsolized sands
podsolspodsols--
podsols
podsols
pldsolsregosols, sandspodsols
_podsolspodsols
some ground water podsols podsols
( Major Soils of adjacent units occur to a minor degree within most ofthe mapped units)
4. 02 Soil Conservation:
Only isolated soil conservation work has been undertakenis the Shire on some land established to pastures and in some row cropcultivations.
The cultivated annual area to crops of various kinds approx-imates 2 800 kg.
This is about 5% of the area of rural holdings in the Shire.
4. 03 Areas Available for Agricultural and Pastoral Development:
Large areas in the Shire in particular in the surroundings ofCaboolture township have been planted to State or private forests.
iExtension of the areas under improved pastures mayj be made
on existing dairy or beef cattle properties, mainly in the western andsouth western part of the Shire.
New fruit and agriculture/horticulture crops may be under-taken to some extent on farms already operating in this type of primaryindustries.
Large scale development in the Shire appears to be limited.
5 - 1
Section 5.
VEGETATION
5.01 Vegetation:
The natural vegetation of the coastal lowlands in the CabooJturoShire occurs in typical plant communities according to typical combinationsof topography, drainage and soil.
(a) Layered and grassy forests and woodland, 10 to 25 m high, dominatedby scribbly gum (Eucalyptus micrantha) is associated with the sandylateritic podzol soils (variant of red earth residuals) in well drainedsituations of the rolling to low hilly country. Other trees occurring in thissituation are rusty gum (or red gum) (Angophora lanceolata), Sheoak(Casuarina suberosa), bloodwood (Eucalyptus intermedia) and wattles(Acacia spp.). The ground cover is rather coarse and shrubby includingBanksia integrifolia, bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), grass tree(Xanthorrhoea sp.) and some grass - Kangaroo grass (Themeda australis),cockatoo grass (Alloteropis semialata), and blady grass gmperata.cylindrica),
(b) Tea-tree forest, approximately 20 m high and dominated by thepaperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) occurs on poorly drained marshysites (both perched and low level) in the rolling to low hilly country andis associated with strongly gleyed soils. Swamp oak (Casuarina glauca)is co-dominant in places. Other tree species of the sclerophyll forestcommunity occur in perched marshes, particularly toward their marginswhere drainage is better. The ground cover consists mainly of coarseshrubby plants and some grass.
(c) Heath covers some areas of low lying, infertile sandy soils in theeastern half of the area. This type of plant community is only 0. 6 to 10 mhigh and dominated by Banksia robur with which is associated a wide rangeof proteaceous plants and sedges. There may be occasional trees -particularly tea-tree.
(d) Wallum community characterised by the dominance of the treeBanksia" aemula is associated with poorly-drained infertile sandy soilsof extensive low-lying areas. Other trees, mainly Eucalyptus spp, areassociated with the wallum forming a stand 3-7 m high. The groundcover consists of shrubs and heathy plants. In general the wallumcommunities consist of a mosaic of sedgelands, heath or low shrublands.open-scrubs or tall shrublands, and paperbarked tea-tree forests.Further inland wallum species may occur in the understorey of eucalyptopen-forests.
(e) Low sand dunes along the coast carry a specialized strand vegetationwith creeping sand binders, beach spinifex, goat's foot convulvus andseveral other prostrate and creeping plants.
On the first stabilised dune back from the sea such ason Bribie Island and at Beachmere a belt of low open-forest dominatedby coastal she-oak is common. On bay shores with no dune developmenta narrow fringe of strand trees may be all that separates the land forests
from the sea.
5 - 2
(i) Areas influenced by saline conditions support mangrove forests,that is, the areas between tidal limits in rivers, streams and thePumicestone Passage. Mangroves help maintain existing waterways andare important habitats for fish and fauna.
On the landward side of the mangrove forests in areas stillsubject to inundation by flood tides or spring tides "saltmarsh" herbfieldvegetation and marine couch grasslands occur. Adjacent to this swampoak open-forest often occurs as the transition to eucalypt open-forest.
Fringing Forests
Fringing forests occupy the banks of many waterways through-out the region and these narrow belts of forest differ conspicuously fromthe surrounding vegetation, rarely extending far beyond creek and riverbanks.
In this community two distinct types, the fringing open-forest and fringing closed-forest occur with graduations between these.
Fringing open-forests
Fringing open-forests are common in eucalpyt open-forestcommunities. The fringing open-forests range from low open-forest totaller nearly closed forests, 8 - 10 m. high, with characteristic treessuch as weeping red bottle brush, (Callist:eraon viminalis) , river orblack tea-tree and river oak, (C. cunninghamiana). A grassy groundcover is often present. Grey mangrove and river mangrove also forma fringing low open-forest.
Fringing closed-forests
Fringing closed-forests vary from low closed-forests toclosed-forests with characteristic trees such as weeping myrtle and blackbean or Moreton Bay chestnut (Castanospermum australe) .
Some closed-forest species are often present as trees orshrubs. Ground cover is very sparse.
Closed Forests
In the western part of the Shire at higher altitudes the tallclosed-forest (rain forest) conspicuous along water courses with treessuch as flooded gum, (E. grandis) may be emergent. Scrub box(Tristan ia conferta) weeping satin ash and black bean is present, whilespecies such as silky oak (Grevillia robusta) and white cedar may bepresent. Height of this type of community ranges from 15 to 30 m.Closed forest communities are confined mainly to the fertile soils onhills or mountain sides and in protected gullies. These may occur inisolated patches or as an extensive area, while the plant populationdensity is related to the level of annual rainfall. Closed forests aregenerally quite complex botanically.
Open Forests
Eucalypt open forests predominate in large areas of the Shireon river and creek alluvia, on the flat and Undulating country and on to
5 - 3
various degrees of dissected foothills and coastal ranges . Heights ofeucalypt open forests vary from 15 to 35 m.
This type of forest occurs over a wide range of soi ls ,topography and climatic conditions and i t s distribution can be regardedas covering al l a r eas in the Shire not occupied by wallum communities,saline and strand vegetation, fringing forests or closed fores ts .
There i s often a sharp demarcation between eucalypt open-forests and closed-forests .
On the alluvial flats and flood plains blue gum (E. teret icarnis)is dominant in the eucalypt open forest with Moreton Bay ash (E.t e s se l l a r i s ) . A grassy ground cover is usually the only understorey.
On elevated a reas and sandy slopes and hills of the coastallowlands eucalypt open-forests a re various associations of scribbly gum,pink bolldwood, (E. intermedia) , yellow stringybark, (E. acmenioides),blackbutt (E. p i lu lar i s ) , and rusty gum, while also blue gum and greyironbark (E. drepanophylla) a re often present . Eucalypt open-forestsoccur chiefly on soils of light texture, through a clayey subsoil may bepresent .
Eucalypt tall open-forests (wet sclerophyll forests to 50 m),occur sometimes on well drained, deep, moderately fertile loamy soiladjacent to closed forests on the high slopes of ranges of ten with a denseunderstorey of t r ees and shrubs. Common t rees in this communityare flooded gum, blackbutt, scrub box, swamp box, and tallow-wood(E. microcorys) .
Large a reas of natural vegetation communities in the Shirehave been destroyed over the years due to clearing or par t ia l clearingactivities for cultivation, grazing and timber cutting, while burning hashas a considerable influence on the presence and importance of species ofunderstorey and ground layers of various vegetation communities in theShire.
A large range of various weeds have invaded some a reas inthe Shire, of which the most obvious are groundsel, (Baccharishalimifolia), Ian tana, (Lantana camara ) , noogoora bur r , (Xanthiumpung«ns), stinking roger (Tagetes minima) and mistflower (Eupatoriumriparium).
(References
1) Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, Sth. Qld. 1961.b y J . E . Coaldrake. bulletin No. 283.
2) Moreton Region. Natural Environment, Brisbane, 1972.Co-ordinator-General ' s Department. Qld. )
5.02 Fauna:
Most species of native fauna a re ra ther str ict ly habitat-depenclent. They have evolved filling a particular ecological system anddepend upon certain climatic and environmental conditions or species ofplants for survival.
5 - 4
Where a habitat is altered or destroyed the population offauna species dependent on such a habitat is reduced or eliminated.
Information on the previous status of most fauna specieswhich occurred in the Shire region is fairly limited, as considerableareas of natural vegetation have been cleared during the past 100 yearsof European settlement.
Terrestrial Fauna
With regard to the terrestrial fauna many of the Australianfamilies of birds and reptiles are represented in the area, whilerepresentative groups of marsupials also still occur in number.
The open-forest, woodland and coastal heathlands (Wallum)are the most extensive fauna habitats in the Shire supporting suchobviously recognisable animals as magpies, honeyeaters, kookaburras,wallabies, possums, bandicoots, bearded dragons.
There is also a fairly typical representation of terrestrialinvertebrate fauna such as protozoans, flat worms, nematodes earthworms,leeches, millipedes and centipedes, spiders, insects and molluscs.
Mangrove and tidal areas are important habitats in the Shireand these support a specialised fauna mainly of invertebrates and birds,the latter including large numbers of migratory waders.
Most types of habitat originally found in the area at Europeansettlement still exist although in many cases at a considerably reducedscale, while most of the original fauna species are thought to be stillpresent in these habitats.
Examples of habitats which have been greatly reduced arethe closed forests and the coastal heathlands and wetlands. In thisrespect the State Forest areas have an important function in the preserv-ation of native wild life as all State Forests are fauna sanctuaries.
Marine and Aquatic Fauna
A fairly typical representation of most aquatic groups offauna occurs in the Shire.
In marine habitats the range of animals includes protozoans,Jelly fish, flat worms, bristle worms, barnacles, crabs, prawrjs, mussels,sea slugs, squid, fishes, turtles and possibly still an odd dugong. Thelatter were apparently quite common a hundred years ago.
Siltation of creeks and rivers, pollution and destruction ofhabitats such as mangrove and swamp habitats appear to have resultedin reductions in the numbers of several marine fauna species.
The freshwater fauna includes animals such as protozoans,hydroids, rotifers, flatworms, leeches, insects, shrimps, crayfish,smails, mussels, frogs, fishes and tortoises.
The freshwater fauna has suffered from considerable habitatalteration since European settlement.
5 - 5
Siltation and pollution of streams have probably had detrimentaleffects on many species. Running water habitats have been altered byconstruction of farm dams and reservoirs and land clearing, which havereduced the available habitat areas for many species and interfering withbreeding cycles in some cases.
For many species the habitat utilised may vary seasonallyand at different stages of the life cycle. Some marine species of fishesand other animals also utilise freshwater habitats, such as the mulletin Juvenile stages. Freshwater runoff stimulates movements of somefish and runoff from swamps provides large amounts of organic matter.Mangrove swamps have an important role in the fish food chain, whileseagrass beds are important in providing food, shelter and detritus.
Much remains to be learnt about habitat requirements andlife cycles of even best known species such as fish, crabs and prawnsof value to commercial fishing
Several types of aquatic habitats are present in the Shirearea.
Freshwater
Standing water, such as swamps and holes or lagoons orcreeks which flow only seasonally with variations in size, permanence andvegetation. (Lagoon Creek System is an example.
Running water of rivers and creeks with variations in depth,flow rate, turbulance, presence of snags etc. (Stanley and CabooltureRiver).
Marine
Open shores (for example open beach line on the easternside of Bribie Island which is subject to considerable wave action).
Sheltered areas, such as are present in Deception Bay,Pumicestone Passage and estuarine areas of the lower reaches of theCaboolture River and several creeks in the eastern lowlands of theCaboolture Shire.
Several types of sheltered habitat areas occur, such asintertidal mangrove habitats as fringing mangroves on beaches ind asmangrove forests along streambanks, non-mangrove intertidalhabitats consisting of beaches of sand or silt or loose rubble, upstreamareas where appreciable dilution of seawater occurs, and permanentlyinundated habitats, such as mud-sand areas, seagrass beds associatedwith foreshores, and sea grass beds not associated with foreshores.
6 - 1
Section 6.
FARMING SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES
6.01 Land Tenure:
Most of the Shire is under freehold tenure. Approximately20% of the Shire area is forestry reserve and vacant Crown land. Mostof Bribie Island is under Special Lease to A. P.M. Pty. Ltd. , whichalso occupies considerable areas of freehold land within a 16 to 24 kmradius of the Caboolture township.
6.02 Land Valuation:
It is difficult to determine actual land values anywhere inthe Shire due to influence of land developers and land speculators whohave been extremely active during the recent couple of years. Landprices in the proximity of town in the Shire range from $2 500 to$7 500 per ha.
6.03 Tobacco:
Tobacco is an important agricultural crop inthe Shirealthough it is grown on only 27 farms. The reason for this is the highproduction value of this crop. On some of these tobacco farms vegetablesare grown in the off-season as a sideline while on four tobacco farmsa few head of cattle are kept on spare land where tropical pastures havebeen established during the last few years.
The tobacco farms in the Shire are confined mainly tothearea surrounding the town of Caboolture a'nd towards Wamuran andElimbah.
The area grown on each farm is fairly stable from seasonto season. This is so because of the Tobacco Production Sales Quotasystem under which the Tobacco Industry operates.
The average area grown per farm is 5. 2 ha with a range of4 to 20 ha. The total area available on tobacco farms ranges from16 to 48 ha.
Table 16.
Caboolture Shire Tobacco Quotas 1972
466789
11L5
Tobacco Quotak g
540 and less350 - 6 800800 - 7 260260 - 8 240240 - 9 6006 0 0 - 1 1 400400 and over900 and over
No. Farms
18553311
1
6 - 2
The climatic conditions and sandy to sandy-loam soils aresuitable for the production of good quality tobacco leaf in this area.Yields however are at times adversely affected by hail and wind damage,and by blue mould disease during the spring when weather conditionsat times can be cool and humid.
Labour requirements are normally met from casual workersin the area; however casual labour appears to become increasinglydifficult to obtain from season to season. As a result several aspectsin crop management and leaf handling have now been changed usingchemical or mechanical means which have led to production cost savings.The total tobacco sales quota allocated to tobacco farms located in theCaboolture Shire is 215 000 kg which amounts to a value of approximately$540000 for every year of production.
6. 04 Fruit and Vegetable Cropping:
Fruit and vegetables are grown in much of eastern partof the shire, with the main centres of production being Elimbah(pineapples and citrus), Wamuran (pineapples and bananas), Caboolture(vegetables), Burpengary and Deception Bay (strawberries andvegetables).
Bananas and pineapples are the chief crops. Both aregrown mainly as monocrops.
Pineapples
The area of pineapples grown on a holding where pine-apples is the main crop varies from 4 ha to in excess of 80 ha. Thevariety is grown almost exclusively. About 90% of production is sentto the "Golden Circle Cannery" for processing. The remainder issold to fresh fruit markets in Queensland or interstate. Fruit forprocessing is dispatched to the cannery in crates holding about 1 000kg of topless fruit. Fruit marketed as fresh fruit is dispatched top-onin cartons or cases.
Most growers fumigate the soil before planting to controlnematodes which can drastically reduce yields. Top rot causedby the fungus sometimes cause losses and many growers drench afterplanting.
Bananas
There are about 200 banana growers in the Shire. Howeveronly about 50 derive most of their income from bananas. The remaindergrow bananas as a spare time activity or as part of mixed farming.
The bananas are grown on steep hillsides of the D'AguilarRange and associated foothills, in the area west of Narangba to westof Wamuran, with odd areas around Woodford.
These steep hillside plantations are sheltered from thewest and south, but heavy losses occur from strong easterly winds.
The total area of bananas is about 650 ha of which tallgrowing cavendish strains constitute 75% of the area and lady fingersmost of the remainder.
6 - 3
About 25% of the growers grow their bananas on landleased from graziers of A. P.M. forests.
Other Fruits
Other fruits grown in smaller quantities are: citrus,custard-apples, macadamia, papaws, passionfruit, avocadoes andstrawberries.
Vegetables
Watermelon, pumpkins, tomatoes, peas, beans, cabbages,and cauliflowers, lettuce, cucumbers, capsicums, potatoes, eggfruit,zucchinis, sweet potatoes and ginger and grown commercial quantitiesin the shire.
Vegetables are grown mainly by full time growers with 4 -12 ha under cultivation. These growers grow a variety of crops overthe year. A typical rotation consists of tomatoes, capsicums,watermelons, pumpkins and cucumbers.
