Key Words : mgvYyZv : GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ wewkó wKš‘ wewfbœ †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag© m¤úbœ †hŠMmg~n‡K ci¯ú‡ii mgvYy e‡j Ges G

welqwU‡K mgvYyZv ejv nq| AcÖwZmg Kve©b : †h Kve©b †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ PviwU wfbœ cÖwZ ’vcK hy³ _v‡K †mB Kve©b †K›`ª‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j| GbvbwmIgvi : †h mKj wÎgvwÎK mgvYy ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ges hv‡`i `c©Y cÖwZwe¤ ci¯ú‡ii Dci A-

Dcwi ’vcbxq Zv‡`i‡K GbvbwmIgvi ejv nq| †iwmwgK wgkÖY : GbvbwmIgvi Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY‡K †iwmwgK wgkÖY ejv nq| gvK©wbKf wbqg : AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki hZ wewµqvq weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K AskwU wØ-eÜb Øviv hy³ Kve©b

cigvYy ywUi g‡a¨ †mB Kve©b cigvYyi m‡½ cÖavbZ hy³ nq, †hwU‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi msL¨v A‡cÿvK…Z Kg _v‡K| hyZ wewµqv : †h wewµqvi wewµqK AYy wj ci¯úi hy³ n‡q hvq Ges AYy ywU †Kvb As‡kB Avjv v nq bv| Zv‡K hyZ wewµqv

e‡j| AcmviY wewµqv : †h wewµqvi gva¨‡g GKwU wewµqK AYy n‡Z `ywU cigvYy ev g~jK AcmvwiZ n‡q GKwU bZzb e܇bi

m„wó nq Zv‡K AcmviY wewµqv e‡j| cøvw÷wmwU : cøvw÷K c‡Y¨i ag©| cøvw÷K RvZxq c`v‡_©i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j AvKv‡ii weK…wZ N‡U Avevi e‡ji AcmviY

NUv‡j cybivq c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m|

MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb : Møy‡KvR AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ Nbxfeb wewµqvKv‡j m„ó ( |

|

|

|COC ) eÜb‡K MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb e‡j|

m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv : Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY n‡Z †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb ev †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb cÖ ‘wZ Kivi wewµqv‡K m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv ejv nq

†ccUvBW eÜb : A¨vwg‡bv GwmWmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Nbxfeb wewµqvq m„ó ( NHCO ) eÜb‡K †ccUvBW eÜb e‡j|

ˆRe imvq‡bi BwZnvm

G ch©šÍ Avwe®‹…Z ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 80 j‡ÿiI AwaK| 1773 mv‡j ivDwj gvby‡li gyÎ †_‡K BDwiqv c„_K K‡ib|

welq weÁvbxi bvg †`k welq weÁvbxi bvg ‡`k ˆRe †hŠM bv‡gi cÖeZ©K ev‡R©wjqvm (1807) myB‡Wb ˆRe imvq‡bi RbK wd«WwiL DBjvi Rvg©vbx cÖvYkw³ gZev‡`i RbK ev‡R©wjqvm myB‡Wb A¨vwmwUK GwmW ms‡kølY †Kv‡e (1845) Rvg©vb imvq‡bi RbK j¨vfqwm‡q d«vÝ †÷wiI imvq‡bi RbK †R GBP f¨v›U-nd cZ©yMxR AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK Rb Wvëb weª‡Ub †ebwR‡bi lof‚R KvVv‡gv AMv÷v †KKzj Rvg©vb

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨vwaK¨ ev cÖvPz‡h©i KviY wZbwU: [Kexi m¨vi - ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi cÖvPz‡h©i KviY 5wU] 1. Kve©b civgvbyi K¨v‡U‡bkb 2. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi mgvbyZv ag© 3. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cwjgvi ag© 4. eÜb cÖK…wZ 5. msKiY

ˆRe †hŠM c„_KxKiY ˆRe †hŠM c„_KxKiY

†jey n‡Z mvBwUªK GwmW AviMj/‡ZZzj n‡Z UviUvwiK GwmW

`wa n‡Z j¨vKwUK GwmW Mj exwP n‡Z M¨vwjK GwmW

Bÿz n‡Z A·vwjK GwmW

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi †kÖYxwefvM

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

Kexi m¨vi

†ebwRb RvZ †ebwRb Pµwenxb

A¨vwjmvBwK¬K mvB‡K¬vweD‡Ub mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb mvB‡K¬v‡c‡›Ub

