C-Viva Report2 for Ece

COMPREHENSIVE VIVA TEC

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ELECTRONIC DEVICES

SUBJECT: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

UNIT I

Electron dynamics and CRO: motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic

fields. Simple problems involving electric and magnetic fields only. Electrostatic and

magnetic focusing. Principles of CRT, deflection sensitivity (Electrostatic and magnetic

deflection), parallel electric and magnetic fields, perpendicular electric and magnetic

fields.

UNIT II

Junction diode characteristics: Review of semi conductor Physics – n and p –type

semi conductors, Mass Action Law, Continuity Equation, Hall Effect, Fermi level in

intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Open-circuited p-n junction, The p-n junction

Energy band diagram of PN diode, PN diode as as a rectifier (forward bias and reverse

bias), The current components in p-n diode, Law of junction, Diode equation, Volt-

ampere characteristics of p-n diode, Temperature dependence of VI characteristic,

Transition and Diffusion capacitances, Step graded junction, Breakdown Mechanisms in

Semi Conductor (Avalanche and Zener breakdown) Diodes, Zener diode

characteristics, Characteristics of Tunnel Diode with the help of energy band diagrams,

Varactar Diode, LED, LCD. And photo diode

UNIT III

Rectifiers, filters and regulators: Half wave rectifier, ripple factor, full wave rectifier,

Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, Capacitor filter, L- section

filter, - section filter, Multiple L- section and Multiple section filter, and comparison of

various filter circuits in terms of ripple factors, Simple circuit of a regulator using zener

diode, Series and Shunt voltage regulators.


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UNIT-IV

Transistor and FET Regulators: Junction transistor, Transistor current components,

Transistor as an amplifier, Transistor construction, Detailed study of currents in a

transistor, Transistor alpha, Input and Output characteristics of transistor in Common

Base, Common Emitter, and Common collector configurations, Relation between Alpha

and Beta, typical transistor junction voltage values, JFET characteristics (Qualitative

and Quantitative discussion), Small signal model of JFET, MOSFET characterisitics

(Enhancement and depletion mode), Symbols of MOSFET, Comparison of Transistors,

Introduction to SCR and UJT.

UNIT-V

Biasing and stabilization: : BJT biasing, DC equivalent model, criteria for fixing

operating point, Fixed bias, Collector to base bias, Self bias techniques for stabilization,

Stabilization factors, (S, S', S'‘), Compensation techniques, (Compensation against

variation in VBE, Ico,) Thermal run away, Thermal stability,

UNIT- VI

AMPLIFIERS : Small signal low frequency transistor amplifier circuits: h-parameter

representation of a transistor, Analysis of single stage transistor amplifier using h-

parameters: voltage gain, current gain, Input impedance and Output impedance.

Comparison of transistor configurations in terms of AI , Ri , Av , Ro,

UNIT- VII

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS : Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers,

General characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Effect of Feedback on input and

output characteristics, Voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt

feedback amplifiers with discrete components and their analysis


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UNIT-VIII

OSCILLATORS : Condition for oscillations. RC-phase shift oscillators with Transistor

and FET, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, Wein bridge oscillator, Crystal oscillators,

Frequency and amplitude stability of oscillators.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: Electronics has been designed as that branch of science and technology which relates to the conduction of electricity through vacuum by electrons alone are through gases by electrons and ions. Electrons has a wide range of applications, such as rectification, amplication, power generation, industrial control, photo-electricity, communications and so on. The operation of electronic device depends upon the motion of electrons under the influence of electric and magnetic fields. The behaviour of an electron under the influence of these fields is termed as electron ballistics. This chapter deals with the study of basic properties of matter it starts with simple definitions, motion of particles in simple paths under uniform fields to complex paths under varying fields.

UNIT II

Objective: The PN junction diode is one of semiconductor devices with two semiconductor materials in physical contact, one with excess of holes and other with excess of electrons. A PN junction diode may be found from a single crystal intrinsic semiconductor by doping part of it with acceptor impurities and reminder with donors. The mast important characteristic of an PN junction is its ability to allow the flow of current in only one direction in the opposite direction , it offers very high resistance.

UNIT III

Objective: Many electronic equipment contain circuits which convert the AC supply voltage into DC supply voltage at a required level. The unit containing these circuits is called the linear mode power supply(LMPS). In the absence of AC mains supply, the DC supply from battery can be converted into required ac voltage which may be used by computer and other electronic systems for their operation. In certain applications DC to DC conversion is required such a power supply unit that converts DC into AC or DC is called switched mode power supply(SMPS).

UNIT IV

Objective: A bipolar junction transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device in which the operation depends on the interaction of both majority and minority carriers and hence the name bipolar. The BJT is a analogous to a vacuum triode and is comparatively smaller in size. It is used in amplifier and oscillator circuits, and as a switch in digital circuits. It has wide applications in computers, satellites and other modern communication systems.


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UNIT V

Objective: The quiescent operating point of a transistor amplifier should be established in the active region of its characteristics. Since the transistor parameter such as beta, Ico and VBE are functions of temperature, the operating point shifts with changes in temperature. The stability of different methods of biasing circuits and compensation techniques for stabilizing the operating point.

UNIT VI

Objective: A transistor can be treated as two port network. The terminal behaviour of any two port can be specified by the terminal voltages v1 and v2 at ports 1 and 2 respectively, and currents i1 and i2, entering ports 1 and 2 respectively, and four variables v1, v2 , i1 and i2, two can be selected as independent variables and the remaining two can be termed in these independent variables.

UNIT VII

Objective: Feedback plays a very important role in electronic circuits and the basic parameters, such an input impedance, output impedance, current or voltage gain and bandwidth, may be altered considerably by the use of feedback for a given amplifiers. In large signals amplifiers electronic measuring instruments, the major problem of distortion should be avoided as far as possible. Again, the gain must be independent of external factors such as variation in the voltage of the DC supply and of the values of circuit components. All these can be achieved by feedback. Portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal and there by the feedback is accomplished.

UNIT VIII

Objective: Any circuit which is used to generate an AC voltage without an AC input signal I called an oscillator. To generate the AC voltage, the circuit is supplied with energy from a DC source. If the output voltage is a sine wave function of time, the oscillator is called a ―sinusoidal‖ or ―Harmonic‖ oscillator. Positive feedback and negative resistance oscillators belong to this category and there is an another category of oscillators which generate non sinusoidal waveforms such as square, rectangular, or sawtooth waves. This chapter surveys methods of generating the sinusoidal waveforms.


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BITS

1) A silicon PN junction is forward biased with a constant current at room temperature.

When the temperature is increased by 10degrees c, the forward bias voltage across

the PN junction [d]

(a) increases by 60mv

(b) decreases by 60mv

(c) increases by 25mv

(d) decreases by 25mv

2) Drift current in semiconductors depends upon [c]

(a) only the electric field

(b) only the carrier concentration gradient

(c) both the electric field and the carrier concentration

(d) both the electric field and the carrier concentration gradient

3) A zener diode, when used in voltage stabilization circuits, is based in [b]

(a) reverse bias region below the breakdown voltage

(b) reverse breakdown region

(c) forward bias region

(d) forward bias constant current mode

4) At room temperature, a possible value for the mobility of electronics in the inversion

layer of a silicon n-channel MOSFET is [b]

(a) 450 cm^2/v-s

(b) 13500 cm^2/v-s

(c) 1800 cm^2/v-s

(d) 3600 cm^2/v-s


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5) Which of the following is NOT associated with a p-n junction? [d]

(a) junction capacitance

(b) charge storage capacitance

(c) depletion capacitance

(d) channel length modulation

6) The concentration of minority carriers in an extrinsic semiconductor under equilibrium

is [b]

(a) directly proportional to the doping concentration

(b) inversely proportional to the doping concentration

(c) directly proportional to the intrinsic concentration

(d) inversely proportional to the intrinsic concentration

7) Under low level injection assumption, the injected minority carrier current for an

extrinsic semiconductor is essentially the [a]

(a) diffusion current

(b) drift current

(c) recombination current

(d) induced current

8) The phenomenon known as ―early effect‖ in a bpolar transistor refers to a reduction of

the effective base-width caused by [b]

(a) electron-hole recombination at the base

(b) the reverse biasing of the base-collector junction

(c) the forward biasing of emitter-base junction

(d) the early removal of stored base charge during saturation-to-cutoff switching


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9) The primary reason for the widespread use of silicon in semiconductor device

technology is [c]

(a) Abundance of silicon on the surface of the earth

(b) Larger band gap of silicon in comparison to germanium

(c) Favorable properties of silicon-dioxide (sio2)

(d) Lower melting point.

10) The impurity commonly used for realizing the base region of a silicon n-p-n

transistor is [c]

(a) gallium

(b) indium

(c) boron

(d) phosphorus

11) An ideal op-amp is an ideal [b]

(a) voltage controlled current source

(b) voltage controlled voltage source

(c) current controlled current source

(d) current controlled voltage source

12) n-type silicon is obtained by doping silicon with [d]

(a) germanium

(b) aluminum

(c) boron

(d) phosphorus


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13) The band gap of silicon at 300k [b]

(a) 1.36ev

(b) 1.10ev

(c) 0.80ev

(d) 0.67ev

14) MOSFET can be used as a [b]

(a) current controlled capacitor

(b) voltage controlled capacitor

(c) current controlled inductor

(d) voltage controlled inductor

15) The effective channel length of a MOSFET in saturation decreases with

Increase in [b]

(a) gate voltage

(b) drain voltage

(c) source voltage

(d) body voltage

16) The early effect in a bipolar junction transistor is caused by [c]

(a) fast turn-on

(b) fast turn-off

(c) large collector-base reverse bias


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(d) large emitter-base forward bias

17) The electron and hole concentration in a intrinsic semiconductor are ni and pi

respectively. When doped with a p-type material, these change to n and p, respectively

then [d]

(a) n+p=ni+pi

(b) n+ni=p+pi

(c) npi=nip

(d) np=nipi

18) The intrinsic impedance of copper at high frequencies [d]

(a) purely resistive

(b) purely inductive

(c) complex with a capacitive component

(d) complex with an inductive component.

19) For a MOS capacitor fabricated on a p-type semiconductor, strong inversion occurs

when [d]

(a) surface potential is equal to fermi potential

(b) surface potential is zero

(c) surface potential is negative and equal to fermi potential in magnitude

(d) surface potential is positive and equal to twice the fermi potential


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20) A zener diode works on the principle of [a]

(a) tunneling of charge carriers across the junction

(b) thermionic emission

(c) diffusion of charge carriers across the junction

(d) hopping of charge carriers across the junction


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SUBJECT: PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

UNIT I

Linear wave shaping : High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal,

step, pulse, square and ramp inputs. RC network as differentiator and integrator,

attenuators, its applications in CRO probe, RL and RLC circuits and their response for

step input, Ringing circuit.

UNIT II

Non linear wave shaping : Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two

independent levels, Transfer characteristics of clippers, Emitter coupled clipper,

Comparators, applications of voltage comparators, clamping operation, clamping

circuits using diode with different inputs, Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping

circuits, effect of diode characteristics on clamping voltage, Transfer characteristics of

clampers.

UNIT III

Switching characteristics of devices : Diode as a switch, piecewise linear diode

characteristics, Transistor as a switch, Break down voltage consideration of transistor,

saturation parameters of Transistor and their variation with temperature, Design of

transistor switch, transistor-switching times.

UNIT IV

Multivibrators : Analysis and Design of Bistable, Monostable, Astable Multivibrators

and Schmitt trigger using transistors.


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UNIT V

Time base generator : General features of a time base signal, methods of generating

time base waveform, Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles,

Transistor miller time base generator, Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current

time base generators.

UNIT VI

Synchronization and frequency division : Principles of Synchronization, Frequency

division in sweep circuit, Astable relaxation circuits, Monostable relaxation circuits,

Synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency

division with a sweep circuit.

UNIT VII

Sampling Gates : Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-

directional sampling gates, Reduction of pedestal in gate circuits, Applications of

sampling gates.

UNIT VIII

Realization of Logic Gates Using Diodes & Transistors : AND, OR gates using

Diodes, Resistor, Transistor Logic, Diode Transistor Logic.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: A Linear network is a network made up of linear elements only. A linear network can be described by linear differential equations. In pulse circuitry, there are a number of waveforms such are sinusoidal, step, pulse, square wave, ramp and exponential wave forms. The response of RC, RL and RLC circuits to these signals is described in this chapter. Out of these signals, the sinusoidal signal has a unique characteristic that it preserves its shape when it is transmitted through a linear network i.e, under steady state, the output will be a precise reproduction of the input sinusoidal signal. There will be a change in the amplitude of the signal and there may be a phase shift beween the input and the output waveforms.

UNIT II

Objective: The circuits for which the output are non-sinusoidal for sinusoidal inputs are called non-linear wave shaping circuits, for example clipping circuits and clamping circuits. Clipping means cutting and removing the part. A clipping circuit is a circuit which remove the undesired part of waveform and transmits only the desired part of the signal which is above or below some reference level. Clipping circuits are also called voltage limiters. Clipping circuits may be single level clippers or two level clippers. Single level clippers may be series diode clippers with and without reference. Clamping circuits may be negative clampers with and without reference.

UNIT III

Objective: Electronic devices such as junction diodes, thermonic diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes all have extreme regions of operation in which they nominally do not conduct even when large voltages are applied, and there are regions in which they conduct heavily even when relatively small voltages are applied. In these regions, the device is described as being OFF, OPEN, or non conducting. In the other extreme region the device is described as being ON, CLOSED or conducting. When the device is driven from one extreme condition to the other, it operates much like a switch.

UNIT IV

Objective: Multi means many, vibrator means oscillator. A circuit which can oscillate at a number of frequencies is called a multivibrator. Multivibrators are bistable multivibrator, monostable multivibrator, Astable multivibrator. Each of these multivibrators has two states. Bistable has two stable states, a monostable has only one stable state and the astable has no stable state. The stable state of a multivibrator is the


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state in which the device can stay permanently. Only when a proper external triggering signal is applied, it will change its state. Quasi stable state means temporarily stable states. The device cannot say permanently in this state. In this chapter we will discuss multivibrators with two-stage regenerative amplifiers.

UNIT V

Objective: A time-based generator is an electronic circuit which generates an output voltage or current waveform, a portion of which varies linearly with time. Ideally the output waveform should be a ramp. Time-base generators may be voltage time-base generators or current time-base generators. A voltage time-base generator is one that provides an output voltage waveform, a portion of which exhibits a linear variation with respect to time. A current time-base generator is one that provides an output current waveform, a portion of which exhibits a linear variation with respect to time. The most important application of a time-base generator is in CROs.

UNIT VI

Objective: A pulse or digital system may involve several different basic waveform generators and the system may require that all these generators be operated synchronously in step with one another. Two or more waveform generators are said to operate in synchronous if each one of them arrive at some reference point in its cycle at the same time. Synchronous is the process of making two or more waveform generators arrive at some reference point in the cycle at exactly the same time. Synchronous may be on one-to-one basis or with frequency division. Synchronization is said to be with frequency division if the generators operate at different frequencies.

UNIT VII

Objective: Sampling gates, also called linear gates, transmission gates or selection circuits, are transmission circuits in which the output is an exact reproduction of the input during a selected time interval and is zero otherwise. The time interval for transmission is selected by an externally impressed signal which is called the gating signal and is usually rectangular in wave shape. Sampling gates may be unidirectional sampling gates or bidirectional sampling gates. Unidirectional gates are those which transmit signal of both the polarities. The output of a sampling gate is an exact reproduction of the input during selected time interval.


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UNIT VIII

Objective: Logic gates are the fundamental building blocks of digital systems. They are called logic gates because such devices have the ability to make decisions; they produce one output level when some combinations of input level are present. They are number of logic gates and each logic gate is dedicated to a specific logic operation. The interconnection of gates to perform a variety of logical operations is called logic design. A logic gate is a digital circuit with one or more inputs and only one output all input and output signals to the gate can be either low voltage levels or high voltage levels.


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BITS

1) When a sinusoidal waveform is transmitted through an RC high-pass filter we find that [c]

(a) The amplitude is not affected (b) The frequency of the waveform is altered (c) The amplitude and phase of the waveform are altered (d) The slope of the waveform does not change

2) The series capacitor in an RC high-pass filter is called [d] (a) By-pass capacitor (b) stabilization capacitor (c) Filter capacitor (d) blocking capacitor

3) Limiting and slicing operations are performed by [a] (a) Clipping circuit (b) clamping circuit (c) Ringing circuit (d) compensated attenuator

4) Choose an alternative term for clamping circuits from the following [b] (a) Attenuator (b) amplitude selector (c) Clamping circuit (d) sampling circuit

5) In an diode clamping circuit with resistor R across diode, the purpose of R [a]

(a) to provide a discharge path when input amplitude decreases (b) for blocking the d.c component (c) to function as a bypass capacitor (d) to allow high frequency components into the output

6) The minority carrier concentration at the p-n junction are computed by making use of [b]

(a) the law of mass action (b) the law of junction (c) the continuity equation (d) the diode switching lines

7) A semiconductor switch can be treated as [c] (a) Switch activated from an external point (b) voltage-controlled switch (c) Self-activated switch (d) low power consuming switch


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8) The two important applications of a bitable multivibrator are [d] (a) Memory element and in combinational logic (b) Counting element and in binary registers (c) Generation of clock pulses and synchronizing pulses (d) As a memory element and a counting element

9) In unsymmetrical triggering the bitable multivibrator requires [b] (a)one trigger source (b) two trigger sources (c) AN LPF in the coupling network (d) diode in coupling circuit

10)In symmetrical triggering the bistable multivibrator can make transitions [a] (a) In both directions (b) in forward direction only (c) In reverse direction only (d) is always set

11) The following is one of the main applications of a voltage time-base Waveform [c] (a) Magneto static deflection in a CRO (b) electrostatic deflection in a television receiver (c) Electrostatic deflection in a CRO (d) In radar applications

12) Input and output almost have equal amplitudes in the following circuits [c] (a) miller voltage time-base circuit (b) constant-current charging (c) bootstrap voltage time-base (d) UJT relaxation oscillator

13) In a television receiver current timer base waveform is applied to [b] (a) RF section (b) yoke (c) audio section (d) mixer circuit

14) The current time base waveforms are mainly used in [d] (a) electrostatic deflection system (b) cathode ray oscilloscope (c) video camera (d) magneto static deflection system

15) The method of triggering applied to a collector-coupled monostable multivibrator is generally classified as [b] (a) Symmetrical triggering (b) unsymmetrical triggering (c) Bidirectional triggering (d) dc triggering


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16) Under steady state the output is given by, when the circuit and input are as shown in the figure [c] a) Vo = Vi .Vm b) Vo = Vi + Vm c) Vo = Vi - Vm d) Vo = Vi / Vm

17) Common base configurations is little used because [c] (a) High voltage gain (b) High current gain (c) It has low input impedance (d) High input impedance

18) monostable vibrators generates [b] (a) Pulse wave form (b) Ramp signal (c) Sine wave (d) Square wave

19) smallest times between two successive triggers is ----------- [a]

(a) Restoring time (b) Storage time (c) Delay time (d) Rise time

20) gain of integrator decreases with ---------- frequency [a] (a) Increase (b) constant (c) low (d) decreases


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DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS

UNIT I

CMOS Logic: Introduction to logic families, CMOS logic, CMOS steady state electrical behavior, CMOS dynamic electrical behavior, CMOS logic families.

UNIT II

Bipolar Logic and Interfacing : Bipolar logic, Transistor logic, TTL families, CMOS/TTL interfacing, low voltage CMOS logic and interfacing, Emitter coupled logic, Comparison of logic families, Familiarity with standard 74XX and CMOS 40XX series-ICs – Specifications.

UNIT III

The VHDL Hardware Description Language : Design flow, program structure, types and constants, functions and procedures, libraries and packages.

UNIT IV

The VHDL Design Elements: Structural design elements, data flow design elements, behavioral design elements, time dimension and simulation synthesis.

UNIT V

Combinational Logic Design : Decoders, encoders, three state devices, multiplexers and demultiplexers, Code Converters, EX-OR gates and parity circuits, comparators, adders & subtractors, ALUs, Combinational multipliers. VHDL modes for the above ICs.

UNIT VI

Design Examples (using VHDL): Design examples (using VHDL) - Barrel shifter, comparators, floating-point encoder, dual parity encoder.

UNIT VII

Sequential Logic Design: Latches and flip-flops, PLDs, counters, shift register, and their VHDL models, synchronous design methodology, impediments to synchronous design.

UNIT VIII

Memories: ROMs: Internal structure, 2D-decoding commercial types, timing and applications. Static RAM: Internal structure, SRAM timing, standard SRAMS, synchronous SRAMS. Dynamic RAM: Internal structure, timing, synchronous DRAMs. Familiarity with Component Data Sheets – Cypress CY6116,CY7C1006, Specifications.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM,

and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits

such as image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many

types of communication. Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1967. CMOS is also

sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metal-oxide-semiconductor. The

words ―complementary-symmetry‖ refer to the fact that the typical digital design style

with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs oof p-type and n-type metal

oxide semiconductor field effect transistors(MOSFETs) for logic functions.

UNIT II

Objective: TTL is notable for being a widespread IC family used in many applications

such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer

electronics, synthesis, etc. the designation TTL is sometimes used to mean TTL-

compatible logic levels. Transistor-transistor logic(TTL) is a class of digital circuits built

from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors.

UNIT III

Objective: VHDL(VHSIC hardware description language) is a hardware description

language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal

systems such as field-programmable gate arrays and integrated circuits. In electronics,

a hardware description language or HDL is any language from a class of computer

languages, specification languages, or modeling languages for formal description and

design of electronic circuits, and most-commonly, digital logic.

UNIT IV

Objective: The VHDL language was developed to allow modeling of digital hardware. It

can be seen as a super-set of ADA, with a built-in message passing mechanism called

signals. The language was defined in the mid-1980‘s as a response to the difficulties of

developing, validating and co-simulating increasingly complex digital devices developed

within the VHSIC program. The main focus was to be able to write executable


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specifications, and allow specifications(or models) from different providers(companies)

to be simulated together.

UNIT V

Objective: The approach taken is to examine the tasks that a combinational logic

circuits is intended to perform an then identify one or more circuits that can perform the

task. One circuit may have some specific advantages over others, but it may also have

certain deficiencies. Often one factor can be improved, but only at the expense of

others. Some important factors are speed of operations, complexity are cost of

hardware, power dissipation and availability in pre-fabricated units. We will takeup a

number of different operations that are useful I different context and show how

appropriate circuits can be designed to carry out these operations.

UNIT VI

Objective: The design examples may only be used within Altera devices and remain

the property of Altera Corporation. They are being provided on as ―as-is‖ basis and as

an accommodation; therefore, all warranties, representation, or guarantees of any kind

(whether express, implied, or statutory) including, without limitation, warranties of

merchantability, non-infringement, or fitness for a particular purpose, are specially

disclaimed. Altera expressly does not recommend, suggest, or require that these

examples be used in combination with any other product not provided by Altera.

UNIT VII

Objective: In digital circuit theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose out

depends not only on the present input but also on history on the input. This in contrast

to combinational logic, whose output is a function of, and only of, the present input. In

others words sequential logic has state while combinational logic does not. Sequential

logic is therefore used to construct some types of computer memory, other types of

delay and storage elements, and finite state machines.

UNIT VIII

Objective: ROM architecture, types and applications, ram architecture, static and

dynamic RAMs, synchronous DRAMs. Read-only memory(ROM) is a class of storage


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media used in computer and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be

modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to

distribute firmware software that is very closely tied to specific hardware.


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BITS

1) Which of the following can be used to change data from special code to temporal

code [b]

(a) Shift registers (b) counters

(c) A/d converters (d) combinational circuits

2) How many FFs are required to build a binary counter circuit to count from 0 to 1023 [b]

(a) 1 (b) 6

(c) 10 (d) 24

3) A switch-tail ring counter is made by using a single D-FF. The resulting circuit is [d]

(a) SR flipflop (b) JK flipflop

(c) D flipflop (d) T flipflop

4) Four memory chips of 16x4 size have their address buses connected together. This

system will be of size [c]

(a) 64x4 (b) 32x8

(c) 16x16 (d) 156x1

5) Digital multiplexer is basically a combinational circuit to perform the operation [a]

(a) AND-AND (b) OR-OR

(c) AND-OR (d) OR-AND

6) One of the following is 3 to 8 decoder [a]

(a) 74X138 (b) 74X130

(c) 74X119 (d) 74X36

7) A seven segment decoder has ____ as its input code [a]

(a) 4 bit BCD (b) 6 bit excess 3

(c) 3 bit octal (d) 3 bit hex


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8) _________ is seven segment decoder [c]

(a) 74x49 (b) 74X138

(c) 74X491 (d) 74X149

9) 10111 input gives _______ output in seven segment decoder [a]

(a) 1110000 (b) 1110001

(c) 1110010 (d) 1100000

10) Blanking input in 74X49 is [c]

(a) Bi _ L (b) Bi _ H

(c) B _ L (d) Bi _ U

11) The basic storage element in a digital system is [b] a) Flip flop b) Counter c) Multiplexer d) Encoder

12) A counter has N flip flops. The total number of states are [c] a) N b) N to the power N c) 2N d) 4N

13) An output of combinational ckt depends on [a] a) Present inputs b) Previous inputs c) Both present and previous d) None of above

14) The internal structure of PLA is similar to [a] a) RAM b) ROM c) Both RAM or ROM d) Neither RAM or ROM


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15) The contents of these chips are lost when the computer is switched off? [c] a) ROM chips b) RAM chips c) DRAM chips d) None of above

16) Which is non-volatile memory [b] a) RAM b) ROM c) Both d) None

17) As compared to TTL,CMOS logic has [c] a) Higher speed of operation b) Higher power dissipation c) Smaller physical size d) All the above

18) As compared to TTL,ECL has [b] a) Lower power dissipation b) Lower propagation delay c) Higher propagation delay d) Higher noise margin

19) Digital technologies begin used now-a-days are [c] a) DTL and EMOS b) TTL,ECL,COMOS and RTL c) TTL.ECL and CMOS d) TTL,ECL,CMOS and DTL

20) A universal shift register can shift [c] a) From right to left b) From left to right c) Both from right to left and left to right d) None of above


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VLSI DESIGN

UNIT I

Introduction : Introduction to IC Technology – MOS, PMOS, NMOS, CMOS & BiCMOS technologies- Oxidation, Lithography, Diffusion, Ion implantation, Metallisation, Encapsulation, Probe testing, Integrated Resistors and Capacitors.

UNIT II

Basic Electrical Properties : Basic Electrical Properties of MOS and BiCMOS Circuits: Ids-Vds relationships, MOS transistor threshold Voltage, gm, gds, figure of merit Pass transistor, NMOS Inverter, Various pull ups, CMOS Inverter analysis and design, Bi-CMOS Inverters.

UNIT III

VLSI Circuit Design Process : VLSI Design Flow, MOS Layers, Stick Diagrams, Design Rules and Layout, 2 Layout Diagrams for NMOS and CMOS Inverters and Gates, Scaling of MOS circuits, Limitations of Scaling.

UNIT IV

Gate Level Design : Logic Gates and Other complex gates, Switch logic, Alternate gate circuits, Basic circuit concepts, Sheet Resistance RS and its concept to MOS, Area Capacitance Units, Calculations - - Delays, Driving large Capacitive Loads, Wiring Capacitances, Fan-in and fan-out, Choice of layers

UNIT V

Subsystem Design : Subsystem Design, Shifters, Adders, ALUs, Multipliers, Parity generators, Comparators, Zero/One Detectors, Counters, High Density Memory Elements.

UNIT VI

Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Design : PLAs, FPGAs, CPLDs, Standard Cells, Programmable Array Logic, Design Approach.

UNIT VII

VLHL Design : VHDL Synthesis, Circuit Design Flow, Circuit Synthesis, Simulation, Layout, Design capture tools, Design Verification Tools, Test Principles.