Various types of flowers are grown by a few specialistgrowers, gladiolo being the main crop.
Most vegetable growers are in the southern part of theshire in the Caboolture-Burpengary, Deception Bay area, where therehas been considerable activity of subdividers and many farms havebeen purchased. This has led to a reduction in the number of fulltime vegetable growers and an increase in "weekend*1 growers.
6.05 Dairying:
Dairying enterprises are mainly located in the Mt. Meearea, Stanley River basin and Delaney Creek area, with less thanten in the surrounds of Caboolture.
Farms range from 24 to 640 ha in size. The common ishowever an area of 100 to 120 ha.
Dairy farms supply milk to the following factories: -
Woodford - cheddar and fancy cheeses and market milk forCaboolture ,
Caboolture - market milk, butter, cream and manufactured milkproducts such as yoghurt.
Paulte Brisbane is supplied directly by 12 farms.
Approximately 150 dairy dairy farms are left in the industryproducing milk, while the number is still steadily decreasing. Bulk milkis supplied by 106 farmers, or 88. 5%.
The rate of decrease depends on trends in the industry,land developers activity and A. P.M. land purchase trends.
A range of 15 to 300 cows are run on farms, but the
6 - 4
average would be around 100 cows per farm. The three main dairybreeds are Friesian, Jersey and A.I. S. with Friesian apparentlyon the increase. The average production of herd-recordeu cows in1972 was 1 960 kg of milk and 84 kg butter fat.
The number of dairy farms with subsidiary enterprises isvery small and applies to beef only as a sideline. A.I. Services areavailable from Dayboro.
Farm feed programmes in the Shire are different in thatthe Mt. Mee dairy pastures are mainly based on Kikuyu grass, whilein the Stanley River Basin irrigated pastures and oats are usedextensively where no irrigation is available.
Pastures planted under the Dairy Pasture Subsidy Schemehas been made use of on 70% of the farms. In general areas of 4 to20 ha of temperate or tripicals have been planted at a time.
Supplementary feeding is done using mainly grain andproprietary meals fed in the bails.
Weed taints are not common.
Farm buildings are in fair to good condition with dairiesmostly of wooden walk-through types. The number of concrete blockherringbone sheds is increasing.
Cattle ticks are present in the area and strategic dippingas a control measure is used.
Stock (cull cows and calves) is sold at Woodford wheresales are held regularly, or consigned direct to Cannon Hill.
6.06 Beef Cattle:
Beef cattle holdings in the Shire are generally very smallwith areas between 100 and 160 ha. Some beef producers are in factpart-time farmers with a full time Job in the Caboolture Shire. Manyof the small sized beef holdings were originally small dairy farms.To increase the available grazing forestry reserve land is leasedmainly from A P.M.
There is a minority of larger beef holdings with areas ofover 400 ha and one of about 1 600 ha near Bellthorpe owned byBrandon and one of 1 200 ha at D'Aguilar. Beef cattle holdings arefound scattered throughout the Shire, that is Toorbul, Narangba,Woodford, Wamuran and Bellthorpe.
Beef breeding and fattening are two systems of equalimportance, but not common as a mixed enterprise. Stock are mainlyraised on native pasture.
' The number of holdings carrying beef cattle has increasedby about 11 farms each year till 1970-71. Beef and vealer numbershave increased 138% over 7 years, while average herd size increasedfrom 44 to 63.
Store cattle are purchased from Toogoolawah and Ipswichand bobby calves from Woodford.
6 - 5
Stock is mainly sold to Cannon Hill.
Stock is normally fattened to 400 kg L. W. at 3-4 years orat 2 years on good improved pastures. Vealers are fattened to200 kg L.W. and sold at 9 to 12 months.
The most popular breeds are Brahman, Droughtmasterand Hereford bulls crossed with dairy cows, such as A.I.S. andFriesians and some Jersey. A.I. service is available from Dayboro.
The pregnancy rate ranges from 70 to 80%, and the brandingrate from 70 - 80%. Losses suffered are due to dingoes, wormsor blackleg.
The Shire is part of the tick infested region and thereforetick control through dipping is a major practice.
6.07 Poultry:
Poultry enterprises include both egg and broiler production.Producers generally have 2 to 300 ha of land, in areas close tocommunication routes. In 1972 there were 23 egg producers and 9broiler growers.
The egg producers have 3 000 to 24 000 layers in cages.
The broiler growers grow batches of 8 000 to 85 000 birdseach in 8 to 10 weeks.
About 50% of poultry farms have some subsidiary enterprisesuch as growing chokoes, pumpkins, watermelons, vealers, citrus,pineapples or tomatoes.
The by-product of poultry manure is used in the area tofertilize pastures or pumpkins.
Capital equipment costs about $1 per bird for broilersand $ 2 per bird for layers.
Eggs are sold to the E.M.B. or under licence elsewhere.
Broilers are grown under contract. There are 2 smallprocessing works in the Shire. At present no contracts with newgrowers are made in the Shire.
All broiler feeds are produced by the integrated parentbroiler processor in Brisbane. Egg producers either mixtieir ownfeeds or buy from Brisbane feed manufacturers.
6.08 Pigs:
Pig enterprises are of less importance in the Shire thanDairy or Beef enterprises.
In 1972 out of the total of 29 holdings with pigs, 17 were asa sideline to dairying, 5 as a sideline to beef production and 7 were sole-ly pig enterprises, the latter with a total number of pgs ranging from100 to 450 per piggery.
7 - 1
Section 7.
CROPS, PASTURE AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE
7.01 Crops:
Table 17.
District Average Yields Agriculture Crops (March 1969)
Crop
TobaccoPotatoesSweet PotatoesSorghumMaizeBarleyMillet, Panicum)Setaria )
Average Yield/ha
1 000 - 1 300 kg10 - 15 tonne7 12 tonne2. 25 - 3. 0 tonne2.25 tonne2.5 tonne1 tonne
area lh»)
2404
102025
82
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics
Tobacco growing is the most important agriculturalenterprise in the Shire.
Table 18.
Tobacco Production
Year
1964-651965-661966-671967-681968-691969-701970-711971-72
Areaha
190180216220240190220248
Production'000 kg
190200238261300244195340
Yieldkg/ha
8701 005
9801 1501 2001 230
7901 320
Source: Department of Primary Industry Records
Approximately 40 to 45% of the Moreton Region tobacco leaf isproduced in the Caboolture Shire. The remainder is grown in the adjacentShire of Landsborough.
Suitable sandy to loamy sand soil types and adequate airhumidity during the main period of growth are favourable for the productionof good quaJity tobacco leaf in th:s region.
7 - 2
Excessive wet weather conditions, wind and hail damage andthe higher incidence of tobacco blue mould disease can at times result inrather servere yield fluctuations in this agricultural crop.
Table 19.
District Average Yields Horticulture Crops
Fruit & Veges Average yield/ha
Bananas 1 830 x 13 kg cartonsPineapples 28 tonneStrawberries 28 tonnePumpkin 8-22 tonneCucumber 2 500 cartonsMelons 30 tonneTomatoes 37 cartonsChokoes 2 500 cartons
Source: Department of Primary Industries Records.
Table 20.
Fruit and Veges Acreage and Production
Crop Area Production
Bananas (bearing)Pineapples (bearing)PumpkinsTomatoes
344492184
28
hahahaha
3 055 tonne663 419 doz.12
916 tonne930 tonne
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.
Watermelons, strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, zuchinis,peas, beans, capsicum, egg fruit, ginger, lettuce, cabbage, passionfruitand table grapes are some of the smaller scale fruit and vegetable enterprisesOrchard fruit are usually grown as small sidelines, of which oragnes,lemons, mandarins and lately avocadoes make up the largest treepopulations.
7.03 Animals:
Table 21.
Stocknumbers - Caboolture Shire
7 - 3
Year
1962-631963-641964-651965-661966-671967-681968-691969-701970-71
Dairy-Total'000
23.023.020.920.117.116.816.815.715.5
BeefTotal•000
4. 35.25. 35.75.86.99.0
10.111.3
Pigs
Sows•000
0.40.40.40.40.40. 30.40.40. 6
Total•000
2.82.62.82.82.53.24. 52.12.6
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics
Table 22.
Year
1972
Dairy•000
14.3
Beef•000
10. 9
Pigstotal
2 111
Horsestotal
474
Sheeptotal
139
Source: Department of Primary Industries Reocrds.
Table 23.
Number of Holdings According Type of Stock
1972
DairyBeefPigsHorsesSheep
Lessthan10 head
29215
1776
10-20head
1017851
20-100head
8896932
100-200head
5829
3
200head &over
454
Total
18916829
1859
Source: Department of Primary Industries Records.
Table 24.
Animal Enterprise Farm Systems - 1972
Enterprise
Dairy onlyDairy-BeefDairy-PigsBeef onlyBeef-PigsPigs only
No. Farms
1234917
11457
8 - 1
Section 8.
REGISTER OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
8.01 Pastures: (D.P.I. - Agrostology Branch)
Tropical Species Nursery - Mt. Mee.Mo. - Frequency of Application Trial - Mt. Mee.Temperate Grasses with Siratro Trial - Mt. Mee.Ronpha grass and Australian Phalaris Trial - Mt. Mee.Safari and Ladino While Clovers sowing rates trial - Mt. Mee.Planting time of White Clover with tropical species mixture
- Mt. Mee.White Clover varietal comparison - Mt. Mee.Evaluation of six White Clovers - Mt. Mee.Coderiocaly gyroides pilot plot - Marangba.White and Ladino White Clover Seed Covering Trial - Toorbul
Point.Safari White Clover Observation - Cedarton.
8.02 Dairying: (D.P.I. - Dairy Field Services)
Effect Mastitis on Milk Composition.Milk quality and Composition (Protein, Butterfat and other
quality factors).
8.03 Horticulture: (D.P.I. - Horticulture Branch)
Ca-Zn-Cu Banana Observation Trial.Foliar K and Mg uptake Pineapple Observation Trial.Weedicides in Cucurbits Observation Trial.
(C.O.D. Experimental Farm-Beerwah).Nutrition, Pest and Disease Control Investigation in
Pineapples.Propagation of Selected Pineapple Plant Material.
8.04 Agriculture: (D.P.I . - Agriculture Branch)
Sweet Potato Varietal Trial-Elimbah.Tobacco Plantbreeding for Blue Mould Resistance - Beerwah.Improving Leaf Quality of Existing Blue Mould Resistant
Lines - Beerwah.
8.05 Fisheries: (D.P.I. - Department of Fisheries).
East Coast Prawn Project - Deception Bay.
Mangrove Habitat and Fauna Investigations - Deception Bay.
8.06 Cattle Ticks: (I.C.I. Cattle Tick R.S. Laboratory)
Chemical Tick Control - D'Aguilar.
9 - 1
Section 9.
OTHER PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
9.01 Forestry:
There are approximately 21 600 ha of State Forests andTimber Reserves in the Caboolture Shire.
State Forests and Timber Reserves by Parishes as follows:
Reserve No
State Forests
SF 1773F 1733F 3133F 8323F 5723F 5893F 611
3F 603F 8933F 1152
Timber Reserves
TR 391TR 975
Parish
DurundurDurundurDurundurDurundurDurundurBeerwah
( Beerwah, Canning )( Toorbul >WararbaByronByron
DurundurByron
Area (ha)
.. 223 832720
1 332112
2 4003 600
8282 000600
300600
The State Forestry centre at Beerburrum, Just north of theCaboolture Shire boundary in the adjacent Shire of Landsborough, hasthrough its reafforestation programme at present well in excess of10 800 ha of coniferous plantations under its control of which totalapproximately 2 800 ha are located within the Caboolture Shireboundaries.
The two species of exotic conifers in these plantations arePinus elliottii and Pinus taeda.
The Australian Paper Mill Pty. Ltd. has also a considerablearea of softwood plantations within the Caboolture Shire boundaries whichpractically all consist of Pinus elliottii with a total acreage of 8 600 haplanted as at the end of 1972. A. P.M. Pty. Ltd. operates a chipping plantat Morayfield south of Caboolture, while its main paper mill for theregion is located at Petrie in the Pine River Shire. There are about 13sawmills operating in the Shire.
9 - 2
The State Forestry Department is responsible for the care ofexisting natural forests and timber reserves, the selected harvesting oftimber from these forests, the preservation of natural parks, forestryresearch work, reafforestation programmes, fire protection of forests andplanting of new areas.
There is an increasing demand for timber for the manufactureof paper products and for various types of hardboard and practicle board.
Reafforestation work has concentrated on the softwood typeplantations in order to meet most of this type of demand.
Coniferous or softwood plantings provide a quicker way ofproducing timber in volume as timber thinnings from these plantationsbecomes available for use for either pulp and paper manufacture,particle board and other sawn timber around 12 to 15 years.
The full life cycle of a planting is completed in about 40 years.
9.02 Mining:
There are no actual mining activities in operation in theShire.
Material for road construction is obtained from a privatelyoperated quarry at moodlu and from a number of locations scatteredthroughout the shire which are under control of the Caboolture ShireCouncil.
Gravel and sand for building construction is produced atlocations on the Caboolture River and Bribie Island.
9.03 Fishery:
A large variety of fish and crustaceans is present in thecoastal waters of the Shire of Caboolture.
To protect and conserve the marine and fresh water faunathe Department of Fisheries has a range of restrictive measures inoperation.
Commercial net-fishing is subject to close regulation andcontrol and is constantly reviewed, particularly in areas where thieintensity of angling is high. So is net-fishing restricted to only part of theyear in the Pumicestone Passage between Glasshouse Mts. Creek and theBribie Island Traffic Bridge.
No nets whatsoever may be used in freshwater for catchingfish.
A schedule of minimum sizes of fish and crabs taken is aimedat protecting the smaller specimens of aquatic fauna. Female crabs maynot be taken at all.
Approximately 20 commercial fisherman are operating in andfrom the Caboolture coastal waters and these comprise netfishermanfishing for mullet, whiting and prawns and crabbers.
9 - 3
The main types of fish caught in the Pumicestone Passage andalong the coast of Bribie Island and Deception Bay are whiting, bream,flathea, Jewfish, tailor, squire, dart and sweetlip.
There are two marine habitat reserves in the Shire ofCaboolture. The first one has its southern boundary Just south ofGlasshouse Mts. Creek on the mainland and "The Stockyards" on BribieIsland, but this habitat has most of its area covering the PumicestonePassage and adjacent land in the neighbouring Shire of Landsborough.
The second marine habitat reserve covers a considerable areaof the Deception Bay and adjacent wetlands north of the Deception Baytownship and takes in as well the mouths of the Caboolture River and theBurpengary Creek.
In addition all coastal and stream areas occupied by any typeof mangroves vegetation are now protected areas where any interferencewhich changes its original state is prohibited by law.
The reason for this is because it has been discovered andincreasingly understood that the various mangrove swamp habitats,adjacent wetland habitats and seagrass bed habitats have an importantrole in the aquatic fauna food chain, as feeding, breeding and shelteringgrounds for aquatic fauna.
There is much that remains to be learnt about habits and lifecycles of aquatic faune which concerns the fishing industry along theQueensland coast. Therefore the study of mangrove habitats carried out bythe Department of Fisheries' Research Station at Deception Bay isinvestigational work of considerable importance.
Freshwater Fish Farming
Considering the large number of farm dams constructed asirrigation water reservoirs in the area during recent years, these havealso created possibilities for a freshwater fish farming industry oncesuitable fish species are found for this type of aquatic environment. Someof the quite large farm dams that were constructed certainly appear to havethe potential in this direction.
9. 04 Beekeeping in the Caboolture Shire:
Honeybees are maintained in the Caboolture Shire bymigratory, part-time and hobbyist beekeepers. Originally it was oneof Queensland's best honey producing areas but of recent years clearingof native floras for urban, agricultural, pastoral and pine forestdevelopments has decreased its beekeeping value.
Over 4 000 beehives are maintained in the Shire these beingmanaged by sever resident commercial apiarists, fifteen part-time and26 hobbyists. Migratory beekeepers from elsewhere bring beehives intothe Shire seasonally. The resident commercial apiarists migrate theirhoneybees to nectar and polen plants outside the Shire.