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ‡ebwRb, b¨vd_vwjb, †dbj, UjyBb †eb‡RvwqK GwmW

gy³ wkKj/A¨vwj‡dwUK e× wkKj/ejqvKvi

Kv‡e©vmvBwK¬K/‡nv‡gvmvBwK¬K ‡nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K

ˆRe †hŠM

mij wkKj †hŠM kvLvwqZ wkKj †hŠM

Am¤ú„³

wØeÜbhy³ H2C=CH2

Bw_b

wÎeÜbhy³ H-CC-H A¨vwmwUwjb

m¤ú„³ H3C-CH3

†nUv‡iv A¨vwjmvBwK¬K Bw_wjb A·vBW

†nUv‡iv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wcwiwWb, wdDivb _v‡qvwdb cvB‡ivj

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY

mvaviYZ ˆRe †hŠM‡K 3wU c×wZ‡Z bvgKiY Kiv hvq| 1. mvaviY c×wZ 2. D™¢‚Z c×wZ 3. AvšÍR©vwZK ev IUPAC c×wZ|

GwmW AYyi ms‡KZ bvg Drm H - COOH diwgK GwmW G GwmWwU wcucovq/wfgiæ‡j cvIqv hvq| wcucovi j¨vwUb bvg ÔdiwgKÕ| CH3-COOH A¨vwmwUK GwmW G GwmWwU wf‡bMv‡ii GKwU Dcv`vb| wf‡bMvi Gi j¨vwUb bvg ÔGwmUvgÕ| CH3-CH2-COOH †cÖvcv‡qvwbK GwmW cÖ_g Avwe®‹…Z GKwU Pwe©‡Z GUv cvIqv hvq| j¨vwUb fvlvq cÖ_g Pwe© gv‡b ÔcÖcv‡qvbvmÕ CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH weDUvwiK GwmW gvL‡b G GwmW _v‡K| gvL‡bi j¨vwUb cÖwZkã ÔweDUvBivgÕ|

K¨v‡U‡bkb

K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi GKwU we‡kl D`vniY n‡jv dzjvwibm| dzjvwibm, MÖvdvBU I WvqgÛ ev nxiK n‡”Q Kve©‡bi iƒc‡f`| G iƒc‡f`mg~‡ni AYy‡Z 30-70 wU Kve©b cigvYy mg†hvRx e܇b Ave× _v‡K| G iƒc‡f‡`i †hgb 32C , 50C , 60C , 70C Gi bvgKiY nj dzjwibm|

C60 †K eyKwgb÷vi dzjvwib ev ÒevwK ejÓ ejv nq| 60C Gi AvYweK fi 720 Ges G‡Z 2sp msKiY we`¨gvb|

Kve©‡bi K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi mdjZvi g~j KviY t Kve©‡bi K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi mdjZvi g~j KviY nj Kve©b-Kve©b )CC( eÜb kw³i DPz gvb| Avevi )CC( eÜb kw³ GZ †ewk nIqvi KviY n‡jv -

1. Kve©‡bi †gvUvgywU B‡jKUªb Avmw³| 2. Kve©‡bi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvb 2.5 hv ch©v‡qi cÖ_g †gŠj Li I †kl †gŠj F Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi Mo gv‡bi mgvb| 3. me‡P‡q Kvh©Kix kZ© n‡jv Kve©‡bi ÿz ª cvigvYweK e¨vmva© Ges 2q kw³ ͇i †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb|

AvYweK AiweUvj MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© 1. Dfq cigvYyi AiweUvj Aek¨B Aa©c~Y© n‡Z nq| 2. ms‡hvMKvix Dfq AiweUv‡ji kw³ Abyiyc n‡Z nq| 3. Dfq AiweUv‡ji Kvh©Ki Awaµg‡bi Rb¨ Dfq AiweUv‡ji Aÿ eivei Awaµgb NU‡Z n‡e| 4. eÜb AiweUv‡ji B‡j±ª‡bi NyY©b wecixZgyLx n‡Z n‡e|