UNIT VIII

CMOS Testing : CMOS Testing, Need for testing, Test Principles, Design Strategies for test, Chip level Test Techniques, System-level Test Techniques, Layout Design for improved Testability.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: It introducing the basically simple MOS transistors structures and the fabrication process used in NMOS, CMOS and BiCMOS. Although this chapter concentrates on digital circuits and systems techniques can be applied to the design and fabrication of analog and RF devices. VLSI complexity which will include, on single chip significant analog interfaces as well as RF and other appropriate circuitry. This high level of integration will lead to fewer packages and inter connection and to more complex systems. This implies that there will be a marked beneficial effect on cost and reliability of the systems that will be available to all professions and disciplines and in most aspects of everyday life.

UNIT II

Objective: It explains th basic characteristics of MOS transistors and examines the various possibilities for configuring inverter circuits in the case of NMOS circuits ratio rules and need for NMOS circuits are explained. Explains the characteristics of BiMOS transistor and inverter circuitry, aspects of latch up are considered for CMOS and BiCMOS. Bipolar transistor parameters are compared with the parameters of CMOS transistors.

UNIT III

Objective: It provides methods and means for materializing circuit designs in silicon. Design process is aided by simple concepts such as stick and symbolic diagrams but the key is a design rules. Design rules are communication link between the designer specifying requirements and the fabricator who materializes them. Design rules are used to produce workable mask layouts from which the various layers in silicon will be formed or patterned.

UNIT IV

Objective: It explains the CMOS technology devices and their inter connections. The wiring up of circuits take place through the various conductive layers which are produced by the MOS Processing and it is therefore necessary to be aware of the resistive and capacitive characteristics of each layer. Concepts such as sheet resistance Rs and a capacitance Cg, help greatly in evaluating the effects of wiring and input and output capacitances, delays associated with wiring, with inverters and with other circuitary may be conveniently evaluated in terms of delay unit T


DEPT OF ECE Page 29

UNIT V

Objective: It examines the way we have approach the design of a system and a particular subsystem in detail. Suitably partition the architecture into subsystems which are as per as possible, self contained and which give as simple interconnection requirements as possible, determine the interconnection strategy, choose layers on which to run buses and main control signals, develops stick diagrams, produce mask layouts for the standard cells. Cascade and replicate standard cells as necessary to complete the desired subsystems.

UNIT VI

Objective: It explains the PLD which is a general purpose chip for implementing logic circuitry. It contains the collection of logic circuit elements which can be customized in different ways, explains the FPGA, ASIC designs. ASIC is full custom circuits in which every mask is defined by the customer or semicustom circuits in which few masks are defined. Types of ASICs are full-custom ASICs, semi-custom ASICs.

UNIT VII

Objective: It explains VHDL synthesis. There are various modern methods for designing logic circuits using different tools. One such method is computer aided design(CAD). The methodology used in many fields is based on the industry standard design language called VHDL. There are three types of designs in VHDL are Behavioral design, RTL design and Gate level design. Simulation is the fundamental and essential part of the design process for any electronic based product.

UNIT VIII

Objective: It explains the CMOS testing. After the chip is fabricated it is tested for manufacturing defects. The chip designer must verify or validate the design to ensure the circuit performance. Verification and validation is different process than testing. The verification is related to formal proof of correctness. While validation is a technique that increase confidence in correctness.


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BITS

1) Chip utilization depends on ___. [b] a. Only on standard cells b. Standard cells and macros c. Only on macros d. Standard cells macros and IO pads 2) In Soft blockages ____ cells are placed. [c] a. Only sequential cells b. No cells c. Only Buffers and Inverters d. Any cells 3) Filler cells are added ___. [d] a. Before Placement of std cells b. After Placement of Std Cells c. Before Floor planning d. Before Detail Routing 4) What is routing congestion in the design? [a] a. Ratio of required routing tracks to available routing tracks b. Ratio of available routing tracks to required routing tracks c. Depends on the routing layers available d. None of the above 5) Delay between shortest path and longest path in the clock is called ____. [c] a. Useful skew b. Local skew c. Global skew d. Slack 6) Which of the following metal layer has Maximum resistance? [a] a. Metal1 b. Metal2 c. Metal3 d. Metal4 7) Leakage power is inversely proportional to ___. [d] a. Frequency b. Load Capacitance c. Supply voltage d. Threshold Voltage


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8) More IR drop is due to ___. [b] a. Increase in metal width b. Increase in metal length c. Decrease in metal length d. Lot of metal layers 9) The Solution for Antenna effect is ___. [a] a. Diode insertion b. shielding c. Buffer insertion d. Double spacing 10) Utilisation of the chip after placement optimisation will be ___. [c] a. Constant b. Decrease c. Increase d. None of the above 11) What are preroutes in your design? [a] a. Power routing b. Signal routing c. Power and Signal routing d. None of the above. 12) Yellow color is used in stick diagram in nMOS region for [d] a. n-diffusion b. polysilicon c. metal d. implant 13) Inter layer capacitance is highly dependent on [b] a. Fring field b. Layout c. Layers d. Wire length 14) The layers of the MOS circuits are isolated from each other by [b] a. Contact b. Thinox c. Polysilicon d. None 15) Layers of ____ at room temperature [c] a. Lead oxide b. Silicon oxide c. Silicon dioxide d.None 16) MOS means [b] a. metal oxide silicon technology b. metal oxide semiconductor technology c. any of a and b d. none


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17) Which law describes the exponential growth of integrated circuit complexity [b] a. Len‘z law b. Moore’s law c. Nyquist‘s law d. Faraday‘s law 18) Gate Logic is based on [b] a. Pass transistor b. Inverters c. Gates d. CMOS gates 19) Cross talk can be avoided by ___. [b] a. Decreasing the spacing between the metal layers b. Shielding the nets c. Using lower metal layers d. Using long nets 20) The Solution for Antenna effect is ___. [a] a. Diode insertion b. Shielding c. Buffer insertion d. Double spacing


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MATHEMATICS

SUBJECT: PROBABILITY THEORY AND STOCHASTIC

PROCESS

UNIT I

PROBABILITY: Probability introduced through Sets and Relative Frequency:

Experiments and Sample Spaces, Discrete and Continuous Sample Spaces, Events,

Probability Definitions and Axioms, Mathematical Model of Experiments, Probability as a

Relative Frequency, Joint Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability, Bayes‘

Theorem, Independent Events;

UNITII

THE RANDOM VARIABLE: Definition of a Random Variable, Conditions for a Function to be a

Random Variable, Discrete and Continuous, Mixed Random Variable, Distribution and Density

functions, Properties, Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Gaussian, Exponential, Rayleigh, Conditional

Distribution, Methods of defining Conditioning Event, Conditional Density, Properties.

UNIT III

OPERATION ON ONE RANDOM VARIABLE- EXPECTATIONS: Introduction,

Expected Value of a Random Variable, Function of a Random Variable, Moments

about the Origin, Central Moments, Variance and Skew, Chebychev‘s Inequality,

Characteristic Function, Moment Generating Function, Transformations of a Random

Variable: Monotonic Transformations for a Continuous Random Variable, Nonmonotonic

Transformations of Continuous Random Variable, Transformation of a Discrete Random

Variable.

UNIT IV

MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES : Vector Random Variables, Joint Distribution

Function, Properties of Joint Distribution, Marginal Distribution Functions, Conditional

Distribution and Density – Point Conditioning, Conditional Distribution and Density –

Interval conditioning, Statistical Independence, Sum of Two Random Variables, Sum of

Several Random Variables, Central Limit Theorem, (Proof not expected). Unequal

Distribution, Equal Distributions.


DEPT OF ECE Page 34

UNIT V

OPERATIONS ON MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES : Expected Value of a Function

of Random Variables: Joint Moments about the Origin, Joint Central Moments, Joint

Characteristic Functions, Jointly Gaussian Random Variables: Two Random Variables

case, N Random Variable case, Properties, Transformations of Multiple Random

Variables, Linear Transformations of Gaussian Random Variables.

UNIT VI

RANDOM PROCESSES – TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS: The Random Process

Concept, Classification of Processes, Deterministic and Nondeterministic Processes,

Distribution and Density Functions, concept of Stationarity and Statistical

Independence. First-Order Stationary Processes, Second- Order and Wide-Sense

Stationarity, (N-Order) and Strict-Sense Stationarity, Time Averages and Ergodicity,

Mean-Ergodic Processes, Correlation-Ergodic Processes, Autocorrelation Function and

Its Properties, Cross-Correlation Function and Its Properties, Covariance Functions,

Gaussian Random Processes, Poisson Random Process.

UNIT VII

RANDOM PROCESSES – SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS: The Power Spectrum:

Properties, Relationship between Power Spectrum and Autocorrelation Function, The

Cross-Power Density Spectrum, Properties, Relationship between Cross-Power

Spectrum and Cross-Correlation Function.


DEPT OF ECE Page 35

UNIT VIII

LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUTS : Random Signal Response of Linear

Systems: System Response – Convolution, Mean and Mean-squared Value of System

Response, autocorrelation Function of Response, Cross-Correlation Functions of Input

and Output, Spectral Characteristics of System Response: Power Density Spectrum of

Response, Cross-Power Density Spectrums of Input and Output, Band pass, Band-

Limited and Narrowband Processes, Properties, Modeling of Noise Sources: Resistive

(Thermal) Noise Source, Arbitrary Noise Sources, Effective Noise Temperature,

Average Noise Figures, Average Noise Figure of cascaded networks.


DEPT OF ECE Page 36

SYNOPSIS

UNIT I:

Objective: The purpose of this unit is to introduce the elementary aspects of probability theory

on which the rest of the units depend. Several approaches exist for the definition and

discussion of probability. The approach that is used in this subject is the axiomatic approach. It

is the most mathematically sound of all approaches. The axiomatic approach uses the set

theory where the possibilities are listed in a set and basic mathematical formulae are used to

define probability.

UNIT II:

Objective: In the previous the concept of event is introduced to describe the characteristics of

outcomes of an experiment. Event allows more flexibility in determining properties of an

experiment that could be obtained by considering only the outcomes themselves. In this unit a

new concept that allows events to be defined in a more consistent manner is introduced. It will

always be numerical. The new concept is that of random variable.

UNIT III:

Objective: The random variable was introduced in the previous unit as a means of providing a

systematic means of events defined on a sample space . Specifically, it formed a mathematical

model for describing characteristics of some real, physical world random phenomenon .In this

unit the work is extended to include some important operations that may be performed on a

random variable. Most of these operations are based on single concepy expectation.

UNIT IV:

Objective: In units 2 and 3, various aspects of the theory of a single random variable were

studied. It was found to be a powerful concept. It can be said that the shell impact position

along the line of fire of a cannon is a random variable .Naturally we may also be interested in

how the impact positions deviate from the line of fire. To handle such situations , it is necessary

that we extend our theory to include two random variables. This unit gives an introduction of this

concept.


DEPT OF ECE Page 37

UNIT V:

Objective: After establishing some of the basic theory of several random variables in the

previous unit, it is appropriate to extend the operations described in unit 3 to include multiple

random variables . This unit is dedicated to these extensions. Mainly the concept of expectation

is enlarged to include two or more random variables. Other operations involving moments,

characteristic functions, and transformations are all special applications of expectation.

UNIT VI:

Objective: In the real world of engineering and science, it is necessary that we be able to deal

with time waveforms. Indeed, we frequently encounter random time waveforms in practical

systems. More often than a desired signal in some systems in random. A desired signal is often

accompanied by an undesired random waveform, noise. The noise interferes with the message

and ultimately limits the performance of the system. Thus any hope we have of determining the

performance of systems with a random waveform hinges on our ability to describe and deal with

some waveforms. In this unit, we introduce concepts that allow the description of random

waveforms in a probabilistic sense.

UNIT VII:

Objective: All the foregoing discussions concerning random processes have involved the time

domain. That is , we have characterized processes by means of auto co-relation, cross-

correlation and co-variance functions without any consideration of spectral properties . As is

well known , both time domain and frequency domain analysis methods exist for analyzing

linear systems and deterministic waveforms . The purpose of this unit is to introduce the most

important concepts that apply to characterizing random processes in the frequency domain.

UNIT VIII:

Objective: A large part of the preceding work has been aimed at describing a random signal by

modeling it as a sample function of a random process. The time domain methods based on

correlation functions frequency domain techniques based on power spectrums constitute

powerful ways of defining the behavior of random signals. In this unit, methods of describing the

response of linear system when applied waveform is random are explored.


DEPT OF ECE Page 38

BITS

1) A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss results in a value that is higher than the first toss is [C] (A) 2/36 (B) 2/6 (C) 5/12 (D) ½ 2) A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event ―the number of time heads shown up is more than the number of times tails shown up‖ is [D] (A) 1/16 (B) 1/8 (C) ¼ (D) 5/16 3) Consider two independent random variables X and Y with identical distributions. The variables X and Y take values 0, 1 and 2 with probabilities 1/2, 1/4 and 1/4 respectively. What is the conditional probability P(X+Y = 2|X-Y =0) ? [C] (A) 0 (B) 1/16 (C) 1/6 (D) 1 4) A memoryless source emits n symbols each with a probability p. The entropy of the source as a function of n [A] (A) increases as log n (B) decreases as log (1/n) (C) increases as n (D) increases as n log n 5) A fair dice is rolled twice. The probability that an odd number will follow an even number is [D] (A) ½ (B) 1/6 (C) 1/3 (D) ¼ 6) A random variable X with uniform density in the interval 0 to 1 is quantized as follows: If 0<X<0.3, xq=0, If 0.3<X<1, xq=0.7. Where xq is the quantized value of X. The root-mean square value of the quantization noise is [B] (A) 0.573 (B) 0.198 (C) 2.205 (D) 0.266 7) Let X and Y be two statistically independent random variables uniformly distributed in the ranges (-1,1) and (-2,1) respectively. Let Z=X+Y then the probability that (Z<= -2) is [D] (A) 0 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/12 8) During transmission over communication channel, bit errors occur independently with probability p. If a block of n bits is transmitted, the probability of at most one bit error is equal to [D] (A) 1-(1-p)^n (B) p+(n-1)(1-p) (C) np(1-p)^n-1 (D) (1-p)^n+np(1-p)^n-1 9) The amplitude spectrum of a Gaussian pulse is [C] (A) uniform (B) a sine function (C) Gaussian (D) an impulse function


DEPT OF ECE Page 39

10) The spectral density of a real valued random process has [A] (A) an even symmetry (B) an odd symmetry (C) a conjugate symmetry (D) no symmetry 11) The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band Gaussian noise is (A) Poisson (B) Gaussian (C) Rayleigh (D) Rician [A] 12) The autocorrelation function of an energy signal has [D] (A) no symmetry (B) conjugate symmetry (C) odd symmetry (D) even symmetry 13) The probability that an electron in a metal occupies the Fermi-level at any temperature (>0k) [B] (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 0.5 (D) 1.5 14) Source encoding in a data communication system is done is order to [A] (A) enhance the information transmission rate (B) reduce the transmission errors (C) conserve the transmitted power (D) facilitate clock recovery in the receiver 15) A bag contain 8 white and 6 red balls. The probability of drawing two balls of the same colour is [C] (A) 21/91 (B) 13/112 (C) 43/91 (D) 41/91 16) The probability of drawing an ace or a spade or both from a dew of cards [B] (A) 1/13 (B) 2/13 (C) 3/13 (D) 4/13 17) Noise with double-sided power spectral density of K overall frequencies is passed through a RC low pass filter with 3db cut-off frequency of f. The noise power at the filter output is [C] (A) K (B) Kfc (C) Kpifc (D) infinity 18) If S(f) is the power spectral density of a real, wide-spread stationary random process, then which of the following is ALWAYS true? [B] (A) S(0)>= S(f) (B) S(f)>=0 (C) S(-f)= -S(f) (D) integral S(f) df=0 19) An examination consists of two papers, paper1 and paper 2. The probability of failing in paper 1 is 0.3 and that in paper 2 is 0.2. Given that a student has failed in paper 2, the probability of failing in paper 1 is 0.6. The probability of a student failing in both the papers [C] (A) 0.5 (B) 0.18 (C) 0.12 (D) 0.06


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20) A source generates three symbols with probabilities 0.25, 0.25, 0.5 at a rate of 3000 symbols per second. Assuming independent generation of symbols, the most efficient source encoder would have average bit rate as [B] (A) 6000 bits/sec (B) 4500 bits/sec (C) 3000 bits/sec (D) 1500 bits/sec


DEPT OF ECE Page 41

NETWORKS

SUBJECT: NETWORK ANALYSIS

UNIT I

Introduction to Electrical Circuits: Circuit Concept – R-L-C parameters – Voltage and Current sources – Independent and dependent sources-Source transformation – Voltage – Current relationship for passive elements – Kirchoff‘s laws – network reduction techniques – series, parallel, series parallel, star-to-delta or delta-to-star transformation.

UNIT II

A.C Circuits – I : R.M.S and Average values and form factor for different periodic wave forms, Steady state analysis of R, L and C (in series, parallel and series parallel combinations) with sinusoidal excitation – Concept of self and mutual inductances – co-efficient of coupling series circuit analysis with mutual inductance.

UNIT III

A.C Circuits – II: Resonance – series, parallel circuits, concept of band width and Q factor. Three phase circuits: Phase sequence – Star and delta connection – Relation between line and phase voltages and currents in balanced systems – Calculations of active and reactive power.

UNIT IV

Network topology : Definitions – Graph – Tree, Basic cutset and Basic Tieset matrices for planar networks – Loop and Nodal methods of analysis of Networks with independent and dependent voltage and current sources - Duality & Dual networks.

UNIT V

Network Theorems: Tellegens, Superposition, Reciprocity, Thevinin‘s, Norton‘s, Max

Power Transfer theorem. Milliman‘s Theorem – Statement and proofs problem solving

using dependent and independent sources for d.c and a.c excitation.

UNIT VI

Two-port networks: Z,Y, ABCD, h-parameters – Conversion of one parameter to

another parameter – condition for reciprocity and symmetry – 2 port network

connections in series, parallel and cascaded – problem solving.


DEPT OF ECE Page 42

UNIT VII

Transient Analysis: Transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits (Series combinations only) for d.c. and sinusoidal excitations – Initial conditions - Solution using differential equation approach and Laplace transform methods of solutions.

UNIT VIII

Filters: L.P, H.P, B.P, B.E, Prototype filters design – M-derived filters of L.P. and H.P.-

Composite filter design of L.P. and H.P design of various symmetrical attenuators.


DEPT OF ECE Page 43

SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: In this chapter we learn about the circuit concepts like active and passive, etc and the RLC parameters. We also learn about the energy sources like the voltage and current sources and the dependent and independent sources. Kirchoff‘s slaware of two types: Kirchoff‘s voltage law and Kirchoff‘s current law. We also learn to deal with network reduction theorems like the superposition and Thevinen‘s theorem etc. we learn about the series, parallel and the series parallel network like series RL circuit, series RLC circuit, parallel RL circuit, parallel RLC circuits etc. the star delta transformations are useful in solving complex networks.

UNIT II

Objective: The RMS value is the constant value of current which will produce the same power in a resistor as in produced on the average by the periodic current. Average value is also known as average power. An AC circuit having constant sources is said to be in steady state if the currents and voltage do not change with time. Types of circuits in which the different parts are not directly joined but still transfer energy are said to be mutually inducted.

UNIT III

Objective: An electrical circuit is said to undergo resonance when net current is in phase with the applied voltage. In series and parallel circuits we study the performance of AC circuits when some of the parameters continuously vary over wide range of values. Quality factor (Q) is the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth. A single phase AC circuit has advantages therefore; we opt for three phase circuits. Phase sequence is the order in which the EMF‘s induced in the diff phases attains their positive maximum values. Interconnection of three phases can be done by star and delta networks. We also learn about the relations between the line voltage, phase voltage and phase current. We calculate active and reactive power in this unit.

UNIT IV

Objective: Network topology is basically concerned with the geometry of electrical networks. Any complex network can be represented by much simpler graph and, this is the greatest advantage of topological representation. In this, network graph is the skeleton of a given network. Node is a point on the network at which two or more circuit elements are joined. A tie-set is of use for obtaining the equilibrium equations of loop analysis technique and cut set for node analysis. Two networks are said to be dual


DEPT OF ECE Page 44

networks if the mesh equations of one area are of the same form as the node equation of the other.

UNIT V

Objective: In the earlier units we studied how electrical networks can be analysed on the basis of ohms law, Kirchoff‘s law, loop and node analysis techniques. Although these methods are adequate for analyzing a given circuit a lot of mathematical calculation is involved much of it can be avoided if, in addition to these techniques other powerful tools like Thevenin‘s theorem, Norton‘s theorem etc are employed for circuit analysis. There are many network theorems which finds useful application and the more important amongst them are discussed in this unit.

UNIT VI

Objective: In this unit we study about two port networks. We know that an electrical network comprises of both active elements and passive elements, and for this we use the two port networks. In this there are six set of network parameters like the open circuit impedance and short circuit admittance parameters, the hybrid parameters, ABCD parameters also known as the transmission parameters. We learn about the conversion of one parameter to another parameter and the conditions for reciprocity as well as symmetry. We have learns about the two port network connections in series, parallel and cascaded and learnt to deal with different problems in two port networks.

UNIT VII

Objective: In this unit we study the natural response of networks when subjected to DC and sinusoidal AC forcing functions. We study the transient response of RL, RC, RLC circuits (which are seen in series combinations only) for DC and sinusoidal excitations. Precise knowledge of initial conditions is very essential for arriving at the total response of networks when subjected to forcing functions. We find different solutions using differential equation approach and Laplace transform method of solutions.

UNIT VIII

Objective: In this unit we study about filters which are basically reactive networks comprising of inductances and capacitances arranged in the form of symmetrical T or symmetrical π. There are different types of filters L.P, H.P, B.P, B.E, prototype filter design. We have M-derived filters of L.P and H.P. We learn about composite filter design of L.P and H.P design of various symmetrical attenuators.


DEPT OF ECE Page 45

BITS

1) Relative to a given fixed tree of networks [a] (a) link currents form an independent set (b) branch voltages form an independent set 2) For a two-port network to be reciprocal [b, c] (a) Z11=Z22 (b) Y21=Y12 (c) h12= - h21 (d) AD – BC=0 3) A DC voltage source is connected across a series R-L-C circuit. Under steady-state conditions, the applied DC voltage drops entirely across the [c] (a) R only (b) L only (c) C only (d) R and L combination 4) Consider a DC voltage source connected to a series R-C circuit. When the steady-state reaches, the ratio of the energy stored in the capacitor to the total energy supplied by voltage source, is equal to [b] (a) 0.362 (b) 0.500 (c) 0.632 (d) 1.000 5) Two 2H inductor coils are connected in series and are also magnetically coupled to each other the coefficient of coupling being 0.1. The total inductance of the combination can be [d] (a) 0.4H (b) 3.2H (c) 4.0H (d) 4.4H 6) The final value theorem is used to find the [a] (a) steady state value of the system output (b) initial value of the system output (c) transient behaviour of the system output (d) none of these 7) The number of independent loops for a network with n nodes and b branches (a) n – 1 (b) b – n (c) b – n +1 [c] (d) independent of the number of nodes 8) The nodal method of circuit analysis is based on [b] (a) KVL and ohm‘s law (b) KCL and ohm’s law (c) KCL and KVL (d) KCL, KVL and ohm‘s law 9) Superposition theorem is NOT applicable to networks containing [a] (a) Non linear elements (b) dependent voltage sources (c) Dependent current sources (d) transformers


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10) A series RLC circuit has a resonance frequency of 1Khz and a quality factor Q = 100. If each of R, L and C is doubled from its original value, the new Q of the circuit Is [b] (a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 100 (d) 200 [b] 11) The first and the last critical frequencies of a driving point impedance function of a passive network having two kinds of elements, are a pole and a zero respectively. The above property will be satisfied by [b] (a) RL network only (b) RC network only (c) LC network only (d) RC as well as RL networks 12) For a parallel RLC circuit, which one of the following statements is not correct? (a) the bandwidth of the circuit decreases if R is increased [d] (b) the bandwidth of the circuit remains same if L is increased (c) At resonance, input impedance is a real quantity (d) At resonance, the magnitude of input impedance attains its minimum value 13) Superposition theorem can be applicable only to circuits having _________ elements. [d] (a) Non- linear (b)Passive (c) Resistive (d) Linear bilateral 14) Thevenin‘s equivalent circuit consists of _________. [b] (a) Series combination of RTh, ETh and RL. (b) Series combination of RTh, ETh. (c) Parallel combination of RTh, ETh. (d) Parallel combination of RTh, ETh and RL. 15) A network that does not have either voltage or current sources is called [b] (a) Active network. (b) Passive network. (c) Resistive network (d) Dummy network. 16) The following components are all active components [b] (a) a resistor and an inductor. (b) a diode, a BJT and an FET. (c) a capacitor, and an inductor. (d) an Opamp, a BJT and thermionic triode. 17) A device whose characteristics are very close to that of an ideal current source is [c] (a) a gas diode. (b) a BJT in CB mode. (c) a BJT in CE mode. (d) a triode. 18) Cells are connected in parallel in order to [c] (a) increase the voltage available. (b) reduce cost of wiring. (c) increase the current available. (d) reduce the time required to fully charge them after use


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19) When a low resistance is connected in parallel with a high resistance, the combined resistance is [b] (a) Always more than the high resistance. (b) Always less than the low resistance. (c) Always between the high resistance & low resistance. (d) Either lower or higher than low resistance depending on the value of high resistance. 20) Which of the following will remain the same in all parts of a series circuit? (a) Voltage (b) Current [b] (c) Power (d) Resistance


DEPT OF ECE Page 48

ANALOG CIRCUITS

SUBJECT: ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

UNIT I

SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIERS: Review, Small Signal Analysis of Junction Transistor,

Frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier, Common Base Amplifier, Common

Collector Amplifier, JFET Amplifiers, Common Drain (CD) Amplifier, Common Gate

Amplifier, Gain Band Width Product.

UNIT II

MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS: Multi Stage Amplifiers Methods of Inter Stage Coupling,

n – Stage Cascaded Amplifier, Equivalent Circuits, Miller‘s Theorem, Frequency Effects,

Amplifier Analysis, High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits. Cascode – Transistor

Configuration, CE-CC Amplifiers, Two Stage RC Coupled JFET amplifier (in Common

Source (CS) configuration), Difference Amplifier.

UNIT III

HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSISTOR CIRCUTS : Transistor at High Frequencies, Hybrid-

del, Determination of Hybrid- Conductances,

Variation of Hybrid Parameters with |IC|, |VCE| and Temperature. The Parameters ¦t,

expression for ¦b, Current Gain with Resistance Load, CE Short Circuit Current Gain,

Hybrid– –

Voltage, Current and Temperature, Design of High frequency Amplifier.

UNIT IV

POWER AMPLIFIERS : Class A Power Amplifier, Maximum Value of Efficiency of

Class A Amplifier, Transformer Coupled Amplifier, Transformer Coupled Audio

Amplifier, Push Pull Amplifier, Complimentary Symmetry Circuits (Transformer Less

Class B Power Amplifier), Phase Inverters, Class D Operation, Class S Operation, Heat

Sinks.


DEPT OF ECE Page 49

UNIT V

TUNED AMPLIFIERS - I : Single Tuned Capacitive Coupled Amplifier, Tapped Single

Tuned Capacitance Coupled Amplifier, Single Tuned Transformer Coupled or

Inductively Coupled Amplifier, CE Double Tuned Amplifier, Application of Tuned

Amplifiers.

UNIT VI

TUNED AMPLIFIERS - II : Stagger Tuning, Stability Considerations, Tuned Class B

and Class C Amplifiers, Wideband Amplifiers, Tuned Amplifiers.

UNIT VII

VOLTAGE REGULATORS : Terminology, Basic Regulator Circuit, Short Circuit

Protection, Current Limiting, Specifications of Voltage Regulator Circuits, Voltage

Multipliers.

