C1TEAUXcommentarii cistercienses

REVUE D'HISTOIRE CISTERCIENNEA JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES

1996, t. 47fase. 1-4

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CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORA VIAFROM 1220 TO 1520*

Dana STEHLlKOVA

Eighteen Cistercian monasteries existed in Bohemia and Moravia from thethirteenth to the sixteenth century. Many of the monastic buildings and archiveswere damaged or destroyed during the Hussite wars of 1420 to 1434 (Nepomuk,Hradiste, Svate Pole, Klästernf Skalice) and during the Thirty Years War of1611-1648. As a result of the decree of Emperor Joseph 11, most of the remain-ing monasteries were dissolved between 1783 and 1785. The last survivingmonasteries (Osek, Vyssf Brod, Tisnov) were closed in 1950 and reopened in1990-1991.

Only fragments survive of the medieval documents of these monasteries, andthese fragments are scattered among various archives. The seals of these monas-teries have never been researched, nor has a register of them been made. Thisstudy is the first examination of this material (Table 1) .

There is no evidence that Cistercians in Bohemia used their own seal duringthe twelfth century and the first 20 years of the thirteenth century, their chartersbeing sealed with the royal seal. Three charters made out and corroborated by"Abbot DietIeb and the whole community of the monastery in Plasy" in 1193and 1194 were sealed with the double-sided seal of the Bohemian King PfernyslOtakar I, though the charter bore neither the name of the king nor any of his

* TranslatedbyDanaStehlfkovä;adaptedby JaneMacDowel1.Abbreviations:APHKA- Archiveof PragueCastle;Archiveof thePragueMetropolitanChapterMZA - MoravianStateArchive,BrnoSOA- StateregionalarchiveSUA- StatecentralarchiveBenes, 1937- F. BENES,Atlas peceti ilechty. duchovenstva a mest. (An Atlas of seals of nobility,

clergy and towns). Prague,1937-1938(onlyVolumes1-3issued).Kfivsky, 1946- KRIVSKY,0 pecetich. a erbech v hide premonsträtskem a cisterciäckem (On seals

and coats-of-arms of the Premonstratensian and Cistercian Orders). Diss.Prague,1946(notpublished).

Krejcikova-Krejcik,1989- J. KREJcfKOvA-T.KREJcfK,Uvod do ceske Sfragistiky, (Introduction toCzech sphragistics) Ostrava,1989.

Stehlfkovä,1992- D. STEHLfKovA,"Peöetisedleckych cisterciäkü z let 1277-1422."("Sealsof theCisterciansof Sedlecmonasteryfrom 1277to 1422).Pamätky stiednlch Cech 8/I,Prague1992.

Stehlfkovä,1996- "Kunstgewerbe",in Gotik in Westböhmen (1230-1530),v. 2 (exhibitioncata-logue),Prague, 1996.

Stehllkovä, 1996a- 800 Jahre des Zisterzienser Kloster in Oseg (1196-1996), (exhibition cata-logue),Osek-Prague, 1996.

330 D. STEHLfKOV A

administrators. I As late as 1333 the monastery in Stare Brno issued a chartercorroborated by "the abbess and the convent," which was sealed with the royalseal of Queen Elisabeth Richenza, founder of the monastery.f These BohemianCistercians were observing a prohibition against using their own seals whichhad been decreed by the General Chapter of 1200 and reiterated in 1219.3

The oldest preserved Cistercian seals are abbatial seals dating after 1228.These seals, from the monasteries of Velehrad and Plasy, were commonly usedby both the abbot and the monastery.Along with seals from Osek (1231), Oslavany (1259) and Sedlec (1277), they

represent the most common type of abbatial seal, a pointed oval with a standingfigure of the abbot or abbess holding their symbols of office. The relief is encir-cled by a Latin inscription which includes the title of the owner and the name ofthe monastery. The name of the owner seldom appears before the Luxembur-geois era of the 1320's. There are exceptions to this type of seal, including aseated enthroned figure, seen in the seals of the abbots Adam (1287) and Jan(1293) of :laar, the abbess of Oslavany (1259), and a round contrasillum ofAbbot Jan of Osek (1491).