weÁvbx jyBm mg‡hvRx e܇bi B‡jKUªbxq gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib| me ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kve©b PZz‡h©vRx Ae¯’vq _v‡K| weÁvbx cwjs cvigvYweK AiweUvj msKiY ev nvBweªWvB‡Rkb gZev` Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K 3sp msKiY AviweUv‡ji s%25 PwiÎ I p%75 PwiÎ _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU 2sp msKiY AiweUv‡j s%3.33 PwiÎ I p%7.66 PwiÎ _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU sp msKiY AiweUv‡j s%50 PwiÎ I p%350 PwiÎ _v‡K|

mg‡hvRx e܇bi cÖKvi‡f` : ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ 2 iKg mg‡hvRx eÜb m„wó nq

i. wmMgv () eÜb ii. cvB () eÜb

wmMgv eÜb I cvB e܇bi cv_©K¨

wmMgv eÜb cvB eÜb i. wmMgv eÜb MV‡b AiweUvjØq GKB mij‡iLvq _v‡K| i. cvB eÜb MV‡b AiweUvjØq mgvšÍivj Ae¯’vq _v‡K| ii. gy‡LvgywL ev mvgbv mvgwb m‡e©v”P Awaµg‡Yi d‡j nq ii. cvkvcvwk AvswkK Awaµg‡Yi d‡j nq| iii. mKj GKK eÜb wmMgv eÜb iii. mKj wØ ev wÎ e܇b cvB eÜb _v‡K iv. AvYweK Aÿ eivei Nyi‡Z cv‡i iv. AvYweK Aÿ eivei Nyi‡Z cv‡i bv v. ˆewkó¨ g~jK wewµqv nj cÖwZ ’vcb, AcmviY, mgvYyKiY v. ˆewkó¨ g~jK wewµqv nj hyZ wewµqv vi. AiweUvj Øviv gy‡LvgywL m‡e©v”P Awf‡jcb ev Awaµg‡Y m„ó

wmMgv eÜb `„p nq vi. AiweUvj؇qi AvswkK cvk¦© Awf‡jcb ev Awaµg‡Y m„ó

eÜb `ye©j _v‡K| vii. msKi AiweUvj I weï× AiweUvj Dfq †ÿ‡Î eÜb n‡Z

cv‡i| vii. s AiweUvj I msKi AiweUvj Qvov Ab¨ AiweUv‡j

eÜb NU‡Z cv‡i|

ˆRe †hŠM I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨

ˆRe †hŠM A‰Re †hŠM i. Kve©b Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv MwVZ †hŠM Ges Zv‡`i RvZKmg~n‡K ˆRe †hŠM ejv nq

i. †h‡Kv‡bv yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy Øviv MwVZ †hŠM‡K A‰Re †hŠM e‡j

ii. ‰Re †hŠM¸‡jv mg‡hvRx eÜb Øviv MwVZ ii. Giv mg‡hvRx, AvqwbK, mwbœ‡ek, avZe cÖf…wZ eÜb Øviv MwVZ iii. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ Kg| ˆRe †hŠM wb¤œ Mjbv¼ I wb¤œ ùzUbv¼ wewkó nq; mvaviYZ 350C Gi wb‡P| †hgb, †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi Mjbv¼ 121C; wg_vb‡ji ùzUbv¼ 65C

iii. G‡`i Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ †ewk| A‰Re †hŠM D”P Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wewkó nq; AvqwbK A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ 700C Gi D‡aŸ©| †hgb, NaCl Gi Mjbv¼ 801C

iv. Giv ‡cvjvi ªve‡K ªexf‚Z nq bv wKš‘ A‡cvjvi ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z nq| ˆRe †hŠM †cvjvi ªveK cvwb‡Z A ªeYxq, wKš‘ ˆRe `ªveK †hgb, B_vi I †ebwR‡b ªeYxq| Z‡e nvBWªw·j g~jK hy³ †hŠM (wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj) cvwb‡Z ªeYxq

iv. Giv ‡cvjvi ªve‡K ªexf‚Z nq wKš‘ A‡cvjvi ªve‡K nq bv| †cvjvi ªveK †hgb, cvwb‡Z A‰Re †hŠM ªeYxq; wKš‘ ˆRe ªve‡K A`ªeYxq| †hgb, NaCl cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq, †ebwR‡b A`ªebxq