UNIT VIII

SWITCHING AND IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS : IC 723 Voltage Regulators and

Three Terminal IC regulators, DC to DC Converter, Switching Regulators, Voltage

Multipliers, UPS, SMPS.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit in this subject focuses on the review of the small signal analysis of junction transistor, and the frequency response of common emitter amplifier, common base amplifier, common collector amplifier which form the three different configurations of the transistor. Also this unit throws some light on the JFET amplifiers, and the common drain (CD) amplifier, and the common gate amplifiers are discussed. Also the calculation of the gain band width product is explained in detail.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit deals with the multi stage amplifiers their methods of inter stage coupling and so on. It also throws some light on the n-stage cascaded amplifier, about how the cascading is done and so on. This unit has got some explaining to do on the basis of the equivalent circuits, and it is related to the miller‘s theorem which later on plays a huge role in simplifying the circuits. This unit also explains about the frequency effects basing on the amplifier analysis. Also the high input resistance transistor configurations, such as the CE-CC amplifiers, and so on are discussed and are compared. Lastly the two stages RC coupled JFT amplifier (in common source (CS) configuration) and difference amplifier are also explained.

UNIT III

Objective: The third unit emphasizes on the high frequency transistor circuits. So in regards to this the basic introduction to the transistor at high frequencies is given at the beginning and then later on followed by the hybrid-conductance‘s, and the variation of hybrid parameters with [IC], [VCE] and temperature is done and the effects are noted. The parameters such as t, the expression for b , current gain with resistance load , CE short circuit current gain, hybrid-pi parameters, measurement of t, variation of hybrid- parameters with voltage, current and temperature, design of high frequency amplifier are all calculated and are made a note.

UNIT IV

Objective: The fourth unit concentrates power amplifiers their classification into class A power amplifier, class B, C and D. also the processes of calculating various efficiencies different sets of amplifiers for measuring their performances are explained in detail. The other types such as the transformer couples amplifier, transformer coupled audio amplifier, push pull amplifier, and complimentary symmetry circuits (Transformer less class B power amplifier), phase inverters, class D operation, class S operation, heat sinks are also described in the same with respect to their performances.


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UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit concentrates on the tuned amplifiers on type-1. These include the single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier, the tapped single tuned capacitance coupled amplifier, the tapped single tuned capacitance coupled amplifier, the single tuned transformer coupled or inductively coupled amplifier, are all discussed in the same way similar to the previous unit. Even the concept of CE double tuned amplifier is clearly explained with the application of tuned amplifiers.

UNIT VI

Objective: This unit is the saga of the previous unit which deals with tuned amplifiers of type-2. Here this unit gives us all the details pertaining to the stagger tuning, its stability considerations, all about the tuned class B and class C amplifiers, wideband amplifiers, tuned amplifiers.

UNIT VII

Objective: This penultimate unit is all about the voltage regulators where in it provides us with all the terminology about a regulator circuit, its short circuit protection methods, the working of the current limiting circuit, and the specifications of voltage regulator circuits, and also the working of the voltage multipliers.

UNIT VIII

Objective: This ultimate unit is all about the switching and IC voltage regulator. So here in this unit we get to about what an IC exactly is and how to determine what type of IC is being referred and so on. We also get to know about the concepts of IC 723 voltage regulators and three terminal IC regulators, the DC to DC converter, switching regulators, voltage multipliers, UPS, SMPS entirely


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BITS

1) A cascade amplifier stage is equivalent to [a] (a) a common emitter stage followed by a common base stage (b) a common base stage followed by an emitter follower (c) an emitter follower stage followed by a common base stage (d) a common base stage followed by a common emitter stage 2) In a differential amplifier, CMRR can be improved by using an increased [a] (a) emitter resistance (b) collector resistance (c) power supply voltages (d) source ressistance 3) In a shunt-shunt negative feedback amplifier, as compared to the basic amplifier [b] (a) both input and output impedances, decrease (b) input impedance decreases but output impedance increases (c) input impedance increases but output impedance deceases (d) both input and output impedances increases 4) Negative feedback in an amplifier [a] (a) reduces gain (b) increases band width and phase distortions (c) reduces band width (d) increases noise 5) Crossover distortion behaviour is characteristic of [b] (a) Class A output stage (b) Class B output stage (c) Class AB output stage (d) Common-base output stage 6) A Darlington emitter-follower circuit is sometimes used in the output stage of a TTL gate in order to [c] (a) increase its IoL (b) reduces its IOH (c) increase its speed of operation (d) reduce power dissipation 7) The current gain of a bipolar transistor drops at high frequencies because of [a] (a) transistor capacitances (b) high current effects in the base (c) parasitic inductive elements (d) early effect 8) The most commonly used amplifier in sample and hold circuits is [b] (a) a unity gain inverting amplifier (b) a unity gain non-inverting amplifier (c) an inverting amplifier with a gain of 10 (d) an inverting amplifier with a gain of 100 9) A Class A transformer coupled, transistor power amplifier is required to deliver a power output of 10 watts. The maximum power rating of the transistor should not be less than [c] (a) 5W (b) 10W (c) 20W (d) 40W


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10) The Ebers-Moll model is applicable to [a] (a) bipolar junction transistors (b) NMOS transistors (c) unipolar junction transistors (d) junction field-effect transistors 11) To obtain very high input and output impedances in a feedback amplifier, the topolo mostly used [c] (a) Voltage series (b) current series (c) Voltage shunt (d) current shunt 12) In standard TTL, the ‗totem pole‘ stage refers to [c] (a) The multi-emitter input stage (b) the phase splitter (c) The output buffer (d) open collector output stage 13) An amplifier has an open-loop gain of 100, an input impedance of 1kohm, and an output impedance of 100ohm. A feedback network with a feedback factor of 0.99 is connected to the amplifier in a voltage series feedback mode. The new input and output impedances, respectively, are [c] (a) 10ohm and 1ohm (b) 10ohm and 10kohm (c) 100ohm and 1ohm (d) 100kohm and 1kohm 14) An amplifier with resistive negative feedback has two left half plane in its open-loop transfer function. The amplifier [b] (a) will always be unstable at high frequencies (b) will be stable for all frequencies (c) may be unstable, depending on the feedback factor (d) will oscillate at low frequencies 15) In a negative feedback amplifier using voltage-series feedback [c] (a) Ri decreases and Ro decreases (b) Ri decreases and Ro increases (c) Ri increases and Ro decreases (d) Ri increases and Ro increases 16) In a transistor push-pull amplifier [a,c] (a) there is no D.C present in the output (b) there is no distortion in the output (c) there are no even harmonics in the output (d) there are no odd harmonics in the output


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17) In a multi-stage R-C coupled amplifier the coupling capacitor [a] (a) limits the low frequency response (b) limits the high frequency response (c) does not effect the frequency response (d) blocks the d.c. component without affecting the frequency response. 18) In forward mode NPN BJT, if we increase the voltage VCC , the collector current increases [d] (a) due to ohm‘s law, higher VCC causes higher current. (b) due to base width decrease less carrier recombine in the base region. (c) as the gradient of the minority carriers in the base region becomes steeper. (d) due to both the reasons (B) and (C). 19) The barrier voltage Vr or Vo in a junction diode is the effect of [c] (a) the p-side and n-side of the junction forming a battery. (b) the emf required to move the holes fast enough to have the mobility equal to that of

the electrons. (c) the recombination of charge carriers across the junction leaving behind the

opposite charged ions. (d) the voltage needed to make the semiconductor material behave as a conductor. 20) In a differential amplifier an ideal CMRR is [a] (a) infinity. (b) zero. (c) –1 (d) +1


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SUBJECT: LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

UNIT I

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: Differential Amplifier- DC and AC analysis of Dual input

Balanced output Configuration, Properties of other differential amplifier configuration

(Dual Input Unbalanced Output, Single Ended Input – Balanced/ Unbalanced Output),

DC Coupling and Cascade Differential Amplifier Stages, Level translator.

UNIT II

Characteristics of OP-Amps, Integrated circuits-Types, Classification, Package Types

and temperature ranges, Power supplies, Op-amp Block Diagram, ideal and practical

Op-amp specifications, DC and AC characteristics, 741 op-amp & its features, FET

input. Op-Amps,Op-Amp parameters & Measurement, Input & Out put Off set voltages

& currents, slew rates, CMRR, PSRR, drift, Frequency Compensation technique.

UNIT III

LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS : Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier,

Integrator and differentiator, Difference amplifier, Instrumentation amplifier, AC

amplifier, V to I, I to V converters, Buffers.

UNIT IV

NON-LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS : Non- Linear function generation,

Comparators, Multivibrators, Triangular and Square wave generators, Log and Anti log

amplifiers, Precision rectifiers.

UNIT V

OSCILLATORS AND WAVEFORM GENERAGTORS : Introduction, Butter worth filters

– 1st order, 2nd order LPF, HPF filters. Band pass, Band reject and all pass filters.

Applications of VCO (566).


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UNIT VI

TIMERS & PHASE LOCKED LOOPS : Introduction to 555 timer, functional diagram,

Monostable and Astable operations and applications, Schmitt Trigger. PLL -

introduction, block schematic, principles and description of individual blocks, 565 PLL,

Applications of PLL – frequency multiplication, frequency translation, AM, FM & FSK

demodulators.

UNIT VII

D to A & A to D CONVERTERS : Introduction, basic DAC techniques, weighted

resistor DAC, R-2R ladder DAC, inverted R-2R DAC, and IC 1408 DAC, Different types

of ADCs - parallel comparator type ADC, counter type ADC, successive approximation

ADC and dual slope ADC. DAC and ADC Specifications, Specifications AD 574 (12 bit

ADC).

UNIT VIII

ANALOG MULTIPLIERS AND MODULATORS : Four Quadrant multiplier, balanced

modulator, IC 1496, Applications of analog switches and Multiplexers, Sample & Hold

amplifiers.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: This subject entirely deals with the linear integrated circuits where in the first

unit is entirely dedicated to the operational amplifiers. It stresses on the basics of the

operational amplifiers by starting from basic building block of the differential amplifier in

which the DC and AC analysis are performed and observed. This is done in the dual

input balanced output configuration. Secondly, the properties of other differential

amplifier configuration such as the dual input unbalanced output, single ended input and

balanced/unbalanced output are also discussed. Lastly, the concepts of DC coupling

and cascading of differential amplifier stages and the level translator are discussed.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit is all about the nature of the subject where in the

characteristics of OP-amps are discussed. The next topic which emphasized is the

integrated circuits that are present and their types or classification along with their

package types and the properties like the temperature ranges, and the power supplies.

In this unit it all begins with the block diagram of OP-amp, and then going for the ideal

and practical Op-amp specifications and then stretches to the DC and AC

characteristics. The 741 OP-amp is the main center hub in this unit where its feature

parameters and their measurements along with their input and output off set voltages

and current, their slew rate, CMRR, PSRR, drift, frequency compensation technique are

all discussed.

UNIT III

Objective: This unit deals with the types of operational amplifiers according to its linear

applications such as inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Also, in this unit we would

know how an integrator and a differentiator, are formed from the configurations of an

OP-amp. This unit also focuses on the difference amplifier, an instrumentation amplifier,

an AC amplifier with their respective operations, merits and demerits and also on

performing the V to I, I to V conversions using OP-amps and the last concept of this unit

is buffers.


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UNIT IV

Objective: In the previous unit we have discussed the linear applications of OP-amp.

This unit deals with the types of operational amplifiers according to the non-linear

applications of OP-amp. In this regard we would get to know about the nonlinear

applications of an OP-amp. We‘ll also get to explore about the nonlinear function

generation, and the applications of OP-amps as comparators, multi-vibrators, and the

methods of producing triangular and square wave using the triangular and the square

wave generators. Also we would get to know about the working of OP-amps as log and

antilog amplifiers, and also as precision rectifiers.

UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit entirely is based on the oscillators and waveform generators.

This unit will give us an idea about the types of butter worth filters such as 1st order, 2nd

order which ware again sub divided as the LPF, HPF filters. We will get to know about

the designing techniques of test filters. And this unit also inquires about the band pass,

and reject and all pass filters and their parameters calculations for heir designing. The

applications of VCO (566) are also discussed in this unit.

UNIT VI

Objective: This unit introduces the 555 timer tailored with its functional diagram and

working. It also explains about the mono-stable and astable operations of the 555 timer

formed by the OP-amps and its applications are also put forth. As we dig deeper into

the unit we would understand the concepts of PLL, its schematic diagram, principles

and description of its individual blocks, and also its applications. We also get to

understand the topics of frequency multiplication, frequency translation, AM, FM and

FSK demodulators.

UNIT VII

Objective: This unit discusses all the types of converters such as the D to A and A to D

converters. We will also discuss the basic DAC techniques, which refer to the weighted

resistor DAC, the R-2R ladder DAC, inverted R-2R DAC, and IC 1408 DAC. We also


DEPT OF ECE Page 59

would get to understand about the different types of ADCs such as the parallel

comparator type ADC, counter type ADC, we also get to understand the whole process

of successive approximation ADC and dual slope ADC. We will also come to know

about the DAC and ADC specifications, specifications AD 574 (12 bit ADC ).

UNIT VIII

Objective: This unit is the ultimate unit in which we will get to know about the concepts

of analog multipliers and modulators. As we dig deeper we will come across the

concepts of four quadrant multiplier, wherein it is differentiated with the balanced

modulator. Also we would get to understand the working of IC 1496, and the

applications of analog switches and multiplexers and the working of sample and hold

amplifiers.


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BITS

1) Disadvantage of the active filter ,it requires _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [c] a. AC supply b. Square wave generator c. DC supply d. Triangular wave generator 2) Voltage transfer function H(s) of an active filter is given by [b] a. H(s)=Vi(s)/Vo(s) b. H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s) c. H(s)=Vo(s)-Vi(s) d. H(s)=Vo(s)* Vi(s) 3) What is the active filter advantage over the passive filter. [c] a. reduced size and increased weight. b. increased size and increased weight. c. reduced size and reduced weight. d. increased size and reduced weight 4) In large quantities , the cost of the integrated circuit can be much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ than its equivalent passive network. [a] a. lower b. high c. equal d. constant 5) Following is called as passive filter [d] a. butter worth LPF b. chebyschev LPF c. cauver LPF d. RC component LPF 6) Gain magnitude value at f=fH in L.P.F [b] a. Af b. 0.707Af c. f d. 0.077Af 7) Butterworth filter is preferred because [c] a. flat pass band, ripple stop band b. ripple pass band, ripple stop band c. flat pass band, flat stop band d. ripple pass band, flat stop band


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8) In the second order low pass filter, through which component output is fed back to wards input (in filter circuit [c] a. Inductor b. R2 resistor c. Capacitor d. Rf resistor 9) Design first order wide band pass filter [a] a. HPF O/P connected to I/P of LPF b. LPF O/P connected to I/P of HPF c. LPF O/P connected to I/P of LPF d. HPF O/P connected to I/P of HPF 10) In narrow band pass filter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ no. of feedback paths are [b] a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 11) For following filter signal input applied for the both inverting and non-inverting Inputs of op-amp [c] a. BPF b. BEF c. All pass filter d. Notch filter 12) The load connected between pin 3 and +Vcc is called: [b] a. normally off load b. normally on load c. abnormal load d. sub normal load 13) The operating temperature range of 555 timer is:( in degree centigrade`s) [a] a. -55 to 125 b. -10 to +25 c. +25 to +30 d. below25. 14) In 8 pin 555 Ic,pin 5is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [b] a. Threshold b. Control voltage c. Vcc d. Discharge


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15) The time during which the output of a monostable multi vibrator(555) remains high is given by [c] a. RC b. 1.5RC c. 1.1RC d. R/C 16) An external voltage applied to the control terminal [a] a. changes the threshold level b. no effect on the trigger and the threshold level c. enables the timer d. reset the timer 17) Following is astable MV application [a] a. FSK generator b. Pulse width modulation c. Missing pulse detector d. Linear ramp generator 18) The centre frequency of the PLL is determined by the free-running frequency of the Vco [b] a. f0=1.2/RC b. f0=1.2/4RC c. f0=1.2/3RC d. f0=1.2/2RC 19) It is basically an astable multivibrator circuit with variable control voltage is a. pulse width modulator [c] b. missing pulse detector c. voltage control oscillator d. linear ramp generator 20) Both ADC and DAC are known as [b] a. Message converters b. Data converters c. Flash converters d. Memory converters


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DIGITAL CIRCUITS

SUBJECT: SWITCHING THEORY AND LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT I

NUMBER SYSTEMS & CODES: Philosophy of number systems – complement

representation of negative numbers-binary arithmetic-binary codes-error detecting &

error correcting codes –hamming codes.

UNIT II

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND SWITCHING FUNCTIONS: Fundamental postulates of

Boolean Algebra - Basic theorems and properties - switching functions–Canonical and

Standard forms-Algebraic simplification digital logic gates, properties of XOR gates –

universal gates-Multilevel NAND/NOR realizations.

UNIT III

MINIMIZATION OF SWITCHING FUNCTIONS: Map method, Prime implicants, Don‘t

care combinations, Minimal SOP and POS forms, Tabular Method, Prime –Implicant

chart, simplification rules.

UNIT IV

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN: Design using conventional logic gates, Encoder,

Decoder, Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer, Modular design using IC chips, MUX Realization

of switching functions Parity bit generator, Code-converters, Hazards and hazard free

realizations.

UNIT V

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES, THRESHOLD LOGIC: Basic PLD‘s-ROM,

PROM, PLA, PLD Realization of Switching functions using PLD‘s. Capabilities and

limitations of Threshold gate, Synthesis of Threshold functions, Multigate Synthesis.


DEPT OF ECE Page 64

UNIT VI

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS-I: Classification of sequential circuits (Synchronous,

Asynchronous, Pulse mode, Level mode with examples) Basic flip-flops-Triggering and

excitation tables. Steps in synchronous sequential circuit design. Design of modulo-N

Ring & Shift counters, Serial binary adder sequence detector.

UNIT VII

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS - II: Finite state machine-capabilities and limitations, Mealy

and Moore models-minimization of completely specified and incompletely specified

sequential machines, Partition techniques and Merger chart methods-concept of

minimal cover table.

UNIT VIII

ALGOROTHIMIC STATE MACHINES : Salient features of the ASM chart-Simple

examples-System design using data path and control subsystems-control

implementations-examples of Weighing machine and Binary multiplier.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I:

Objective: This unit deals with the representation of numerical data, with emphasis on

those representations which use only two symbols, 0 and 1. Here we discuss about

special methods of representing numerical data, affording protection against various

transmission errors and component failures. This unit deals with 2‘s component

representation of negative numbers , error detecting codes like parity and error

detecting codes like hamming codes. It introduces codes like gray codes which are very

useful for problem solving.

UNIT II:

Objective: The second unit deals with the combinational logic and various aspects of

analysis and design of combinational switching circuits. The particular characteristic of a

combinational switching circuit is that its outputs are functions of only the present circuit

inputs. First, switching algebra is introduced as the basic mathematical tool essential in

dealing with the problems encountered in the study of switching circuits. Switching

expressions are defined and are found to be instrumental in describing the logical

properties of switching circuits.

UNIT III:

Objective: The third unit deals with the systematic simplification procedures of the

switching expressions derived in the previous chapter thus leading to more economical

circuits. The main aim in this chapter is to develop procedures for obtaining a minimal

expression for any such function, after establishing some criteria for minimality. The

methods introduced in this chapter partly overcome the limitations.

The presented map method is very effective for hand simplification of up to 5 variables,

while the tabulation procedure is suitable for machine computation and yields minimal

expressions


DEPT OF ECE Page 66

UNIT IV

Objective: The principal application of switching theory is in the design of digital

circuits. The design of such circuits is commonly referred to as combinational logic

design. In this chapter , we describe some components which are typical of the basic

building blocks used in constructing digital systems . Switching algebra will be used to

describe the logical behavior of networks composed of these building blocks as well as

to manipulate and simplify the switching expressions, thereby reducing the number of

components used in the design.

UNIT V

Objective: The purpose of bullion algebra simplification is to obtain an algebraic

expression that when implemented, results in low- cost circuit. However the criteria that

determine the low cost circuit must be defined if we are to evaluate the success of the

achieved simplification. The design procedure presented for the combinational circuits is

shown in the previous chapters and the way of implementation in devices like PLA, PAL

and PROM is explained in this chapter. In addition to that, a new logic gate called the

threshold logic gate is introduced and its design procedure is explained in detail.

UNIT VI

Objective: The digital circuits considered thus far have been combinational i.e. the

outputs at any instant of time are entirely dependent on the inputs present at that time.

Although every digital system is likely to have a combinational circuits, most systems

encountered in practice also include memory elements, which required that the system

be described in terms of sequential logic. A clocked sequential circuit consists of a

group of flip-flops and combinational gates connected to form a feedback path. The flip-

flops are essential because, in their absence, the circuit reduces to a purely

combinational circuit.

UNIT VII

Objective: This unit deals with the various design methodologies of a sequential circuit.

The sequential circuits are divided into moore and mely machines and different design

methodologies were proposed. They are called finite state machines.


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UNIT VIII

Objective: The binary information stored in the system can be classified as either data

or control information. Data are discrete elements of information that are manipulated to

perform arithmetic, logic, shift and other similar data-processing tasks. These

operations are implemented with digital components such as adders, decoders,

multiplexers, counters and shift registers. Control information provides command

signals that supervise the various operations in the data section in order to accomplish

the desired tasks. This chapter deals with the algorithmic state machines and their

design methodologies.


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BITS

1) The output of a logic gate is ‗1‘ when all its inputs are at logic ‗0‘. Then gate is either [b] (a) a NAND or an EX-OR gate (b) a NOR or an EX-NOR (c) an OR or an EX-NOR gate (d) an AND or an EX-OR gate 2) A PLA can be used [d] (a) as a microprocessor (b) as a dynamic memory (c) to realize a sequential logic (d) to realize a combinational logic 3) A dynamic RAM consists of [c] (a) 6 transistors (b) 2 transistors and 2 capacitors (c) 1 transistor and 1 capacitor (d) 2 capacitors only 4) A switch-tail ring counter is made by using a single D flip-flop. The resulting circuit is (a) SR flip-flop (b) JK flip-flop [d] (c) D flip-flop (d) T flip-flop 5) An R-S latch is a [c] (a) Combinational circuits (b) synchronous sequential circuits (c) one bit memory element (d) one clock delay element 6) A pulse train can be delayed by a finite number of clock periods using [b] (a) a serial-in serial-out shift register (b) a serial-in parallel-out shift register (c) a parallel-in serial-out shift register (d) a parallel-in parallel-out shift register 7) A 2 bit binary multiplier can be implemented using [b] (a) 2 inputs ANDs only (b) 2 inputs XORs and 4 input AND gates only (c) Two 2 inputs NORs and one XNOR gate (d) XOR gates and shift registers 8) An equivalent 2‘s complement representation of the 2‘s complement number 1101 is [d] (a) 110100 (b) 001101 (c) 110111 (d) 111101 9) The resolution of a 4-bit counting ADC is 0.5 volts. For an analog input of 6.6 volts, the digital output of the ADC will be [b] (a) 1011 (b) 1101 (c) 1100 (d) 1110 10) The 2‘s complement representation of -17 is [b] (a) 101110 (b) 101111 (c) 111110 (d) 110001


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11) 4-bit 2‘s complement representation of a decimal number is 1000. The number is [d] (a) +8 (b) 0 (c) -7 (d) -8 12) The number of comparators required in a 3-bit comparator type ADC is [c] (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 8 13) The number of distinct Boolean expressions of 4 variables [d] (a) 16 (b) 256 (c) 1024 (d) 65536 14) The minimum number of comparators required to build an 8 bit flash ADC is [c] (a) 8 (b) 63 (c) 255 (d) 256 15) A 0 to 6 counter consists of 3 flip flops and a combination circuit of 2 input gate(s). The combination circuit consists of [d] (a) one AND gate (b) one OR gate (c) one AND gate and one OR gate (d) two AND gates 16) A master slave flip flop has the characteristic that [b] (a) change in the input immediately reflected in the output (b) change in the output occurs when the state of the master is affected (c) change in the output occurs when the state of the slave is affected (d) both the master and slave states are affected at he same time. 17) The range of signed decimal numbers that can be represented by 6-bite 1‘s complement number is [a] (a) -31 to +31 (b) -63 to +64 (c) -64 to +63 (d) -32 to +31 18) The minimum number to 2 to 1 multiplexers required to realize a 4 to 1 multiplexer is [b] (a) 1 (b) 2 (3) 2 (d) 4 19) 11001, 1001 and 111001 correspond to the 2‘s complement representation of which one of the following set of number? [c] (a) 25, 9 and 57 respectively (b) -6, -6 and -6 respectively (c) -7, -7 and -7 respectively (d) -25, -9 and -57 respectively 20) Decimal 43 in Hexadecimal and BCD number system is respectively [b] (a) B2, 01000011 (b) 2B, 01000011 (c) 2B, 00110100 (d) B2, 01000100


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SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

SUBJECT: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS.

UNIT I

SIGNAL ANALYSIS : Analogy between vectors and signals, Orthogonal signal space,

Signal approximation using orthogonal functions, Mean square error, Closed or

complete set of orthogonal functions, Orthogonality in complex functions, Exponential

and sinusoidal signals, Concepts of Impulse function, Unit step function, Signum

function.

UNIT II

FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS : Representation of

Fourier series, Continuous time periodic signals, properties of Fourier series, Dirichlet‘s

conditions, Trigonometric Fourier series and Exponential Fourier series, Complex

Fourier spectrum

UNIT III

FOURIER TRANSFORMS : Deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series, Fourier

transform of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier transform of

periodic signals, properties of Fourier transforms, Fourier transforms involving impulse

function and Signum function. Introduction to Hilbert Transform.

UNIT IV

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS : Linear system, impulse

response, Response of a linear system, Linear time invariant (LTI) system, Linear time

variant (LTV) system, Transfer function of a LTI system. Filter characteristics of linear

systems. Distortion less transmission through a system, Signal bandwidth, system

bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics, Causality and Poly-Wiener criterion

for physical realization, relationship between bandwidth and rise time.


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UNIT V

CONVOLUTION AND CORRELATION OF SIGNALS : Concept of convolution in time

domain and frequency domain, Graphical representation of convolution, Convolution

property of Fourier transforms. Cross correlation and auto correlation of functions,

properties of correlation function, Energy density spectrum, Parseval‘s theorem, Power

density spectrum, Relation between auto correlation function and energy/power spectral

density function.Relation between convolution and correlation, Detection of periodic

signals in the presence of noise by correlation, Extraction of signal from noise by

filtering.

UNIT VI

SAMPLING : Sampling theorem – Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited

Signals, impulse sampling, Natural and Flat top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from

its samples, effect of under sampling – Aliasing, Introduction to Band Pass sampling.

UNIT VII

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS :Review of Laplace transforms, Partial fraction expansion,

Inverse Laplace transform, Concept of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace

transforms, constraints on ROC for various classes of signals, Properties of L.T‘s

relation between L.T‘s, and F.T. of a signal. Laplace transform of certain signals using

waveform synthesis.

UNIT VIII

Z–TRANSFORMS : Fundamental difference between continuous and discrete time

signals, discrete time signal representation using complex exponential and sinusoidal

components, Periodicity of discrete time usingcomplex exponential signal, Concept of Z-

Transform of a discrete sequence. Distinction between Laplace, Fourier and Z

transforms. Region of convergence in Z-Transform, constraints on ROC for various

classes of signals, Inverse Z-transform, properties of Z-transforms.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The origin of this tells us about the analogy between vectors and signals by explaining the basic definitions of a signal and a vector. This is succeeded by the concept of signal space where the orthogonality sets or functions for the signals are derived and are explained in detail. This unit also helps us to understand the differences between the various sets of functions and let knowing the importance of these functions in real time. Not only this but also the unit tries to enhance the users understanding of the minute differences among the above said concepts by terminating the perplexity that rises due to the similarity in the equations. Also it clearly explains the need for the orthogonality among the different sets of signal functions.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit emphasizes on the very important concept such as the representation of the Fourier series. Here in this unit the concept of Fourier series has been explained right from the scratch and then extracted to the proper representation of it. Also this unit takes a further step in explaining the concept from the first unit pertaining to signals by choosing the continuous time signals as content. This unit as stated before will also explain about the properties of Fourier series. This chapter also throws some light on the Dirichlet‘s condition which proves to be huge importance in the signals and systems. Also it shows the derivation of trigonometric Fourier series and exponential Fourier series. It also explains about the complex Fourier spectrum.