9 - 4
Honey and Pollen Flora
Common Name
Grey ironbark
Brush box
Paperbark tea-tree
Blue gum
Pink bloodwood
White clover ,
Glycine and other
tropical legumes
River mangrove
Botanical Name
Eucalyptus drepanophylla
Tristania conferta
Melaleuca quinquenervia
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Eucalyptus intermedia
Trifolium repens
Glycine wightii and others
Flowering Period
July-December
December-January
March-July
July-November
F ebruary-M ar ch
July-October
March-November
Aegiceras corniculatum October-November
The principal honey producing sections of the Shire are thewallum, (paperbark tea-tree, the irrigated flats of the Caboolture Riverand Stanley River basin (white clover) and the ranges and their lowerslopes (grey ironbark and brush box). Tropical legume pastures andmangrove fringes also contribute.
Honeybees assist in the pollination of white clover, tropicallegumes and particularly cucurbits such as pumpkins, watermelons andcucumbers.
Annual honey production by resident beekeepers is 110 tonnes,beeswax 1. 5 tonnes, queenbees sold 440, queenbees purchased fromoutside the Shire 438, including 10 from overseas.
The Shire of Caboolture is still reasonably important forbeekeeping under the migratory system: in winter the wallum is usefulas colonies of honeybees remain strong, produce honey and are maintainedviable for the main honey producing season, which extends throughoutspring on river flats and in summer in coastal ranges.
Equipment
The standard hive found in the Caboolture Shire is the10-frame full-depth Landstroth, which is often used with only nineframes in honey supers and brood-chambers. Some beekeepers preferthe 8-frame size because it is lighter; a few use smaller hivesknown as "W.S. P. " Ideal" and "Half-depth".
Permanently sited honey houses are used for extracting thehoney. These are equipped with power-driven multiple-frame extractors,all compactly arranged. Some large outfits couple two multiple-frameextractors in order to speed the process. Mechanical hive liftingdiyices on trucks are a feature of their operation.
Management
Systems of management vary from the "let-alone" systemof the smaller beekeepers to sophisticated methods used by the commercial
9 - 5
apiarists who manage colonies intensively in accordance with acceptedbee husbandry techniques. These include migration, requeening, swarmcontrol, disease and pest control, honey flora surveys, site selectionand equipment maintenance.
Marketing
Honey may be sold locally by honey producers or transportedto honey packers in 44 gallon drums for the intra - or interstate andoverseas markets. Locally produced honey attracts a levy of 5£ per lb.which helps finance the activities of the Commonwealth AustralianHoney Board, largely in relation to overseas export, research andsales promotion.
Tab
le 2
5.
Pri
mar
y P
rodu
ctio
n M
isce
llan
eous
Dat
a
Yea
r
1962
-63
1963
-64
1964
-65
1965
-66
1966
-67
1967
-68
1968
-69
1969
-70
Rur
alH
oldi
ngs
No. 54
3
518
523
502
522
61
0
620
628
Pop
ulat
ion
on H
oldi
ngs
Mal
e
1210
1065
1068
n. a
.
1078
1181
1190
1175
Fem
ale
1040 96
4
953
n. a
.
941
1035
1032
1033
Tot
al
2241
2029
2021
n. a
.
2019
2216
2222
2208
Mal
eP
erm
anen
tW
orke
rs
676
644
637
646
658
67
4
690
65
3
Tra
cto
rson
Hol
ding
s
327
328
344
386
401
48
0
532
567
Gro
ss
Agr
ic,
Pou
ltry
Dai
ryin
2738
3266
3594
3973
4579
4990
n. a
.
n.
a.
Val
ue o
f P
rim
ary
Pro
duct
ion $
'000
Pas
tora
l
I
292
43
3
67
6
580
53
1
66
2
n. a
.
n. a
.
Fo
rest
ryM
inin
g
316
272
25
9
13
5
18
4
357
n. a
.
n. a
.
Tot
al
3346
3971
4529
4688
5294
6009
n. a
.
n. a
.
o © "8 a W 3 4
3 w H CO >
w n o r+ BCO O CO
o I
Sourc
e:
Bure
au o
f C
ensu
s an
d S
tati
stic
s.
1 0 - 2
10.02 Demography:
Table 26.
Population Growth - Caboolture Shire
Year
193319471954196119661971
Males
29003074376946675268
Females
24162642333242104881
Total
5316571671018877
1014912174
CabooltureTown
89411331533206825433240
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.
Table 27.
Caboolture Shire - Moreton Statistics Division
Age and Sex Structure - 1966
Age
0-45-9
10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465 +
Male
252299291217133
92136149150163140119117332
Female
231267282187106112127
. 144169121129105135270
Total
4835665734042192042632933192842692242526-2
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.
10 - 3
Table 28.
Workforce Structure in Industries - 1966 (M. S.D.)
Industry
FishingRural IndustriesForestryTotalMiningEngineeringVehicle RepairsYarns, TextilesClothingFood, drinkPaper, printingOtherTotal Secondary Indus.Electricity, waterBuilding constructionTransportC ommuni cati on sFinanceCommercePublic AuthorityCommunity ServicesHotelsOtherTotal Work Force
Male
18761101880
651
10232
2113
41152463
55437151
7754
37340
1266027
2648
Female
1202
-203
6882
7137
711
142-6
122625
17614
1108850
853
Total
19963101
10831259
1103473
15048
163605
55443163103
79549
54236148
773501
!
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.
10.03 Transport Services:
The Shire has 345 km of sealed roads, 358 km of formed roads,and 545 km of unformed roada. The Bruce Highway aw well as the mainNorthern Railway Line bisects the eastern half of the Shire.
The railway line branches off at Caboolture and terminates atWamuran. This rail connection is maintained only for the purpose ofpineapple transport to the Northgate Cannery.
10. 04 Secondary Industries:
1 0 - 4
Table 29.
Secondary Industries
Industry
BakerBuildersBlacksmithsEngineersSaw MillsCaravan FactoryMilk & Cheese FactoryHatcheriesSaddlersSoft Drink FactoryClothing FactoriesChipping Plant AP. M.Brick & ConcreteQuarryBanana RipenersNewspaper Co.TanneryButchersBacon Factory
Caboolture
3413411121211111-41
Woodford
12--3-1----------3-
DeceptionBay
_4--1-------1----1-
Other
-5-15--11-----1-14-
10.05 Tertiary Services:
Table 30.
Services
AuctioneersBanksC arriers-GeneralDentistDoctorsHotelsNewsagentsVet. SurgeonLibrarySolicitorsBus. ServicesAgric. MachineryProduce AgenciesCo-operatives
Caboolture
233232111211
1
Woodford
1221111----1
1
DeceptionB a y
1-1---1----
1
Other
23--124---2-
2
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.
1 0 - 5
10. 06 Community Services:
Health The nearest hospital facilities are at Redcliffe. Q. A. T. B.service is available at Caboolture and Bribie Island.
Education There are 16 schools in the Shire.
Table 31.
School Pupils - Caboolture Shire
Totals estimated as at 1-8-69.
Pupils
Primary
Government SchoolsN on-Government
Secondary
Government SchoolsNon-Gevernment
Male
79763
436
Female
711 )75 )
413
Total
1646
849
The R.S.S.A.I.L.A. War Veterans' Home is located atCaboolture.
10.07 Associations:
KindergartenR.S.L.ApexRotary ClubQ.C.W.A.Chamber of Commerce
Historical SocietyMasonic LodgeOddfellow LodgeP. A. & I. SocietyR.O.A.B. LodgeRed Cross Society
10. 08 State Services to Primary Producers:
Department of Primary Industries.Horticulture BranchAgriculture BranchDairy Field ServicesPoutlryVeterinary ServicesSoil ConservationPlant Pathology & Entomology
Economic Services BranchBeef Cattle Husbandry BranchForestry DepartmentIrrigation & Water Supply CommissionLands Department
CabooltureCabooltureCabooltureCabooltureCabooltureIpswichBrisbane or
NambourBrisbaneBrisbaneBeer bur rumBrisbaneBrisbane.
1 1 - 1
Section 11.
ECONOMICS
Prepared by:- L.C. Hannah,Agricultural Economist.Brisbane.
11.01 Introduction:
Tobacco growing and horticulture are the principal farmingactivities in the Caboolture Shire. Dairying, poultry and beef are theprincipal livestock enterprises.
Gross Margins analysis and partial budgeting have been usedin this economic assessment.
A gross margin in simply Gross Returns minus Variable Costs.There are two reasons for calculating a gross margin rather than the netprofit.
(a) Variable, or operating costs, such as fuel, fertilizer,etc. are relatively easy to determine and can be preciselyallocated to one particular crop or livestock enterprise.
(b) Fixed costs or overheads (e. g., depreciation, interest,rent, rates, taxes etc.) are sometimes difficult toaccurately allocate to an enterprise.
The use of gross margins for the purposes of comparisonsuffers from the limiting assumption that the different farming activitiesare using the same amounts of fixed resources. It must also be rememberedthat the gross margin is not the profit but is generally related to profit.
Where there is a change in the basic combination of resourcespartial budgeting should be used to compare enterprises. For someenterprises preliminary estimates of directly attributable Variablecosts, only, have been included. Particularly for horticultural crops thispractice has been followed largely to discourage the casual quotation of a"normal" gross margin range of margins.
11.02 Fodder Crops:
In 1970-71 about 1 700 acres were devoted to fodder crops.Oats, millet, forage sorghums and lucerne are of greatest importance.
Estimates of the direct costs of production, that is the out-of-pocket expenses associated with growing a crop have been included foroats and millet. A summary of the other fodder crop growing costs havebeen included.
Full details of direct costs of production for the various foddercrops can be found by referring to the Kilcoy Shire Handbook, Section 11"Economics".
1 1 - 2
I. Grazing Oats
Oats are grown principally as a winter supplementary grazingcrop. The average area sown each year is about 1 100 acres. The mainvariety grown is Saia.
Direct Variable Costs/Acre Dryland Irrigated
Land Preparation $ $
Fuel and Oil 2 hrs @ 70 $ 1-40Fuel and Oil 3 hrs @ 70 t* 2.10
Seed
or
Saia: 1 bus @ $4. 40 4. 40lj bus @ $4. 40 6. 60
Bentland: 1 bus® $3.10 3.10l\ bus @ $3.10 4. 65
Fertilizer
8 inches @ 60<?/ac. in 4. 80
TOTAL DIRECT VARIABLE COSTS/ACRE
Saia 9.20 21.80
or Bentland 7.90 19.85
Note: The cost structure will depend very heavily on the fertility ofthe soil, the available soil water and the rainfall during the growing andgrazing period.
II. Millet
About 240 acres of millet was grown for use as green fodderin 1970-71. An additional 30 acres was harvested for grain.
Direct Variable Costs/Acre $
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 2 hrs @ 70<?/hr 1. 40
Seed
10 lb@ 10<?/lb 1.00
Fertilizer
1 cwt Super @ $25/ton 1. 25j cwt Urea @ $85/ton 2. 15
5.80
11 - 3
III. Summary of Grazing Crops
The following summary of the annual direct growing costsper acre of grazing crops is only meant to be a general guide. Any decisionsregarding the growing of fodder crops will have to be based on theindividual farm situation. Factors such as the fertility status of the soil,and available soil water will cause variations in the per acre costs of suchthings as fertilizer and seed.
Crop
Fuel and Oil*
Seed(2)Fertilizer(3)Irrigation
Total
DrylandSorghum
1.75
1.75
3.40
-
6. 90
Barley
1.40
2.65
3.40
-
7.45
DrylandOats
1.40
4. 40
3. 40
-
9.20
Irrig.Oats
2.10
6.60
8.30
4.80
21.80
DolichosLab Lab
0.70
3.60
1.25
-
5. 55
CowPeas
0.70
1.52
1.25
-
3.47
Mlet
1. 40
1.00
3.40
-
5.80
Note:
(1) Tractor operating costs have been estimated on the basisof the following: -
30-40 D.B. Horsepower Diesel Tractor
Fuel and oil 40«?/hrRepairsTyres
20«?/hr10c7hr
70«?/hr
(2) Fertilizer costs are net of cartage.
(3) Irrigation costs can vary from 20 cents to $1. 00 perhour depending on the power source.
11.03 Pastures:
Pasture recommendations will vary according to the soiltype, rainfall and availability of water for irrigation, frost incidence,etc. For the purposes of summarizing the direct costs of pasturesestablishment, examples of general recommendations have been includedfor a range of soil types.
On average about 50 per cent of new pastures are establishedunder the Dairy Pasture Subsidy Scheme which offers a maximum subisdypayment of $14 per acre. Generally, subsidy payments will cover thebulk of cash-out-of-pocket expenses associated with establishment oftemperate pastures but not of the higher cost tropical species.
Pasture Establishment
The per acre costs of establishment have been estimated forthe recommended pasture and fertilizer mixtures in the area. Pasturerecommendations have been classified according to the situation with respectto the soil type.
1 1 - 4
I. Red Volcanic Soils
(a) 5i^?SiZ^l2X?£
Land Preparation and Planting $
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hr @ 70<? 2. 80
Seed
6 lb Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb 6. 60
Fertilizer
6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 17.50
(b) Oversowing with Clover
On steeper slopes where conventional land preparation isimpossible or where weed infestation may result from disturbing thesward Kikuyu pastures can be improved by applying a heavy dressingof phosphatic fertilizer plus an improved strain of white clover
Seed
6 lb Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb 6. 60
Fertilizer
Fuel and oil etc. 1 hr @ 70£ . 70
6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 15.40
Note: Careful management and the initial heavy dressing of Supermean that clover can be maintained as a year round component of thesepastures.
II. Wallum Soils
(a) Pangola
Land preparation and planting $
Fuel and oil etc. 5 lirs @ 70<? 3. 50
Seed
Runners @ $3 3.00
Fertilizer
3 cwt Ammonium Nitrate @ $70/ton 10. 50
3 cwt Super (o 2% Mo) @ $27/ton 4. 05
1 cwt Muriate of Potash @ $74/ton 3. 70
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 24.75
1 1 - 5
(b) Namti jS£teriji_-jCrree D: 1 tM P— !L™2Q}^-^3dSilver_le&fDesmodium
Land preparation and planting $
Fuel and oil etc. 4 hours @ 10$ 2. 80
Seed
3 lb Nandi Setaria @ $1. 57/lb 4. 71
1 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb 1. 72
2 lb Silverleaf Desmodium @ $2. 60/lb 5. 20
Fertilizer
5 cwt Dolomite @ $20/ton 5. 00
1 cwt Ammonium Nitrate @ $70/ton 3. 50
6 cwt Super (. o2% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10
1 cwt Muriate of Potash @ $74/ton 3. 70
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 34.73
Note: Development of Wallum areas in the Shire has principallybeen to pine forest by the AP.M.
III. Scrub Soils
(a) Frost Free Areas
Green Panic - Glycine - Siratro
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70c" 2. 80
Seed
4 lb Green Panic @ 65<?/lb 2. 60
8 lb Tinaroo Glycine @ 44 (?/lb 3. 52
1 lb Siratro @ $2. 58/lb 2. 68
Fertilizer
4 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 5. 40
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 17.00
(b) ^z^j^jy^iiLtP-^^iiL
Nandi Setaria - Greenleaf Desmodium - Siratro
Land preparation
Fuel Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70 cents 2.80
Seed
4 lb Mandi Setaria @ $1.57/lb 6. 28
1 1 - 6
2 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb 3. 44
2 lb Siratro @ $2. 68/lb 5. 3C
Fertilizer
4 cwt super (. 02%) Mo @ $27/ton 5. 40
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 23.28
Note: The higher soil fertility levels of scrub soils are favourable to
the Glycines. The lower seed costs mean that higher planting rates can
be used. Other legumes may be included as a form of insurance against
poor growth rate in the Glycine component.