v. Giv mgvYyZv cÖ k©b K‡i v. Giv mgvYyZv cÖ k©b K‡i bv vi. ‰Re wewµqvi †KŠkj RwUj I gš’i MwZi nq| vi. A‰Re wewµqvi †KŠkj AvqwbK cÖK…wZi I ªæZMwZm¤úbœ nq vii. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 80 j‡ÿi Dci vii. A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v cÖvq 1 jÿ viii. mvaviYZ `vn¨ c`v_,© mn‡R R¡‡j| Z‡e `n‡bi d‡j †Kvb Ae‡kl _v‡K bv

viii. mvaviYZ A`vn¨| hw` R¡‡j, Z‡e Ae‡kl _v‡K

B‡_b, Bw_b I B_vBb AYy‡Z C Gi msKixKiY I wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ †hŠ‡Mi bvg C cigvYyi

msKixKiY msKi AiweUv‡j

% s ˆewkó¨ †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z

eÜb †KvY wewfbœ eÜb `~iZ¡ (nm) †hŠ‡Mi R¨vwgwZK

MVb B‡_b H3C CH3

sp3 msKiY 4wU msKi AiweUvj

25% s-ˆewkó¨ 109.5 C C = 0.154 nm C H = 0.110 nm

PZz ÍjKxq

Bw_b H2C = CH2

sp2 msKiY 3wU msKi AiweUvj

33.3% s-ˆewkó¨ 120 C = C = 0.134 nm C H = 0.109 nm

mgZjxq UªvB‡Mvbvj

B_vBb HC CH

sp msKiY 2wU msKi AiweUvj

50% s-ˆewkó¨ 180 C C = 0.120 nm C H = 0.106 nm

mij‰iwLK

mgvYyZv

U‡UvgvwiRg‡K MwZkxj Kvh©Kix gyjK mgvYy e‡j|

Short Technique:

g‡b Kwi, †PBb mgvYyZv = C Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv = O †gUvgvwiRg = M U‡UvgvwiRg = T Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv = C

(wmwiqvjUv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e)

1. wK‡Uvb COMTC 2. A¨vwgb COMC 3. A¨vj‡Kb

A¨vjKvBb CO A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW

4. B_vi MC 5. A¨vj‡Kvnj COC 6. A¨vjwKb O 7. A¨vjwWnvBW CC

A¨vj‡Kb (CnH2n+2)

n ms‡KZ mgvYyi msL¨v 4 C4H10 2 5 C5H12 3 6 C6H14 5 7 C7H16 9

MvVwbK/KvVv‡gvMZ wÎgvwÎK/‡÷wiI

R¨vwgwZK ev wm&m UªvÝ mgvYyZv Av‡jvK mgvYyZv

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyZv

wkKj/‡K› ªxb/ ‡PBb/k„•Lj

Kvh©Kix g~jK Ae¯’vb U‡UvgvwiRg ‡gUvgvwiRg/iƒcvšÍi

Cis Trans.

WvbveZ©x ev d mgvYy evgveZ©x ev l mgvYy

A¨vjwKb (CnH2n) 3 C3H6 2 4 C4H8 3 5 C5H10 6

A¨vjKvBb (CnH2n-2) 4 C4H6 2 5 C5H8 3

R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv

R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi kZ© 1. mvaviYZ ab.C = C.ab ms‡KZhy³ cÖwZ ’vwcZ A¨vjwKbmg~n| 2. PvwµK ˆRe †hŠMmg~n R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ k©b K‡i|

R¨vwgwZK mgvYy؇qi mvaviY ag©

ˆewkó¨ wmm& mgvYy UªvÝ mgvYy

Mjbv¼ Kg †ewk myw¯’wZ Kg †ewk

ùzUbv¼ I NbZ¡ †ewk Kg Af¨šÍixY kw³ †ewk Kg

`nb Zvc †ewk Kg `ªve¨Zv, cÖwZmiv¼ †ewk Kg

w؇cvj †gv‡g›U, AvqwbKiY aªæeK †ewk Kg A¨vbnvBWªvBW MVb K‡i K‡i bv

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

wmm&-UªvÝ mgvYyi D`vniY n‡jv g¨v‡jwqK GwmW (wmm&-weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW) I wdDgvwiK GwmW (UªvÝ-weDwUb

WvBIwqK GwmW)| wmm& mgvYy A_©vr g¨v‡jwqK GwmW‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨vb&nvBWªvBW MVb K‡i; wKš‘ UªvÝ mgvYy A_©vr wdDgvwiK GwmW