Although some monasteries used no seal until 1420, the General Chapter of1296 had ordered the houses to confirm their documents with an abbatial sealsigned with the name of the abbot," the SIGILLVM ABBATIS. This same Gen-eral Chapter prohibited the use of SIGILLVM CONVENTVS, the conventualseal, until 1335, when Pope Benedictus XII issued the Reform Constitution forthe Order. The second article of this constitution directed every monastery tomake a round seal-matrix of bronze or brass, and confirm all documents withboth the abbatial and conventual seals.5 It is likely that there were some com-mon models for the images on these seals, since they usually depict Maryenthroned with the Child Jesus.Eighteen different types of seals are known from 1333 to 1550 from fourteen

Bohemian monasteries. (The seals of four of the total of eighteen Bohemianmonasteries did not survive, or never existed at all.) The two earliest survivingimpressions date from before 1335, while most of the others are preserved oncharters dating from 1336 to 1355. Stylistic considerations and the sealingclauses themselves allow most of these seals to be more precisely dated between1335 and 1350. This indicates that almost all of the Bohemian monasteries con-formed exactly and relatively quickly to the Reform Constitution of 1335. Thetwo exceptions both come from royal abbeys, the convent of Porta Coeli in

1 SUA Prague. AZK Re Plasy, Inv.Nr.584.585.586.2 SOA Bmo, RA eist.St.Bmo sign.A 52 from 22.21333.3 Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Cisterciensis, M. J.M. CANIVEZ. tom. I. Louvain 1933.4 CANIVEZ. Statuta ...• III. n° 6. 12.5 CANIVEZ. Statuta ...• III. p. 410.

CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORA VIA 331

Tisnov (l325) and the monastery of Aula Regia in Zbraslav (1333). The sealfrom Tisnov depicts a priest at prayer, as did those used by prefects of conventsand deans. Composed of two halves, the seal depicts Christ the Pantocratorabove and a kneeling monk below, surrounded by the inscriptionS.CONV.DE.TVSCHNOWITZ. It is corroborated on the document as a conventseal.

The second oldest seal, from Zbraslav, is dated by a charter of 1333. Itbelongs to the group of Marian seals known as Regina Coeli, the Queen ofHeaven. The enthroned Virgin Mary, with royal crown and sceptre, is offeringthe Child Jesus for adoration (ill. 1). The stylistic features of both figures, aswell as the royal throne, are very similar to a painting of the Virgin which wasdonated in the 1340's by the Archbishop of Prague, Ernest of Pardubice. Thefigures also resemble the Virgin from Kladsko (Glatz).

Ill. 1. Zbraslav, first monastery seal, 1333.(Photo: Dana Stehlfkovä)

Similar to the Zbraslav seal and Kladsko Virgin is a seal from Nepomuk, sty-listically dated to the same time, and corroborated on charters of 1371 and 1417(ill. 2). The composition of this seal is reversed, and enriched with three kneel-ing monks. We can only speculate as to the models used for the Zbraslav andNepomuk seals, since the models may not have been exclusively Bohemian. TheZbraslav chronicle of l305-1338 states that 200 talents of silver were donatedby the founder of the monastery, King Wenceslaus II, for books and other arti-cles to be bought in France. King Wenceslaus, known for his ardent devotion tothe Virgin Mary and to Zbraslav.? also sent abbots from Zbraslav and Sedlec to

6 J. EMLER, ed., Fantes rerum Bohemicarum. IV, Prague 1884, chapters XLIV and LV[[l.

332 D. STEHLlKOvA

the General Chapter at Citeaux. It is possible therefore, that the seals reflect aFrench influence.

III.2. Nepomuk, first monastery seal,ApriI2S,1417. (Photo: Dana Stehlikovä)

Regina Coeli is the most frequent type of the oldest seals in Bohemia andMoravia. The composition of the seals differs only in the position of the figures,their attributes and details. There is usually a rambler-rose behind the Virgin'sthrone, or a rose briar growing up from the seat (Vyss! Brod). The Virgin'ssceptre is sometimes replaced with an apple, or a rose (Sedlec, Velehrad, Vizov-ice, ills. 3-4). On the throne can appear a candlestick or a cushion. The Child

Ill. 3. Sedlec, first monastery seal, March12, 1336. (Photo: Dana Stehlfkovä)

CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORA VIA 333

Jesus is sometimes seated (Zbraslav, Nepomuk), but more often he is standing,or taking a step towards the Virgin. In the iconographic type, Innocentia Christi,the child is playing with his mother's headpiece, an apple, or a bird. Sometimeshe is offering his blessing to humankind, or to an abbot or abbess and severalmonks or nuns.