IV. Forest Soils
(a) J ^ T -_g?od drainage
Nandi Setaria - Siratro - Greenleaf Desmodium
Land preparation $
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70£ 2. 80
Seed
2 lb Nandi Setaria @ $1. 57/lb 3.14
2 lb Siratro @ $2. 68/lb 5.36
1 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb 1. 72
Fertilizer
6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 21.12
(b) Poor Drainage
Paspalum Plicatulum - Clover
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70<? 2. 80
Seed
2 lb Paspalum Plicalulum @ $2. 10/lb 4. 20
3 lb Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb 3. 30
Fertilizer
6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 18.40
1 1 - 7
V. Alluvial Soil
(a) ?Z?_.IL£!££.I_£}£X£r_ Raingrown Irrigated
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hrs @ 70<* 2. 80 2. 80
Seed
4 1bK. V. Rye @ 28(?/lb 1.12
8 lb K. V. Rye @ 28<?/lb 2.24
3 lb Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb 3. 30
6 ]b Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb 6. 60
Fertilizer
6cwtSuper( . % Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10 8.10
1 cwt Ammonium Nitrate @ $70/ton 3. 50
Irrigation
6" @ 60«?/acre inch 3. 60
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 18.82 23.34
AVERAGE ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE/ANNUM (4 years) 4. 70 5. 84
(b) Lu.9_e_Tn.e_
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hrs. @ 70£ 2.80
Seed
16 lb @ 38«?/lb 6.08
Fertilizer
6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10
Irrigation
6" @ 60<?/ac.in
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE
ANNUAL COSTS/ACRE (4 years)
Summary of Improved Pastures
The following is a summary of the total direct costs ofpasture establishment per acre. A summary of annual maintenancecosts has also been included.
3.
20.
5.
60
58
15
1 1 - 8
Situation
[. R
ed
Vo
lcan
icS
oils
3 Ul•—1 r-H
II.
Wai
Soi
wrH•rH
_ o•S wg
CO
1—II—I1—1
"S «h Oo cofo
IV.
. •—'
I - * -rH
Pasture
(a)Kikuyu-Clover
(b)OversowingClover
(a) Pangola
(b)Nandi-Setaria-Desmodiums
(a)G.P. -Glycine- Siratro
(b)Nandi-Setaria
-Desmodium -Siratro
(a)NandiSetaria-Siratro -Desm odium
(b)Paspalum-Clover
(a)Rye grass -Clover
(b) Lucerne
Fuel &Oil etc
2.80
. 70
3.50
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.802.80
2.80
seed
6.60
6.60
3.00
11.63
8.80
15.08
10.22
7.50
4.428.84
6.08
Fert-ilizer
8.10
8.10
18.25
20.30
5.40
5.40
8.10
8.10
11.608.10
8.10
Irrig-ation
3.60
3.60
TotalEstab.Costs/Acre
17.50
15.40
24.75
34.73
17.00
23.28
21.12
18.40
18.8223.34
20.58
1
AnnualMaint.
3.40
3.40
15.70
6.10
3.40
3.40
4.75
4.75
3. 407.00
7.00
In this examination of pasture establishment costs it must benoted that: -
(1) There are many more species suitable for establishment oneach of the soil types and which are eligible for subsidy under the D. P. S.Scheme.
(2) The total seed costs are low because only the minimumrecommendations have been followed. Planting rates will vary greatlydepending on the situation with respect to such things as available soilmoisture, rainfall and irrigation, and weed incidence.
(3) Additional establishment costs will include,
(a) pre-cropping, where pastures are being establishedon virgin land or where there are weed problems resultingfrom soildisturbance,
(b) legume innoculation,
(c) lime pelleting legume seed.
1 1 - 9
(4) The average annual establishment costs have been estimatedfor the temperate pasture species. Annual maintenance costs huve beenincluded for both tropical and temperate species.
(5) Annual maintenance has been estimated on the basis of thecost of the recommended maintenance dressing of 2cwt of superphosphateplus tractor operating costs for 1 hour. Other fertilizers may be neededfrom time to time. For unirrigated pangola pastures about 100 lb ofnitrogen is required annually. Higher dressings of super are required onthe lesser fertile wallum and forest soils. Slashing may also be required.Strategic use of nitrogen may be warranted to fill particular feed gaps.Irrigation costs have been included in annual maintenance costs wherenecessary.
Livestock
11.04 Dairying:
I. Introduction
Although dairying is still the most important livestockinterprise the industry in the area is experiencing a slow decline. Overthe period 1963-64 to 1968-69, the number of dairy farms decreased at anaverage rate of 14 per year from 279 to 196, while average herd sizeincreased from 83 to 96 head. Most of those farmers leaving dairying havemoved into beef production, while a few have obtained alternative employmentin the shire. As at 16-5-72, 4 farms had been sold for amalgamationunder the Marginal Dairy Farms Reconstruction Scheme. Some farms havebeen sold to land developers anticipating further suburban developmentNorth of Brisbane. The A. P.M. are also buying land for pine plantations.
II. Production.
Although cow numbers have been declining by an average of600/year since 1960-61, total milk production has continued to rise due toan increase in annual average production per cow. In 1969-70 about4 900 000 gallons of milk were produced. Over the 10 year period 1960-61to 1969-70 average production per cow rose over 150 per cent from 263gallons to 401 gallons. Total district butter production underwent a morefluctuating trend over the same period.
Only 7 dairy farmers herd recorded in 1971. Average productionfrom this group was approximately 472 gallons per cow or about 18 percent above the current average.
HI. Costs per Dairy Cow.
The main costs of maintaining a dairy cow are feed costs.These vary according to the level of purchased feed per cow, seasonalconditions, soil type, farm size and the types of crops grown. Thereare other costs which will not vary greatly from year to year. Likelyranges of these costs are: -
11 - 10
Item Cost Range/ cow
$
Electricity 3. 00 - 5. 00
Animal Health 2. 00 - 4. 00
Other Livestock Expenses _. -I ,. A T ^» VjU — I . U U
including A.I.
Dairy requisites 1. 00 - 1. 50
Sundry 1.00-2.0011.00 - 19.50
IV. Marketing.
Dairy produce in the Caboolture Shire is marketed principallythrough the Caboolture Co-operative Association. Twelve dairy farmssupply milk directly to Pauls in Brisbane and some cream producersdeliver supplies to the Maleny butter factory.
The Caboolture Co-op Association has factories at Caboolture,Woodford and Eumundi as well as a receival depot at Pomona. Butter,milk, cheese and yoghurt are produced.
The Caboolture factory has a quota of 4 300 gallons of milkper day to the Brisbane Milk Board and sales of pasteurised milk aremade throughout the shires of Caboolture, Kilcoy and Pine Rivers andto the City of Redcliffe.
There are 252 cream suppliers and 150 milk supplierscurrently delivering to the Caboolture Co-op, 88. 5% or 106 farmers supplybulk milk. The price for quota milk has risen from 47 cents in March1971 to its present level of 52 cents per gaoon. The price of manufacturingmilk is 57 cents per lb. butterfat, and cream prices per lb. butter fat forchoice, first grade and second grade are 45. 5 cents, 44. 5 cents and 42. 0cents respectively. Both the prices of cream and manufacturing milk haveundergone a fluctuation rise since 1967-68. Market milk quotas areallocated by the board of directors and are set every year as a percentageof milk shipped in over a three monthly period between April and July.Expected sales of milk are calculated and compared with productionduring "Quota" months of the year.
The percentage of total factory intake which is required formarket milk is calculated, and each farmer receives as a quota, thesame percentage of his farm's total production in that period. In 1971-72Quotas were set at approximately 63% of farm production during the "Quota"months. The maximum quota that a new supplier can be allocated is 20gallons per day. In the second year of quota supply this can be increasedto 35 gallons per day and there after yearly increases of 10 gallons perday.
Milk cartage costs are 2. 5 cents per gallon of quota milkand 1. 5 cents per gallon of manufactured milk. Cartage costs for creamsuppliers who are mainly in outlying areas are about 8 cents per gallonof cream. A bulk milk premium of 0. 5 cents per gallon is paid and amanufacturing charge is levied on each gallon of quota milk supplied inorder to meet expenses involved in supplying the co-operative's quotato the Brisbane Milk Board.
11 - 1 1
There is no waiting list for quotas and the rate at whichfarmers supplying cream are switching to milk production is a very slowone. Deterrents to a farmer changing over include cash expenses suchas total monthly repayments on the milk vat, of between $450 and $500per annum for a vat in the $3 000 range, manufacturing charges of 3. 5cents per gallon of quota milk and the cost of skim milk replacement forcalves and pigs which ranges from 7 cents to 10 cents per lb. butterfatif skim milk is used efficiently as a protein feed. In addition there areintagible disadvantages such as the necessity to milk year round.
Comparison of Quota Milk, Manufacturing Milk(a)
and Cream
Priceper
Unit
Pricepergallonof milk
cartage/gallon
milkDeduct-ions
BulkMi]kPremium
Net Priceper gallonof milk
Quota Milk
Manufactur-ing Milk
Cream
52c7gal. 52c*
23. 6$57<?/lbB.f.
44<?/lbB.f.
18. 2£
- 2 . 5<?
- 1 . 5 < S
-0.75<?
- 3 . 5<? +0. 5$
+0. 5«?
46. 5<?
22. 6<?
17. 5<?
(a) Assuming milk at 4 per cent B. f. and cream at 40 % B. f
The net price per gallon of milk is the pr ice at the farm gate.
11.05 Beef:
I. Introduction.
Beef is mainly of importance as a sideline enterpr ise todairying. The occasional poultry, pineapple and banana farmer alsomay have a beef sideline. Some beef producers a re actually par t timefarmers with full time Jobs in the Caboolture Shire. Beef cattle holdingsin the shire a re generally very small with a reas between 300 and 400ac re s . There a re a minority of much la rger holdings with a reas between1 000 and 4 000 ac r e s . The reason for the small s izes of many beefholdings is that most were originally small dairy farms. Some of theproducers on smaller holdings lease forestry r e se rve land, principallyfrom the A. P . M . , to increase their available grazing acreage.
The number of holdings carrying beef cattle has increasedby an average of about 11 farms each year for the last 7 years to 1970-71.Total beef and vealer numbers have increased 138% over the same periodwhile average herd size has increased from 44 to 63. The small herdsreflect the sideline nature of the beef enterprises.
II. Production
Shire.Beef breeding and fattening are of equal importance in the
Stock are mainly raised on native pasture. Store cattle are
11 - 12
purchased from Toogoolawah and more recently from Ipswich. Storeyearling prices are presently between $90 and $95 landed. Boboy calvesare purchased from Woodford at prices between $20 and $22.
III. Marketing
Fattened cattle are generally sent to Cannon Hill. Commissionon cattle sales is usually about 4 to 5 per cent. Cartage costs toCannon Hill are about $1. 20 per head. Vealer calves and stores are eithersold from farm to farm or through Mctaggarts and the Kilcoy Shire yards.Cartage to Kilcoy is $0. 70 per head.
IV. Gross Margins - Examples
(a) Running 100 breeders and selling cattle @ 2 | - 3 years of age.
Gro s s_Returns
(Assuming 80 per cent branding, 3 per cent breeder deaths and 20 per centbreeder replacements each year)
$
17 Cull Cows @ $110 1870
20 Vealers @ $85 1 700
40 Steers @ $29. 00/100 lb. dressed weight 5 800
9 370
Variable^_osts per_100_breeders
Bull depreciation, $200 over 5 year
life, with 3 buls per 100 breeders 120.00
Pregnancy Testing 50 cents/breeder 50. 00
Medical Supplies $2. 00/breeder 200. 00
Dips, minerals, stock licks $2. 00/breeder 200.00
Commonwealth Beef slaughtering levy
45<?/head (77) 34. 65
Commission @ 5% of sales 468. 50
Cartage to Kilcoy @ 70c7head 14. 00
Cartage to Cannon Hill @ $1. 20/head (57) 68. 40
Stock Assessment 7. 5(?/head ((340) 25. 50
Buffalo fly tax 1 cent/$12 gross sales 7.80
1 188.85
This would give a gross margin of about $82. 00 per breederto cover crop growing costs, purchased feed, overhead, capital chargesand profit. Stocking rates are between 1 beast to 4 or 5 acres. It mustbe stressed that both this and the following gross margin are examples.Any advice that might be given to a farmer must be based on his ownfigures for the various cost and returns items.
9 000100100
457501207.12.
10 135.
5050
00
11 - 13
(b) Fattening 100 yearling stock
Gross_Re_turn.£_
100 fat cattle @ $30/100 lbdressed weight (500) 15 000
v'ariabLe Costs per 100 Steers
100 yearlings @ $90Medical supplies @ $1. 00/headDips @ $1. 00/headCommonwealth Beef Slaughtering Levy
45$/headCommission 5% of salesCartage to Cannon Hill @ $1. 20/headStock assessment @ 7. 5 cents/headiiuJTalo fly tax @ l£/$12 gross sales
This would give a gross margin of about $49 per head to coverthe annual average costs of pasture establishment and crop growing,as well as purchased feed costs, overhead, capital charges and profit.
Fattening is carr ied out on improved tropical pas tures . Thesea re mainly in newly developed Wallum a reas where the la rger propert iesa r e situated. The minimum turnoff t ime for a yearling s teer would beabout 12 months while the actual time will depend upon the age and conditionof the animal purchased and on pasture management.
The decision whether to breed or fatten will depend on
The availability of improved pastures or fodder crops
The costs and availability of store cattle
The property size
V. Par t i a l Budgeting
The trend towards running a beef sideline enterpr ise inconjunction with a dairy herd i s a continuing one. To aid in advisingon the possible benefits of a part ial changeover to beef the part ialbudgeting technique is appropriate. This is derived by determiningadditional receipts plus reduced costs, and subtracting from this reducedreceipts plus additional costs. The net figure is the marginal advantage,or disadvantage of the proposed change. The part ial budget approachtakes into account all of the in ter -enterpr ise relationships.
VI. Par t i a l Budget Analysis of a Dairy-Beef F a r m
The following part ia l budget i s an example of how a part ialchangeover to beef could be analysed. Any advice on a production decisionshould be based on the individual's own figures.
11 - 14
Example
A farmer is at present milking a mixed herd of 70 cows. Hismilk quota is at present only 50 gallons per day. He also runs 40 beefcows and sells vealers. Because he is dissatisified with his low quota andi1s potential rate of increase, he considers culling 20 of his poorer milkcows and replacing them with 25 beef cows. It is estimated that thiswould increase his average milk production from 450 gallons to 500gallons per cow.. His quota is likely to be reduced about 10 per cent to45 gallons per day. He does not expect to change his feed plans sub-stantially. He expects the 25 beef cows to be worth about the same asthe 20 dairy cows.
He expects to save about $300 per year in labour costs, bymeans of this partial enterprise shift.
Additional Receipts:
Sale of 18 vealers calves yearly @ $85 1 530Sale of 1 cull beef cow @ $110 110
TOTAL ADDITIONAL RECEIPTS 1 640
Reduced Costs:
Labour saving 300Reduced veterinary charges @ $2/head 40Electricity saving @ $3/head 60
TOTAL REDUCED COSTS 400
ADDITIONAL RECEIPTS PLUS REDUCEDCOSTS 2 040
Additional Costs:
Cartage on 18 Vealers to Kilcoy @ 70^/head 13
Commission on Vealers @ 5% 76
TOTAL ADDITIONAL COSTS 89
Reduced Receipts:1 825 gallons of quota milk @
46. 5 cents/gallon4 675 gallons of manufactured milk
@ 4% B.f @ 22.6 <?/gal15 dairy calves @ $20 less commission and
freight (4% plus 70 cents/head)
TOTAL REDUCED RECEIPTS
ADDITIONAL COSTS PLUS REDUCED RECEIPTS2 259
NET ADVANCE OF PROPOSED CHANGE $2 040 - $2 259-$219
11 - 15
This example partial budget would indicate that the proposedpartial enterprise shift would result in a $219 reduction in net income.Whether or not the farmer considers this favourable will depend on hisappraisal of the dairy situation in the long term.
Other factors such as the reduction in labouttme may alsohave a bearing on his decision.
11.06
Pigs are only of minor importance in the shire. Sow numbersrose 47% over the 11 year period 1960-61 to 1970-71 from 447 to 657 sows.Pigs are kept in conjunction with dairying and poultry but just over halfthe sows are located on three large piggeries each currently having over100 sows. The remainder of the farms on which pigs are raised have anaverage of 3 sows.
On the major piggeries pre mixed rations are fed, on onepiggery whey from the cheese factory at Woodford is also used. Nonepurchased grain although on one extensive piggery the animals are grazedon pasture.
Suggested Balanced Ration of Skim Milk Feeding
Liveweight(lb.)
507090
110130150 andover
Pints Skim Milkper day
44. 555. 55. 55. 5
Cereal Grainlb./day
22. 533. 544 . 5
Source: "Farm Management Handbook"., Economic Services Branch,Department of Primary Industries.