UNIT III

Objective: Apart from the other chapters which deals with too many contents at one time this unit would particularly deals only with the word ―Fourier‖ whatever it may be it is either Fourier series or Fourier transform. So as it is mentioned it explains every detail about the Fourier spectrum right from how the Fourier series definition to the deriving Fourier transform from Fourier series. Also it explains all about the concepts like Fourier transform of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier transform of periodic signals, properties of Fourier transforms, Fourier transform involving impulse function and Signum function. Introduction to Hilbert transform has also been stated.

UNIT IV

Objective: As we are aware that we are taking the signals and system all the time we till now have seen that the previous units have dealt with the signals part of the subject. This unit on the other hand would now begin to focus on the systems part of the subject. So consequently this unit mainly emphasizes from the basics of what a system is and


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what type of systems are we mainly willing to concentrate on. So the concepts that this unit focus are linear system, impulse response, response of a linear system, linear time invariant(LTI) system, linear time variant(LTV) system, transfer function of a LTI system. Not only the definitions and the responses of the systems but the filter characteristics of the systems are also discussed. The transmission through the system is also explained. The other related concepts are signal bandwidth, system bandwidth, ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics, causality and poly-wiener criterion for physical realization, relationship between bandwidth and rise time.

UNIT V

Objective: Concepts of convolution in time domain and frequency domain, are the main areas of focus in this unit. The other concepts are mainly oriented on the convolution itself like graphical representation of convolution, convolution property of Fourier transforms. Also other additional concepts apart from the convolution are cross correlation and auto correlation of functions, properties of correlation function, energy density spectrum, Parseval‘s theorem, power density spectrum, relation between auto correlation function and energy/power spectral density. The relation between the convolution and correlation are also focused in the later part of the chapter. Lastly the detection of periodic signals in the presence of noise by correlation, and the extraction of signal from noise by filtering is also discussed.

UNIT VI

Objective: This unit is just like a replica of the previous unit but the difference is that it entirely deals about sampling signals. This unit explains about the concepts like the types of sampling methods like the impulse sampling, natural and flat top sampling. It also explains about how to reconstruction of signal from its samples, and the effects of under sampling- aliasing due to improper allocation of the sampling frequency. Introduction to the band pass sampling has been explained to the later and the final part of the chapter.

UNIT VII

Objective: The penultimate chapter of this subject has it center of focus on the concepts such as the Laplace transforms, Partial function expansion, and the inverse Laplace transforms. Apparently these concepts are succeeded by the region of convergence (ROC) concept which is of utmost importance for a transform especially for Laplace transforms, Z-transforms. Also the constraints on ROC for various classes of signals are discussed. The properties of L.T‘s and the relation between L.T‘s and F.T of a signal are also discussed. Laplace transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis has also been explained in the last part of the chapter.


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UNIT VIII

Objective: In the last unit of this subject the concepts that are mainly focused are the fundamental differences between the continuous and discrete time signals, the discrete time signal representation using complex exponential and sinusoidal components. Also the periodicity of discrete time using complex exponential signal has been concentrated. Unlike the previous unit which deals with Laplace transforms this unit focuses on the concepts of Z-transform of a discrete sequence. Also this unit tries to differentiate between Laplace, Fourier and the Z-transforms. Also it tries to explain about the region

of convergence in Z-transform, constraints on ROC for various classes of signals, and

also the inverse Z-transform, and ultimately the properties of Z-transforms.


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BITS

1) The discrete-time signal x (n) = (-1)^n is periodic with fundamental period [c] (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0 2) The Fourier transform of the exponential signal e^jwt [c] (a) a constant. (b) a rectangular gate. (c) an impulse. (d) a series of impulses. 3) The system characterized by the equation y(t) = ax(t) + b is [d] (a) Linear for any value of b. (b) Linear if b > 0. (c) Linear if b < 0. (d) Non-linear. 4) If G(f) represents the Fourier Transform of a signal g (t) which is real and odd Symmetric in time, then G (f) is [b] (a) complex. (b) Imaginary. (c) real. (d) Real and non-negative 5) A band pass signal extends from 1 KHz to 2 KHz. The minimum sampling frequency needed to retain all information in the sampled signal is [b] (a) 1 KHz. (b) 2 KHz. (c) 3 KHz. (d) 4 KHz 6) Given a unit step function u(t), its time-derivative is: [a] (a) a unit impulse. (b) Another step function. (c) a unit ramp function. (d) a sine function. 7) The order of a linear constant-coefficient differential equation representing a system refers to the number of [d] (a) Active devices. (b) Elements including sources. (c) Passive devices. (d) None of those. 8) z-transform converts convolution of time-signals to [c] (a) Addition. (b) Subtraction. (c) Multiplication. (d) Division. 9) Region of convergence of a causal LTI system [b] (a) is the entire s-plane. (b) is the right-half of s-plane. (c) is the left-half of s-plane. (d) does not exist.


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10) To obtain x(4 – 2n) from the given signal x(n), the following precedence (or priority) rule is used for operations on the independent variable n: [d] (a) Time scaling → Time shifting → Reflection. (b) Reflection → Time scaling → Time shifting. (c) Time scaling → Reflection → Time shifting. (d) Time shifting → Time scaling → Reflection. 11) A continuous-time periodic signal x(t), having a period T, is convolved with Itself. The resulting signal is [b] (a) not periodic (b) periodic having a period T (c) Periodic having a period 2T (d) periodic having a period T/2 12) If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be [b] (a) continuous-time, periodic (b) discrete-time, periodic (c) continuous-time, non-periodic (d) discrete-time, non-periodic 13) Convolution is used to find: [c] (a) The impulse response of an LTI System (b) Frequency response of a System (c) The time response of a LTI system (d) The phase response of a LTI system 14) The Fourier Transform of a rectangular pulse is [c] (a) Another rectangular pulse (b) Triangular pulse (c) Sinc function (d) Impulse. 15) The function which has its Fourier transform, Laplace transform, and Z transform Unity is [b] (a) Gaussian (b) impulse (c) Sinc (d) pulse 16) The autocorrelation of a rectangular pulse is [c] (a) Another rectangle pulse (b) Square pulse (c) Triangular pulse (d) Sinc pulse 17) If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be [b] (a) continuous-time, periodic (b) discrete-time, periodic (c) continuous-time, non periodic (d) discrete-time, non periodic 18) Discrete time system is stable if the poles are [a] (a) Within unit circle (b) outside unit circle (c) On the unit circle (d) None


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19) Two sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) are related by x2 (n) = x1 (- n). In the z- domain, their ROC‘s are [b] (a) The same. (b) Reciprocal of each other. (c) Negative of each other. (d) Complements of each other. 20) The FT of a rectangular pulse existing between t = − T 2/ to t = T / 2 is a [b] (a) Sinc squared function. (b) Sinc function. (c) Sine squared function. (d) Sine function.


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SUBJECT: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing: Discrete time signals &

sequences, linear shift invariant systems, stability, and causality. Linear constant

coefficient difference equations. Frequency domain representation of discrete time

signals and systems.

UNIT II

DISCRETE FOURIER SERIES: Properties of discrete Fourier series, DFS

representation of periodic sequences, Discrete Fourier transforms: Properties of DFT,

linear convolution of sequences using DFT, Computation of DFT. Relation between Z-

transform and DFS

UNIT III

FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS: Fast Fourier transforms (FFT) - Radix-2 decimation

in time and decimation in frequency FFT Algorithms, Inverse FFT, and FFT for

composite N

UNIT IV

REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS: Review of Z-transforms, Applications of Z –

transforms, solution of difference equations of digital filters, Block diagram

representation of linear constant-coefficient difference equations, Basic structures of IIR

systems, Transposed forms, Basic structures of FIR systems, System function,


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UNIT V

IIR DIGITAL FILTERS: Analog filter approximations – Butter worth and Chebyshev,

Design of IIR Digital filters from analog filters, Design Examples: Analog-Digital

transformations

UNIT VI

FIR DIGITAL FILTERS : Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters, frequency response.

Design of FIR Digital Filters using Window Techniques, Frequency Sampling technique,

Comparison of IIR & FIR filters.

UNIT VII

MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING: Decimation, interpolation, sampling

rate conversion, Implementation of sampling rate conversion.

UNIT VIII

INTRODUCTION TO DSP PROCESSORS: Introduction to programmable DSPs:

Multiplier and Multiplier Accumulator (MAC), Modified Bus Structures and Memory

Access schemes in DSPs Multiple access memory, multiport memory, VLSI

Architecture, Pipelining, Special addressing modes, On-Chip Peripherals.

Architecture of TMS 320C5X- Introduction, Bus Structure, Central Arithmetic Logic Unit,

Auxiliary Registrar, Index Registrar, Auxiliary Registger Compare Register, Block Move

Address Register, Parallel Logic Unit, Memory mapped registers, program controller,

Some flags in the status registers, On- chip registers, On-chip peripherals


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit is an introductory unit to the digital image processing where in

the basics of relevant pertaining to the signal are explained. In the second part of the

chapter we will get to know about the types of signals and different processes that are

mainly involved in identifying them. As the chapter progresses we would get to about

the stability, causality conditions of systems along with the identification techniques.

And to the end of the chapter we will get to know about the various linear constant

coefficient difference equations and also the frequency domain representation of

discrete time signals and systems.

UNIT II

Objective: The next unit in this subject deals with the discrete Fourier series of a given

signal. Also as we go deeper into the chapter we would notice the different properties of

discrete Fourier series, and the way of representing the signal according to the Fourier

representation. Also we would learn about the Fourier representation of periodic

sequences. We in the last stages of this unit would know about the discrete Fourier

transforms their properties and the concepts of linear convolution of sequences using

DFT, and mainly computation of DFT of a given signal. The chapter concludes with the

relation between the Z-transform and DFS.

UNIT III

Objective: The next unit deals all about the extended concepts of the previous unit

which is the Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). Here in this chapter we discuss all about

the types of FFTs their organization, their importance and the way of using them on the

signals. We would get to know about a concept called as the calculation of radix-2

calculation which would lead us to the two different types of FFT algorithms such as the

DIT-FFT and the DIF-FFT. Lastly this chapter also explains us about the difference

between the decimation in time and decimation in frequency FFT algorithms, and also

does the same with the inverse FFT, and FFT for composite N.


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UNIT IV

Objective: The fourth unit deals exclusively with the review of Z-Transformations in

which the concepts like the applications of Z-Transformations, and the solution of

difference equations of digital filters are obtained. Also the block diagram representation

of linear constant coefficient difference equations are given with quite a good number of

practical examples and the basic structures of IIR systems are also explained. And

lastly the transposed forms, and the basic structures of FIR systems along with their

system functions are stated.

UNIT V

Objective: The next unit in the subject deals with a kind of specialization on the IIR

filters in which we would learn about them right from the scratch. We would learn about

the analog filter approximations by using the types of IIR filters like the butter worth and

the Chebyshev filters. We also would know about the design methods of IIR digital

filters and the difference of the same from analog filters. The design examples for the

analog and digital transformations are also discussed.

UNIT VI

Objective: This unit unlike the last unit which describes about the IIR filters would

discuss about the FIR filters. This unit will provide us the In and outs of the concepts of

the FIR filters wherein the concepts such as the characteristics of FIR digital filters, how

they differ from the IIR filters and their frequency response is also mentioned. The

design methods of the FIR digital filters using the window techniques are also stated

wherein about six to seven windowing techniques are mentioned. Lastly the concept of

frequency sampling technique, and the comparison of IIR & FIR filters are also

explained.

UNIT VII

Objective: The penultimate unit explores the concept of multi-rate digital signal

processing is mentioned. This unit throws some light on the concepts such as the

decimation, interpolation, and the difference between them with some useful equations

as examples. Also the sampling rate conversion, and implementation of sampling rate

conversion are also discussed.


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UNIT VIII

Objective: The last unit in this subject deals entirely with the introductory concepts to

the programmable DSPs. In this regard we would come across the concepts such as

the internal structure of the DSP processor and their working and the difference

between the DSP processors to the other microprocessors and so on. The other

concepts such as the memory access schemes in DSPs and the scope of multiple

accesses and the multiport memory are discussed. The architecture of TMS 320C5X

along with its introduction, Bus structure, central arithmetic logic unit, Auxiliary

Registrar, Index registrar, Auxiliary register compare register, block move address

register, parallel logic unit, Memory mapped registers, program controller , some flags in

the status registers, On-chip registers, on-chip peripherals are discussed.


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BITS

The other name for unit impulse sequence is [a]

a) unit sample sequence

b) unit step sequence

c) unit ramp sequence

d) 4)All

2.Discrete-time signal can be modified by modifying independent variable using The following

methods. [d]

a) 1)Time shifting

b) 2)Folding

c) 3)Time-scaling

d) 4)All the above

3 Solution of difference equations can be obtained by [c]

a) 1)Laplace transforms

b) 2)Fourier transforms

c) 3)Z-transforms

d) 4)None

4.Time invariant system should satisfy [b]

a) Stability condition

b) 2)y(n-k) x(n-k)

c) 3)Superposition theorem

d) 4)None

5.Two equal and real valued sequences x1(n) and x2(n) of duration K are circularly

convolved, so the result x3(n) is of duration . [a]

a) 1)K

b) 2)K-1

c) 3)2K

d) 4)K+1


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6.DFT of four point sequence x(n) = 1,0,1,0 is [a]

a) 1)X(K)=2,0,2,0

b) 2)X(K)=1,0,2,0

c) 3)X(K)=-2,0,-2,0

d) 4) X(K)=0,-2,0,-2

7.In the direct computation of N-point DFT, the total number of complex multiplications are

given by [b]

a) 1)N

b) 2)N2

c) 3)2N2

d) 4)N/2

8.In radix-2 FFT the total number of complex additions is [b]

(Note : N indicates number of points to be computed i.e., N-point DFT)

a) 1)log2N

b) 2)Nlog2N

c) 3)N/2log2N

d) 4)2Nlog2N

9.x(n) is a finite duration sequence of length L. if X(K) and xp(n) are N-Point DFT and N-point

IDFT of x(n) respectively then one period of xp(n) can be recognized as x(n) if [c]

a) 1)L>N

b) 2)L≥N

c) 3)L≤N

d) 4)None

10.The linear convolution of sequences of length N1 and N2 produces an output sequence of

length [b]

a) 1)N1-N2+1

b) 2)N1+N2-1

c) 3)N1+N2+1

d) 4)N1-N2-1

11. In Z-transforms, the initial value theorem is [d]

a) £tn→0 x(n) = £tZ→0 X(Z)

b) £tn→0 x(n) = £tZ→0 x(Z)z=0

c) £tn→∞ x(n) = £tZ→0 X(Z)

d) £tn→0 x(n) = £tZ→∞ X(Z)


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12.Time shifting property of a Z-transform is [a]

a) x(n-k) ↔ Z-k X(Z)

b) x(n+k) ↔ Z-k X(Z)

c) x(n+k) ↔ Zk X(-Z)

d) x(n-k) ↔ Zk X(Z)

13. Discrete time system is stable if the poles are [a]

a) with in the unit circle | Z | < 1

b) with in the unit circle | Z | > 1

c) with in the unit circle | Z | = 1

d) None

14.The Z-transform of unit step sequence is [a]

a) 1)1/[1-Z]

b) 2)Z/[Z+1]

c) 3)Z/[Z-1]

d) 4)1/[1+Z]

15.The Z-transform of an x(n) is [b]

a) X(1/Za)

b) 2)X(Z/a)

c) 3)X(aZ)

d) X(a/Z)

16. The range of frequencies of signal that are passed through filter is called [c]

a) Stop

b) Transitionband

c) Pass band

d) Either 1 or 2

17. Poles of the chebyshev filter lies on ----- in the s- plane [a]

a) Ellipse

b) Circle

c) Hyperbola

d) Parabola


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18.Give an analog low pass filter with a transfer function of Ha (S) To design an analog high

pass filter With cut of frequency of Ωc, the transformation required in Ha (S) is [a]

a) s → Ωc,/s

b) s →s/ Ωc

c) s → (s+Ωc)

d) s → (s-Ωc)

19.Digital filter system function is represented by [c]

a) Laplace transform

b) Fourier transform

c) Z-Transform

d) Both 1& 2

20.In impulse invariant transformation the mapping of analog frequency to the digital frequency

is [b]

a) one-to-one

b) Many-to-one

c) One-to-many

d) Many-to-many


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SUBJECT: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

UNIT I

Digital image fundamentals - Digital Image through scanner, digital camera. Concept of

gray levels. Gray level to binary image conversion. Sampling and quantization.

Relationship between pixels. Imaging Geometry.

UNIT II

Image Transforms 2-D FFT, Properties. Walsh transform, Hadamard Transform,

Discrete cosine Transform, Haar transform, Slant transform, Hotelling transform.

UNIT III

Image enhancement Point processing. Histogram processing. Spatial filtering.

UNIT IV

Enhancement in frequency domain, Image smoothing, Image sharpening.

UNIT V

Color image processing: Psedo color image processing, full color image processing.

UNIT VI

Image Restoration Degradation model, Algebraic approach to restoration, Inverse

filtering, Least mean square filters, Constrained Least Squares Restoration, Interactive

Restoration.


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UNIT VII

Image segmentation Detection of discontinuities. Edge linking and boundary detection,

Thresholding, Region oriented segmentation.

UNIT VIII

Image compression Redundancies and their removal methods, Fidelity criteria, Image

compression models, Source encoder and decoder, Error free compression, Lossy

compression.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I Objective: This chapter defines the scope of the field, gives a historical perspective, its applications in various fields, discusses the principal approaches used in image processing and gives overview of the components contained in a typical image processing system. It also summarizes the mechanics of the human visual system, including image formation in the eye and its capabilities for brightness adaptation and discrimination. It introduces the concepts of uniform image sampling and intensity quantization along with spatial and intensity resolution. It also deals with a variety of basic relationships between pixels.

UNIT II Objective: This chapter deals with the various transforms used in the realm of digital image processing today. It starts off with the basic transform which is the 2-D fast Fourier transform where the equation, properties and some illustrations are included. Then, various other new transforms like the Walsh-Hadamard transform, the haar transform, the discrete sine transform and the hotelling transform are discussed which include the basic definition, equation, properties and illustrations.

UNIT III Objective: This chapter deals with the image enhancement in the spatial domain. Image enhancement is the process of making the image look beautiful to the human eye. Image enhancement can be done in two ways: Spatial domain and frequency domain. In the spatial domain, various masks are used to enhance an image. It starts with the point processing technique where different functions are used. Then, the masks of average weighted, average, median, maximum and minimum are used. The histogram is defined and enhancement using it is explained.

UNIT IV Objective: This chapter deals with the image enhancement in frequency domain where the various types of filters are used to enhance an image. The various filters used in this chapter are ideal low pass filter, Butterworth low pass filter and Gaussian low pass filter for smoothening operation and ideal high pass filter and Gaussian high pass filter for sharpening operation. Here, the smooth part of the image is considered to be low frequency and the sharp part is considered to be of high frequency.


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UNIT V Objective: The use of color in the image processing is motivated by two principal factors. First the color is a very powerful descriptor that often simplifies object identification and extraction from a scene. Second, humans can discern thousands of color shades and intensities, compared to about only two dozens of shades of gray. Color image processing is divided into two major areas in this chapter: Full Color and Pseudo-Color processing. They are described in detail along with the different color models used.

UNIT VI Objective: In contrast to image enhancement which is a subjective process, Image restoration is an objective process. Restoration attempts to recover an image that has been degraded by using a priori knowledge of the degradation phenomenon. Thus restoration techniques are oriented toward modeling the degradation and applying the inverse process in order to recover the original image. This Approach usually involves formulating a criterion of goodness that will yield an optimal estimate of the desired result.

UNIT VII Objective: The Seventh chapter in this context deals with the image segmentation. The primary aim of this chapter is to derive methods that can detect the discontinuities present in an image. The various discontinuities that can be present are point discontinuity, Line discontinuity and Edge discontinuity. Various algorithms are introduced in this chapter that detects these discontinuities the best among them is the Hough transform, region growing etc.

UNIT VIII Objective: This chapter deals with the comprehension techniques if an image. Basically, the space available is limited and we have to make the best use of it. The compression concept has arisen from this sentence. It is always good if can represent the same data in lesser number of bits which decreases the space required to save it and also the bandwidth required to transmit it. This can be done by removing the various redundancies present in the image. The various concepts relating to the image compression mentioned in this chapter are: fidelity criteria, image compression models, Source encoder and decoder, free compression and lossy compression.


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BITS

1. The set of points seen by the camera, after it was arrived from normal position is _______ different [b] a) Largely b) Quite c) Normal d) High

2. Digitalization of spatial co-ordinates (x,y) called [c] a) Gray level quantization b) Finite sampling c) Image sampling d) Image quantization

3. A 128X128 image with 64 gray levels requires _____ bits of storage [d] a) 4096 b) 8092 c) 12288 d) 98304

4. A good image is difficult to define because image quality is ______ [c] a) High subjective, weakly dependant b) Lowly subjective, weakly dependant c) High subjective, strongly dependant d) Lowly subjective, strongly dependant

5. Median filters are [b] a) Linear b) Non-linear c) Active d) Passive

6. Histogram transformation function is also called as [a] a) Histogram equalization b) Histogram computation c) Histogram quantization d) Histogram non equalization

7. A color attribute that describes a pure color [a] a) Hue b) Saturation c) Brightness d) Luminance

8. The number of bits used to represent each pixel in RGB space is called [c] a) Picture depth b) Picture length c) Pixel depth d) Pixel length


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9. In the enhancement in frequency domain we perform _____ transform to produce the enhanced image [a] a) Inverse b) Fourier c) Laplace d) Differential

10. JPEG uses [c] a) Hadmard transform b) Fourier transform c) DCT d) Bit plane methods

11 How many shades of grey are there in a 6 bit image? [b]

a) 26 b) 64 c) 256 d) 63

12.Region based segmentation is to partition an image into regions based on [a]

a) Similarities b) Discontinuities c) Similarities and discontinuities d) Neither similarities nor discontinuities

13 .The basic types of gray level discontinuities [b]

a) Point b) Point,line,edges c) Edges d) Line

14.hamming code corrects [c]

a) Any number of bit errors b) Two bit errors c) Single bit errors d) Three bit errors


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15.various optimal variable length code are [d]

a) Huff mann coding b) LZW coding c) B2 coding d) Huffmann,B2 and binary shift coding

16.JPEG uses [c]

a) Hadamard transform b) Fourier transform c) DCT d) Bit plane methods

17.the compression in case of error free encoding of monochrome images [b]

a) 100:1 b) 3:1 c) 50:1 d) 20:1

18.the process of removing the psycho visual redundancy in an image [a]

a) Quantization b) Mapping c) Coding d) Imaging

19.the sensors in eye responsible for colour vision [a]

a) Cones b) Rods c) Retina d) Lens

20. hue and saturation together called [d]

a) Brightness b) Luminance c) Radiance d) Chromaticic


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CONTROL SYSTEMS

SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEMS

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION: Concepts of Control Systems- Open Loop and closed loop control systems and their differences- Different examples of control systems- Classification of control systems, Feed-Back Characteristics, Effects of feedback. Mathematical models – Differential equations, Impulse Response and transfer functions - Translational and Rotational mechanical systems

UNIT II

TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION: Transfer Function of DC Servo motor - AC

Servo motor- Synchro transmitter and Receiver, Block diagram representation of systems

considering electrical systems as examples -Block diagram algebra – Representation by Signal

flow graph - Reduction using mason‘s gain formula.

UNIT III

TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS: Standard test signals - Time response of first order systems –

Characteristic Equation of Feedback control systems, Transient response of second order

systems - Time domain specifications – Steady state response - Steady state errors and error

constants – Effects of proportional derivative, proportional integral systems.

UNIT IV

STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN: The concept of stability – Routh‘s stability criterion – qualitative stability and conditional stability – limitations of Routh‘s stability Root Locus Technique: The root locus concept - construction of root loci-effects of adding

poles and zeros to G(s)H(s) on the root loci.

UNIT V

FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS: Introduction, Frequency domain specifications-Bode diagrams-Determination of Frequency domain specifications and transfer function from the Bode Diagram-Phase margin and Gain margin-Stability Analysis from Bode Plots.


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UNIT VI

STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN: Polar Plots, Nyquist Plots Stability Analysis.

UNIT VII

CLASSICAL CONTROL DESIGN TECHNIQUES: Compensation techniques – Lag, Lead, Lead-Lag Controllers design in frequency Domain, PID Controllers.

UNIT VIII

STATE SPACE ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS: Concepts of state, state variables and state model, derivation of state models from block diagrams, Diagonalization- Solving the Time invariant state Equations- State Transition Matrix and it‘s Properties – Concepts of Controllability and Observability.


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SYNOPSIS

UNIT I:

Objective: The unit deals with the representation of numerical data , with emphasis on

those representations which use only two symbols , 0 and 1 . Here we discuss about

the special methods of representing numerical data , affording protection against

various transmission errors and component failures . This unit deals with the 2‘s

complement representation of negative numbers, error detecting codes like parity and

error detecting codes like hamming codes . it introduces codes like the grey codes

which are very useful for problem solving.

UNIT II:

Objective: The second chapter deals with the transfer function representation where

the transfer function of DC servo motor is discussed first and continued by AC servo

motor , synchro transmitter and receiver. The block diagrams of these systems are

considered as examples for electrical systems. Then the block diagram algebra is

discussed with some illustrations. For a better simplification, signal flow mechanism is

used alongside the reducing mason‘s gain formula.

UNIT III:

Objective: This chapter deals with the time response analysis of the control systems.

The standard test signals are briefly explained first and the time response of first order

and second order systems are computed. Then the different concepts like study state

response, steady state errors and error constants, effects of proportional derivative and

proportional integral; systems. The time domain specifications are also discussed.

UNIT IV:

Objective: This chapter discusses the stability analysis in s-domain which starts with

concepts of stability and the concept of Routh‘s stability criteria. Then the two different

types of stabilities qualitative stability and conditional stability are also explained in

detail. The limitations of Routh‘s stability are also enumerated. Another concept in

stability, the root locus technique is explained in detail with several illustrations.


DEPT OF ECE Page 97

UNIT V:

Objective: The fifth unit of this context explains the concept of frequency response

analysis where the main tool used to determine the stability is Bode plots. First, the

frequency domain specifications are explained. Then, the Bode plots are explained with

several illustrations and from these plots, the determination of frequency domain

specifications and transfer function is explained. The calculation of phase margin, gain

margin and stability analysis from Bode plots follow this.

UNIT VI:

Objective: This unit deals with two types of plots that determine the stability of a control

system. They are polar plots and nyquest plots and the stability analysis from these

plots are explained with several illustrations.

UNIT VII:

Objective: The seventh unit of this context covers the classical control design

techniques where the compensation techniques are described. They are lag, lead, lead

lag controllers design in frequency domain in PID controllers.

UNIT VIII:

Objective: This chapter deals with the concept of state, state variable and state model.

Then, the state models are derived from block diagrams. The concept of diagonalization

is introduced which involves solving the time invariant state equations. The concept of

state transition matrix is discussed along with its properties along with the concepts of

controllability and observability.