Ill. 4. Vizovice, first monastery seal, Novem-ber 22, 1453. (Photo: Dana Stehlfkovä)

In the Eleusa seals, the Virgin Mary has no regalia. The child is usually stand-ing, holding his mother and caressing her (Oslavany, Velehrad, Tisnov, ill. 5).

Ill. 5. Tisnov, first monastery seal, May 1,1379. (Photo: Dana Stehlikovä)

334 D. STEHLIKOV A

The Hortus Marianus, "Mary 's garden," is seen in the second convent sealfrom Stare Brno, dated to approximately 1400 (ill. 6). It depicts the Virginseated on the ground, and could have been derived from a painting. Interest-ingly, the various motifs used in these different types of seals can be seen insome French and Flemish Cistercian sculpture and gold work of the second halfof the thirteenth century.

Ill. 6. Aula Sanctae Mariae, Stare Brno,second monastery seal, March 4, 1416.(Photo: State regional archive, Brno)

We may assume that the General Chapter distributed models for images andfor seals. Wilhering Abbey in upper Austria had no filial ties with Vizovice inMoravia or with Morimond, yet the seals of these monasteries are similar. Ofcourse the motherhouse could influence a daughterhouse, as is seen in the sealsof Velehrad and Vizovice, or Sedlec and Stare Brno.

There are only two surviving icon images after which seals could be modeled.At Osek is a carving of the Virgin Mary in stone (the composition is reversed onthe seal). A panel painting at Zbraslav reflects the Virgin's image on that mon-astery's seal, although the seal portrays only half of the image.

Another type of Marian seal, the "votive" seal, usually portrays the owner ofthe seal praying to his patron saint, or in the case of Cistercians, praying to theVirgin and Child. The Virgin's half-figure on the early seal of Dean Henricus ofSedlec (1317)7 belongs to the Hodegetria Greek-Byzantine type. This imageappears so seldom on seals, we can suppose that an actual model was used.

7 SOA Litomefice, Arch. eist. Osek,lnv.No 16 from the year 1317. Seal: pointed oval, 48 x 32 mm;the legend reads: HEINRICI.DECANI.CEDLICE.

CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORA VIA 335

Ill. 7. Abbess Catherine, Aula S. Mariae, StareBrno (June 4, 1345). (Photo: Dana Stehlfkovä)

Another type of votive seal was used by the abbesses of Stare Brno during thefourteenth century. The most interesting is the seal of Catherine of Lipe (1323-1349)8, the daughter of the cofounder of the monastery (ill. 7). This seal depictsthe Virgin above the central figure of the abbess holding a crozier. Beneath theabbess is the miniature kneeling figure of the founder of the monastery, QueenElisabeth Richenza (1335). The scale of the three figures and their position onthe seal betrays Catherine 's self-esteem. The picture of Elisabeth is similar tothe initial "En from the Queen's breviary (Codex 355). This manuscript waspossibly used as a model for seals, since the initial "D" closely resembles theCistercian Regina Coeli with the standing Jesus. The same seal was used withdifferent names by subsequent abbesses until the end of the fourteenth century.

Museum of Applied ArtsCZ - 12000 Prague 1

Dana STEHLlKOVA

8 SOA Brno, RA eist. St. Brno, sign. A 41 from July 4, 1345. Seal: pointed oval, 60 x 45 mm, legend;S.KATHERINE.ABATIS. AVLE.SANCTE.MARIE.

336 D. STEHLfKOV A

Catalogue of monastery seals:

a) Name of monastery*, year of foundation, year of dissolution.b) First type of seal, description, figure, legend.

Present location: archive, place, date of document (day 1month / year).c) Analogies, notes, literature.d) Second type of seal, description, etc.e) Analogies, etc.

a) SEDLEC, 1142/1143-1421, 1454-1783b) 35 mm(diameter), Regina Coeli (crown, roses in right hand), child isstanding, blessing. +S.CONVENTVS.DE.SEDLETZSUA Prague, 12/3/1336, 16/5/1352; APH KA Prague, 19/7/1404,2/7/1407;SOA Brno, 20/1211411, etc.c) Stare Brno; Kfivsky, 1946, p.83; Stehlfkovä, 1992.