Note: Generally 3 sows will provide enough skim milk to feed onesow and her offspring to market weight. This would be about 1 500 gallonsof skim milk per sow. When skim milk is fed at levels greater than100 gallons per baconer, it begins to replace grain as an energy source,rather than as a protein supplement, and hence the value per gallon ofskim drops.
When skim milk is fed to pigs judiciously each gallon canreplace feed costing 5 to 6 cents. As extra skim is fed, the value of eachextra gallon will decrease.
Pigs are sold at bacon weight usually under contract to theDarling Downs Co-op Bacon Association Limited (K. R. Darling Downs)at Doboy in Brisbane. The current price for baconers is 25 cents per lb.dressed weight. This would give a gross return of $33. 80 per baconerwith a dressed weight of 130 lb. On farmer sells Weaners under contractto a fattener in Brisbane for $12 each.
11 - 16
11.07 Poultry:
I. Introduction
There are 30 farms producing commercial poultry in theCaboolture Shire. The present number represents a 23% contraction,over the period from 1963-64 when there were 37 commercial poultryholdings. All facets of the poultry industry are represented in theshire. There are two hatcheries selling day-old chicks, and otherproducers sell fertile eggs under contract and "started pullets" at point-of-lay. Most producers are engaged in either egg or broiler production.
II. Egg Production
Egg producing commercial poultry farms in the CabooltureShire have an average size of 8 500 birds however the range is from 5 000to more than 35 000 birds. The total egg production in 1970-71 was1 236 819 dozen. Average egg production is about 17 dozen eggs overthe laying life of the hen. Industry leaders consider that at least 10 000layers are required to provide one man with a "reasonable" living fromegg production at present.
III. Marketing
Sales of eggs are controlled by the Egg Marketing Board,South East Queensland which has three systems operating as follows:
ungraded egg supply to the Board,the Producer Pack Scheme whereby approved growers can
supply shell eggs pre packed into Board cartons for delivery to the Board;an allowance of 2 cents per dozen from Board Handling charges isgiven to producers who pack under this scheme.
permit holders have selling permits allowing them to selldirectly to the retailer; they pay all Board charges including a permitadministration charge except Handling and cartage which account for abouttwo thirds of the total decductions for the producer supplying ungradedeggs to the Board.
Eggs are sold under all three of these schemes in theCaboolture Shire.
Current average returns to growers for all grades are about24-25 cents per dozen after deductions of all Board charges and Leviesas well as the Commonwealth Hen Levy as indicated below.
Average Returns to
Period
F r o m 1-7-71 to 31-12-714 weeks ended 2 9-1-72Progress ive to 29-1-72
Producers (Eggs
Gross
38.1337.1638.01
BoardCharges
6.566.706.58
- A l l
Her
6.6.6.
Grades)
l Levy
000000
Net
25.24.25.
574643
Source: E .M. B. Bulletin Feb. 1972 and the Egg Marketing Board ' sReport to the Director of Marketing 1970-71.
11 - 17
Note: This assumes that a grower is supplying ungraded eggs to theBoard.
The hen levy is assumed to be $1 per bird per year . Thisis equivalent to about 6. 00c per dozen assuming a laying period of 52weeks and a production of 17 dozen eggs.
IV. Cost of Own Reared Replacement
The cost per bird will vary according to the age at which itis considered that the rearing period ends. However for practicalpurposes the "point of lay" can be considered to be 20 weeks and iftransferred to the laying cages before this must still be fed to that age.
Variable Costs per Bird Reared
(after allowing for
Day old chicksL . P . gas for broodingMedicationLitterCasual labourElectricitySundryFeed
11% losses)c
33.21.22 . 70 . 80 . 50 . 60 . 5
64. 5
104.0
Total Cost 1.04
Many farmers in the shire r ea r their own replacements.
V. Gross Margin - Egg Production
It is assumed that all fed is bought in ready mixed $59 perton and that the birds a r e housed at 20 weeks and are culled after 52weeks laying. Losses are assumed to be 18% over the 52 weeks.
Incom£ per bird_h£used
Net egg return per dozen from Board 24£ 25<? 26£ 27£(after deduction of hen levy, Board
charges and cartage)Egg income - 17 dozen 4.08 4.25 4.42 4.59Cull hens 0.82 @ 45 cents 37 37 37 37
Total 4.45 4.62 4.79 4.96
11 - 17
Running Costs
Bird (own reared) 1.0490 lb feed at $59/ton 2. 66Medication 0.03Casual labour 0. 03
3.76
Margin per bird 0.69 0.86 1.03 1.20
Notes:
1. For each $5 per short ton change in laying feed costs, themargin per bird will change by 22. 5 cents.
2. Net egg returns were between 28 cents and 27 cents in 1970-71.In the first two months of 1972 returns were between 24 cents and 25 cents.Further falls are possible.
VI. Farm Mixed Feeds
In the Caboolture Shire 15 per cent of farmers mix their ownfeed.
There are two alternatives available to those who mix theirown feed: -
(1) Purchase of a complete protein concentrate
This product contains 45% - 50% protein plus all necessaryvitamins as well as some minerals. The normal formula for mixingone short ton of laying mash is:
Grain 1 440 lb
Plus: $
Concentrate 290 lb. at $135 per short tonLimestone 40 lb. at $20 per short tonShell grit 100 lb. at $45 per short tonHard grit 40 lb at $8 per short tonLucerne meal 90 lb. at $70 per short ton
25.57
The cost of grain landed in the Caboolture Shire will varybut if the running costs of milling and mixing are assumed tobe $4. 20per short ton (fuel, repairs, maintenance, and casual labour) thenthe cost of the farm mixed feed is as shown below:
19.
2.
3.
5840251618
Cost of Grainper long ton
$404448525660
Cost of 1 440 lbGrain
$25.7228. 2930. 8633.4336.0038.57
Cost of otherIngredients
$25.5725.5725.5725.5725.5725.57
Cost of Feedper shor ton
$55.4958.0660.6363.2065.7768. 34
(2)
11 - 18
Purchase of Individual Ingredients
When no concentrate is used it is necessary to use a "multivitamin and mineral premix" costing about $1. 70 per short ton ofcompletely home mixed feed. Instead of the concentrate varying amountsof fish meal, meat meal or soybean meal are used together with theother components of the ration.
VII. Broilers
Broilers are raised under contract to the major chicken meatprocessors. Most producers in the Caboolture Shire have contracts witheither Provincial Traders or Inghams Enterprises in Brisbane. The way thecontract systems operates is basically that the processors provide thechickens, feed and usually medication while the grower provides theshedding and labour. The processors may provide other services if thegrower desires and some growers lease feed bins and have their shedsdisinfected by the processing firms. During the rearing period whichusually ranges between 9-10 weeks the chickens are subject to a weeklyinspection by a representative of the processing firm supplying thecontract.
At the end of the rearing period the processor sends acatching team to the farm to round up the birds and they are then trans-ported to Brisbane where the chickens are weighed and the rearer's returnis determined. The processors generally provide some guaranteedminimum margin above the coat of chickens, feed and medication.
The conditions under which the bird is to be reared willdepend on the processing firm with which the contract is held. Theyrecommend bird density, litter use policy, and other shed requirements.
Producers in the Caboolture Shire are disadvantaged because ofthe distance from the processing works and in addition to freight coststhey have to pay road tax. Average current capital requirements forsheds, which includes lighting, water connection and watering facilities,automatic feeders and hot air facilities for the brooding area is currentlyabout $1. 20/bird. This does not include the cost of land and feed bins.The number of batches reared in a year is usually about 4. 5 but thisdepends on the processor. Batch size will depend on the terms of thecontract but the largest broiler grower in the shire has in excess of50 000 birds.
A comparison of Costs for Principal Contractors *
Item
Cost of Day-old Chicks/100Cost of Feed/tonGuaranteed Margin over chicks feed
and medication (or equivalent)/100 birds
P. T. L.
17.50100.00
7 .50
Inghams
18. 9897.00
9.00
February, 1972.
11 - 19
Note:
The cost of day-old chicks is inclusive of debeaking and fowlpox innoculation.
The feed cost is an average of the ration costs for the starting-growing-finishing period.
The margin is the guaranteed lower limit or its equivalent.Both firms consistently pay well above the guaranteed margins.
The grower has the choice of either paying cash for these itemsor having them deducted from his total returns from the processor.
Feed
The feed conversion ratio will determine feed costs. This isin turn affected by the culling rate, the general health of the bird, thequality of the feed and the time of year when a batch is reared. Feed costsper 100 birds reared for a range of likely feed conversion ratios are setout below.
Bird Weight (lbs)
Feed Cost® $100/short/toni/100 birds
Cost£/Batch_
(Assuming a batch of 16 000 chicks in a single shed with losses of 5 percent and a feed conversion ratio of 2.2)
Day-old chicks @ $17. 50/100Feed @ $100/short ton (Caboolture)Sawdust litter @ $34/shedMedicationElectricityHealing Fuel 30 gals @ 60$/galRepairs and MaintenanceShed cleaning costs (tra ctor, fuel
insecticides, disinfectants etc. )Casual LabourSundry
Costs/100 birds 62. 45
D£ducti on_s_per_100 _birds
Day-old chicksFeedMedication
2.00
4.00
$40
2.10
4.00
$42
2.30
4.00
$44
2.30
4.00
$46
2.35
4.00
$47
26
10
$800.00700.0034.00130.0030.0018.0040.00
140.00100.0020.00
012.00
17.44.•
62.
500080
30
11 - 20
Under the assumed cost structure the following table ofreturns for a range of margins can be drawn up.
Item Costs, Returns/100 birds
(1) Day-old ChicksFeed, medication
(2) Margin above (1)
Total (1 + 2)
Total BatchRunning Costs
Return availablefor ownershipcosts etc.
$
62.30
7.50
69.80
62.45
7.35
$
62. 30
8.00
70.30
62.45
7.85
$
62.30
8.50
70.80
62.45
8.35
$
62.30
9.00
71.30
62.45
8.85
$
62.30
9.50
71.80
62.45
9.35
$
62.30
10.00
72. 30
62.45
9.85
Note:The return is not the gross margin because it covers the 15
cents remainder of batch running costs as well as overheads, depreciationon plant and equipment, capital charges and profit.
Currently it is considered that at least 41 000 birds per batchwould be required to provide one man, solely engaged in broiler production,with a reasonable living
11. 08 Horticulture - A General Note:
A wide range of horticultural crops is grown in the shire. Themajor portion of the horticultural sector consists of the plantation fruits,pineapples and bananas, which together account for 34 per cent of area ofland under crops or fallow. Other plantation fruits of importance arestrawberries, and more recently smaller amounts of passionfruit and tablegrapes. Orchard fruits are usually grown as small sidelines. Oranges,lemons, mandarins and lately avocadoes make up the largest tree populations.
Vegetable growing mainly cnetres around melons, and earlypumpkins, as well as tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and cucumbers. Othervegetable crops such as zuchinis, peas and beans are of less importance.
The more important horticultural crops have been discussedin relation to
Areas of crop and numbers of growersProduction trendsDirect growing costsPricesSources of further information
It needs to be carefully noted that the types of costs incurred arebased on Horticulture Branch recommendation for possible contingenciesthat may arise in connection with Ihe growing of any particular horticultural
11 - 21
crop in the area. Any particular farmer would not have the quoted coststructure because their crop husbandry practices would largely be dictated byphysical and even economic conditions before and during the growing periodand at harvesting. Other costs such as harvesting and freight chargeswould be related to crop yields. Notes have been made on those costitems which are likely to experience extreme, variation.
Hence the direct growing costs quoted are meant to be anexample of the types of costs items that can arise. They should not bequoted offhand when examining any particular situation.
Gross returns will depend on yields and market conditions.Both are subject to wide variation any any attempt to describe "likelyreturns" is difficult. Any attempt to relate costs and returns in the formof a gross margin must be done in closest consultation with the particularfarmer to which advice is being given.
Estimations of direct costs per acre and associated marketprices have been for pineapples, bananas, strawberries, pumpkins andwatermelons.
I. Plantation Fruit
Pineapples are the most important plantation crop in the shire.There was a 170% increase in the bearing acreage over the period 1960-61to 1970-71. In 1970-71 there were 1362 bearing acres and 798 acres notbearing. The estimated average area per farm is about 20 acres withabout 90 gr6wers.
Estimated production in 1970-71 was 16 168 tons with 12 981tons or about 80% being sent to the Cannery at Northgate and the remainderto the fresh fruit market.
Direct Costs per Acre
The following summary is based on the direct costs associatedwith growing a plant crop and a first ratoon with a 40 month crop cycle.
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 23 hours @ $0. 70/hour 16.10
Planting*1 *
Fuel and Oil etc. 12 hours @ $0. 70/hour 8. 40
Fertilizing
Fuel and Oil 13 hours @ $0. 70/hour 9.10
Fertilizer 226.00
Cultivation/Weed Control
Fuel and Oil 1. 6 hours @ $0. 70/hour 1.10Weedicide 33.00Cascual Labour 9. 6 hours @ $. 1. 31/hour 12. 60
11 - 22
Physiological Problems
(a) Sunburn/frost
Paper Wool 7. 6 bales @ $2. 95/bale 22. 40Cascual labour 32 hours @ $1.31/hour 41. 90
(b) Flower induction
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ $0. 70/hour 2. 80
Chemical 15.00
Pes t Control
Chemical 38.00(3)
Harvesting (40.tons)
Fuel and Oil etc. 30 hours @ $0. 70/hour 21. 00Cascual labour (Picking and loading) 72 h r s
@ $1.31/hr 94.30(4)
Freight (40 tons) *
Rail freight @ $3. 32/ton 132. 80
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE 674.50
Note:
(1) Planting costs can vary by $200-$300 depending upon whetherplanting mater ia l is purchased or not. Most growers use their ownplanting mater ia l .
(2) Cultivation costs will vary slightly depending on the previouscropping history.
(3) A yield of 40 tons has been assumed for the two crops; anaverage of 20 tons each.
(4) Similarly freight has been estimated for 40 tons to the Canneryat Northgate. If fresh fruit is sold average cartage costs a re about$33/ton to Southern outlets in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
(5) No disease control costs have been included because diseaseis not usually a problem. F re sh fruit t reatment after harvesting costs$150 per ac re . No treatment is required for processing fruit.
Marketing
The market for pineapples operates on a two pool system.Briefly, a cannery supplier has a quota determined by the number ofPineapple Certificates he holds. Each certificate entitles him to a 3.6ton share of the Number 1 Pool which supplies the domestic market . Thenumber 2 Pool is unrestr icted and supplies export commitments. Aguaranteed minimum proce operates for the No. 1 Pool. The fresh fruitmarket absorbs only 20% of the tota] pineapple crop and is far less lucrativethan No. 1 pool supply. Much of the fruit sold on the fresh fruit marketis quota over-production. F ru i t i s sold with tops in 1^ bushel cases .To maintain a stable income and a fair re turn for effort it is necessaryto have a cannery quota.
11 - 23
Prices
(a) Cannery Supply: In 1970-71 the No. 1 pool was payingabout $90 per ton and the No. 2 pool $55 per ton.
(b) Fresh Fruit Market: The returns from fresh fruit are muchlower than the cannery because of additional marketing costs and cartagecosts. Prices in 1970-71 averaged about $2. 70 per carton of $81 per ton.
Sources of Information
A more complete account of all aspects of pineapple growingand associated costs can be found in the preliminary gross marginsanalysis (3rd draft) of pineapples put out by J. R. Hardman, AgriculturalEconomist, Gympie in preparation for the Horticulture Handbook. Alater draft is in preparation.
2. Bananas
Bananas have declined in relative importance with increasingacreages of pineapples, however there was a 34 per cent absoluteincrease in acreage grown from 1960-61 to 1970-71. During this time therehas been a decline in grower numbers from 113 to about 80. A total area of1 129 acres was grown in 1970-71.
Production from the 1 011 bearing acres was 249 042 bushels.About 20 per cent of the crop is of the Lady Finger variety and the remain-ing 80 per cent Mons/Cavendish.
Direct Costs per Acre
The following summary of the direct costs per acre assumesan indefinite productive life for Mons/Cavendish varieties and 6 yearsfor Lady Fingers". ** **
11 - 24
Summary for Direct Costs Per Acre for Bananas
ITEM
Planting
Planting materials
Fertilizer
BasalSide dr.