DEPT OF ECE Page 98

BITS

1. As compared to closed loop system, an open loop is [C] A. more stable as well as more accurate B. less stable as well as accurate C. more stable but less accurate D. less stable but more accurate 2. Which one of the following techniques is utilized to determine the actual point at

which the root locus crosses the imaginary axis. [B] A. Nyquist technique B. Routh-hurwitz criterion

C. Nichol‘s criterion D. Bode technique 3. With negative feedback in a closed loop control system, the system sensitivity to

parameter variations [B] A. increases B. decreases C. becomes zero D. becomes finite 4. The steady state error of a stable type 0 unity feedback system for a unit step

function is [C]

A. 0 B. C. PK1

1 D.

PK

1.

5.Mason‘s gain formula states the overall gain of the system as [B]

A.

K

KKPT2

1 B.

K

KKPT1

C.

K

KKPT2

D.

K

KKPT2

2

6.A synchro is used to [B] A. accelerate a rotating shaft B. converts an angular position of shaft into an electrical signal C. converts linear motion into angular position D. amplify low frequency signals

7.Root locus diagram can be used to determine relative stability. 8.A root locus is symmetrical about real axis. 9.The polar plot is drawn magnitude and phase incorporated in the x-y plane. 10.By using lag lead compensation the order of the system will [A] a. increase by two b. increase by one c. remain same d. become doubled 11. The phase lead portion of a lead lag compensator is used for achieving _ _ Rise

time & _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bandwidth. [A] a. smaller, higher b. smaller, smaller c. higher, higher d. higher, smaller


DEPT OF ECE Page 99

12. PD control will have effect on steady state error only if the [A] a. error varies with time b. error remains constant c. error is large & remains constant d. error is small & remains constant 13. A PD controller [A] a. increases BW & reduces rise time b. increases both BW & rise time c. decreases both BW & rise time d. decreases BW & increases rise time 14. A PI controller [A] a. increases rise time & decreases BW b. increases both BW & rise time c. decreases both BW & rise time d. decreases rise time & increases BW 15. 15.The controller used for improving transient response is [A] a. PD b. PI c. P d. neither P,PD nor PI 16. The controller employed to improve steady state performance is [A] a. PI b. P c. PD d. neither P, PD nor PI 17) A PD controller is a [A] a. High pass filter b. Low pass filter c. Band pass filter d. Band stop filter 18) 18.A PI controller is a [A] a. Low pass filter b. High pass filter c. Band pass filter d. Band stop filter 19) The PI controller increases the type of the system by [A] a. 1 b. 2 c. 0 d. 3 20) A PID controller [A] a. improves both steady state & transient response b. improves steady state but transient response is not affected c. improves transient response but steady state is not affected


DEPT OF ECE Page 100

COMMUNICATIONS

SUBJECT: ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION : Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation,

Frequency Division Multiplexing , Amplitude Modulation, Definition, Time domain and

frequency domain description, single tone modulation, power relations in AM waves,

Generation of AM waves, square law Modulator, Switching modulator, Detection of AM

Waves; Square law detector, Envelope detector.

UNIT II

DSB MODULATION: Double side band suppressed carrier modulators, time domain and

frequency domain description, Generation of DSBSC Waves, Balanced Modulators,

Ring Modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves, COSTAS Loop.

UNIT III

SSB MODULATION: Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination method

for generation of AM SSB Modulated Wave, Time domain description, Phase

discrimination method for generating AM SSB Modulated waves. Demodulation of SSB

Waves, Vestigial side band modulation: Frequency description, Generation of VSB

Modulated wave, Time domain description, Envelope detection of a VSB Wave pulse

Carrier, Comparison of AM Techniques, Applications of different AM Systems.

UNIT IV

ANGLE MODULATION: Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency

modulation, Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band

FM, Constant Average Power, Transmission bandwidth of FM Wave - Generation of FM

Waves, Direct FM, Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator, Zero

crossing detector, Phase locked loop, Comparison of FM & AM.



UNIT V

NOISE: Noise in Analog communication System, Noise in DSB& SSB System Noise in

AM System, Noise in Angle Modulation System, Threshold effect in Angle Modulation

System, Pre-emphasis & de-emphasis

UNIT VI

TRANSMITTERS : Radio Transmitter - Classification of Transmitter, AM Transmitter,

Effect of feedback on performance of AM Transmitter, FM Transmitter – Variable

reactance type and phase modulated FM Transmitter, frequency stability in FM

Transmitter.

UNIT VII

RECEIVERS : Radio Receiver - Receiver Types - Tuned radio frequency receiver,

Superhetrodyne receiver, RF section and Characteristics - Frequency changing and

tracking, Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM Receiver, Comparison with AM Receiver,

Amplitude limiting.

UNIT VIII

PULSE MODULATION: Time Divison Multiplexing, Types of Pulse modulation, PAM

(Single polarity, double polarity) PWM: Generation & demodulation of PWM, PPM,

Generation and demodulation of PPM



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit in this subject is a self explanatory unit all the introductory

concepts of the subject are overviewed. These concepts involves the introduction to

communication system, need for modulation in a communication system primarily and

later on explores the kinds of signal processing techniques such as the frequency

division multiplexing. Also it focuses on the methods that make the output of a signal

from a system look better. These are called as the modulation techniques. The

modulation techniques involve the amplitude modulation, single tone modulation etc.

also the other concepts are based on the generation of AM waves, using the services

like the square law modulator, switching modulator, detection of AM waves; square law

detector, envelope detector and lastly the time domain and frequency domain

description of the signal has also been mentioned.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit concentrates entirely on the DSB-SC waves. It emphasizes

on the importance, their usage, their representation in both, time domain and frequency

domains, their generation. Just like the previous unit wherein the generation of the AM

waves are discussed using various processes even in this unit the methods of

generating the DSB-SC waves are discussed. The various methods for the generating

the DSB-SC waves are discussed. The various methods for the generation of DSB-SC

waves are as follows balanced modulators, ring modulators, coherent detection of DSB-

SC modulated waves, COSTAS loop. All the methods are deeply discussed with

respect to their own block diagrams and their respective equations.

UNIT III

Objective: This unit deals with the SSB-SC and the vestigial side bad waves. In this

concern it first explains the shortcomings of the DSB-SC waves and the reasons to opt

the SSB-SC waves. So consequentially it expresses all the details of SSB-SC along

with the frequency and the time domain description of the SSB-SC waves. Also it

explains the various generation methods such as the frequency discrimination method

for generation of AM SSB modulated wave, the time domain description, phase

discrimination method for generating AM SSB modulated waves. The demodulation of

the SSB-SC waves is also discussed with the necessary equations. And in the last part



of the chapter just like the reasons for switching to the SSB-SB from DSB-SC has been

put forth similarly the offshoots of the SSB-SC waves are discussed along with the next

step in overcoming these shortcomings by explaining about the vestigial sideband

modulation, its frequency description, method of generation of and also its time domain

description, and then followed by the detection methods such as the envelope detection

and ends finally with the, comparison of AM techniques, and applications of different

AM systems.

UNIT IV

Objective: The fourth unit deals about the angular modulation. In this regard it also

deals with the other concepts such as the topics from the first few units such as the

frequency modulation, single tone frequency modulation and then extending its

perspective in on to the spectrum analysis of different kinds of FM waves such as the

sinusoidal FM wave, narrow band FM, and the wide band FM. The parameters such as

the constant average power, the transmission bandwidth of FM wave are discussed by

explaining the generation of FM waves, direct FM and the detection of FM waves is also

discussed using the processes like the balanced frequency discriminator, zero crossing

detector, phase locked lop, comparison of FM and AM.

UNIT V

Objective: In any system there is the presence of noise and other distortions. So it is

very important to know about them. So in this regard this unit is entirely dedicated to the

noise in the analog communication system. This unit will individually deal with the noise

in each and every analog system individually deriving the necessary signal to noise ratio

equations for these systems. The different kinds of system that are dealt are noise in

DSB and SSB system noise in AM system, and noise in angle modulation system. Also

the concept of threshold effect is has been explained to great effect and lastly followed

by the concept of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.

UNIT VI

Objective: For any communication system there will be a transmitter and receiver. So it

is quite important to know about them before we design a system. So this unit will in

particularly discuss about the transmitter part of the system and the types of

transmitters that we are about to use for an analog communication system. Also the

effect of having a feedback in the system on the performance of the system has been



stated. The types of transmitters that are discussed in this unit are AM transmitter and

the FM transmitter and the internal concepts of it are also explained such as the

variable reactance type and phase modulated FM transmitter and finally about the

frequency stability in FM transmitter.

UNIT VII

Objective: Unlike the previous unit which dealt with the transmitter this unit deals with

the receiver section in which the concepts of radio receivers, the types of receivers are

discussed. Besides this some light is thrown on the tuned radio frequency of the

receiver. Even the concept of the super hetrodyne receiver is explained along with RF

section and its characteristics such as the frequency changing and tracking, even the

concepts of the intermediate frequency, AGC, FM receiver and the comparison with AM

receiver, amplitude limiting are also explored.

UNIT VIII

Objective: The final unit in this subject gives the introduction to pulse modulation where

in the concepts of time division multiplexing, is first explained and then focused on the

main concept of the pulse modulation. Types of pulse modulations are also considered

and explained in detail. And the other contents of this unit are PAM (single polarity,

double polarity), generation and demodulation of PWM, also the concept of pulse

position modulation and its generation and demodulation are explained.



BITS

1. Having an Information signal change some characteristic of a carrier signal is called [b]

a) Multiplexing b) Modulation

c) Duplexing d) Linear mixing

2. Which of the following is not true about AM? [c] a) The carrier amplitude varies b) The carrier frequency remains constant

c) The carrier frequency changes d) The information signal amplitude changes

carrier amplitude.

3. The opposite of modulation is [d] a) Reverse modulation b) Downward modulation

c) Un modulation d) demodulation

4. The circuit used to produce Modulation is called a [a] a) Modulator b) Demodulator

c) Variable gain amplifier d) Multiplexer

5. A modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs? [b] a) Addition b) Multiplication c) Division d) Square root

6. The ratio of the peak modulating signal voltage to the peak carrier voltage is referred to as [c]

a) The voltage ratio b) Decibels

c) The modulation index d) The mix factor



7. If m is greater than 1, what happens? [d] a) Normal operation b) Carrier drops to zero

c) Carrier frequency shifts d) Information signal is distorted.

8. For ideal AM, which of the following is true? [b] a) m = 0 b) m = 1 c) m < 1 d) m > 1

9. The outline of the peaks of a carrier has the shape of the modulating signal and is called the [c]

a) Trace b) Wave shape

c) Envelop d) Carrier variation

10. Over modulation occurs when [a] a) Vm > Vc b) Vm < Vc c) Vm = Vc d) Vm = Vc = 0

11. The positive RF peaks of an AM voltage rise to a maximum value of 12V and drop to a minimum value of 4V. The modulation index assuming Single tone modulation is [d]

a) 3 b) 1/3 c) 1/4 d) ½

12. A plot of modulation index verses carrier amplitude yields a [b] a) Horizontal line b) Hyperbola

c) Vertical line d) Parabola

13. An audio signal 15sin2π(1500t) amplitude modulates 60sin2π(105t). The modulation index will be [b]

a) 20% b) 25% c) 50% d) 75%



14. In case of Amplitude modulation [a] a) The amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance with the amplitude of

the modulating signal

b) The amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance with the frequency of the

modulating signal

c) The amplitude of the carrier remains constant

d) The amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance with the phase of the

modulating signal.

15. Indicate the false statement. An amplitude modulated signal contains [b] a) ωC b) ωm c) ωC + ωm d) ωC - ωm

16. The bandwidth required by an Amplitude modulated signal is equal to [a] a) 2fm b) 2fc c) fm d) fc

17. In AM, the sideband amplitude [b] a) Equals the carrier amplitude b) Can never exceed half the

carrier amplitude

c) Equals the modulating signal amplitude d) Can exceed the carrier

amplitude

18. If the carrier of a 100 percent modulated AM wave is suppressed, the percentage power saving will be [c]

a) 100 b) 50 c) 66.67 d) 150

19. The modulating index of AM is changed from 0 to 1. The transmitted power is [b] a) Halved b) Increased by 50%

c) Doubled d) Unchanged

20.The number of AM broadcast stations that can be accommodated in a 100 KHz bandwidth for the highest modulating frequency of 5 KHz will be [b] a) 5 b) 10 c) 20 d) 100



SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT I

PULSE DIGITAL MODULATION : Elements of digital communication systems,

advantages of digital communication systems, Elements of PCM: Sampling,

Quantization & Coding, Quantization error, Compading in PCM systems. Differential

PCM systems (DPCM).

UNIT II

DELTA MODULATION : Delta modulation, its draw backs, adaptive delta modulation,

comparison of PCM and DM systems, noise in PCM and DM systems.

UNIT III

DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES : Introduction, ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK,

DEPSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK, ASK, FSK, similarity of BFSK and BPSK.

UNIT IV

DATA TRANSMISSION : Base band signal receiver, probability of error, the optimum

filter, matched filter, probability of error using matched filter, coherent reception, non-

coherent detection of FSK, calculation of error probability of ASK, BPSK, BFSK,QPSK.

UNIT V

INFORMATION THEORY : Discrete messages, concept of amount of information and

its properties. Average information, Entropy and its properties. Information rate, Mutual

information and its properties,



UNIT VI

SOURCE CODING : Introductions, Advantages, Shannon‘s theorem, Shanon-Fano

coding, Huffman coding, efficiency calculations, channel capacity of discrete and analog

Channels, capacity of a Gaussian channel, bandwidth –S/N trade off.

UNIT VII

LINEAR BLOCK CODES : Introduction, Matrix description of Linear Block codes, Error

detection and error correction capabilities of Linear block codes, Hamming codes,

Binary cyclic codes, Algebraic structure, encoding, syndrome calculation, BCH Codes.

UNIT VIII

CONVOLUTION CODES : Introduction, encoding of convolution codes, time domain

approach, transform domain approach. Graphical approach: state, tree and trellis

diagram decoding using Viterbi algorithm.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: This chapter is the opening unit of the digital communication which tarts with the block diagram of a basic digital communication system along with the explanation of each block and its specifications. Then, the advantages of digital communication over analog communication are stated while moving into the concept of pulse code modulation (PCM). PCM is the basic coding technique in any digital communication system and its block diagram. The various blocks are explained followed by a simple explanation on differential pulse code modulation.

UNIT II

Objective: The second chapter goes in depth into the other advanced digital coding techniques. It gives a detailed explanation of delta modulation consisting of the concept, the block diagram and its various blocks. Then, the various drawbacks of delta modulation are enumerated along with their explanations and methods of reducing them. It is extended to the adaptive delta modulation. Then, the PCM and delta modulations are compared in concept and in noise performance.

UNIT III

Objective: After studying about the various coding techniques, the subject enters into the phase of the keying techniques where the bit streams are converted into high frequency signal for better transmission and reception. The various keying techniques explained in this chapter are amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, differential shift keying and quadrature phase shift eying. Then, the similarities between binary frequency shift keying and binary phase shift keying are identified.

UNIT IV

Objective: This unit deals with the various architectures of receivers used in order to decrease the error probability. Four such architectures are taken into account and explained. They are base band signal receiver, matched filter, coherent reception and non-coherent reception. After this, the error probability of every architecture is calculated and compared. After this, the error probabilities of ASK, BPSK, BFSK and QPSK are computed and compared.



UNIT V

Objective: Now that the theory of the different coding techniques and keying techniques are discussed, the subject moves on into the concept of information theory. The aim of this chapter is to pack the total information to be sent into as minimum number of bit as possible and to calculate the probability of error in a received bit stream. It introduces the concept of amount of information, average information, entropy, information rate and mutual information along with the derivation of their properties.

UNIT VI

Objective: The concepts explained in the previous chapter are used here to satisfy the aim of the previous unit. Especially, the entropy plays a very important role. This chapter deals wit the ways in which the sources can be coded for better information packing. It takes off with the Shannon‘s theorem which results in the Shannon-Fano‘s coding. To still increase the efficiency is calculated for every method. It ends with the concept of channel capacities of analog and discrete channels with an example of the Gaussian channel.

UNIT VII

Objective: The theory studied in the previous chapter deals with the packing of information into as minimum number of bits as possible. But, this chapter deals with the errors that may creep into the received bit stream and the methods of detecting or correcting them. Quite many such techniques are introduced in this chapter. They are: Linear block codes, Error detection and correction capabilities, Hamming codes, Binary cyclic codes, Algebraic structure, encoding and syndrome calculation and last but not the least, BCH codes.

UNIT VIII

Objective: The closing unit of this subject completely covers the concept of convolution codes. It starts with a brief explanation of the encoding used for the convolution codes and then, enters the aena f its application. Here, various methods are proposed some of which are time domain approach, transform domain approach and graphical approach which covers tree and trellis diagram encoding using the viterbi algorithm.



BITS

1. Which of the following is used to convert the analog sampled values into finite set of levels? [b] a) Sampler b) Quantizer c) LPF d) None

2. Quantizing noise occurs in which one of the following? [d]

a) TDM b) FDM c) PAM d) PCM

3. ________ is one bit version of DPCM. [b] a) PCM b) Delta modulation c) PPM d) PAM

4. Digital carrier modulation schemes are used for _______ channels. [b]

a) Baseband b) Bandpass c) Either baseband or bandpass d) None

5. By introducing error controlling schemes, the error probability ------------ [b]

a) Increases b) Decreases c) Remains same d) None

6. When compared to coherent receivers, the equipment complexity of non-coherent receivers is ----------- [c]

a) Same b) More c) Less d) None

7. In a ---------- system, two sinusoidal waves of same amplitude but different frequencies are used to represent binary symbols 0 and 1. [c] a) ASK b) PSK c) FSK d) DPSK

8. When there exists sample to sample correlation, which of the following is used [c] a) Uniform quantizing b) Non-uniform quantizing c) Differential quantizing d) None



9. If X has a range from -4V to +4V, and if it has to be divided into 16 levels, then the step size of uniform quantizer is ________ [b] a) 1V b) 0.5V c) 0.75V d) 0.25V

10. The use of non-uniform quantizer is equivalent to passing the baseband signal through a _____ and then applying this signal to a ______ quantizer. [a] a) Compander, uniform b) Compressor, uniform c) Expander, uniform d) Compander, non-uniform

11.Digital carrier modulation schemes is used for …………… channels. [a]

a) bandpass

b) Band stop

c) Pass band

d) none

12.For a value of error probability, which of the following require least power?

[a]

a) PSK

b) ASK

c) DPSK

d) FSK

13.The power required for coherent FSK is ……. that of PSK for same error probability [a]

a) more than

b) Less than

c) equal to

d) none

14.If the bandwidth is of primary concern, ……….. scheme is generally not considered [a]

a)FSK

b)PSK

c)ASK

d)DPSK



15.In a …………. system, two sinusoidal waves of same amplitude but different frequencies

are used to represent binary symbols 0 and 1. [a]

a) FSK

b) PSK

c) DPSK

d) ASK

16.When compared to coherent receivers, the equipment complexity of non-coherent receivers

is ………….. [a]

a) less

b) More

c) Equal

d) none

17.If rb is the bit rate, the bandwidth of a PSK signal is …………… [b]

a) Rb

b) 2rb

c) 3rb

d) 4rb

18.By introducing error controlling schemes, the error probability …………………… [b]

a) increases

b) decreases

c) remains constant

d) none

19.The Hamming weight of the code vector 0100111 is …………….. [b]

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8

20.The Hamming distance between the two codewords 0111 and 1011 is …………. [c]

a) 3

b) 4

c) 2

d) 6



SUBJECT: TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS

AND NETWORKS

UNIT I

TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS: Introduction, Elements of switching

systems, switching network configuration, principles of cross bar switching.

UNIT II

Electronic space division switching, Time division switching, Combination switching.

UNIT III

TELEPHONE NETWORKS: Subscriber loop systems, switching hierarchy and routing,

transmission plan, numbering plan, charging plans.

UNIT IV

SIGNALING TECHNIQUES: In channel signaling, common channel signaling. Network

traffic load and parameters, grade of service and blocking probability.

UNIT V

DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Introduction, network architecture, layered

network architecture, protocols, data communications hardware, data communication

circuits.

UNIT VI

Public switched data networks, connection oriented & connection less service, Circuit

Switching, packet switching and virtual circuit switching concepts, OSI reference model,

LAN, WAN, MAN & Internet. Repeaters, Bridges, Routers and gate ways.



UNIT VII

INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) : Introduction, motivation,

ISDN architecture, ISDN interfaces, functional grouping, reference points, protocol

architecture, signaling, numbering, addressing, BISDN.

UNIT VIII

DSL Technology: ADSL, Cable Modem, Traditional Cable Networks, HFC Networks,

Sharing, CM & CMTS and DOCSIS.

SONET: Devices, Frame, Frame Transmission, Synchronous Transport Signals, STS I,

Virtual Tributaries and Higher rate of service.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: This subject is all about the telecommunication switching systems. So the

first unit in this subject gives the basic concepts of telecommunication switching

systems. It deeply explains all about the elements or the entities that are involved in

functioning of switching systems. Also it deals with their configuration and the different

types of entities that being used in the switching system. It also explains about the type

of switching configurations that are being established in the switching system and also

proposes a correct type of configuration that suits the switching system.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit is entirely dedicated to the types of switching techniques

and their configurations, their working and advantages and the disadvantages of one

technique over the other. The different techniques that are concentrated here are

electronic space division switching, time division switching, combination switching. Even

in the above different kinds some of them are sub divided like for example the time

division time switching and time division space switching.

UNIT III

Objective: the third unit is all about the telephone networks wherein everything about

the telephone network is explained. Everything from the root has been explained

regarding the subscriber loop systems, its internal elements and their working has been

explained. Also everything about the switching hierarchy and routing has been

mentioned. In the routing concept everything regarding the types of routing systems and

the areas where these routing systems are really used and the amount of traffic that

they are capable of handling. Also this unit explains about the transmission plan,

numbering plan, charging plans.

UNIT IV

Objective: this unit explains about the types of signaling techniques which involve the

sub techniques like the in channel signaling and the common channel signaling. Also it

focuses on network traffic load and parameters and then the performance measures



such as the grade of service and blocking probability are also mentioned and clearly

stated.

UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit in this subject deals with the data communication networks. In

this unit the various networks architectures are described. Along with the introduction to

these various network protocols are explained in detail. Along with the different set of

protocols the data communications hardware and the data communication circuits are

also explained in detail.

UNIT VI

Objective: The sixth unit in this subject deals with the various switching networks

where in the different set of switching services are discussed in detail. The types of

service that are explained are as follows are connection oriented and connection less

services and later on the types of switching service s that are focused are circuit

switching, packet switching and virtual circuit switching. These switching examples are

then followed by the concepts of the OSI reference model the LAM, WAN, MAN and

lastly the concept of internet. Also the internal aspects of the switching systems such as

the repeaters, bridges, routers and the gate ways are also explained completely.

UNIT VII

Objective: The penultimate unit in this subject explores all the concepts of ISDN which

is the acronym of integrated circuit data network. It explains all about its architecture, its

interfaces and functional grouping of the switching systems. Also the signaling

processing has been discussed and the addressing process of ISDN is explained.

There is an additional concept called as BISDN that has been explained in this unit.



UNIT VIII

Objective: The last unit of the subject deals with the different types of technologies

among which in the primary part of the unit has been discussed about the DSL

technology in which the concept of ADSL, cable modem has been explored. Also the

concepts of traditional cable networks that are used today are thrown some light upon

them. Also to the end of the chapter the concepts such as the HFC networks their

sharing and the CM & CMTS and DOCSIS are discussed.



BITS

1. In fully connected network the number of links is equal to (c)

a. n b. n*(n+1) c. n*(n-1)/2 d. None

2. Links between switching systems are called________________ (b)

a. Subscriber links b. Trunks c. Both a & b d. None

3.The traffic in telecommunication network is measured by an unit called________ (b)

a. Blocking b. erlang c.Trunk d. None

4.In folded network there can be ____________simultaneous calls (c)

a. N b. 2N c. N/2 d. None

5. A comparator is used in ___mode of operation (b)

a. Stand-by b. Synchronous duplex c. Load sharing d. None

6. In an exchange a ____________ interrupt is faster (a)

a. Vector b. Non -Vector c. Service routine d. None

7._____SPC offers better reliability and availability (b)

a. Centralized b. Distributed c. both d. None

8. Simultaneous conversations that can be supported on a network with time division

switching is (b)

a. 125ts b.125/ts c. 125 + ts d.None



9.A star connection utilizes an intermediate exchange called a _______ exchange (b)

a. Trunk b. Tandem c. Secondary d. None

10. The echo's are controlled by __________________ (d)

a. Attenuation b. Echo suppressor c. Echo cancelers d. all

11. International telephone number consists of ______ digits (b)

a. 8 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16

12.______does not use speech or data path for signaling (b)

a. In channel b. common channel c. both d. None

13.________________ is defined as ratio of lost traffic to offered traffic (a)

a. Grade of service b. offered traffic c. Call arrival rate d. None

14. Virtual circuit is an example of ____________ protocol (a)

a. Connection oriented b. connection less oriented c. both d. None

15. Data gram is an example of _______ protocol (b)

a. Connection oriented b. connection less oriented c. both d. None

16._________________ data transmission is used for short distance communication (b)

a. Serial b. Parallel c. Binary d. None



17.The time required to establish the call is called_________________ time (a)

a. Setup time b. Real time c. Blocking d. None

18 Transmission of packets takes place in _______________ Switching (c)

a. Circuit b. Message c. Packet d. None

19. Inter networking between compatible networks is achieved by __________ (c)

a. Repeaters b. Bridge c. Routers d. None

20. ____________ channel is used for carrying signaling information (b)

a. B- channel b. D- channel c. H- channel d. None



SUBJECT: OPTICAL COMMINICATIONS

UNIT I

Overview of optical fiber communication - Historical development, The general system,

advantages of optical fiber communications. Optical fiber wave guides- Introduction,

Ray theory transmission, Total Internal Reflection, Acceptance angle, Numerical

Aperture, Skew rays. Cylindrical fibers- Modes, Vnumber, Mode coupling, Step Index

fibers, Graded Index fibers.

UNIT II

Single mode fibers- Cut off wavelength, Mode Field Diameter, Effective Refractive

Index. [2]. Fiber materials — Glass, Halide, Active glass, Chalgenide glass, Plastic

optical fibers. Signal distortion in optical fibers- Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering and

Bending losses, Core and Cladding losses.

UNIT III

Information capacity determination, Group delay, Types of Dispersion - Material

dispersion, Wave-guide dispersion, Polarization mode dispersion, Intermodal

dispersion. Pulse broadening. Optical fiber Connectors- Connector types, Single mode

fiber connectors, Connector return loss.

UNIT IV

Fiber Splicing- Splicing techniques, Splicing single mode fibers. Fiber alignment and

joint loss- Multimode fiber joints, single mode fiber joints,. Optical sources- LEDs,

Structures, Materials, Quantum efficiency, Power, Modulation, Power bandwidth

product. Injection Laser Diodes- Modes, Threshold conditions, External quantum

efficiency,Laser diode rate equations,Resonant frequencies. Reliability of LED&ILD.

UNIT V

Source to fiber power launching - Output patterns, Power coupling, Power launching,

Equilibrium Numerical Aperture, Laser diode to fiber coupling.



UNIT VI

Optical detectors- Physical principles of PIN and APD, Detector response time,

Temperature effect on Avalanche gain, Comparision of Photodetectors. Optical

receiver operation- Fundamental receiver operation, Digital signal transmission, error

sources, Receiver configuration, Digital receiver performance, Probability of error,

Quantum limit, Analog receivers.

UNIT VII

Optical system design — Considerations, Component choice, Multiplexing. Point-to-

point links, System considerations, Link power budget with examples. Overall fiber

dispersion in Multi mode and Single mode fibers, Rise time budget with examples.