2 a) PLASY, 1144/45-1785b) 48 mm, Regina Coeli (crown, roses in right hand), child is standing,holding mother, and blessing two kneeling monks.+SIGILLVM.CONCENTVS.DE.PLASSUA Prague, 24/111341, 1346; 11/1111357; 261711369; 8/411410; etc.c) Benes, 1938; Stehlfkovä, 1996, Cat. no. 96, p. 510.d) Regina Coeli with child, adored by two angels. +SIGILLVM.CON-VENTS.PLASSENSIS Matrix: Brass; SUA Prague, 16th century.

3 a) NEPOMUK, 1144/45-1420b) 54 mm, Regina Coeli (crown), child is sitting, using both hands to blesstwo monks. +SIGILLVM.CONVENTVS.IN.POMVKASUA Prague, 8/1/1371; 22/2/1417; 25/4/1417.c) Zbraslav; Stehlfkova, 1996, Cat. no. 94, p. 509.d) none.

4 a) HRADISTE, 1148-1420b) probably noned) none

* See page 347 for lexicon indicating names of abbeys in other languages.

CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA 337

5 a) OSEK, 1196-1580, 1624-1950, 1991-present.b) 35 mm, Regina Coeli (crown, long sceptre in right hand), child standing,stepping to left, holding orb in left hand.+S.CONVENTVS.IN.OZZECSOA Litomefice, 29/8/1352; 16/12/1407; 31/3/1482; 26/7/1488; 17/10/1525.c) Ivories, Paris, 1320-1340; Simeon's reliquary, Aachen, 1320-1330;Stehlfkova, 1996a, Cat. no. 10, p. 21.d) 2nd third of 16th century

6 a) VELEHRAD, 1204/05-1783b) 40 mm, Virgin Mary enthroned, holding flowers in right hand, childstanding on throne and holding mother.+SIGILLVM.COVENT ..DE. VEL.RADMZA Brno, 4/7/1345,1402.1403; 24/6/1438; 211411444;SOA Olomouc, 23/5/1456,1467; 25/3/1453; SOA Uherske Hradiste, 23/4/1495; SOA Olomouc, 1542.c) Convent seal Salem, round, 1320.d) 74 mm, Regina Coeli (crown, lily on left hand), child sitting on her rightside, framed in a niche.+S.CONVENTVS.MONASTERY. VELEGRADENSlS.AN.1550SOA Ti'ebon, 18/4/1550; SOA Olomouc, 28/9/1555, etc.

7 a) OSLAVANY, 1225-1525b) 41 mm, Virgin Mary Eleusa, child standing on left side, holding her;flowers growing up from throne.+SIGILLVM. CONVENTVS.IN. OSSLA VIAAM Brno, 2/10/1351; 20/6/1389, 1406; 12/2/1407; 20/3/1413.c) Zaar.d) 15th/16th century.

8 a) TISNOV, 1225-presentb) Pointed oval, ea 42x26mm, Christ Pantokrator, holding book in left hand,blessing; below is monk kneeling in prayer.+S. CONV.DE. TVSCHNOWI1ZSOA Brno, before 7/1/1325.c) Elective seal of Salzburg Archbishop Wladislaus, Duke of Silesia and thechancellor of Bohemian Kingdom. 1266.

d) 47 mm. Virgin Mary enthroned, holding child, without attributes, architec-tural frame. S.MON. CONVENTVS.IN. TVSCHNOWICZMZA Brno, 1/5/1379; 8/5/l380; 4/3/1448; 28/9/1515.

338 D. STEHLfKOV A

9 a) tDAR,1251/52-1784b) 32 mm, Regina Coeli and Eleusa (crown, holding roses in right hand),child standing. holding mother, attribute in left hand unclear.+S.COVENTVS.ROSIS.SCE MARIA IN SARMZA Brno, 5/3/1426; 6112/1443; 23/4/1445, 25/7/1445,1446; 11/11/1447;24/611448; 21/11/1457.c) Oslavany.d) 15thl16th century.

lOa) VYSSf BROD, 1258/59-1950, 1991-presentb) 45 mm. Regina Coeli and Eleusa (crown, holding child), child standingand holding rose, rambler-rose growing up from both sides of throne.+S.CONVENTVS.DE>ALTOVADOConvent archives, VyssI Brod. 6/1/1347; 15/8/1353; 10/3/1374; 4/7/1454;1/8/1464.c) Oslavany, taur.d) 16th century.