Weed Control
ChemicalsMister fuel
Other operations
Bagging (material costPropping " • "
Pest Control
Chemicals
Discox Control
Chemicals
Harvesting
MaterialsCartage
Commission
Levies
Total
MONS/CAVENDISH
Year 1
$
64.00
46.0014.00
11.001.00
S> -
5.60
-
-
-
-
141.60
Year 2
$
-
14.00
14.000.20
27.005.00
5. 60
33.00
145. 0032.00
-
14. 60
290. 90
Year 3
$
-
14.00
14.000.20
27.0010.00
5.60
33.00
220.0050.00
-
25.00
398.80
Year 4,5
$
-
14. 00
14.000. 20
27. 0010. 00
5.60
33.00
220.0050.00
-
25.00
398.80
LADY FINGER
Year 1
$
40.00
29.008.50
11.000.20
-
5.60
-
-
-
94.30
Year 2
$
-
8. 50
14.000.20
17.00
5.60
33.00
89.0020.00
-
8. 00
195. 30
Year 3- 6
$
-
8.50
14.000.20
17.00
5.60
33.00
133. 0030.00
-
12.00
253. 30
Assumptions
The assumptions under which these costs were estimated areful]y set out in a gross margins analysis prepared by J. R. Hardman. A fewpoints should be noted:
The cost of urea side dressing is based on a price of $85 per ton.
Harvesting costs have been based on yields of 325 cartons (30-35lb) and 500 cartons for the second and subsequent years respect-ively for Mons/Cavendish. Yields of 200 and 300 cartons havebeen assumed for second and subsequent production from LadyFinger.
Cartage costs are based on an assumed cost of 10^/carton to theripening room.
11 - 25
Cartons are supplied by the Ripener in some cases?
No commission is paid on bananas.
Marketing
The Banana Industry is at present seeking a Stabilization schemeto rationalise production and ensure reasonable returns to growers. InCaboolture the local ripeners take over 70 per cent of the local crop withthe remainder going to the C. O. D. ripening Room.
Prices
The prices paid by the local firms are similar to those paidby the C.O.D.
Sources
Production Details
J.R. Hardman Preliminary Gross Margin for HorticultureHandbook.
3. Strawberries
Production of strawberries in 1970-71 was 26 033 lbs. from4 bearing acres. These figures are from the Agricultural and PastoralStatistics published by the Bureau of Census and Statistics which requiresholdings of 1 acre or more to complete a production return. As manyholdings growing strawberries are less than 1 acre these figures aremisleading.
Direct Costs per Acre $
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 8. 5 hrs @ $0. 70/hour 6. 00
Cover Crops 5.00
Planting and Mulching
Fuel and Oil etc. 5 hrs. @ $0. 70/hour 3. 50Runners 1 400 @ $14/1 000 196.00Casual labour 35. 00Mulch (polythene) 4 000 @ $12/900 feet 53. 40Casual labour 21.00
Fertilizer
Fuel and Oil etc. 10. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hr. 7. 40Basal Fertilizer 83. 00Side dressing 2. 00
Weed Control
Fuel and Oil etc. 2 hours @ $0. 70/hr 1. 40Chemicals 13.00
Pest and Disease Control
Fuel and Oil etc. 14 hours @ $0. 70/hr. 9. 80Pesticide 68.00Fungicides etc. 40. 00
11 - 26
Irrigation
44 inches @ $0.60/ac. in. 26.40
Harvesting and Packing (21 000 lb)
(Assuming 50% is sent to the fresh fruitmarket and 50% to the Cannery)
Casual labour (total requirements) 1 050. 00Packing materials (fresh fruit only) 884. 00
Freight 10 500 lb @ (average) @ 68<?/carton ave. 595. 00
Commission
11% of fresh fruit sold ($6 125 for 10 500 lbor 35<?/ 9. 6 oz punnet) 674. 00
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE 3 773. 90
Note:
Cost items are subject to similar types of variations asthose for pineapples and bananas.
Harvesting costs have been based on a contract rate of 10c7lb.for processing fruit depending on the availability of labour,the number of berries per bush and the number of picksnecessary. The farmer usually picks his own fresh fruitbecause of labour quality problems. No charges have beenmade for the farmer's own labour or any permanent labourthat would be necessary on larger plantations.
Freight charges are based on costs of road transport toSydney and Melbourne with 60% of fresh fruit being sentto Sydney and the remaining 40% to Melbourne.
The actual percentages of a farmer's crop taken for freshand processing fruit will vary widely; the 50:50 figureassumed is based on the State's total fruit distribution.
Marketing
Most variation in the total direct costs per acre will be dueto variations in harvesting and packing costs, freight andcommission which in turn are related to variations in yieldand market destinations.
Most strawberries are sold for fresh fruit on the Sydneyand Melbourne Wholesale Markets. A grower organisation, SunlandStrawberry Growers, arranges for group freight rates. Picking forfresh fruit begins in June. That for processing fruit is begun in August.
Prices
Prices of strawberries vary daily but the seasonal averageprice paid on the Brisbane Wholesale Market in 1971 was $5. 56 percarton (12 lb.). The average price paid by the Cannery was about 22conls/lb.
11 - 27
Most growers in the Caboolture Shire consign the bulk oftheir fruit to the Sydney and Melbourne Wholesale Market.
Sources
Production and Marketing: J.R. Hardman (PreliminaryGross Margins Analysis of Strawberries in Preparation forthe Horticulture Handbook)
Prices: information on average prices was obtained fromMarketing Services Branch, Brisbane.
II. Vegetables
The same sorts of variations in the production cost structurethat have been mentioned in relation to direct costs of the plantationfruits can be applied to the vegetable crops.
The direct costs per acre for the two vegetable crops treatedshould be viewed with this in mind.
1. Pumpkins
Over the 1960-61 to 1970-71 period the acreage of pumpkinshas increased four fold from 110 to 456.
Direct Costs per Acre $
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 7. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour 5.25
Planting
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ $0. 70/hour 2. 80
Seed 2 lb./acre @ $1. 50/lb. 3.00
Fertilizer
Fuel and Oil etc. , 3 hours @ $0. 70/hour 2.10Fowl manure 2 ton/acre @ $5. 50/ton 11. 00
"Nitrophoska" (or equiv) 10 cwt/ac. @ $115/ton 57.50
Pest and Disease Control
Chemical 35.00
Irrigation
8 inches @ $0. 60/ac. in
Harvesting (8 tons)
Casual labour 40. 00
Freight
8 tons @ $10.00/ton (Brisbane) ! 80.00
Commission
11% gross sales at Brisbane ($70/ton)Wholesale Markets only 61.60TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE $298.25
Note:
11 - 28
Fertilizer spreading costs will vary from $2. 00 to $10.00depending on the method of spreading fowl manure. Casuallabour is employed to spread manure from a truck. Spreadingcosts are reduced by using a fertilizer spreader.
Pest and disease control costs usually range between $30 and$40 depending on the incidence of fungal disease.
Irrigation application costs vary from $0. 40 to $1. 00depending on the power source.
A yield of 8 tons per acre has been assumed. Yields rangefrom 6 to 10 tons per acre in the area depending on diseaseincidence and other factors.
Most larger producers harvest in bulk using casual labourfor picking.
Freig"ht costs are based on freight charges to the BrisbaneMarket.
Commission is only paid at the Brisbane Wholesale Markets.No commission is paid at Sydney and Melbourne because allsales are through merchants.
Prices
The average price for the 1970 and 1971 early season cropin the Brisbane Wholesale markets were as summarised.
Pumpkins - Price/Ton (Brisbane Wholesale Markets)
2. Melons
Month
SeptemberOctoberNovember
1970
$
94.08188.00109.08
Source: Marketing Services
1971
$
118.4084.8067.84
Branch
Watermelons are the principal type grown and over the1960-61 to 1970-71 period the acreage of all melons increased eight-fold.In 1970-71 there were 2 96 acres of melons with an estimated productionof 264 tons.
11 - 29
Direct Costs per Acre $
Land Preparation
(a) Green manure crop(Fuel and Oil, seed, Fertilizer) 15.35
(b) Correction of soil Ph dolomite1 ton @ $18. 30/ton 18.30
(c) Cultivation
Fuel and Oil, 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour 3. 50
Planting
Seed, 2 lbs. @ $3. 00 6. 00
Fertilizer
Fuel and Oil, 1 hour @ $0. 70/hour 0. 70
Fertilizers 37. 30
Cultivation/Weed Control
Fuel and Oil 1. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour 1. 00
Irrigation
8 inches @ $0. 60/ac.in. 4.80
Pest and Disease Control
Chemical 36. 60
Mister fuel 0. 70
Harvesting
Freight (Brisbane) 8 tons @ $10 per ton 80. 00
Commission
11% of gross sales ($269 = 8 tons @1.5<?/lb) 29.60
233.85
Marketing
The Caboolture area crop is usually sold on the WholesaleMarkets in Brisbane and interstate.
Prices
The annual average wholesale prices for watermelons inBrisbane for the three years 1969-70 to 1971-72 were 3. 34, 3. 44 and 3. 5cents per lb. respectively. The returns to an individual grower mustbe estimated on the basis of his own price and yield information orexpectations.
Sources
Production details: J.R. Hardman, Preliminary Gross Margin.
Prices: Markeiing Services Branch.
11 - 30
11.09 Tobacco:
Forty per cent of the Moreton Tobacco crop is grown intheCaboolture Shire.
The cost structure associated with growing an acre of tobaccocan be divided into three components as follows:
(1) direct costs until harvesting, (relatively constant/acre)
(2) direct costs from harvesting to marketing, (relativelyconstant/lb.)
(3) overhead costs, which in turn can be subdivided into thoserelating to: -
acreage, eg. irrigation equipment,
the amount of leaf produced, e. g. , curing facilitieswhich are perhaps the largest capital cost item,
and costs which are difficult to allocate e.g., owneroperator labour, transport, rates, etc.
The tobacco industry is at present undergoing structuralchanges particularly in the presentation of leaf for marketing and thequoted costs are likely to change markedly in the next few years.
I. Direct Costs Until Harvesting
The following cost items represent an attempt to standardisethe costs associated with tobacco culture. Cost items which are likelyto vary have been noted.
Item Remarks
Materials
Seedbeds (Materials only)
Clover crop
E.D.B.
Fertilizer
Fungicides
Insecticides -
D.D. T.
11.00
6.00
20.00
66.00
20.00
3.00
Little variation.
Not all farmers wouldplant a cover crop.
Little variation.
Fertilizer costs willvary with soil type andprevious fertilization ofthe soil.
This could vary from$5 to $20 depending onBlue Mould incidence.
Once again, variationwill depend on infestationwithin the crop, which inturn is influenced byclimatic conditions etc.
11 - 31
Item
Azinphos
Lannate
Wetting Agent
Penar
Tractor fuel
Pumping costs
Casual labour Planting
Hand Hoeing
Topping and desuckering
Penar application
Worker's Compensation
TOTAL DIRECT COSTSUNTIL HARVESTING
$
6.00
41.00
2.00
23.00
12.00
9.00
20.00
22.00
13.00
16.00
2.00
292.00
Remarks
More than 50% ofgrowers use Penar.
Little variation.
These will vary accord-ing to the type and size ofthe motor.
Most farms would usecasual labour to helpwith planting
With increasing use ofchemical weedicides theneed for casual labour isdecreasing.
Once again, with increas-ing use of Penar the casuallabour requirement isbeing reduced.
At present only 50% ofgrowers use Penar
II. Direct Costs that Vary with Yields
These costs include harvesting, curing and baling costs,as well as, some of the marketing expenses which include freight fromthe farm to the sales floor, the Board and research levies, and warehouse charges. These have been estimated for a range of yields peracre.
11 - 32
ITEM
Harvesting
1 Stringing
Loading barn
Unloading, cuttingand bulking
Grading
Worker'sCompensation
Allisan for barnrot control
Curing & tractorfuel
Stringing twine,hessian & sew-ing twine
Freight to salesfloor
Board levy
Research levy
Warehouse charges
TOTAL DIRECTCOSTS THAT VAR1WITH YIELDS
YIELD
1 000
40.00
38.00
6.00
12.00
130.00
6.00
2.00
40.00
10.00
5.00
8.50
5.00
2.00
f304.50
1 200
48.00
45.60
7.20
14.40
156.00
7.20
2.40
48.00
12.00
6.00
10.20
6.00
2.40
365.40
1 400
56.00
53.20
8.40
16.80
182.00
8.40
2.80
56.00
14.00
7.00
11. 90
7.00
2.80
426.30
1 600
64.00
60.80
9.60
19.20
208.00
9.60
3.20
64.00
16.00
8.00
13.60
8.00
3.20
487.20
1 800
72.00
68.40
10.80
21.60
234.00
10.80
3.60
72.00
18.00
9.00
15.30
9.00
3.60
548.10
2 000
80.00
76.00
12.00
24.00
260.00
12.00
4.00
80.00
20.00
10.00
17.00
10.00
4.00
609.00
Note
The above costs have been estimated on the basis of thefollowing assumptions:
Harvesting, casual labour, approximately 35 hours per 1 000lb. , about 20% of farms used mechanical harvesting aids in1971. These make harvesting easier and poorer qualitylabour could be hired.
Stringing, contract rate 7 cents/stick (app. 21b) 40% of farmsin the Moreton District used stringing machines in 1971 withconsiderable saving in casual labour costs;
Loading, cutting and bulking, casual labour 10 hrs/1 000 lbs.
Grading, contract rate, 13(p/lb, from 1973 bulk sorting andloose leaf selling may result in considerable cost reduction;
11 - 33
Levies, Board Levy 0.85 $/lb, Research Levy 0. 50<?/lb;
Freight, $10/short ton, this will vary according to thedistance from Brisbane.
HI. Gross Income per Acre of Tobacco
This varies with yields and prices, and is subject to thededuction of 2. 5 per cent of the gross sales realisation as commission,and 0. 875 per cent of the gross sales realisation as insurance, a total of3. 375 per cent of the gross sales realisation.
Gross Income after Deduction of 2. 5% Commission and
0. 875% Insurance
o
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r H
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I—1
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11 - 34
IV. Gross Margins Per Acre
The gross margin per acre is obtained by subtractingtotal direct costs from the gross realisation after commission andinsurance. For example for a yield of 1 200 lb. per acre and a price of$1.10 the calculation would be
Gross realisation less charges
less direct growing costs untilharvesting
less direct costs that vary withyields
Gross Margin/Acre
$
292
365
1 276
657
619
The gross margin covers overhead costs, owner operatorlabour, capital charges and profit.
The results of a full series of these calculations aregiven in the following table.
Gross Margins per Acre
\AverageN.price/
YieldXlb.
acre\
1
1
1
1
1
2
000 lb
200 lb
400 lb
600 lb
800 lb
000 lb
$0. 95
321
445
568
690
814
937
$1.00
369
503
636
768
931
1 034
$1.05
417
561
704
845
988
1 131
$1
1
1
. 1 0
466
619
772
923
075
228
$1
1
1
1
. 1 5
514
677
840
000
163
325
$1
1
1
1
.20
563
736
907
078
250
422
$1
1
1
1
. 2 5
611
794
975
155
337
518
$1
1
1
1
1
. 3 0
656
852
043
233
424
615
$1
1
1
1
1
. 35
708
910
111
310
511
712
V.
Tobacco production is controlled by marketing quotas. Theranges of quotas in the Moreton District are as follows.
11 - 35
Moreton - Tobacco Quotas (Caboolture-Landsborough)
Size of Quota Grouplb.
up to 10 000
10 001 - 14 000
14 001 - 18 000
18 001 - 22 000
22 001 - 2o 000
26 001 - 30 000
Over 30 000
TOTAL
No. of Growers
4
19
27
10
5
-
6
71
Group Productionlb.
26 000
266 000
425 800
203 900
120 700
-
263 600
1 306 000
Up to the present it has been industry policy to recommendthat a minimum quota of 7 tons is required to earn a reasonable livingfrom tobacco monoculture. Individual circumstances will be dictatedby the equity in the farm and the scale of investment. Likewise adviceon the purchasing of machinery such as stringing machines and bulk curingfacilities will depend on the size of the quota attached to the farm.
12-1
Section 1 2
Primary Producers.
This list of landholders was extracted from CaboolturoShire Council Offiae During January, 1972.
Name
Afton PastoralPty. Ltd.
Alzitio, R,R. &A.P.M.
Co.
B.