UNTI VIII

Transmission distance, Line coding in Optical links, WDM, Necessity , Principles, Types

of WDM, Measurement of Attenuation and Dispersion, Eye pattern.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit of the optical communications commences with the introductory

concepts such as the basic optical communication system, its history and then knotted

by the concepts related to the transmission of information on the criteria of ray theory

total internal reflection which are in turn are jelled with other factors which seriously alter

the transmission of a wave through the optical fiber such as the V-number, mode

coupling and the types of fibers.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit deals with the single mode fibers and is particulars like the

cut off wavelength, mode field diameter and so on. This unit also throws some light on

the different types of optical fiber materials and also closely followed by the various

losses that might occur in the optical fibers and also the various types of distortions that

occur in them.

UNIT III

Objective: The primary preceding stages of the third unit mainly concentrates on the

information capacity that can be handled by the optical fiber and the succeeding stages

extends or stretches the concepts of the previous unit like the types of losses but out of

the blue these are only pertaining to the connector losses and then dealt with the

concept of dispersions.

UNIT IV

Objective: This unit deals with the fiber slicing and alignment techniques primarily and

then explores the various types of optical sources like the LED, the LASER by providing

all the necessary information pertaining to their structures, types, working, advantages,

their reliabilities threshold levels, and their respective quantum efficiencies along with

the required rate equations.



UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit deals with the sources of optical power launching and also

keenly throw some light on the output power patterns and then on the limitations like the

equilibrium numerical aperture etc. Also this unit stresses on the concept of laser diode

to fiber coupling.

UNIT VI

Objective: This unit mainly explores the concepts of optical detectors such as the photo

detectors. It also emphasizes on the types of these photo detectors like the basic photo

detectors and the avalanche photo detectors and ends up in comparing them. Also this

chapter explains the concepts of optical receiver operation, various error sources, the

digital signal transmission, receiver configuration, Digital receiver performance,

probability error, quantum limit and the analog receivers.

UNIT VII

Objective: The last unit explains about the optical detectors. This unit the design of

such a system is explained considering the various choices for the components etc.

Also it deals with the point to point system and its consideration. This unit also explains

about the various budget systems that are considered for the optical systems.

UNIT VIII

Objective: The ultimate unit in this subject renders details about the transmission

distance and then the coding in optical links, explains the need for WDM, its principles,

The types of WDM and lastly the measurement of attenuation and dispersion and

calculating the eye pattern.



BITS

1.Transmission media are usually categorized as _______. [b]

(a)fixed or unfixed (b)guided or unguided

(a) determinate or indeterminate (d)metallic or nonmetallic

2. Transmission media lie below the _______ layer [d]

(a) Physical

(b) Transport

(c) Network

(d) Application

3._______ cable consists of an inner copper core and a second conducting outer

sheath. [b]

(a) Twisted

(b) Coaxial

(c) Fiber optic

(d) Shielded twisted pair

4.In fiber optics, the signal is _______ waves [a]

(a)Light

(b)radio

(C)infrared

(d)very low frequency

5.Which of the following primarily uses guided media? [b]

(a) cellular telephone system

(b) local telephone system

(c) satellite communications

(d) radio broadcasting



6. Which of the following is not a guided medium [d]

(a) twisted-pair cable

(b) coaxial cable

(c) fiber-optic cable

(d) atmosphere

7. What is the major factor that makes coaxial cable less susceptible to noise than

twisted-pair cable? [d]

(a) inner conductor

(b) diameter of cable

(c) outer conductor

(d) insulating material

8.In an optical fiber, the inner core is _______ the cladding [a]

(a) denser than

(b) less dense than

(c) the same density as

(d) none of the above

9.The inner core of an optical fiber is _______ in composition [a]

(a) glass or plastic

(b) copper

(c) bimetallic

(d) liquid

10.When a beam of light travels through media of two different densities, if the angle of

incidence is greater than the critical angle, _______ occurs [d]

(a) Reflection

(b) Refraction

(c) Incidence

(d) Criticism

11.When the angle of incidence is _______ the critical angle, the light beam bends

along the interface. [a]

(a) More than

(b) Less than

(c) Equal to

(d) None of the above



12.Signals with a frequency below 2 MHz use _______ propagation [c]

(a) Ground

(b) Sky wave

(c) Line of sight


13.Signals with a frequency between 2 MHz and 30 MHz use ______ propagation. [a]

(a) Ground

(b) Sky wave

(c) Line of sight


14. Signals with a frequency above 30 MHz use _______propagation [b]

(a) Ground

(b) Sky wave

(c) Line of sight


15.A parabolic dish antenna is a(n) _______ antenna [a]

(a) Omnidirectional

(b) Bidirectional

(c) Unidirectional

(d) Horn

16.An _____ medium provides a physical conduit from one device to another [c]

(a) Guided

(b) Unguided

(c) Either (a) OR (b)

(d) None

17. ________ cable consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together [c]

(a) Coaxial

(b) Fiber optic

(c) Twisted pair




18. _______ cable is used for voice and data communications [b]

(a) Coaxial

(b) Fiber optic

(c) Twisted pair


19.__________ consists of a central conductor and a shield [b]

(a) Coaxial

(b) Fiber optic

(c) Twisted pair


20._____ cable can carry signals of higher frequency ranges than _____ cable [c]

(a) Twisted-pair; fiber-optic

(b) Coaxial; fiber-optic

(c) Coaxial; twisted-pair

(d) none of the above



SUBJECT: CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT I

CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS: Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,

Performance criteria, uniqueness of mobile radio environment, operation of cellular

systems, Hexagonal shaped cells, Analog and Digital Cellular systems.

UNIT II

ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN : General description of the

problem, concept of frequency channels, Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor,

desired C/I from a normal case in a omni directional Antenna system, Cell splitting,

consideration of the components of Cellular system.

UNIT III

INTERFERENCE : Introduction to Co-Channel Interference, real time Co-Channel

interference, Co-Channel measurement, design of Antenna system, Antenna

parameters and their effects, diversity receiver, non-co-channel interference-different

types.

UNIT IV

CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC : Signal reflections in flat and hilly

terrain, effect of human made structures, phase difference between direct and reflected

paths, constant standard deviation, straight line path loss slope, general formula for

mobile propagation over water and flat open area, near and long distance propagation

antenna height gain, form of a point to point model.

UNIT V

CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS : Sum and difference patterns and their

synthesis, omni directional antennas, directional antennas for interference reduction,



space diversity antennas, umbrella pattern antennas, minimum separation of cell site

antennas, high gain antennas.

UNIT VI

FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT : Numbering and

grouping, setup access and paging channels channel assignments to cell sites and

mobile units, channel sharing and borrowing, sectorization, overlaid cells, non fixed

channel assignment.

UNIT VII

Handoff, dropped calls and cell splitting, types of handoff, handoff invitation, delaying

handoff, forced handoff, mobile assigned handoff. Intersystem handoff, cell splitting,

micro cells, vehicle locating methods, dropped call rates and their evaluation.

UNIT VIII

DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS : GSM architecture, GSM channels, multiplex

access scheme , TDMA, CDMA.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The opening chapter in this context starts with the introduction to cellular

mobile systems while mentioning the disadvantages of the conventional systems. After

this, it discusses the criteria in which the performance of a wireless communication

system can be measured and extends to include the uniqueness of a mobile radio

environment. It then, moves into the operation of cellular systems introduced along with

a small study of hexagonal shaped cells, analog and digital cellular systems.

UNIT II

Objective: This chapter deals with the various elements that take part in the design o a

cellular system. It starts with the general description of the problem of conventional

system and as a solution to this problem, the concept of frequency reuse channels. The

main negative effect of this method is also described as co-channel interference and the

ways in which it can be decreased are also described in detail. Next, the C/I ratios

derived for an Omni-pattern system. Then, a small discussion is held on the concept of

cell splitting.

UNIT III

Objective: The third chapter exquisitely deals with the interference phenomenon where

the concept of co-channel interference is introduced and methods of measuring it in

real-time are also explained. Then, different methods of decreasing this interference are

explained. First, the design of an antenna system is explained which is extended to

introduce the antenna parameters and their effects. Then, the diversity receiver concept

is discussed.

UNIT IV

Objective: The fourth unit deals with the coverage for signal and traffic. In this unit,

several methods are explained in detail which can decrease the co-channel interference

and simultaneously, increase the cell coverage of the system. It starts with the concept

of signal reflections in various terrains and extends into the effect of human made



structures. Then, the equations are derived showing the phase difference between

direct and reflected paths. Equations are also derived for the reflection in water. This

chapter ends with a discussion on the lee model.

UNIT V

Objective: This chapter deals with the various antenna patterns that can be used to

increase the system performance like interference and signal coverage. It introduces

the sum and difference patterns of the antennas. It then, continues with the discussion

of the Omni directional and directional antennas. It also explains in detail, the various

types of antennas used which include space diversity antennas, umbrella pattern

antennas, mobile antennas and high gain antennas.

UNIT VI

Objective: The sixth chapter in this context deals with the frequency management and

channel assignment where the different ways of channel assignment are mentioned. It

starts with the introduction of numbering and grouping. The setup channels are divided

into two types: access and paging channels which are described here. It then,

discusses briefly about channel sharing, channel borrowing, sectorization, overlaid cells

and non- fixed channel assignment.

UNIT VII

Objective: This chapter deals with the very important concept of hand-off where the

frequency of the user is automatically changed when he travels from one cell to the

other. This chapter deals with the theory and the various kinds of hand-offs. It also

explains the concept of dropped calls, hand-off invitation, delaying hand-off, forced

hand-off, mobile assisted hand-off, inter-system hand-offs, cell splitting and micro-cells.



UNIT VIII

Objective: This unit deals with the digital cellular networks where three different such

networks are taken into account and explained in full detail. They are GSM, time

division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). For every

type of digital network, the architecture is described along with the description of every

block followed with the channels used in them.



BITS

1) If the maximum calls per hour Qi in a cell be 3000 and the average calling time T =

1.76 min; then the offered load ‗A‘ for a blocking probability of 2% (C)

a) 66 Erlangs

b) 77 Erlangs

c) 88 Erlangs

d) 99 Erlangs

2)UHF 900-MHz frequency band is commonly used in cellular mobile communications

mainly due to (d)

a) regulations and standards

b) non-availability of band below 900 MHz

c) line-of-sight propagation available in operating area

d) line-of-sight and reflected signals ensure the reception at the mobile

3)GSM cellular mobile communication service uses (b)

a)FDMA for multiple users

b)FDMA for multiple channel access and TDMA for multiple users

c)TDMA for multiple channel access

d)different uplink and downlink modulation methods

4)GPRS is a (b)

a)circuit –switched – cum – packet – oriented service for mobile users

b)packet-oriented service for mobile users

c)asynchronous packet-oriented service for mobile users

d)synchronous packet-oriented service for mobile users



5)The propagation path loss (c)

a)increases with frequency of transmission but decreases with the distance

b)decreases with frequency of transmission as well as the distance

c)increases with frequency of transmission as well as the distance

d)is always constant, independent of frequency of transmission and distance

6)In mobile radio propagation environment, the typical value of the path-loss exponent,

γ is (c)

a)2

b)3

c)4

d)5

7)A regular ____________ shaped cell is the closest approximation to a circle which

has been used for cellular system design. (d)

a)circular

b)triangle

c)square

d)hexagon

8)Cells using the same set of frequencies are called (c)

a) neighboring cells

b) adjacent cells

c) cochannel cells

d) clusters



9)The effective radiated power (ERP) is greater than the effective isotropic radiated

power (EIRP) by ____________ approximately. (b)

a) 1 dB

b) 2 dB

c) 3 dB

d) 4dB

10)In a mobile radio environment, the frequency reuse ratio, q and the carrier-to-

interference ratio C/I are related by the following expression. (a)

a)q = 6 x C/I1/4

b)q = 6 x C/I4

c)q = 1/6 x C/I1/4

d)q = 1/6 x C/I4

11)___________________ can reduce the interference to the neighbouring cells and

enhance the weak spots in the cell coverage. (a)

a)Antenna tilting

b)60-degree sectorised cells

c)120-degree sectorised cells

d)Reorienting the directional antenna patterns

12)In the 800 MHz band cellular system the duplex separation is specified as (c)

a)20 MHz

b)25 MHz

c)45 MHz



13)The _____________ scheme is used primarily for slow-growing systems on a long

term basis as an alternate to costly cell splitting (b)

a)channel sharing

b)channel borrowing

c)dynamic channel assignment

d)overlapped cells-based channel assignment

14)Interference on voice channels usually causes (d)

a)missed calls

b)dropped calls

c)blocked calls

d)cross talk

15)Cell splitting involves the changes in cellular architecture with respect to (d)

a)frequency reuse plan

b)channel assignment

c)coverage area of a split cell

d)all of the above

16)The radius of split cells is on half of the radius of the original cell. The coverage area

of a split cell is _____________ the coverage area of the original cell. (c)

a)equal to

b)one half of

c)one-fourth of

d)one-tenth of



17)_______________ is a decentralized hand-off protocol and distributes the hand-off

decision process. (b)

a)Network-controlled hand-off

b)Mobile-assisted hand-off

c)Soft hand-off

d)Mobile-controlled hand-off

18)The differentiation between the carrier frequencies of the forward channels and

reverse channels is an important design parameter related to________ technique. (a)

a)FDMA

b)TDMA

c)CDMA

d)SDMA

19)The cell-site equipment is usually located _______________ of a cell. (d)

a)at the centre of the coverage region

b)at the edge of the coverage region

c)anywhere in the coverage region

d)either at the centre or edge of the coverage region.

20)Usually the telephone voice quality is around (b)

a)MOS = 5

b)MOS ≥ 4

c)MOS≤ 3

d)MOS ≈ 3



ELECTROMAGNETICS

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

DC MACHINES: Principle of operation of DC Machines- EMF equation – Types of

generators – Magnetization and load characteristics of DC generators

UNIT II

D.C. MOTORS: DC Motors – Types of DC Motors – Characteristics of DC motors – 3-

point starters for DC shunt motor – Losses and efficiency – Swinburne‘s test – Speed

control of DC shunt motor – Flux and Armature voltage control methods.

UNIT III

TRANSFORMERS: Principle of operation of single phase transformer – types –

Constructional features – Phasor diagram on No Load and Load – Equivalent circuit

UNIT IV

PERFORMANCE OF TRANSFORMERS: Losses and Efficiency of transformer and

Regulation – OC and SC tests – Predetermination of efficiency and regulation (Simple

Problems).

UNIT V

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR: Principle of operation of three-phase induction

motors –Slip ring and Squirrel cage motors – Slip-Torque characteristics – Efficiency

calculation – Starting methods.



UNIT VI

ALTERNATORS: Alternators – Constructional features – Principle of operation – Types

- EMF Equation – Distribution and Coil span factors – Predetermination of regulation by

Synchronous Impedance Method – OC and SC tests.

UNIT VII

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS: Principle of operation - Shaded pole motors –

Capacitor motors, AC servomotor, AC tachometers, Synchros, Stepper Motors –

Characteristics.

UNIT VIII

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS: Basic Principles of indicating instruments – Moving Coil

and Moving iron Instruments (Ammeters and Voltmeters)



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit in the electrical technology is all about the introductory concepts of about the DC machines. The principle of operation of DC machines is the next topic that has been discussed in this unit. Under the principle operation of the DC machines the derivation of the EMF equation has been demonstrated and lastly followed by the types of generators, their magnetization and load characteristics of DC generators.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit concentrates on DC motors. In the succeeding stages we would get to know about the characteristics of DC motors. This unit also explains about the types of internal parts that are present inside a motor. In this context it would explain about the three point starters for the DC shunt motors. Also whenever we are considering a system we will have some kind of losses so naturally it becomes quite important to know about them. So this unit naturally covers about all the possible losses that occur in DC motors. Also it explains about different tests like Swinburne‘s test which deals about the speed control of DC shunt motor and lastly about the flux and armature voltage control methods.

UNIT III

Objective: This unit is all about the transformers and different types of transforms, their principle of operation with respect to the phasor diagram using different conditions like the load and no load. The constructional features of the types of transforms along with the efficiency calculation are also described with respect to the equivalent circuits.

UNIT IV

Objective: This unit entirely deals with the performance of the transforms. Here in this unit we would get to know about the different kinds of losses in that a transform suffers. On top of this unit also focus on the efficiency of the transformer and the regulation of it. This unit also focuses on different types of tests that provide us regarding the efficiency and the regulation of the transformer. The tests that we are about to perform here are namely of two types. They are the open circuit test and short circuit tests. Just in order to get familiar with the different types of tests this unit exclusively allows in solving different sets of problems.



UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit insists exclusively on the three phase induction motors and the ripe of operation f these motors. Also this unit focuses on the other types of motors such as the slip ring and squirrel cage motors. This unit also explains about the slip-torque characteristics and finally concludes with the methods called as the starting methods.

UNIT VI

Objective: The sixth unit opens up with the alternators their constructional features their principal of operation and also about the types of alternators. In this unit the equation for the EMF has been derived and has been explained all about its importance in case of alternators. This unit also focuses on the distribution of EMF around coils and the factors governing them. The factors regulation has been tried to be predetermined by the use of a method called as the synchronous method. Just like the open circuit and short circuit tests in the fifth unit we even discuss about them in the view of the alternators.

UNIT VII

Objective: The fifth unit dealt with the three phase induction motors and now the seventh unit pertain everything about the single phase induction motors. Everything about these motors regarding its principle of operation its constructional features etc are discussed in detail. Another thing about this unit is that it also tries to explain about various other motor types such as the shaded pole motors which is explained even more by still sub dividing it with respect to the types involved in such as the capacitor motors, AC servomotor, AC tachometers, synchros and stepper motors. Characteristics of each of the above types are explained in detail.

UNIT VIII

Objective: The last unit again entirely concentrates on the electrical instruments their basic principles of the indicating instruments like the moving coil which include the instruments like PMMC While the moving iron instruments includes instruments like ammeters and voltmeters.



BITS

1. Magnetic stored – energy density in iron is given by (c)

a) RLQ 2

21 b) 2

21 B c)

2

21 B

d)

B

21

2. The electromagnetic force and / or torque, developed in any physical system, acts in

such a direction as to tend to (b)

a) Decrease the magnetic stored energy at constant MMF

b) Decrease the magnetic stored energy at constant flux

c) Increase the magnetic stored energy at constant flux

d) Increase the magnetic stored energy at constant current

3. Electromagnetic torque in rotating electrical machinery is present when (d)

a) air gap in uniform b) stator winding alone carries current

c) rotor winding alone carries current d) both stator and rotor wings carry current

4. Magnetic flux density at a point distant R due to an infinitely along linear

conductor carrying a current I is given by (c)

a) R

IB

2 b)

R

IB

2

c)

R

IB

2 d)

22 R

IB

5. The dc generator works on the principle of (d)

a) Fleming‘s left hand rule b) Fleming‘s right hand rule

c) Lenz‘s law d) Faraday’s laws of electro-magnetic induction



6. The emf generated by a dc generator may be increased by increasing the (d)

a) speed of rotation b) excitation

c) armature length d) either (a) or (b)

7. The thickness of laminations used for armature core of a dc machine is of the order (c)

a) 0.005mm b) 0.05mm c) 0.5 mm d) 5mm

8. Eddy currents are induced in the pole shoes of a dc machine due to (c)

a) pulsating magnetic flux b) oscillating magnetic flux

c) relative motion b/w field and armature d) all the above

9. In a dc generator, demagnetizing component of armature reaction causes (a)

a) reduction in generated emf b) increase in speed

c) sparking trouble d) none of the above

10. The basic function of a transformer is to change (a)

a) The level of the voltage b) the power level

c) the power factor d) the frequency

11. The frequency of a voltage at the secondary is (b)

a) greater than that of primary b) equal to that of primary

c) none



12. The efficiency of a power transformer is around (d)

a) 50% b) 60%

c) 80% d) 95%

13. Transformer action requires a (c)

a) constant magnetic flux b) increasing magnetic flux

c) alternating magnetic flux d) alternating electric flux

14. An ideal transformer does not change (b)

a) voltage b) power

c) current d) none of these

15. The core flux in transformer depends mainly on (a)

a) supply voltage b) supply voltage and frequency

c) supply voltage, frequency and load

d) supply voltage and load but independent of frequency

16. A single phase transformer has specifications as 250 kVA, 11,000 V/415 V, 50 Hz.

What are the approximate values of primary and

secondary currents (a)

a) Primary = 22.7A, Secondary = 602 A.

b) Primary = 602 A, Secondary = 22.7 A

c) Primary = 11.4 A, Secondary = 301 A.

d) Primary = 11.4 A, Secondary = 301 A.



17. In a transformer, the exciting current will be in phase quadrature

with the impressed voltage provided (c)

a) only the leakage impedance drop is ignored

b) only the core loss is ignored

c) both the leakage impedance drop and the core loss are ignored

d) only the no-load copper loss is ignored

18. Most of the alternators prefer ___ type of construction (a)

a) rotating field b) stationary field

c) a.c. excitation d) none of the above

19. Smooth cylindrical type alternators are also called as (b)

a) salient type b) non – salient type

c) projected role type d) damper winding

20. The maximum value of frequency in our nation is (c)

a) 100Hz b) 150 Hz c) 50Hz d) 60 Hz



SUBJECT: EM WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

UNIT I

ELECTROSTATICS: Coulomb‘s Law, Electric Field Intensity – Fields due to Different

Charge Distributions, Electric Flux Density, Gauss Law and Applications, Electric

Potential, Relations Between E and V, Maxwell‘s Two Equations for Electrostatic Fields,

Energy Density, Related Problems. Convection and Conduction Currents, Dielectric

Constant, Isotropic and Homogeneous Dielectrics, Continuity Equation, Relaxation

Time, Poisson‘s and Laplace‘s Equations; Capacitance – Parallel Plate, Coaxial,

Spherical Capacitors, Related Problems.

UNIT II

MAGNETO STATICS : Biot-Savart Law, Ampere‘s Circuital Law and Applications,

Magnetic Flux Density, Maxwell‘s Two Equations for Magnetostatic Fields, Magnetic

Scalar and Vector Potentials, Forces due to Magnetic Fields, Ampere‘s Force Law,

Inductances and Magnetic Energy. Related Problems.

UNIT III

MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS (Time Varying Fields): Faraday‘s Law and Transformer

emf, Inconsistency of Ampere‘s Law and Displacement Current Density, Maxwell‘s

Equations in Different Final Forms and Word Statements. Conditions at a Boundary

Surface : Dielectric-Dielectric and Dielectric-Conductor Interfaces. Related Problems .

UNIT IV

EM WAVE CHARACTERISTICS - I: Wave Equations for Conducting and Perfect

Dielectric Media, Uniform Plane Waves – Definition, All Relations Between E & H.

Sinusoidal Variations. Wave Propagtion in Lossless and Conducting Media. Conductors

& Dielectrics – Characterization, Wave Propagation in Good Conductors and Good

Dielectrics. Polarization. Related Problems.



UNIT V

EM WAVE CHARACTERISTICS – II: Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves –

Normal and Oblique Incidences, for both Perfect Conductor and Perfect Dielectrics,

Brewster Angle, Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection, Surface Impedance.

Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem – Applications, Power Loss in a Plane

Conductor. Related Problems.

UNIT VI

GUIDED WAVES : Parallel Plane Waveguides: Introduction, TE, TM, TEM Modes -

Concepts and Analysis, Cut-off Frequencies, Velocities, Wavelengths, Wave

Impedances. Attenuations Factor – Expression for TEM Case. Related Problems.

UNIT VII

TRANSMISSION LINES - I : Types, Parameters, Transmission Line Equations, Primary

& Secondary Constants, Expressions for Characteristic Impedance, Propagation

Constant, Phase and Group Velocities, Infinite Line Concepts, Losslessness/Low Loss

Characterization, Distortion – Condition for Distortionlessness and Minimum

Attenuation, Loading - Types of Loading. Related Problems.

UNIT VIII

TRANSMISSION LINES – II : Input Impedance Relations, SC and OC Lines, Reflection

– Impedance

Transformations. Smith Chart – Configuration and Applications, Single and Double Stub

Matching. Related Problems.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: Electrostatics is a fascinating subject that has grown up in diverse areas of

application. We begin our study of electrostatics by investigating the two fundamental

laws of governing electrostatic fields: (1) Coulomb‘s law, (2) Gauss‘s law. Both of these

laws are based on experimental studies and they are interdependent. Based on

Coulomb‘s law, the concept of electric field intensity will be introduced along with some

illustrations. It ends with a discussion of various types of capacitors.

UNIT II

Objective: We now focus our attention on static magnetic fields. Some of the magnetic

fields quantities will be introduced in this chapter. The analogy is presented here to

show that most of the equations we have derived for the electric fields may be readily

used to obtain corresponding equations for magnetic fields if the equivalent analogous

quantities are substituted. If also includes magneto-static fields, magnetic potentials and

force due to a magnetic field which paves way for ampere‘s law.

UNIT III

Objective: We have restricted our discussions to static or time-invariant, EM fields.

Hence forth , we shall examine situations where electric and magnetic fields are

dynamic, or time varying. It should be mentioned first that in static EM fields, electric

and magnetic fields are independent of each other where as in dynamic EM fields, the

fields are interdependent. In other words, a time varying electric field necessarily

involves a corresponding time varying magnetic field. The aim in this chapter is to may

form foundation for our subsequent studies. This will involve introducing two major

concepts: 91) Electromotive force based on faraday‘s experiment and (2) displacement

current, which resulted from Maxwell‘s hypothesis.



UNIT IV

Objective: Our first application of Maxwell‘s equation will be in relation to

electromagnetic wave propagation. In this chapter, our major goal is to solve Maxwell‘s

equations and derive EM wave motion in free space, lossless dielectrics, lossy

dielectrics and good conductors. Case 3 for lossy dielectrics is the most general case

and will be considered first. Once this general case is solved, we simply divide other

cases from it as special cases. However, before we consider wave motion in those

different media, it is appropriate that we study the characteristics of waves In general.

UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit is the continuation of the fourth unit and it deals with the

refraction of plane electro-magnetic waves for normal and oblique incidences in both

perfect conductors and perfect dielectrics then. The concepts of critical and Brewster

angles are explained based on which total internal reflection and surface impedance are

explained. Then, the important concept of pointing vector and pointing theorem are

elucidated.

UNIT VI

Objective: A transmission line can be used to guide EM energy from one point to

another. A waveguide is another means of achieving the same goal. However, a

waveguide differs from a transmission line in some respects. In the first place, a

transmission line can support only a transverse electromagnetic wave, where as a wave

guide can support many possible field configurations. Second, at microwave

frequencies, transmission lines become inefficient due to skin effect and dielectric

losses. Wave guides are used at that range of frequencies to obtain larger bandwidth

and lower signal attenuation.



UNIT VII

Objective: Our discussion in the previous chapter was essentially on wave propagation

in unbounded media. Another means of transmitting power or information is by guided

structures. Guided structures serve to guide the propagation of energy from the source

to the load. In this chapter, the various types of transmission lines along with their

parameters and their equations are discussed. Concepts like characteristic impedance,

propagation constant, group and phase velocities are discussed. Attenuation and

distortion are also discussed.

UNIT VIII

Objective: This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter where the concepts

like impedance relations for SC and OC lines, reflection co-efficient, voltage standing

wave ration and smith chart are explained in detail.



BITS

1) A transmission live has primary constants R, L, G and C and secondary constants ‗Z‘

and ‗Y‘. If the line is lossless then (d)

a. a) R=0, G ≠0, α=0 b) R=0, G ≠ 0, and β=(γ)

b. c) G=0 and α=0 d) R=0, G=0, α=0, and γ =β

2) A Source voltage of 10v(DC) is transmitting through transmission line whose source

impedance (Zs)=10Ω and load impedance of(z4)=10 Ω then what is the output voltage.