I I a) VIZOVICE, 1261, after 1481- 1621/36b) 42 mm, Regina Coeli (cron, holding flower in right hand), child standing.holding mother with right hand and a bird with left hand+SIGILVM.CONVENTVS.DE.ZMILENHEYMMZA Brno, 22/11/1453c) Wilhering, taur, Stare Brno.d) 54 mm, half-figure of Virgin Mary with crown, holding child on her leftarm, below is coat of arms with crossbeam.+S.CONVENTUS.MONASTERII ... SMILENHEIMSOA Olomouc, 1217/1452.

12 a) ZLATA KORUNA, 1263-1785b) 40 mm, Regina Coeli (crown) holding child on her left arm, child is hold-ing flower growing up from throne, another sprig grows from plinth ofthrone, candle stick stands on throne.+S. CONVENTVS.SCE. COR ONESOA Hebon, 11/811355 (recently lost): 4/411450; 26/8/1485; 25/2/1545;29/10/1554, 1559; 28/6/1562; 11/11/1562.c) Tisnov (child).d) 32 mm. Regina Coeli Assumpta, holding child on her left arm, candlestick on the throne, surrounded by radial aureole.+S. CONVENTV.S. CORONAESOA. Hebon, 15/7/1650.e) Krejöikovä-Krejöfk, 1989, Num.l01.

CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA 339

13 a) POHLED, 1265-1424, 1486-1782b) 33 mm, three-quarter figure of crowned Virgin Mary, standing with childon her right arm, holding a spril in her left hand, child is holding similar sprigin right hand.+S. CONVENTVS. VALL '.S.MARI ESUA Prague, 1336, 1338, 1341, 1345, 7/3/1391; 117/1391; 1817/1417.

14 a) SEZEMICE 1267/69-1421b) probably none .

15a) SVATEPOLE,ll49-1420b) probably none

16 a) ZBRASLA V, 1292/93-1785b) 35 mm, Regin Coeli (crown, lily sceptre), child sitting on her right side,throne with architectural form.+S. CONVENTVS.A VLE.REGIESUA Prague, 21/8/1333; 611111344; MZA Brno, 26/1/1358; APH KA, 2113/1371; SUA Prague, 24/3/1359; 15/6/1367; 18/8/1410; 10/10/1415.c) Nepomuk, Virgin Mary from Kladsko, Bohemia, 1340.d) 30 mm, Virgin Mary enthroned, child sitting on her right arm, architectonicframe, below is coat of arms with two croziers. +SIGILLVM.CONV ...AUL ..APH KA Prague, 14/3/1517.

17 a) STARE BRNO, 1323-1619,1620-1782b) 38 mm, Regina Coeli (crown), holding a sprig in left hand, child standingand holding mother, shrub with grenade-apples in background.+SIGILLVM>CONVENTVSMZA Bmo, 417/1345,1351,1352,1354; 6/3/1388.c) Vizovice, Zdar, Sedlec.d) 40 mm, Virgin Mary seated on cushion, child is taking a step, drapery inbackground.S.COVET.MON.AULE.SANCTE MARIEMZA Brno, 911211407, 1414; 4/311416; 18/8/1435; 21/4/1444.

18 a) KLAsTERNI SKALICE, 1357-1424b) probably none

340 D. STEHLfKOvA1.1: CISTERCIAN SEALS IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA 341

I

Monastery* foundation from Monks or Nuns First abbatial First monastery First monastery Second monasteryp seal preserved seal inserted seal preserved seal

Sedlec 1142-43 Waldsassen monks 1271 1336 1336 16th century

Plasy 1144-45 Langheim monks, after 1228 1341 1341 after 1520

Nepomuk 1144-45 Ebrach monks 1297 1371 1417 ---Hradme 1148 Plasy monks , 1409 1399 ? ---Osek 1197-99 Waldsassen monks l 1231 --- 1352 before 1525Velehrad 1204-05 Plasy monks after 1228 1345 1345 dated 1550

Oslavany 1225 Heiligenkreuz nuns 1259 1327 1351 15th/16th century

Tisnov 1232-33 Velehrad nuns I 1287 1325 1325 16th century

Zdar 1251-52 Nepomuk monks 1287 1341 1426 15th/16th century

VyssfBrod 1258-59 Wilhering monks 1321 1347 1347 15th/16th century

Vizovice 1261 Velehrad monks~ 1287 1341 1453 1452

Zlatä Koruna 1263 Heiligenkreuz monks 1293 1355 1355 after 1562

Pohled 1265 Sedlec nuns 1316 1333 1341 ---Sezemice 1267-69 Sedlec nuns --- --- --- ---Svate Pole 1149 HradiSte? monks 1409 --- --- ---Zbraslav 1292-93 Sedlec monks 1307 1333 1333 before 1517

Stare Bmo 1323 Sedlec nuns1

1345 1333 1345 1407

Kleistern! Skalice 1357 Sedlec monks 1409 --- --- ---

Table 1. Clstercian Seals in Bohemia and Moravia

* See page 347 for lexicon indicating names of abbeys in other languages.