Aquilina, O.S.Andrews, H.R., S.U.,Armstrong, S. & B.Aucin, L.Austin, K.P.Austral Plywoods p/L
Portion Nos.
37
3 V • • •
157,32,47,65,16V,117,85,25v,105,9V,3,7.1,58,98,6A - 3",14V, 59,60-72 (104,108 - Bu)57,77,83A,67,78,83,103,112,144^18,80,45,109,46,74,56,71& 1V,2V a H - V.1974,12,H,6V-9V,33,34,20,22V,56,74,26,35,64,65,69,72,79,8983,98,114-116,2OT,23V, 31V - R.1,84,5,87,87V,401,9OV,134V,135V,89V,170,1 30V,20,28V,54V,8V,13V,277,115,4OV,41V, 42V, 43V,48V, 51V,65V, 427,82A,86A,86V,93V, 95,121,141,143SI Por. 26350/360, 365Lot 1 H.P. 115886Lot 1 R.P. 11529051611V, Lot 2 R.P.111632, Lot 2 R.P.127817,1 25,17V,65,19,22,78V,60,60,Lot 2 R.P. 122026,153,122,139V,128,141,191,148,197,197,198,198;208,210-21 2,213,329,214,252,216,221, Lot 2'R.P.107220,277,279,280,311,325,357, Lot 2R.P. 106545, Lot 2R.P. 110010,184,4051A,5V,1OA,33V,H5,7,31,1O,11,33,1OV,11,12V, 17,94,21,39V,62,64,65,67,934911.i
II. 49V34,94A1641,59,41,261V,5V,31,32
Parish
Dvirundur
Cabo oltu.roCaboolture
4855605
ConondaleToorbul
Burpengary
Caxiaing
Redcliffe
Durundur
¥? ra"ba
"\foorua¥arabaDurundurCaboolturoWarabaPineToorbul
4316011533211
1720
12-2
Name
Back, T.Q.Barnes, N.J.R.Bartel & AlexanderBass, 0.Bastri, H. & 1.Batcman, E.J.Bateman, E.T.Bateman, I.F., K.Bauer, C.G. & G.M.Beanland, A.D.
Bebbere, V,Behrens, A.Behrens, A, & L,Behrens, L.Behrens, S.J.Bennett, B.Bernhagen, L.G.Berquier, H. & H.•DeSb, A .Bestman, O.G.
Bill, A.G.Bill, A.R.Bishop, A.A.Bishop, A.R.Bishop, C.E.
Bishop, D.¥.Bishop, J.A.Bishop, J.E.Bishop, M.J.Bishop, S.E.Bishop, R.H.Black, C.H. & B.J.Black, G.H.Bleakley, A.M.A.,E.V.T., H.C.M.
Bleakley, A.P.Bleakley, E.V.I.,H.C.M.
Bleakley, H.R.Bleakley, R.J.Bleakley, T.C,Boden, G.E.Boden and HowellBohen, H.A,Bouna, E.H.Boyle, G.A., A.F.Brandon Grazing Co.
Brandt, K. & M.F.Brittain, B.W.Brooks, R.E.Brough, P.J. & N.J.Brough, R. C., K.J.Broim, J.C.Bubhe, M.A.Bubke, ¥.T. & M.Buch, R.S. & J. &K.H.
Buchanan, C.J.Buchanan, Tf.J.
Fogtion Kos.
38, 4947A35V2982V181,182,18318618727,55,88,92A,667V,117V, 183,194,55VP1144259,11A58,59,9,11A829160151, 12758V2611V,15V10512-14,108,107,1849-5138-42,110201-95537,362913V6619,3315,3032A,20V,23V14654115,H6,41V,341,343170,259459P11594484101,108,14127V11V41,43286316187-188,183,46,201282,283Por. 1 R71/72 Por 92238429,439,22V38,49,68181,18318811V124V67
4-10510
DurundurCanningCanningPineCanningDurundurDurun&urDurundurCahooltureByron
CanningWarabaCanningWarabaDurum? \ rDurunduxByronCanningWrrabaToorbulTineCanningCanningCanningConondaleToorbulTin©ToorbulToorbulTineTineToorbulTineDurundurDurundurDurundur
DurundurDurundut
CabooltureCabooltureByronWarabaCanningBurpongaryDurundurDurundurConondaleDurundurVarabaDurundurDurundUJDurundurDurundurDurundurCanningDurundurTine
BurpengaryRedcliffe
Area
330516540063457289279975601
1536853312119356350160115405
937916695350
19466
128212320476108319744
44645
2502983351736442
339128
2271
471053553252921138898
137
19649
12-5
Name
Buckingham, H.S.& S.A.
Buckley, D . ' \ & Y.S.Bandy, H.J.Burke, G.Burke, H.Buseddn, G. & P.Butler, P.A.
Cabrera Bros.Cabrera, J . & P. *
A. & S.Cambewarra PasturesCampbell, J .C .Campbell, R,Campbell, T.A.Campbell, H.Campbell, T.C.Campbell, ¥ .Campus, A.Carooldine, D.C=>rseldine, G.A.Carseldine, G.O.
Carseldine, Z.Carseldine, 0.Cash, V.D.Chadwick, A.H.Chamberlain & StrongChambers, A.R.Chambers, C.J.Chambers, D.17. & I . J .Chambers, J.N. (Deod)
Chambers, H.V.Chambers, R.A.Chandler, J.H.
Chapman, D.J. & M.J.Chappel, D.
Ch?.ppell, I.A.Chicken, D. & V. J .Clark, J.V.Clark, i.if.Cobbv R.A,Cobb, T.Cochran, J.n.Corbould, H.E.
Corotens, J .D.Cosso, M. & L,Crocombc-, L.G.Cruice, I . J . F .Cuccuru, H.Cunning, W.J.
Dale, A.L.Damiani, E.Davies, E.A. & J.C.Davies, R.A.
Portion Nos.
47,6V,9^,247,657,87,96V, 118,1357,142V,62A,62V,23V,134V,71,1287,127V,130A, 1347,71,129327,328,4401930387,388146,38629V157
77297,317
337,359,33923A370,288315317317204,205
14125778129A, 68,1 '0 ,5,443A871917430,8121,21381/382,22426Lot E.P. 106991,2627,98,27,98,26983,27,150,83,46203,185172,188402847,237,687,44727,117,452,453,454,4552172972-55,P116609P116609367,452473381217,5914247317219190,189,188420,421206
148597274,271247,39,29179,196
Parish
Durundur
WoorimWarabaDurundvurDurundurWarabaCanning
CabooltureCaboolture
DurundurTineDurundurDurunduXDurundtticJurundurConondaloWarabaToorbulBeorwahCaboolturePinoCabooltureCabocltureByronCabooltureTinePineDurundurDurunduiDurundur
DurunduxDurundurByronDurundurDurundurDurundur
DurundurRedcliffeToorbulToorbulWarabaWarabaDurundurByron\fanibaCanningCanningCabooltureDurundurDurundurCanningConondale
CanningCanningBeerwahPineByron
Area
3829
4816879
128160105
110220
25031019853
1211711976041
160308
85501
8397
313175458100962
40454521-9
280349
160100635506
4180
104451
8686
1281162
54152
15815075
341
iii-4
Hang
Davis, E.1I.Davis, J . & E.E.Daves, J.C.Dawson Valley Pastoral
Co. Pty. Ltd.Day, C.J.Day, TJ.C.Daybell, ¥.A.Del-rosso, F.DickBon, T. & D.J.Dobson, A.Dobson, J .Dobson, J.W.Dobson, R.Douhaniaria, T,Doyle and HuntDraper, A.E.G.Draper, A.J.E.Draper, E.II.
Draper, L.lf., 4 .L. ,Z . J .
Draper, W.G.Duane, J»H., J.W.Duke, J.A. & Way J.A.Duke, T.K. (deed)Dun, C.L.Duncan, A»A.Duncan, A.C.Duncan, A.H.
Duncan, C,G.Duncan, D.I.Duncan, K.W.Duncombe, J .Dunconbo, J.M.DunoombG, J.K. & D,E.Duncombe, P.L.Dunning, V.J.Du Rietz , C.C.
Eaton, E.P.Baton, E.E.Baton, G.E.Eaton, G.E., H.G.Eaton, J..\. (deed)
ft -p TJ&, JJ.It.
Eaton, E.S.Eaton, L. C.Eiser, M.B.Elbom, E.E.Eliason, H.J, & P.J.Elliott , A.G.Embrey, L.J.Embrey, R.G.Embrey, R.P.Emery, J.R.English, C.J.
Facer, F. £ M.Fehim, K.Ferguson, H.H.Pensham, A. & H.I-I,Ferris, ¥.B.Ferris, ¥.J .Firinu, A.Fischle, C.
Portion JJos.
29,36V,41V,24-V10,2,84,133V196R.P. 122628
2,83,84,133V03195226,2271466,9221V53V51,45426V14V,17V175,176,36186,89,90,126,4V,U34V59149
46A20775,19-99V18621,52V8V299511A41940V,3911,12,3,13-15P11 •• 207587A46-51,50A, 101204190
87V,147V17,90V, 133V127,154,171177,3891,161,172
84V,22,104V9240VP124932, P108129973V-75V97,1176V97,22,30VP12398462V,124,130A,93
47V54V, 127V373,374,37556V23830V,40V7, HA117
?"1-risn.
PineCanningConondaleWaraba
CanningBurpongaryConondaleCanrLingCabooltureCabooltureCabooltureUar-.ba¥'.rab:tCanningToorbulDurui '.urDurundur
DurundurDurundur
DurundurDurundurToorbulConningConondalePinoByronPineByronWarabaDurundurPineCaboolturoCabooltureWhitosideBurpengaryDurundurByron
DurundurDurundurDurundurDurundurDurundur
ByronDurundurByronToorbulWcrabaCanningUarabaCanningIforabaBurpengaryDurundur
ConondaleCanningDurundurCanningDurundurDurundur¥^rabaCanning
-rea
236290160122
11514815012936
39116059
286160292438918
11073
35826345860
305218530242
593064
36979217412230094
252752601244611
248154155101
4148811415826065
160
17512710758
29227754
127
12-5
.Name
F l e t c h e r , ' ITfB.Fletcher / E.R;-Flux, D.G". "Flux, S.Forstfer, C.:J.Fax," C." 'Fox,' H.' &'K,Fox, R.O'. 'Francis, E.J.
• •Francis', J".S.Franci3, S.J.
Frank, W.E.Franks, VJL.'Franz, N.A.Fraser, D. & J .Fredline, L.1,* &
A.H.M.Fullerton, -&.J.Fyfe, J.C. 'Fyfe, ' J .C. , B.L.
Gaiko,' H.J.Gamgee, A.2, & D.L.
Gannon, K.J.Gannon, K.J. & P.M.Garner," S.I .Giffney, T. 'Gilbert, A.W.Gillespie, C.B.Gillespie, T.TJ.Good, D.O.Govelsnd, J . & ¥.Gouen, J.M.Gowen, J.H. & I. if.'Graham, J.L. & B.F.Grant, U, R.W.Gray, C.L.Gray, J .¥.Grazing Reserves P/ IGreen, C.H.Greening, t'J.J.Grigg, C.H.Grigg, J.C.Grigg, J .C . , B.E.* *
Grimbergen', L.J.Grimsey, L.Gulbransen, B. I P.Gynther, B.H., Ii.B.'
Hall, H.Hi l l , M.E.Hall , tf.S. 'Hammond, "cf.J.Hanford, K..V.Hansman, S.L.Hardy, J.G.
Harm, C.R.•
Portion Uos.
102753,9.142208V-'135V185135V2169V,111T,P10902975,75-1,7321123V,115V1916,2254.5V •1,2
P12463065V,59V15V
10511, Lot 2 R.P.11419569392167314V21V2962 '4r81V,19V818-820451217348V20,23207,208,25432V14V32V19,22,R.L.197O
263973,21 •10
120 (265-D)12V10V •413,419,-W21343,7S129,65. ,65,71,129V21192
P-Tish.
DurundurDurunduirCabooltureWarabaByronCanning'ConondaleCanningPineByronCanningPineByronWr.ratn\fcrabaCaboolt\ireBurpengaryT.Jarabo
Cabining'ByronDurundur
CabooltureW-iraba
PinePineConondaleCanningCanningWarabnPineTine"feraba
- CanningBeerwahBoorw-ihDurundurCaboolture'JnrabaCaboolturoConondaleCanningDurundurWarabaWarabaDurundurPineTinePineWaraba
ByronDurundurDurundurCanningPineVarabaCanning
PineByron
Area.
15712514026722050'
25255
657
64167
68765482295
260156
5075
5334089501207322449444299143354661081812594248372160124
184112371120
3161571601049278293
199
12-6
Hame
Harper, A.J .Harper, A . J .
(Trustee)Harris , C,J.Harris, J .T.Harrison, K'«*Hausman.-, K.J.Hausman, E.G.Hausman, S,L.Heckelnann, P.M.Heisner, J.T,Heisner, S.J.Hemsley, R. G., A.Hennessey, D. & M.B.Hennessey, J.D.Hennessey, P.K.
& E.P.Hession, V.A.Hewitt, J.H.
Hewitt, R.V.Hewitt, W.B.Hichelmaon, P.M.Hickey, D.J.Hicks, F.A.Hi l l , R.J.Hinchcliffe, G.J.Hobbs, D,W.Holloy, ¥ . J . & E.Hoomineg, T.J.Home, E.J.Home, E.J.tf.Hume, S.B.Hunt, CM,Hunter, D.G., D.R.
I .C . I , of Aust. &IT.Z. Ltd.
Ironer, P. & K.Ismail, S.
Jackson, A.D.Jamea, C.
James, C. (Snr.)James, C.R.James, K.James, M.D.M., P . J .James, P..James, S.C.James, W.Jensen, E.R.C.Johnson, B. & A.Johnson, W.L.Johnston, D.I.Johnstone, 17.J.Joy, R.H.Juffs, D. ft P.M.Ju3ter, M.R. & J .
Eajewski, I . & E.& B.B.
Kasakoff, R.B. & J .Keillor, G.F.Keir, D.A.Kennedy, B.D.Kennedy, D.P.
Portion |fos.
11A11A
32V8,9"25V62,639V33,3435368768731078A24.71A27V,74V,91Vf79
180174,H2157247,709413983,133V,1642852,6070V1239722534,12,82,9340V1046V315
71, 129
10646V
49,51,521A,84A,90-W282A,9629,29313V1A657588V,12240VP122344212106V, 378, ;3560V60,133P116117
P120290,192,193
64V65194,198502"1
Pariah
WarabaWarab-a
ByronCaboolture¥arabaCanningByron 'CabooltureDarunduiByronByronDurundurDurandiirDurundurDururdux
DurundurDurunduxByronPineByronByronCanningCanningWarabaCanningToorbulDurundurCanningByronPineTineBurpengaiyDurundur
Durundur
CanningCanning
WarabaCabooltureT/arabaCabooltureCaboolturePineDurundurCabooltureC-liningPineCanningIJarabaffarabaColondaleDurundurCanningDurundurBurpengary
Conondale
CanningCabooltureConondeleConondaleConondale
•irea
9043
16069
31871
2001301771952001316564
782
375570
143160176167
5053
12317214444
24092
116160353
213
5976
212389
467640245
32413
72274
68261
51121711100198121
261
160254543187268
12-7
flamo
Kerr, J.M. & G.K.King, C.King, D.H.W.King, V.T.D.Kirby, G.Kirby, G.J.Kirby, 7.ELoo, D.Knapp, ¥ . S . , E.tf.,
G.E.Klein, J .Knight, K.R.Knight, D.J. & R.A.
Komrr.us, J .Kondi, H.Koppen, V.M. & D.G.Krause, B.C.
Krause, P.O.Krisanski, E.Kropp, D.S.Kruger, E.L.i .Kunde, \1.
Landen, G.E.Lane, K. & S.H.Lamer, L.S. & E.H.La Spina, G,Lee, V.M.
Leek, A.R. <.", C.E.Leeson, S.E.
Loeson, S.E. S: S.E.Lehman, A.Lemmon, J .C.Lovington, E.Lindsay, A.V.Lindsay, A. & I . & K.Lindsay, B.Lindsay, D.G.Lindsay, D.J.Lindsay, H.1I.Lindsay, I .Lindsay, J .