(b)

a. a) 5v b) 10v c) 8v d) 0v

3) Which one of the following is NOT a correct Maxwell‘s equation (b)

a. a) xH = ∂D/∂t +J b) xẼ = ∂H/∂t

b. c) xD= ρ d) xB=0

4) laplaciam of a scalar function ‗v‘ is (c)

a) Gradlent of v b) divergence of ‗v‘

c) gradient of the gradient of ‗v‘

5) divergence of the gradient of v

6) A wave guide operated below cut-off frequency can be used as (b)

a) A phase shifter b) All Attenuator

c) An Isolator d) None

7) What is the unit of relative permittivity (Er) in free space (c)

a. a) Col/m2 b) H/m c) None d) F/m

8) Which of the following statements regarding time varying field is correct (d)

a) It is independent of both space & time

b) It is dependent on time

c) It is dependent on time independent of space

d) It is dependent on both time & space

9) Which of the following represents Divergence theorem (a)

a) ∫D.dv = ∫(.D) ds b) ∫H.dl = ∫(X H).ds

c) ∫D.ds = ∫(.D) dv d) ∫D.ds = ∫(.H) ds



10) Pick the odd one out (d)

a. a) Dn1 = Dn2 b) Dn1 – Dn2 = ρs c) Et1 = Et2 d) En1 = En2

11) 20 dBm is equivalent to (b)

a) 20mW b) 100mW c) 20W d) 5W

12) ZL = 200Ω and Zi = 50Ω, Then what is the characteristic impedence of quarter wave

transformer is (c)

a. a) 40Ω b) 10000Ω c) 100Ω d) 4Ω

13) For TE or TM mode of propagation in bounded media, The phase velocity is (c)

a. Independent of frequency

b. Non-linear function of frequency

c. Dependent and linear function of frequency

d. None

14) For an EM wave incident on a conducting medium, The depth of penetration (b)

a) Is directly proportional to the attenuation constant

b) Is Inversely proportional to the attenuation constant

c) Is independent attenuation constant

d) None

15) What is the dominant mode in circular waveguide (d)

a) TEM mode b) TM01 c) TE10 d) TE11

16) Ideal range of VSWR is (b)

a) 1 to ∞ b) 0 to ∞ c) 0 to 1 d) None

17) For an open circuited load, What is Zin (b)

a) Zin = Z0 (ZL + jZ0 tanβl)/( Z0 + jZL tanβl) b) Zin = Z0cothγl

c) Zin = Z0tanhγl d) None



18) Poynting theorem (E X H) states (c)

a) Stored energy density of the E-field

b) Stored energy density of the H-field

c) Power dissipated per unit volume

d) Rate of energy flow per unit area

19) If an EM wave is incident on a surface at Brewster‘s angle. Then (c)

a) The EM wave is reflected completely

b) Partially transmitted and Partially reflected

c) The EM wave is transmitted completely

d) None

20) Guided wave length is given by (d)

a. a) λg = λ/√(1-(λc/λ)2) b) λ = λg/√(1-(λ/λc)2)

b. c) λg = λc/√(1-(λ/λc)2) d) λg = λ/√(1-(λ/λc)

2)



SUBJECT: ANTENNA WAVE PROPAGATION

UNIT I

ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS: Introduction, Radiation Mechanism – single wire, 2 wire,

dipoles, Current Distribution on a thin wire antenna . Antenna Parameters] - Radiation

Patterns, Patterns in Principal Planes, Main Lobe and Side Lobes, Beamwidths, Beam

Area, Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivty, Gain and Resolution, Antenna

Apertures, Aperture Efficiency, Effective Hight. Related Problems.

UNIT II

Thin Linear Wire Antennas: Retarded Potentials, Radiation from Small Electric Dipole,

Quarterwave Monopole and Halfwave Dipole – Current Distributions, Evaluation of Field

Components, Power Radiated, Radiation Resistance, Beamwidths, Directivity, Effective

Area and Effective Hight. Natural current distributions, fields and patterns of Thin Linear

Center-fed Antennas of different lengths, Radiation Resistance at a point which is not

current maximum. Antenna Theorems – Applicability and Proofs for equivalence of

directional characteristics, Loop Antennas : Small Loops - Field Components,

Comparison of far fields of small loop and short dipole, Concept of short magnetic

dipole, D and Rr relations for small loops.

UNIT III

ANTENNA ARRAYS : 2 element arrays – different cases, Principle of Pattern

Multiplication, N element Uniform Linear Arrays – Broadside, Endfire Arrays, EFA with

Increased Directivity, Derivation of their characteristics and comparison; Concept of

Scanning Arrays. Directivity Relations (no derivations). Related Problems. Binomial

Arrays, Effects of Uniform and Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions, Design Relations.

UNIT IV

NON-RESONANT RADIATORS : Introduction, Travelling wave radiators – basic

concepts, Longwire antennas – field strength calculations and patterns, V-antennas,

Rhombic Antennas and Design Relations, Broadband Antennas: Helical Antennas –

Significance, Geometry, basic properties; Design considerations for monofilar helical

antennas in Axial Mode and Normal Modes (Qualitative Treatment).



UNIT V

VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - I : Arrays with Parasitic Elements, Yagi -

Uda Arrays, Folded Dipoles & their characteristics. Reflector Antennas : Flat Sheet and

Corner Reflectors. Paraboloidal Reflectors – Geometry, characteristics,types of feeds,

F/D Ratio, Spill Over, Back Lobes, Aperture Blocking, Off-set Feeds, Cassegrainian

Feeds].

UNIT VI

VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - II : Horn Antennas – Types, Optimum

Horns, Design Characteristics of Pyramidal Horns; Lens Antennas – Geometry,

Features, Dielectric Lenses and Zoning, Applications. Antenna Measurements –

Patterns Required, Set Up, Distance Criterion, Directivity and Gain Measurements

(Comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods).

UNIT VII

WAVE PROPAGATION - I: Concepts of Propagation – frequency ranges and types of

propagations. Ground Wave Propagation–Characteristics, Parameters, Wave Tilt, Flat

and Spherical Earth Considerations. Sky Wave Propagation – Formation of Ionospheric

Layers and their Characteristics, Mechanism of Reflection and Refraction, Critical

Frequency, MUF & Skip Distance – Calculations for flat and spherical earth cases,

Optimum Frequency, LUHF, Virtual Height, Ionospheric Abnormalities, Ionospheric

Absorption.

UNIT VIII

WAVE PROPAGATION – II: Fundamental Equation for Free-Space Propagation, Basic

Transmission Loss Calculations. Space Wave Propagation – Mechanism, LOS and

Radio Horizon. Tropospheric Wave Propagation – Radius of Curvature of path, Effective

Earth‘s Radius, Effect of Earth‘s Curvature, Field Strength Calculations, M-curves and

Duct Propagation, Tropospheric Scattering.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit is the introductory unit t the antenna theory and wave

propagations where we will know about the radiation mechanism using the single wire,

2 wire, dipoles, and also knowing about the current distribution on a thin wire antenna.

We in this unit would come up close and personal it different antenna parameters its

radiation pattern, and about the different patters in the principal planes. We also would

know about the importance of the main lobe and side lobes in the antenna radiation. We

would also learn about the beam widths, antenna apertures, aperture efficiency,

effective eight which form the different governing factors for an antenna with some

related problems.

UNIT II

Objective: The second unit is all about the thin linear wire antennas in where we would

learn about the retarded potentials, the radiation from small electric dipole, and also

from the other devices like the quarterwave monopole and halfwave dipole. We will also

learn about the current distributions, radiation resistance, beam widths, directivity,

effective area and effective height. We will also know about the natural current

distributions, the fields and patterns of thin linear center-fed antennas of different

lengths, radiation resistance at a point which is not current maximum. Also the antenna

theorems are discussed which involves the applicability and proofs for equivalence of

directional characteristics, other concepts contain the loop antennas like small loops the

fields components, comparison of far fields of small loop and short dipole, concept of

short magnetic dipole, D and Rr relations for small loops are also explained.

UNIT III

Objective: This unit is all about the antenna arrays where the element arrays of

different cases, which involves the principle of pattern multiplication, also we learn about

the N element uniform linear arrays which involve the broadside, endfire arrays, and the

EFA with increased directivity. The derivation of their characteristics and comparison is

followed after a serious consideration of the previous concepts. Also the concept of

scanning arrays, the directivity relations with some related problems are discussed.



UNIT IV

Objective: This unit is all about the non resonant radiators which introduces the

concept of the travelling wave radiators in which the basic concepts, such as the long

wire antennas their field strength calculations and patterns, also the same thing with the

V-antennas, Rhombic antennas and design relations of each of the above mentioned

types of antenna types. The other concept involve the concepts involve the broadband

antennas: Helical antennas their significance, geometry, basic properties; design

considerations for monofilar helical antennas in axial mode and normal modes

(qualitative treatment).

UNIT V

Objective: This unit is all about the different type of VHF, UHF and the microwave

antennas. So in this unit we get to discuss about the arrays with parasitic elements,

concept of the Yagi-Uda arrays, the folded dipoles and their characteristics. Also we

would come to know about the reflector antennas. We also learn about the types of

reflectors such as the flat sheet and corner reflectors. Paraboloidal reflectors their

geometry and their characteristics, the types of feeds, F/D ratio, spill over, back lobes,

about the aperture blocking, off-set feeds, and the cassegrainian feeds.

UNIT VI

Objective: The sixth unit is all about horn antennas their types, and also about the

optimum horns, and the design characteristics of each of these types. We also learn

about the pyramidal horns; lens antennas their possible features and all the other

information. We would also come to about the lens antennas in which we learn about

the dielectric lenses and zoning, their applications. We also get to explore the different

antenna measurements the pattern required, their set up, and other factors like the

distance criterion, directivity and gain measurements and others.



UNIT VII

Objective: The seventh unit deals with the concepts of propagation in which the vital

factors such as the frequency ranges and types of propagation such as the ground

wave propagation sky wave propagation and the characteristics, parameters and the

wave tilt, other factors pertaining the formulation to the flat and spherical earth

considerations are made. In the sky wave propagation the formation of the ionosphere

layers and their characteristics, the mechanism of reflection and refraction are also

discussed. Critical frequency, MUF and skip distance calculations for flat and spherical

earth cases, the optimum frequency, LUHF, virtual height, ionospheric abnormalities,

ionospheric absorption are the other concepts.

UNIT VIII

Objective: The final unit is the extension of the previous unit where the fundamental

equation for free-space propagation, are explained. The basic transmission loss

calculation and the space wave propagation mechanism, LOS and radio horizon.

Tropospheric wave propagation, its radius of curvature of path, effective earth‘s radius,

effect of earth‘s curvature, field strength calculations, M-curves and duct propagation,

troposheric scattering.



BITS

1) For an isotropic radiator radiated power Pin term of average power Pa is

given as (b)

a. Pa /4πr2 b. Pa X 4πr2 c. 4πr2 / Pa d. Pa X4π / r2

2) The power received by receiver antenna is 10mW operating at 4πm of

wavelength. The distance between the transmitter and receiver antenna is 10Km.

The power transmitter by transmitter is (a)

a.1MW b.10MW c.125.6MW d.314.3MHz

3) The property of using antenna temperature to measure the temperature of distant

environment is known as (c)

a. Distant sensing b. Remote Temperature

c. Remote sensing d. Distant Temperature

4) An infinitesimal current element IdL is known as (d)

a. Half dipole b. Short dipole c. Monopole d. Herzian dipole

5) Radiation resistance of antenna is given as (a)

a.80π2 dl2 / λ2 b. 40π2 dl2 / λ2 c. 20π2 dl2 / λ2 d. 40π2 dλ2 / l2

6) The final equations of electronic and magnetic potential in heuristic approach are

known as_potentials (b)

a. Decreased b. Retarded c. Maxwell d. None of these

7) A binomial array of 5 antenna elements will have following number of nodes at

the centre (b)

a.10 b.6 c.20 d.5

8) The main disadvantage of pattern or factor multiplication is (b)

a. a. Major lobes are low b. Minor lobes are high

b. c. Both major and minor lobes are low d. None of these



9) In broadside array elements major lobes are termed at the angle (c)

a. 180o, 270 o b. 90o, 180 o c.90o, 270 o d.0o, 180 o

10) Radiation resistance of long wire antenna is given as (d)

a.73 + 69 log n10 b.69 + 73 log n10 c.73 + log 10n d.73 + 69 log 10

n

11) Which of The following is true in case of Rhombic antenna (c)

a. Construction is complex b. Efficiency is less

c. Number of side lobes are more d. Space requirement is less

12) Folded dipole antenna has following advantage over hay wave dipole antenna (b)

a. a. Directivity is more b. Radiation resistance is more

b. c. It‘s simple in construction d. None of these

13) According to method of images, number of images due to corner reflector when

the included angle is 60o is (b)

a. a.4 b.6 c.8 d.10

14) Disadvantages of cassegrain feed system is overcome in (d)

a. Two parabola reflector b. Hyperbola reflector

c. Paraboiladal reflector d. offset feed system

15) Aperature angle θ in horn antenna is given as (a)

a. tan -1 (h/2ρ) b. tan -1 (ρ/2h)

b. c. cos -1 (ρ/2h) d. cos -1 (2h /ρ)

16) The combination of short focal lengths lens and light lens leads to ______ lens(c)

a. a. Converging b. Diverged c. Zoned d. Dual

17) If power reading of both transmitter and receiver antenna is 10 dB and

attenuation is 20dB when antenna under test is connected to receiver, then

power gain in dB is (d)

a. a.2dB b.30dB c.0dB d.10dB



18) Given Transmitter transmit 100KW power and receiver receives 1KW power

operating at 4πm wave length having distance of operation 10 Km. Calculate

absolute gain of antenna (a)

a.106 b.108 c.16 π X 106 d.16π X103

19) Space waves comes under _____mode of propagation (c)

a. Direct wave b. Sky wave c. Ground wave d. Surface wave

20) The average density of F –layer is 1020 Per cubic meter. If angle of incidence is

600 then f muf is given as (a)

a.1.8MHz b.18MHz c.0.45MHz d. 0.8MHz



SUBJECT: MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT I

MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES: Introduction, Microwave Spectrum and Bands,

Applications of Microwaves. Rectangular Waveguides – TE/TM mode analysis,

Expressions for Fields, Characteristic Equation and Cut-off Frequencies, Filter

Characteristics, Dominant and Degenerate Modes, Sketches of TE and TM mode fields

in the cross-section, Mode Characteristics – Phase and Group Velocities, Wavelengths

and Impedance Relations; Power Transmission and Power Losses in Rectangular

Guide. Related Problems.

UNIT II

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES: Introduction, Nature of Fields, Characteristic Equation,

Dominant and Degenerate Modes. Impossibility of TEM mode. Microstrip Lines–

Introduction, Zo Relations, Effective Dielectric Constant, Losses, Q factor. Cavity

Resonators– Introduction, Rectangular and Cylindrical Cavities, Dominant Modes and

Resonant Frequencies, Q factor and Coupling Coefficients. Related Problems.

UNIT III

WAVEGUIDE COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS - I : Coupling Mechanisms –

Probe, Loop, Aperture types. Waveguide Discontinuities – Waveguide irises, Tuning

Screws and Posts, Matched Loads. Waveguide Attenuators – Resistive Card, Rotary

Vane types; Waveguide Phase Shifters – Dielectric, Rotary Vane types. Waveguide

Multiport Junctions – E plane and H plane Tees, Magic Tee, Hybrid Ring; Directional

Couplers – 2 Hole, Bethe Hole types.

UNIT IV

WAVEGUIDE COMPONENTS AND APPLICATIONS - II : Ferrites– Composition and

Characteristics, Faraday Rotation; Ferrite Components – Gyrator, Isolator, Circulator.

Scattering Matrix– Significance, Formulation and Properties. S Matrix Calculations for –

2 port Junction, E plane and H plane Tees, Magic Tee, Directional Coupler, Circulator

and Isolator. Related Problems.



UNIT V

MICROWAVE TUBES – I: Limitations and Losses of conventional tubes at microwave

frequencies. Microwave tubes – O type and M type classifications. O-type tubes : 2

Cavity Klystrons – Structure, Reentrant Cavities, Velocity Modulation Process and

Applegate Diagram, Bunching Process and Small Signal Theory – Expressions for o/p

Power and Efficiency. Reflex Klystrons – Structure, Applegate Diagram and Principle of

working, Mathematical Theory of Bunching, Power Output, Efficiency, Electronic

Admittance; Oscillating Modes and o/p Characteristics, Electronic and Mechanical

Tuning. Related Problems.

UNIT VI

HELIX TWTS: Significance, Types and Characteristics of Slow Wave Structures;

Structure of TWT and Amplification Process (qualitative treatment), Suppression of

Oscillations, Nature of the four Propagation Constants, Gain Considerations.

M-type Tubes

Introduction, Cross-field effects, Magnetrons – Different Types, 8-Cavity Cylindrical

Travelling Wave Magnetron – Hull Cut-off and Hartree Conditions, Modes of Resonance

and PI-Mode Operation, Separation of PI-Mode, o/p characteristics.

UNIT VII

MICROWAVE SOLID STATE DEVICES: Introduction, Classification, Applications.

TEDs – Introduction, Gunn Diode – Principle, RWH Theory, Characteristics, Basic

Modes of Operation, Oscillation Modes. Avalanche Transit Time Devices – Introduction,

IMPATT and TRAPATT Diodes – Principle of Operation and Characteristics.

UNIT VIII

MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS: Description of Microwave Bench – Different Blocks

and their Features, Precautions; Microwave Power Measurement – Bolometer Method.

Measurement of Attenuation, Frequency, VSWR, Cavity Q. Impedance Measurements.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: This chapter opens with the microwave spectrum and the various bands present in it. It is followed by the advantages and then, the introduction to the rectangular waveguides where the mode analysis, field equations, characteristic equation, cut-off frequencies, filter characteristics, different modes, their characteristics, phase velocities, group velocities, wavelengths and impedance relations and power losses are described along with relevant equations.

UNIT II

Objective: This chapter deals with the circular waveguides in contrast to the rectangular waveguides described in the first chapter. All the parameters that were described and derived for the rectangular waveguides are also derived for the circular waveguides. In a addition to this, the concept of micro strip lines and its parameters are also descried in detail. After that, the concept of cavity resonators is introduced and their parameters like dominant modes, resonant frequencies are explained along with some illustrations.

UNIT III

Objective: This chapter discusses the first part of the various waveguide components and their applications. It tarts with the coupling mechanism and then enters waveguide discontinuities which cover topics like waveguide irises, tunning screws and posts and matched loads. It also covers waveguide attenuators of resistive card and wane type‘s waveguide phase shifters of dielectric and rotator vane types, waveguide multiport junctions of E plane, H plane and EH plane types and directional couplers.

UNIT IV

Objective: This is the second part of the waveguide components and takes off where the last chapter stopped. It starts with the detailed study of ferrite materials, its composition and characteristics. It then continues with the faraday rotation tat is like a foundation to this chapter. Based on this theory, many waveguide components are explained. Some of them are: gyrator, isolator and circulator. Then, the concept of scattering matrix is introduced and the scattering matrix is calculated for all the waveguide components described until now.



UNIT V

Objective: With the start of this chapter, this subject enters an altogether different realm where the microwave oscillators and amplifiers are studied in detail. First, the limitations of conventional tubes are revealed followed by a discussion of classification of microwave tubes. The, the two most important oscillators and amplifiers: cavity klystron and reflex klystron are explained. For each oscillator, the various parameters like structure, principle of working, applegate diagram and expressions for output power and efficiency are derived.

UNIT VI

Objective: The last chapter had a detailed explanation of the O tubes of the microwave tube classification whereas; this chapter mostly deals with the M tubes. It starts with a brief description of the helix TWT‘s where the structure, amplification process and propagation constant are described. It then continues with the concept of magnetron along with the different types, then, the travelling wave magnetron is discussed along with its characteristics.

UNIT VII

Objective: This chapter deals with the microwave solid state devices where the devices like gunn diode along with the principle, RWH theory, modes of operation and oscillation modes are discussed. In addition to this, devices like IMPATT and TRAPATT diodes are explained in detail along with their principle of operation and characteristics.

UNIT VIII

Objective: The last chapter in this context deals with the various measurements in a microwave setup. It starts with the description of the microwave bench along with the description of different blocks and their features. The various measurement setups explained in this chapter are power measurement, attenuation measurement, frequency measurement, VSWR measurement cavity, Q measurement and impedance measurement.



BITS

1) In microwaves, we take the elements as (b)

a) lumped ckt element b) Distributed ckt element

c) Series elements d) Parallel elements

2) Wave guides are generally not used for frequencies (a)

a) below 1 GHz b) below 10GHz c) below 50 GHz d) none

3) Microwave energies propagate through the length of the waveguide by (a)

a) Reflection off b) Refraction off c) Moving off d) none

4) A matched load is one in which (a)

a) Reflection is zero b) Reflection is unity

c) Partial Reflection & Partial Transmission d) none

5) A directional coupler with 3 (or) more holes is preferred to two hole coupler (c)

a) To reduce spurious mode generation

b) To increase coupling of the signal

c) To increase the BW of the system

d) Because it is more efficient

6) 6. Noise figure (F) is defined as (a)

a. Si/Ni b. So/No c.So/No d. Si/Ni

So/No Si/Ni √ Si/Ni √So/No

7) Magic tee is a combination of _____________ (c)

a. Two H & Two E-plane tee b. Two H & One E-plane tee

c. One H & One E-plane tee d. One H & Two E-plane tee

8) 8.The system using two ground plane is (d)

a. Micro Strip b. Horn antenna c. Parallel wire line d. Strip Line



9) Cutoff wave length in rectangular waveguide for TE 0,1 is (a is broader dimension, b is the

narrow dimension . (b)

a. 2a b. 2b c. a d. b

10) 10.Microwave links are preferred for TV transmission because ______________ (b)

a. They produce more phase distortion b. They produce less phase distortion

c. They produce less amplitude distortion d. They produce more amplitude distortion

11.Which of the following frequency bands fall under micro wave frequency (c)

a. UHF & SHF b. SHF & EHF c. UHF, SHF & EHF d. VLF, LF & MF

12. Identify the waveguide tuning component which is not easily adjustable (a)

a. Iris b. Plunger c. Screw d. Stub

13.Micro wave frequency range is__________ (a)

a. 1GHz to 600GHz b.10 GHz to 60GHz

c. 1GHz to 6Ghz d.100 GHz to 600Ghz

14. The wavelength in a dielectric medium λd is related to wavelength in free space λ0 by

relative dielectric constant of the medium εr as (b)

a. λd = λ0 √ εr

b. λd = λ0 / √ εr

c. λ0 = λd / √ εr

d. λd λ0 = √ εr

15. The Q-factor of microwave cavity is defined as (b)

a. Q= 2 W X Max energy stored

average power loss

b. Q= 2 x 3.14 X Max energy stored

average power loss



c. Q= W X Min energy stored

power loss

d. Q= W X Max energy stored

average power

16. The relation between free space wave length λ0 and cutoff wave length λc by (a)

a. 1 / λg2 = 1/ λ0

2 - 1/ λc2

b. . 1 / λg2 = 1/ λ0

2 + 1/ λc2

c. . 1 / λ02 = 1/ λg

2 - 1/ λc2

d. . 1 / λc2 = 1/ λ0

2 + 1/ λ2

17. Dominant mode is that mode for which the cutoff wave length ( λc ) assume a ______ (a)

a. Maximum value

b. Minimum value

c. medium value

d. none

18.__________ is the dominant mode in a circular waveguide i.e λc = 2πa / 1.841 for dominant

mode of prorogation. (d)

a. TM11 b. TE01 c. TE10 d. TE11



19.For a two hole directional coupler, the spacing between the holes is given by ____________

where n is a positive integer (b)

a. L = (n+1) λg /4

b. L = (2n+1) λg /4

c. L = (2n+1) λg /2

d. L = (n+1) λg /2

20. In waveguide system, to avoid mismatch _________( also called windows, apertures,

diaphragms or obstacles ) are used (c)

a. Attenuators

b. Phase shifters

c. Irises

d. None



EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

SUBJECT: MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACING

UNIT-I

An over view of 8085, Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor. Special functions of

General purpose registers. 8086 flag register and function of 8086 Flags. Addressing

modes of 8086. Instruction set of 8086. Assembler directives, simple programs,

procedures, and macros.

UNIT-II

Assembly language programs involving logical, Branch & Call instructions, sorting,

evaluation of arithmetic expressions, string manipulation.

UNIT-III

Pin diagram of 8086-Minimum mode and maximum mode of operation. Timing diagram.

Memory interfacing to 8086 (Static RAM & EPROM). Need for DMA. DMA data transfer

Method. Interfacing with 8237/8257.

UNIT-IV

8255 PPI – various modes of operation and interfacing to 8086. Interfacing Keyboard,

Displays, 8279 Stepper Motor and actuators. D/A and A/D converter interfacing.

UNIT-V

Interrupt structure of 8086. Vector interrupt table. Interrupt service routines. Introduction

to DOS and BIOS interrupts. 8259 PIC Architecture and interfacing cascading of

interrupt controller and its importance.



UNIT-VI

Serial data transfer schemes. Asynchronous and Synchronous data transfer schemes.

8251 USART architecture and interfacing. TTL to RS 232C and RS232C to TTL

conversion. Sample program of serial data transfer. Introduction to High-speed serial

communications standards, USB.

UNIT-VII

Advanced Micro Processors - Introduction to 80286, Salient Features of 80386, Real

and Protected Mode Segmentation & Paging, Salient Features of Pentium, Branch

Prediction, Overview of RISC Processors.

UNIT-VIII

8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Register set of 8051, Modes of timer operation, Serial

port operation, Interrupt structure of 8051, Memory and I/O interfacing of 8051.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first chapter in this subject introduces the concept of a microprocessor.

This chapter covers two different micro-processors – 8085 and 8086. It starts with the

introduction of the 8085 micro processor and discuses the architecture where all the

blocks are explained in detail. Then, the various general purpose registers are

explained. Now, the saga of 8086 begins where the architecture is described along with

the flag registered in elucidated. Then, it continues with the addressing modes and the

instruction set where the different instruction like assembler directives, procedures and

macros are explained along with illustrations.

UNIT II

Objective: the first chapter ended with instruction and the second unit totally

emphasizes on the various illustrative programs using logical, branch and call

instructions.

UNIT III

Objective: The third unit starts with a PIN diagram of 8086 hence explaining every pin

description. It also explains the maximum and minimum mode of operations. It then

continues with the timing diagram of 8086 and the memory interfacing of 8086. Here,

the way in which the external memory is interfaced along with the procedure of writing

its program is explained in detail. It introduces the concept of direct memory access

which is a faster memory interfacing technique. It also explains the DMA IC 8237 and its

interfacing.

UNIT IV

Objective: The fourth unit in this subject deals with the whole interfacing concept of

8086. First, the input-output interfacing unit, IC8255 is introduced with its architecture

and pin diagram. Then, Its interfacing with 8086 is discussed with many illustrations.

Using this interfacing unit, devices like keyboard, LED display, stepper motor, actuator,

A/D and D/A are interfaced to the micro processor 8086.



UNIT V

Objective: This chapter exquisitely deals with the interrupts of 8086. It starts with the

interrupt structure where the different types of interrupts are detailed. The, interrupt

service routine and the vector interrupt table are explained. This is followed by an

introduction to various DOS and BIOS interrupts. After this, the interrupt controller

IC8259 is introduced along with the block diagram and PIN diagram. Then, the

interfacing of this IC with 8086 is discussed.

UNIT VI

Objective: This chapter deals with serial communication with a microprocessor. It starts

with a various serial data transfer schemes which are synchronous data transfer and

asynchronous data transfer. Then, the serial data communication controller IC8251 is

introduced and its interfacing is discussed. Then, USART architecture and interfacing to

8086 is discussed. After that, conversions between various communication interfaces

like TTL and RS232 is discussed. Some illustrations of codes for serial data transfer are

also explained along with the introduction to USB.

UNIT VII

Objective: This chapter deals with the advanced microprocessors like 80286 and

80386 which, unlike 8086 are 16 bit micro controllers and have two different processors

embedded in them. The architectures of 80286 and 80386 are designed briefly and

some new concepts like modes of processor, segmentation, paging and branch

prediction are explained. This is followed by an introduction to RISC processors.