342 D. STEHLfKOV A

US sceaux des cisterciens de Boheme et de Moravie entre 1220 et 1520

Jusqu'au premier quart du XIIf slecle, les cisterciens de Boheme et de Moravie nepossedaient pas de sceau. Les sceaux abbatiaux anonymes apparaissent apres 1228 ; desnoms ont ete ajoutes dans les dernieres decennies du xnr siecle. Avant 1335, les sceauxabbatiaux sont exceptionnels: Tisnov 1325, Zbraslav-Königssaal, 1333. Les autresabbayes ont respecte les decisions du Chapitre general de l'Ordre qui interdit l'usage dusceau, puis le limita, enfin, des 1335, I'imposa. Du point de vue artistique, les sceaux lesplus interessants sont ceux qui sont dotes d'une iconographie mariale : des types Reine duCiel, Eleusa, Hodegetria et Hortus Mariae. On peut rarement identifier le modele; leplus souvent, il ne semble pas qu'on ait voulu copier une icöne particuliere.

Cistercian Seals in Bohemia and Mora via from 1220 to 1520

Until approximately 1225, the Cistercian monasteries of Bohemia and Moravia used noseals of their own on monastic charters. Anonymous abbatial seals were introduced after1228, and during the last decades of the 13th century these seals bore the names of theabbots. Conventual seals dating before 1335 are rare (Tisnov 1325, Zbraslav/Königssaal1333). Most of the monasteries respected the resolutions of the General Chapter which atfirst prohibited, then limited, and then (after 1335) ordered the use of seals. Artistically,the most remarkable conventual seals portray the Virgin Mary as Regina Coeli, Eleusa,Hodegetrla, and Hortus Mariae. There seems to have been no particular icons that servedas models for these seals.

Siegel der böhmischen und mährlschen Zisterzienser 1220-1520

Bis ungefähr 1225 benutzten die böhmischen und mährischen Zisterzienser keine eige-nen Siegel. Anonyme Abtssiegel erschienen nach 1228, die Namen von Personen enthiel-ten sie erst seit den letzten Jahrzehnten des 13. Jhs. Konventssiegel sind als Ausnahmenschon vor 1335 bekannt (Tisnov 1325, Zbraslav/Königsaal 1333). Die anderen Konventefolgten den Vorschriften des Generalkapitels, das die Benutzung von Siegeln erst unter-sagte, dann beschränkte und nach 1335 anordnete. Besondere kunsthistorische Aufmerk-samkeit verdienen die Mariensiegel der Konvente, die Darstellungen Marias alsHimmelskönigin, Eleusa, Hodegetria oder den Mariengarten zeigen. In sehr wenigen Fäl-len kann eine genaue Vorlage bestimmt werden. Es scheint jedoch, daß die Siegel meistkein konkretes Bild als Vorlage benutzten.

Pele,i leslcych a moravskych cisterciäkü z let 1220-1520

Al do l.ötvrtiny 13. stolen neu!Cvali te~tC a moravstf cisterciäci Mdne vlastnf peöeti.Opatske peöeti anonymnf byly zavedeny po roce 1228, jmena se na nich objevila od pos-lednfch desetiletf 13. stoletf, konventnf peöeti byly zavedeny vyjime~n~ pred rokem 1335(Tisnov 1325, Zbraslav 1333), ostatnC konventy se pfesne l'fdily vyhläskaml generälnfflidove kapituly, kterä zprvu u!fvanC peöetf zakazovala, pak omezovala a od roku 1335jejich zavedenf nafizovala, Vytvarn~ nejpozoruhodnejsf jsou mariänske peöeti konventnfS obrazem typu Krälovna nebes, Eleusa, Hodegetrla a Zahrada mariänskä, z nicht umäloktere se dochovala pfesnä pfedloha, v!t~inou ani na peöeti 'llidna kontretut ikonazobrazena nebyla.