Lindsay, K.Lindsay, M.Lindsay, P . J .Lindsay, R,Lindsay, W.Litherland, G.L i t t l e , A.ff., E.E.,
Hall, L.L,Livingstone, E.A.Long, E.L.Lovehin, D.G.
Portion Nos.
83VPi 21-63039038,49,68,94307,30815980.160P118978348,128V
222,22311833 HI, 3 , SH, R2,S17, R2,S2,51O33V100V,101V3232,34R1,S2,R2,S2 - 510,S1,R4/5,517,R2,S2- 510S6,R2,S2 - 51010V391192,19232V,214,68,239
4980-2051061V85,29V,33V,5737V456,54422,S.G.P. 70.71S.F.R. 832 (3 y r s .from 1970)30 ,160 ,S .F . 832122•i 15VP"107336046A,7V3V,52VP1098C7Lot 1 E . P . 1116591050V,51V,21,13V,49V,69,49,53V,6O,6946963V15VLot 4 E.P. <150974,5,6V510
1906,26V,23V27V,29,78,77
Parish
DurundurCanningDurundurDurundurDurundurDurundurDurundurCaboolturoDurundur
DurundurByronRodcliffe
CabooltureConningWarabaBurpengaryEedcliffe
ReddiffeBjTOnDurundurDurundurToorbulCanning
¥oorimBurpengaryDurundurCabooltureCabooltureTineCanningDurundurDurundur
DurandurToorbulTineByronCabooltureVhrabaVferabav^arabaUaro.ba'JarabaWarabaWaraba
WarabaCaboolturoBurpengaryWarabaWarabaIferabaEeAcliffe
ConondaleToorbulBurpengary
^roa
16070
17333092516022388
185682321
52
1445249
13067
4244588
445665
48039
318276710
1791160
400100
66218101172260261730125112
1260
242327
80182431284217
164477261
12-8
Nan e
Loweke, C.V.Lynch, G.H.U.
Mabb, M.C.Macukinny, H.J .L.McClintoch, R.H,McClure, D.L.McClure, J . ¥ .McClure, L.R.McClure, ¥.K.McConnell, C.T.McC03kGT, F . & H.P,KcCullough, B.M.MacKenzie, W.K.R.McLaughlin, J . T .McNamara, E.KcNamara, W.A.McNeill, 3.A.MeSwoeney, B.K.
McSweeney, K . J .H . ,J.R.
McSweenoy, R.T,Male, G.F.Male, G.F. & T,M.Mangini, G. & V.C.Marcon, H.B.Marcsik, P._Maroskoi L.G,MrshmaH^ JU 1 . _ „ .m.Ttinf ff.B. &R.S.A.Mart in, I .M., B . I .Mart in, T.H,Mason, D,G.Mcistors, ¥ .H.Mecklem, S .J . c% P .Mell ino, G.Mell ino, G. & C.Memont, J .D .MeycxH, P . J .Mi l l e r , D.M.M±ller, R.'T.Mob, A.E.Mollenhagen, B.J .Mollenhagen, R,^.Moloney, J .H.Moore, A.If.Moorhead, C.H.Moreton P a s t . Co.Morgan, V.Morisson, E.D. w
Draper, tf.G.Morrison, V,M.Mountford, L, & D^H.Mundt, C.H. Deed.,
G.Ai.. & R. C«Mundt, G.A., R.C.Murray, V.C.Murtas, D. & S.
ITcNabb, S. & M.R.Newman, L.Hewton, K. & Buckley,
T i lB.
Hevrton, C. & M.H.Newton, E.C.Newton, J .C.Newton, L.E.
Portion 11 o s .
44V,6273OV, 131V
19O.L. 37192A,967849122345A,53,32,3428V,29,36V,39,24V7119,11437V29100,91S.G.P.67/124 PartR173,215,Pt. S.F.R.173203
76,111f76A12V122,123,400-4052, R.L. 51021
?$I&.13539V,31621389V,59,2013V, 49V29V18V30V97P111387312•"'',2,10,105011119,17176,77293,910V,Lot1 R.P.10904046A
37,383102362
168/7921228,230
4"i,5A,4,9611V,18V63
P11207538282A,96,2A,96
Par ian
ByronCanning
Toorbul¥oorim*Iars.baCabooltureCabooltureWarabaWaraba¥araba.VfarabaPine¥arabaCaboolturoWar"b-"PineDuruadurDurundur
Durundur
DurundurCanningCanningWarabcWarabaDurundurBurpongaryDurfinaHr J
DurundurConondaleDurundur¥arabaCanningCanningCabooltureVarabaConondaleDurundurCanning¥araba¥araba¥arabaCanningBurpengaryPineCaboolturoRtioliffeDurundur
DurundurDurundurDurundur
DurundurPineCanning
CaboolturoCaboolturo¥oraba
CaboolturoCabooltureCabooltureCaboolturo
.Jea
182164
64425037039
-i 3020163
160155164
85224166310276499
167
1621058507850
1i?4?32033H307167
8450677239
39911315417893
148271151109112309401
90158
157230203
400265140
247100120313
12-9
New York EnterprisesPty. Ltd.
Nichols, D.S.
Nichols, G*A.,Nichols, K.A.ITicholg, N.J, *-
i.I.
_,r . . &H.M.Nichols, R.H., D.J.Nicholson, G.D,Nicholson, M.Q.Nonraus, E.V.
OfBrion, B.E.O'Brien, V.Offer, C.J.Old, N.A.Oppes, P. & A.Orty, F. & 0.Osboume, L.J.Osborae, if.J. & M.M.O'Shea, K.J.Ottosen, D.L.
Page, A.G. & J.G.Page, W.tf.Palman, S. & L.H.Pnreell, O.D. (Deed.)Paulus, S.J.
Pedler, A.E., P.M.Pedwell, A.G.
Pedwell, IJ.L.Penaspley Estates
Pty. Ltd.Pesonen, A.K., & V.
P.G.H. Industries(OJLd) Pty. Ltd.
Philps, G.A.Pierontozzi, D.P.Pinna, S.G.Poder, J. & P,M.Polzoni, P.A,Porter, J.B.Potani, L. fc A. & S.Powell, W.J.f.Price, R.V.Price, R.V. & B.Prior, H.E.Prohaszka, J.Prosser, ¥.A,
Raaen, D.lf. 8; H.I1.Eainbow, N.P.Reid, T.G.Rich, E. (Deed.)RiChilian, J.H. .Roberts, G.ti.Robertson, C.E.Robinson, F.N.Robinson, G.A.Robinson, G.J.Roderick,. F.1I. .Romley, V.L, & E.E.Roshid, A,Ross, A.J. f. H. de
Vere
Portion Noa.
546,21V
19V
12/10,158,86V199,2002020220132.45A33,24V19V262,157,20,66,vO497A4028V25VLot 2 R.P. 109040S2, 9V66P124970
79V,38420,81,122V,70VS1,3,32V4215.1,129,4V, 1685729~P,"4V-W,23V58,6V,1435V,58,34V196,196
Lot 1 R.P. 123141,Lot 1,2 R.P. 124141Lot 2 R. Plan 1179''7M.L. 105477,41275-277195V24V44V2!-V724015197P10823413
124V436184B34,146V2A,96187,86V79V,96,19521R17787A61Lot 2 R.P. 115907
Parish
•Refccliffe
PineByronDurundurDurundurBurundurDurundtirWarabaVJarabaDurundur
DurundurBurpengaryWarabaVJarabaWare.baBurpengaryRedcliffeRodcliffeI/£irabaCaboolture
DurundurByronRedcliffeVJborimByronDurundurVnrabaPineByronV?.rabe
Durundur
Durundur
Redcliffe
CabooltureBeerwahUarabaCanningUarabaCanningV'arabaWarabaCabooltureWarabaByronTineWarabaDurundurVarabaTineCabooltureToorbulDurundurCabooltureByronByronPineDurundurVhitesideIfarabaWaraba
Area
'87
519
7341333963937084
247449110143155627843
16080
123
527362
63150
1525
132742
300256
56
72
19077854031
10034
15546
12077
108160
6584
128255
912401225163712005833
13044
12-10
ffamo
Rothan, A.¥.17.Ruchen, R.H.Rutler, L.C.
Sampson, A.Sampson, F,Sompson, R. & A.Sanderson, R.L., B.S.Sartor, P. & B.
Savago, G.S.SchiffheSchroder, P.Schrodter, C.W.Schultz, E.B.Scurr, W.J.Seccombe, L.Sheehan, D.G.H. &
U.M.Shoehan, J.H.Shorrock, U.K. S; P.M.Simpson, A.G.Simpson, 11.Simpson, R..i.Simpson, S.R.Simpsons Sawmills
Pty. Ltd...Sippel, *.*.S i r l , C.C. (Lood.)Small, u «Smith, B.C.Smith, J.A. & J.H.Smith, J.G. & L.F.Smith, L.P.D.Smith, M.Smith, 1T.0.Spinks, R.P.Stanton, F.E.Stanton, J .T. (Deed.)Stanton, W,Stephens, R.H.Stophensen, L.P. & B.Sullivan, C.J.Sumsion, A.R.M.Sutton, K.H.
Taylor, R.S.Thomas, C.Thomoson, N.M.
Thomason, W.H. & A.R.Thompson & GitunmThomson, A .H. t. 11.T.Thompson, K, & G.Torrens, A.T.Torrens, C.G.Torrons, J.R.Tracoy, II. T.Trentin, A, & c.Trevoton, V.C. r S.Trim, R.V. & H.K.
Tripcony, R.A.Tripoony, R.J . , I .G.,
15 a .Tumbriafe., R > s #Turner, C.R.Twist, J.H.
Portion ITos.
975860
1,2,1,551-53,91-9342,50,4416817260V153,156737 , 873,73A20VLot 2 R.P.108077,11A340,344,345
34221V41290,331197,197196289
346182218,366,21993A25054,5436V, 4W61V603846.62A394630922V, 21V8V3838
21V801380,8229123V,115V4V,P108978,11A,867,699336/07,84PI 3061572,13683V7,13V,49V47,350,62V,101,47V,v7,69,28122022,65,221
198,199,185,118V189,199106
Parish
CanningYarabaTine
CaboolturcCaboolturoVaraba!/arabaWarabaCanningCanningCanningCanningUarabaCaboolturo¥arabpl/arabaDurundur
DurundurTJarabaByronDurundurDurundurDurundurDurundur
DurundurDurundurDurundurCabooltureCanningDurundurPineCanningVarabaTineDumndurDurundurDurundurDurundurIfarabaCfebooltur©•JarabaIforaba
v'-rabaByronIfarabaByronPineByronVJarabiCanningTJarabaBurpcngary?Jar?baDurundurCanning•JarabaDurundur
DurundurDurundur
ByronConondaloBurpangary
Area
16536
284
90157216333
195
45407543
13118950
333
15970
160338296142207
964973115085
21962
14544
239560469135201125
;763
128
3798
273
•10520282482
211315211239164207
1286
299170
320160115
12-11
lame
University of Qld.Usher, C.W.
Vaughan, A. & H,Venz, R.C. & Walkar,
J.C.Vorner & HineVictoria CrossManufacturing Co.Ltd
Villamsdiano, M. & E,Von Der Oho, O.D.
Portion Nos.
66268
47VLot 2 R.P. 1241 !-1
55V14V•84V7
7ade, R.W.
Wagner, P.K.Wain, W.L. &• O.R.Waldron, G.K. & E.F.Walker, G.Walker, R.M.Wallace, E.D.Wallace, J. & E.Walmsby, E.J.Warman, W.A.Webb, J.C.Webb, J.C. & R.W.Webb, R.J.
Webber, L.G.Webster, Ji,¥."ebstor, D.W.Webstar, G.
Webster, A.K.Weior, R. & H.l.rest, R.A,Westcott, R.B.J, &A.N.
Wheaton, D.M.1-fliito, E.R.lOiite, R.J.S i t i n g , E.L.Wiersma, R.Wild, A.E.Wild, I.G.
Wilkinson, M.E.Wilks, R.H., D.M.Willet t , W.G.Williams, C.T.
Williams, F. (Snr.)Williams, F.R.Williams, L.G.Wilton, J .E.Winhel, B.J.
Winhel, J .Wiseman, P,W.Woldron, R.E. & J.M.Wood, J.G,Woods, P . J .
Wright, R.J.Wyman, J.M.
85V,8345666133249,54V,55VU1,4,435,1434V71V169,168,347,349178Lot 2 R.P. 11 •'322,Lot 1 R.P. 11132296,95,17321433V,130,28V88,41V109V375V,376A2A,9657V13V
6921*7V55,42,56,571993,10319,20,22,19,20,22,19,22,6510691200,199P12044619,20,2217,22222V22V28V7421111V18V.17V18V25660V39V,138U.25565,7136V, 45
WoorimCanning
CanningDurundur
PineDurundur
ConningWarabo
DurundurWarabaWarabaRodcliffcWarebaB3rronCanningToorbulToorbulCabooltureDurundurDurundurDurundurDurundur
DurundurConondaleDurundurDurundurByronRedcliffoCcxbooltur©CanningDurundur
C.-iboolturoPineWarabaWarabaWmbaByronDurundur
BurpengaryDurundurConondaleCaboolturoDurundurCanningWarabaWarabaPineDurundurPineByronByronDurundurConondaleByronDurundurConondaleConningWaraba
Area
60043
156104
163391
15452
279
86486246
112282348112160989294252
191317•156409
50223160123
17395
104625
55242608
47356170423
8019373
154134
320160121164392
7750
12-12
Neme
Zaini, G.Zaini, H.Zonou, B.A.Zillman, C.H. (Deed.)Zillman, C.H.S.Estates
Zivani, R.
Portion. Nos.
27V2¥45,47,48,57,60,612A3,6
GeboolturcBurpengaryCanningCatooltureJaraba
i^rea
427320351792
24V Warsba 147
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References
Oxley Memorial Library - William Street, Brisbane.Caboolture Historical Society.Steven, N.C. - Geological Excursions in south-eastern Queensland.Coaldrake, J.E. - Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, south-
eastern Queensland. 1961.Brian, W. H. - The Red Earth residuals and their significance in
south-eastern Queensland. (1939).Vallance, L.G. - A soil survey of the Beerburrum, Glasshouse
Mts. and Beerwah Pineapple Districts.Vallance, L.G. & Lewcock, H.K. - The soils of the Beerburrum,
Glasshouse Mts. - Beerwah Area and theirsuitability for Pineapple Culture.
C. S.I. R. O. - Atlas of Australian Soils and Explanatory Data,part of sheet 4, collated by K. H. Northcote.
C.S.I.R.O. - A factual key for the recognition of Australian Soils.1967. (C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Div. Soils Div. I.Rep. No. 2/65).
Co-ordinator-General's Dept. Queensland - Moreton Region.Natural Environment, Brisbane. 1972.
Wheatley, C. H. - A climatological study of the near north coastdistrict in south-east Queensland. MarketingServices Branch, Department of PrimaryIndustries.
Herbert, D.A. - The Vegetation of south-eastern Queensland.
The various data occurring in the tables of this handbook have theirorigin from the following official sources:
Bureau of Census and StatisticsCommonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane.Department of Forestry, Beerburrum.Caboolture Shire Council.Department of Primary Industries.
A cknowle dgemen ts
The assistance given in the form of valuable advice and co-operationwith the preparation of individual parts of this handbook by the followingofficers is gratefully acknowledged:
MissD.J. Beal, Extension Officer, Agriculture Branch,Department of Primary Industries.
Mr. R.N. Hassall, Economist, Department of Primary Industries,Brisbane.
Mr. L. C. Hannah, Agricultural Economist, Department of PrimaryIndustries, who prepared the Section on Economics.
Mr. J. Van Haeringen, Economist, Department of Primary Industries,Brisbane.
Mr. I .J .L. Wood, Agriculture Branch, Brisbane.The Librarian, Central Library, Department of Primary Industries,
Brisbane.Mr. C.II. Smith, Poultry Branch, Caboolture.Mr. J. Smith, Dairy Field Services, Caboolture.
Mr. J.A. Baker, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture.Messrs. J. Goodwin and A. Nisbet, Veterinary Services,
CabooBure.Mr. K.S. Bullen, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture.Mr. J .T . O'Rourke, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture.Mr. H. Ostrowski, Agrostology Branch, Brisbane.Mr. C. Roff, Apiculture Branch, Yeerongpilly.Mr. L.G. Hoppins, Forestry Department, Beerburrum.