UNIT VIII

Objective: This chapter introduces the concept of a micro controller which is an

embedded version of a micro controller along with interfaces, memory interfacing and

co-board clock. The 8 bit microcontroller , 8051 is explained here. It starts with the

architecture and explanation of each block. The PIN diagram is also mentioned. The

register set of 8051 is provided with a brief description of timer operation, serial port

operation, interrupt structure and memory and I/O interfacing



BITS

1), _____ is also known as processor register of 8085 [a]

a) AX b) BX c) CX d) DX

2._____ flag is set 1 if the lower byte of the result contain even number of 1‘s [c].

a) Direction flag b) Trap flag c) Parity flag d) Sign flag

3.If AX contains 36H then the result of XOR AX,AX is__________ [c]

a) 36H b) 72H c) 0H d) none

4.Which of the following IC is programmable interrupt controller? [b]

a) 8255 b) 8259 c) 8251 d) 80286

5.In 8257 how many channels are there? [d]

a) ONE b) TWO c) THREE d) FOUR

6._________ 16-bit register are there in 8086 [b]

a) THIRTEEN b) FOURTEEN c) FIFTEEN d)SIXTEEN

7.__________interrupt can be ignored. [b]

a) Maskable b) non-maskable c) both d) none

8.How many 8-bit ports are there in 8255? [b]

a) ONE b) TWO c) THREE d) FOUR

9.Terminal count register is present in__________ [c]



a) 8086 b) 8251 c) 8257 d) 8051

10.80386 DX is a________ bit processor [b]

a) 16 b) 32 c) 64 d) 128

11. In 8257 how many channels are there ? [b]

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8

12. ___ ______ 16-bit register are there in 8086 [b]

a) 12

b) 14

c) 16

d) 18

13. How many 8-bit ports are there in 8255? [a]

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8

14.Terminal count register is present in ___ [a]

a) 8257

b) 8259

c) 8051

d) 8251

15.After reset the contents of Port0 are [C]

a) 00H

b) 07H

c) FFH

d) 10H



16.Size of SBUF register in 8051 [a]

a) 8 bit

b) 16 bit

c) 32 bit

d) 64 bit

17.TI,RI flags are present in _____ register of 8051 [c]

a) TMOD

b) TCON

c) SCON

d) PCON

18. __ __ is the size of OFFCHIP program memory that can be attached to 8051. [C]

a) 256KB

b) 32KB

c) 64KB

d) 32KB

19. __ ______ number of ports are there in 8051 [d]

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

20._______ Clock Pulses = One machine Cycle in 8051 [c]

a) 10

b) 12

c) 12

d) 14



SUBJECT: MICROCONTROLLER AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT I

OVERVIEW OF ARCHITECTURE AND MICROCONTROLLER RESOURCES :

Architecture of a microcontroller – Microcontroller resources – Resources in advanced

and next generation microcontrollers – 8051 microcontroller – Internal and External

memories – Counters and Timers – Synchronous serial-cumasynchronous serial

communication - Interrupts.

UNIT II

8051 FAMILY MICROCONTROLLERS INSTRUCTION SET : Basic assembly

language programming – Data transfer instructions – Data and Bit-manipulation

instructions – Arithmetic instructions – Instructions for Logical operations on the tes

among the Registers, Internal RAM, and SFRs – Program flow control instructions –

Interrupt control flow.

UNIT III

REAL TIME CONTROL : INTERRUPTS : Interrupt handling structure of an MCU –

Interrupt Latency and Interrupt deadline – Multiple sources of the interrupts – Non-

maskable interrupt sources – Enabling or disabling of the sources – Polling to determine

the interrupt source and assignment of the priorities among them – Interrupt structure in

Intel 8051.

UNIT IV

REAL TIME CONTROL: TIMERS : Programmable Timers in the MCU‘s – Free running

counter and real time control – Interrupt interval and density constraints.



UNIT V

SYSTEMS DESIGN : DIGITAL AND ANALOG INTERFACING METHODS : Switch,

Keypad and Keyboard interfacings – LED and Array of LEDs – Keyboard-cum-Display

controller (8279) – Alphanumeric Devices – Display Systems and its interfaces – Printer

interfaces – Programmable instruments interface using IEEE 488 Bus – Interfacing with

the Flash Memory – Interfaces – Interfacing to High Power Devices – Analog input

interfacing – Analog output interfacing – Optical motor shaft encoders – Industrial

control – Industrial process control system – Prototype MCU based Measuring

instruments – Robotics and Embedded control – Digital Signal Processing and Digital

Filters.

UNIT VI

REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM FOR MICROCONTROLLERS : Real Time

operating system – RTOS of Keil (RTX51) – Use of RTOS in Design – Software

development tools for Microcontrollers.

UNIT VII

16-BIT MICROCONTROLLERS : Hardware – Memory map in Intel 80196 family MCU

system – IO ports – Progammable Timers and High-speed outputs and input captures –

Interrupts – instructions.

UNIT VIII

ARM 32 Bit MCUs : Introduction to 16/32 Bit processors – ARM architecture and

organization – ARM / Thumb programming model – ARM / Thumb instruction set –

Development tools.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The first unit gives the basic overview of architecture and the resources of a

microcontroller. This unit focuses on the microcontroller resources which are primarily

basic and even about the resources in advances and next generation microcontrollers.

The name of the micro-controllers that we mainly concentrate is 8051 microcontroller in

which we discuss about the internal and external memories, the counters and timers

and also the synchronous serial cum the asynchronous serial communication along with

the interrupts.

UNIT II

Objective: The succeeding unit to the first unit deals with the different kind instruction

sets. It is also about the basic assembly language programming which gives the details

about the different data transfer instructions along with their definitions and

specifications. The next topic is the data and bit-manipulation instructions, which deals

with the functions of these instructions. Similarly the other instruction sets such as the

arithmetic instructions for logical operations are also discussed. Even the concept of

RAM such as the internal RAM, and SFRs their addresses and also the program flow

control instructions and the interrupt control flow is also discussed.

UNIT III

Objective: This unit is all about the interrupts in 8051. We in this unit would get to know

about the interrupt handling structure of an MCU, about the interrupt latency and

interrupt deadline. Also we would explore the concept which gives the details regarding

the multiple sources of the interrupts and the types of interrupts such as the non-

maskable and the maskable interrupt sources in which we also get to know about the

enabling or disabling of the sources. We also would come to know about the concept

called as polling to determine the interrupt source and assignment of the priorities

among them along with the interrupt structure in intel 8051.



UNIT IV

Objective: This unit gives the information about how to program the timers in the

MCUs. We also discuss about the free running counter and the real time control in the

MCUs. We also discuss about the interrupt interval and density constraints.

UNIT V

Objective: The fifth unit deals with the concept of interfacing where we would get to

know about how to interface the elements such as a switch, a keypad and a keyboard

which in turn involve the interfacing of LED and array of LEDs for the purpose of the

display. We also discuss about the controller (8279) in which we would learn about the

alphanumeric devices, display systems and its interfaces. It also focus on the interfacing

of other devices such as the printer interfaces using programmable interface using IEEE

488 bus and also the interfacing with the flash memory and the interfacing to high power

devices. Also the analog input and output interfacing, the optical motor shaft encoders

for industrial control and industrial process control system using a prototype MCU based

measuring instruments. This unit also tells about the robotics and embedded control

and also the digital signal processing and digital filters.

UNIT VI

Objective: This unit gives the information about the real time operating system, RTOS

of keil (RTX51). The uses of RTOS in design and lastly the software development tools

for microcontrollers.

UNIT VII

Objective: This unit explores the concepts of the 16-bit microcontrollers where in the

concepts of hardware and memory map in Intel 80196 family MCU system along with

the IO ports, their functionality and also regarding the programmable timers and high-

speed outputs and input captures and also the interrupts and their instructions.



UNIT VIII

Objective: The last unit deals with the introduction to 16/32 bit processors and explains

about the ARM architecture and its organization along with the ARM / Thumb

programming model – ARM/ Thumb instruction set and their development tools.



BITS

1. In 8051 an external interrupt 1 vector address is of ________ and causes of interrupt

if ____. (C)

a) 000BH, a high to low transition on pin INT1

b) 001BH, a low to high transition on pin INT1

c) 0013H, a high to low transition on pin INT1

d) 0023H, a low to high transition on pin INT1

2. In 8051,Serial port vector address is of _______. And causes an interrupt when

________ .(d)

a) 0013H, either TI or RI flag is set

b) 0023H, either TI or RI flag is reset

c) 0013H, either TI or RI flag is reset

d) 0023H, either TI or RI flag is set

3. In 8051 serial communication modes, mode 1 the Baud rate = (d)

a) BR=2SMOD/32 * (Timer 0 over flow rate)

b) BR=2SMOD/16 * (Timer 1 over flow rate)

c) BR=2SMOD/16 * (Timer 0 over flow rate)

d) BR=2SMOD/32 * (Timer 1 over flow rate)

4. In modes 2 and 3 of 8051, if _____ bit of SCON bit is set will causes enable

multiprocessor communication and is of ____ bit address. [c]

a) SM1, 9EH

b) TB8 , 9CH



c) SM2 , 9DH

d) SM0, 9FH

5. Interfacing LCD with 89C51 _____ data lines are used along with the _____

signals. (c)

a) 6, RS, RW

b) 5, RW, EN

c) 8, RS, EN, RW

d) 9, RS, EN, RW

6. Resolution of ADC is defined as (c)

a) 1/ (2N 1)

b) 2N-1

c) 1/ (2N-1)

d) 2N-1

7. In microcontroller and LCD interface which line will instruct the LCD that

microcontroller is sending data? (c)

a) DB0

b) RW

c) EN

d) RS

8. In 8051 Which bit of TMOD will exactly configure timer / counter as a timer or

counter. (c)

i) TMOD.6 of C/T for timer 1 ii) TMOD.6 of C/T for timer 0



iii) TMOD.2 of C/T for timer 0 iv) TMOD.2 of C/T for timer 1

a) i, ii

b) ii, iv

c) i, iii

d) iii, iv

9. The 8051 microcontroller is of ___pin package as a ______ processor. (c)

a) 30, 1byte

b) 20, 1 byte

c) 40, 8 bit

d) 40, 8 byte

11. The SP is of ___ wide register. And this may be defined anywhere

in the ______. (c)

a) 8 byte, on-chip 128 byte RAM.

b) 8 bit, on chip 256 byte RAM.

c) 8 bit, on-chip 128 byte RAM

d) 16 bit, on chip 128 byte ROM.

11. After reset, SP register is initialized to address________. (c)

a) 8H

b) 9H

c) 7H

d) 6H



12. What is the address range of SFR Register bank? (d)

a) 00H-77H

b) 40H-80H

c) 80H-7FH

d) 80H-FFH

13. Which pin of port 3 is has an alternative function as write control signal for external

data memory? (c)

a) P3.8

b) P3.3

c) P3.6

d) P3.1

14.A program at the time of executing is called ________. (d)

a) Dynamic program

b) Static program

c) Binded Program p

d) A Process

15. Which of the following is of bit operations? (a)

i) SP

ii) P2

iii) TMOD

iv) SBUF



v) IP

a) ii, v only

b) ii, iv, v only

c) i, v only

d) iii, ii only

16. Serial port interrupt is generated, if ____ bits are set (c)

a) IE

b) RI, IE

c) RI, TI

d) IP, TI

17. In 8051 which interrupt has highest priority? (c)

a)IE1

b)TF0

c)IE0

d)TF1

18A thread is a __________ process . (d)

a) Heavy Weight

b) Mutliprocess

c) Inter Thread

d) Light weight

19. 8096 has following features fill up the following, (c)

i) ____ Register file,

ii) ____ I/O Ports

iii) ____ architecture.



a) 256 byte, five 8bit, register to register

b) 256 byte, four 8bit, register to register

c) 232 byte, five 8bit, register to register

d) 232 byte, six 8 bit, register to registe

20. What is the function of watchdog timer? (c)

a) The watchdog Timer is an external timer that resets the system if the software fails to

operate properly.

b) The watchdog Timer is an internal timer that sets the system if the software fails to

operate properly.

c) The watchdog Timer is an internal timer that resets the system if the software

fails to operate properly.

d) None of them



ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS

SUBJECT: ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND

INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT I

Performance characteristics of instruments, Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution,

Precision, Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. Errors in Measurement, Dynamic

Characteristics-speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. DC Voltimeters-

Multirange, Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters- multi

range, range extension, shunt. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmeters series

type, shunt type, Multimeter for Voltage, Current and resistance measurements.

UNIT II

Signal Generator- fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine and square

wave signal generators, Function Generators, Square pulse, Random noise, sweep,

Arbitrary waveform.

UNIT III

Wave Analyzers, Haromonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers, Digital Fourier

Analyzers.

UNIT IV

Oscilloscopes CRT features, vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system, sweep,

trigger pulse, delay line, sync selector circuits, simple CRO, triggered sweep CRO, Dual

beam CRO, Measurement of amplitude and frequency.



UNIT V

Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, digital readout

oscilloscope, digital storage oscilloscope, Lissajous method of frequency measurement,

standard specifications of CRO, probes for CRO- Active & Passive, attenuator type,

Frequency counter, Time and Period measurement.

UNIT VI

AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwell‘s bridge, Anderson bridge.

Measurement of capacitance - Schearing Bridge. Wheat stone bridge. Wien Bridge,

Errors and precautions in using bridges. Q-meter.

UNIT VII

Transducers- active & passive transducers : Resistance, Capacitance, inductance;

Strain gauges, LVDT, Piezo Electric transducers, Resistance Thermometers,

Thermocouples, Thermistors, Sensistors.

UNIT VIII

Measurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity, moisture,

speed, proximity and displacement. Data acquisition systems.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I Objective: This subject commences with eh introductory details of the electronic measuring instruments. This unit explores the performance characteristics of these instruments by diving them into two different categories such as the static characteristics and the dynamic characteristics. Also the various parameters that describe the performance such as the accuracy, resolution, precision, expected value, error sensitivity are discussed. Even the types of errors that occur in measurements are looked upon. Dynamic characteristics involved the speed of response, fidelity, lag and dynamic error. Also the other devices such as the DC voltmeters, the multi-range and the range extension/solid state are given a focus upon and the types of voltmeters such as Differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters and their multi range, range extension shunt are explained. The other concepts in this unit are Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmeters (Series type and Shunt type), Multimeter‘s for voltage, Current and resistance measurement.

UNIT II Objective: The second unit explores the concepts of signal generators where in the types of signal generators are individually concentrated such as the fixed and variable AF oscillators, The standard and AF sine and the square wave signal generators, function generators, square pulse random noise, sweep, arbitrary waveform are all described. The various differences between each of these signal generators are all pin pointed with respect to their block diagrams.

UNIT III Objective: The third unit is all about the wave Analyzers, where it‘s all about the different types of analyzers are described. Even the basic harmonic distortion analyzer is explained by explaining all about the types of distortions in a signal generator. The other wave analyzers that are discussed are the spectrum analyzers and also the digital Fourier analyzers.

UNIT IV Objective: This unit deal all about the oscilloscopes. Ever internal feature of the oscilloscope right from the CRT features, Vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system, Sweep, Trigger pulse, delay line to the sync selector circuits are explained. Also the circuits of the other types of CRO‘s such as the simple CRO, triggered sweep



CRO, Dual beam CRO are also explained in detail. Also the basic concepts such as the measurement of amplitude and frequency are also mentioned.

UNIT V Objective: This unit is the succeeding episode of the previous unit where in even this unit deals explains the types of oscillators such as the dual trace oscilloscope, the sampling oscilloscope, the storage oscilloscope, the digital readout oscilloscope and the digital storage oscilloscope along with their block diagrams. Even the lissajous methods of frequency measurement are also stated which help us to understand the methods of calculating the frequency and the amplitude measurements. Everything about the standard Specifications of the CRO is discussed. Even the working of probes for CRO is done wherein the two types such as the active & passive are explained. The other concepts such as the attenuator types, frequency counters, and the time and period measurements are explored.

UNIT VI Objective: This unit deals with the AC bridges. In this measurement of inductance and the capacitance are done using the different types of bridges such as the Maxwell‘s bridge, Anderson bridge, Schering bridge, Wheatstone bridge, Wein bridge and then different kinds of errors and the precautions to avoid them for using bridges, Q-Meter is the also concept of this unit.

UNIT VII Objective: This second unit of this subject explains all about the transducers and its types such as active and passive transducers which involve resistance, capacitance, and inductance also the types of strain gauges are discussed. The other topics in this unit are LVDT, Piezoelectric transducers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples, thermistors and sensistors.

UNIT VIII Objective: The last unit is all about the measurement of physical parameters such as force, pressure, velocity, humidity, moisture, speed, proximity and displacement are done using relevant methods. Even the concept of data acquisition in systems is also expressed in detail.



BITS

1. The dual trace oscilloscope cannot capture [a]

(a) Two fast transient events

(b) High frequency si8gnals

(c) Low frequency signals

(d) Dc voltages

2 at a high frequency of order of 100 khz to 500 khz, the dual trays oscilloscope operate in [d]

(a) X and y mode

(b) Alternate mode

(c) Dc mode

(d) Chopped mode

3. The digital storage oscilloscope is more accurate than analog storage oscilloscope becaus [a]

(a) The time base is generated by a crystal clock

(b) Collects data after it has been triggered

(c) It operate in a babysitting mode

(d) Constant refresh time

4. The attenuation factor of the voltage divider used in CRO is [c]

(a) 1:10

(b) 1:100

(c) Reciprocal of the voltage divider ratio

(d) Twice that of the voltage divider ratio

5. The controlling torque in single phase power factor meters is provided by [d]

(a) Spring control

(b) Gravity control

(c) Stiffness of suspension

(d) No control device

6. To measure the power in ac circuits the following meter is used [c]

(a) Voltmeter

(b) Ammeter

(c) Wattmeter

(d) Ac bridge



7. In order that the bridge to be balanced [a]

(a) Z1 Z4=Z2 Z3 AND θ1+θ4=θ2+θ3

(b) Z1/Z4=Z3/Z3 AND θ1+θ4=θ2+θ3

(c) Z1 Z4=Z2 Z3 AND θ1 θ4=θ2 θ3

(d) Z1 Z4=Z2 Z3 AND θ1- θ4 =θ2 -θ3

8. The advantage o9f hay‘s bridge over maxwell‘s inductance- capacitance bridge is [b]

(a) It can be used for measurement of low Q coils

(b) It can be used for measurement of high Q coils

(c) It can be used for measurement of low and medium Q coils

(d) Its equations for balance do not contain any frequency term

9. The following bridge is used in harmonic distortion analyzer [a]

(a) Wien’s bridge

(b) Campbell‘s bridge

(c) Maxwell‘s bridge

(d) Hay‘s bridge

10. Maxwell bridge is used to measure the inductance if a [c]

(a) Low Q coils

(b) High Q coils

(c) Medium Q coils

(d) Low and high Q coils

12. The maxwell‘s bridge is limited to measurement of coil of Q values [c]

(a) Q.>10

(b) 10<Q<100

(c) 1<Q<10

(d) Q<1

13. Stray conductance affects causes erroirs in ac bridge circuit due to [c]

(a) Electrostatic fields between conductors at different potentials

(b) Residues in components

(c) Imperfect insulation

(d) Magnetic coupling between various components of the bridge



14. AN X-Y RECORDER have a sensitivity of 10v/mm, a slewing speed of 1.5m/s and a

frequency response of about 6 hz for both the axes. The chart size 250 x180mm. the accuracy

of X-Y recorder is [b]

(a) 1%

(b) 0.3%

(c) 0.2%

(d) 0.5%

15. In a Q meter , distributed capacitance of coil is measured by changing the capacitance of a

tuning capacitor. The value of tuning capacitor is C1and C2 FOR resonant frequencies f1 and

2f2 respectively. The value of distributed capacitance is [c]

(a) (c1-c2)/3

(b) (c1-2c2)/3

(c) (c1-4c2)/3

(d) none

16. In a Q meter, distributed capacitance of coil is measured by [d]

(a) Changing the capacitance of the tuning inductor

(b) Changing the resistance of the tuning inductor

(c) Changing the resistance of the tuning capacitor

(d) Changing the capacitance of the tuning capacitor

17. Transducer converts [c]

(a) Analog signal into digital signal

(b) Digital signal into analog signal

(c) One form of energy into another form of energy

(d) Mechanical displacement into mechanical energy

18. What is the order of minimum displacement that can be measured with capacitive

transducer? [c]

(a) 1 cm

(b) 1 mm

(c) 1 μ mt

(d) 1 mt



19. The size of air cored inductive transducers as compared with the iron cored transducers [b]

(a) Smaller

(b) Higher

(c) Same

(d) Exactly halved

20. Piezo-electric transducers are [c]

(a) Passive transducers

(b) Active transducers

(c) Active and inverse transducers

(d) Passive and inverse transducers



COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

SUBJECT: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

UNIT-I

BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer Types, Functional units, Basic

operational concepts, Bus structures, Software, Performance, multiprocessors and multi

computers. Data types, Complements, Data Representation. Fixed Point

Representation. Floating – Point Representation. Error Detection codes.

UNIT-II

REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE AND MICROOPERATIONS: Register Transfer

language. Register Transfer, Bus and memory transfer, Arithmetic Mircro operatiaons,

logic micro operations, shift micro operations, Arithmetic logic shift unit. Instruction

codes. Computer Registers Computer instructions – Instruction cycle. Memory –

Reference Instructions. Input – Output and Interrupt.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT - Stack organization. Instruction formats. Addressing

modes. DATA Transfer and manipulation. Program control. Reduced Instruction set

computer

UNIT-III

MICRO PROGRAMMED CONTROL: Control memory, Address sequencing, micro

program example, Design of control unit-Hard wired control. Micro programmed control

UNIT-IV

COMPUTER ARITHMETIC : Addition and subtraction, multiplication Algorithms,

Division Algorithms, Floating – point Arithmetic operations. Decimal Arithmetic unit,

Decimal Arithmetic operations.



UNIT-V

THE MEMORY SYSTEM : Memory Hierarchy, Main memory, Auxiliary memory,

Associative memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory, Memory management hardware

UNIT-VI

INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION : Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface,

Asynchronous data transfer Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, Direct memory

Access, Input –Output Processor (IOP), Serial communication;

UNIT-VII

PIPELINE AND VECTOR PROCESSING: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic

Pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, RISC Pipeline Vector Processing, Array Processors.

UNIT-VIII

MULTI PROCESSORS: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures,

Interprocessor Arbitration. Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache

Coherance.



SYNOPSIS

UNIT I

Objective: The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational

tasks. The word digital implies that the information in the computer is represented by

variable that take a limited number of discrete values. This chapter covers the basic

block diagram of a computer, structures of bus, multi-computers. It then extends into the

data representation which covers fixed point and floating point representations. Then, it

ends with a small discussion on error correcting codes like hamming code.

UNIT II

Objective: This chapter introduces a register transfer language and shows ho it is used

to express micro-operations in symbolic form. Symbols are defined for arithmetic, logic

and shift micro-operations. It also presents the organization and design of a basic digital

computer. Register transfer language is used to describe the internal operation f the

computer and to specify the requirements for its design. It also deals with the different

parts of the central processing unit and its design.

UNIT III

Objective: The third chapter in this subject introduces the concept of micro-

programming. A specific micro-programmed control unit is developed to show by

example how to write micro-code for a typical set of instructions. The design of the

control unit is carried out in detail including the hardware for the micro-program

sequencer.

UNIT IV

Objective: This chapter presents arithmetic algorithms for addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division and shows the procedures for implementing them with digital

hardware. Procedures are developed for signed magnitude and signed-2‘s complement

fixed point numbers, for floating binary numbers, and for binary coded decimal numbers.

The algorithms are presented by means of flow-charts that use the register transfer

language to specify the sequence of micro-operations and control decisions required for

their implementation.



UNIT V

Objective: This chapter introduces the concept of memory hierarchy composed of

cache memory, main memory and auxiliary memory such as magnetic disks. The

organization and operation of associative memories is explained in detail. The concept

of memory management is introduced through the presentation of the hardware

requirements for a cache memory and a virtual memory system.

UNIT VI

Objective: This chapter discusses the techniques that computers use to communicate

with input and output devices. Interface units are presented to show the way that the

processor interacts with the external peripherals. The procedure for asynchronous

transfer of either parallel or series data is explained. Four modes of transfer are

discussed: programmed I/O, interrupt initiated transfer, direct memory access and use

of input-output processors. Specific examples illustrate procedures for serial data

transmission.

UNIT VII

Objective: The concept of pipelining is explained and the way it can speed up

processing is illustrated with several examples. Both arithmetic and instruction pipeline

is considered. It is shown how RISC processors can achieve single cycle instruction

execution by using efficient instruction pipeline together with the delayed load and

delayed branch techniques. Vector processing is introduced and examples are show of

floating point operations using pipeline procedures.

UNIT VIII

Objective: This chapter presents the basic characteristics of multi-processors. Various

interconnection structures are presented. The need for inter-processor arbitration,

communication and synchronized is discussed. The cache coherence problem is

explained together with some possible solutions.



BITS

1.Where does a computer add and compare data? [c]

a. Hard disk b. Floppy disk

c. CPU chip d. Memory chip

2.Which of the following registers is used to keep track of address of the memory

location where the next instruction is located? [d]

a. Memory Address Register b. Memory Data Register

c. Instruction Register d. Program Register

3.A complete microcomputer system consists of [d]

a. microprocessor b. memory

c. peripheral equipment d. all of above

4.CPU does not perform the operation [d]

a. data transfer b. logic operation

c. arithmetic operation d. all of above

5.Pipelining strategy is called implement [b]

a. instruction execution b. instruction prefetch

c. instruction decoding d. instruction manipulation

6.A stack is [c]

a. an 8-bit register in the microprocessor b. a 16-bit register in the microprocessor

c. a set of memory locations in R/WM reserved for storing information temporarily

during the execution of computer

d. a 16-bit memory address stored in the program counter



7.A stack pointer is [a]

a. a 16-bit register in the microprocessor that indicate the beginning of the stack

memory.

b. a register that decodes and executes 16-bit arithmetic expression.

c. The first memory location where a subroutine address is stored.

d. a register in which flag bits are stored

8.The branch logic that provides decision making capabilities in the control unit is known

as [c]

a. controlled transfer b. conditional transfer

c. unconditional transfer d. none of above

9.Interrupts which are initiated by an instruction are [d]

a. internal b. external

c. hardware d. software

10.A time sharing system imply [b]

a. more than one processor in the system b. more than one program in memory

c. more than one memory in the system d. None of above

11.Processors of all computers, whether micro, mini or mainframe must have [d]

a. ALU b. Primary Storage

c. Control unit d. All of above

12.What is the control unit's function in the CPU? [d]

a. To transfer data to primary storage b. to store program instruction

c. to perform logic operations d. to decode program instruction



13.What is meant by a dedicated computer? [b]

a. which is used by one person only b. which is assigned to one and only one task

c. which does one kind of software d. which is meant for application software only

14.The most common addressing techiniques employed by a CPU is [e]

a. immediate b. direct c. indirect

d. register e. all of the above

15.Pipeline implement [d]

a. fetch instruction b. decode instruction

c.execute instruction d. all of above

16.Which of the following code is used in present day computing was developed by IBM

corporation? [d]

a. ASCII b. Hollerith Code

c. Baudot code d. EBCDIC code

17. When a subroutine is called, the address of the instruction following the CALL instructions

stored in/on the [d]

a. stack pointer b. accumulator

c. program counter d. stack

18.A microprogram written as string of 0's and 1's is a [d]

a. symbolic microinstruction b. binary microinstruction

c. symbolic microprogram d. binary microprogram

19.Interrupts which are initiated by an instruction are [b]

a. internal b. external

c. hardware d. software



20.Memory access in RISC architecture is limited to instructions [c]

a. CALL and RET b. PUSH and POP

c. STA and LDA d. MOV and JMP

Documents

C-Viva Report2 for Ece