A¨vb&nvBWªvBW MVb K‡i bv| wmbvwgK GwmW (C6H5CH=CHCOOH) Gi wmm& mgvYyi Mjbv¼ (m.p) n‡jv 68C Ges UªvÝ-mgvYyi Mjbv¼

n‡jv 133C| cis-weDU-2-Bb Gi ùzUbv¼ (b.p) nq 4C Ges NbZ¡ nq 0.621; Aciw`‡K trans-weDU-2-Bb Gi ùzUbv¼ (b.p)

nq 1C Ges NbZ¡ nq 0.604| WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK

†Kv‡bv Zij ªveK Øviv †KjvmvKvi `ªe‡K `ªexf‚Z Kivi ÿgZv‡K `ªve‡Ki WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK () e‡j| cvwbi WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK () Gi gvb 80 nq| wg_vbj (CH3OH) Gi WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK () n‡jv 30| cvwb mvwe©K `ªveKiƒ‡c cÖvq me AvqwbK †hŠM I mg‡hvRx †KjvmvKvi †hŠM‡K me‡P‡q †ewk `ªexf‚Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYyZvi kZ©/ˆewkó¨ 1. AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _v‡K| 2. Dfq cigvYyi KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤ nq| 3. Dfq KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii AmgvcwZZ/ADcwi ’vbxq n‡Z n‡e| 4. Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K wfbœ wfbœ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i| 5. GKvwaK AcÖwZmg †K› ªwewkó †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Zjxq, †K› ªxq ev cÖwZeZ©x Aÿ cÖwZmvg¨Zv Abycw ’Z _vK‡Z n‡e|

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi] AcÖwZmg Kve©b ev KvBivj Kve©b : †h Kve©‡bi PviwU nv‡Z PviwU wfbœ wfbœ g~jK ev cigvYy _v‡K Zv‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|

AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨vwfwËK Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v

(1) GKwU gvÎ AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _vK‡j `ywU Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy m¤¢e| †hgb - GKwU AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K› ª wewkó wKQz †hŠ‡Mi D`vniY t

01. weDUvbj-2 02. 2-‡K¬v‡iv †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW 03. 2- A¨vwg‡bv †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW 04. 2- nvBWªw· †cÖvcvb¨vj 05. 1,1-‡K¬v‡iv †eªv‡gv B‡_b|

(2) `ywU wfbœ cÖKvi AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _vK‡j PviwU Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy m¤¢e| †hgb : 2- †eªv‡gv-3-‡K¬v‡iv weD‡Ub (3) `ywU GKB cÖKvi ev m`„k AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _vK‡j wZbwU Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy m¤¢e| †hgb -

i. 2, 3-WvB‡eªv‡gv weD‡Ub ii. UviUvwiK GwmW

GbvbwmIgvi / GbvbwkIgd© / A¨vw›Ugvi / A¨vw›UcWt GKB †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK mwµq yB mgvYy‡K ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi / GbvbwkIgd© / A¨vw›Ugvi / A¨vw›UcW e‡j|

`ywU GbvbwmIgvi mgvYyi †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag© GKB _v‡K| d j¨vKwUK GwmW I l j¨vKwUK GwmW n‡jv ci¯ú‡ii ywU GbvbwmIgvi|

Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi `ywU Am`„k AcÖwZmg (KvBivj) Kve©bhy³ `ywU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM hw` ci¯ú‡ii `c©b cÖwZwe‡¤i gZ AvPiY bv K‡i

Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi e‡j| †hgb 3-‡K¬v‡ivweDUvbj-2 AYy‡Z 2wU Am „k KvBivj Kve©b _vKvq 4wU Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨

`y‡Uv mgvYy ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤ nq| ZvB Giv Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi| `ywU Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K GKB w`‡K Z‡e wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvq AveZ©b K‡i| `ywU Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY †Kvb †iwmwgK wgkÖY ˆZwi K‡i bv|

†iwmwgK wgkÖY mg‡gvjvi cwigvY dextro Ges levo GbvbwmIgvi؇qi wgkÖY‡K †iwmwgK wgkÖY (racemic mixture) ev dl ev

() wgkÖY e‡j| G cÖwµqv‡K †iwmwgKiY (racemization) e‡j| D`vniY¯iƒc d-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AveZ©b †KvY + 2.24 Ges l-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AveZ©b †KvY – 2.24|

myZivs G `y‡Uv †hŠ‡Mi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖ‡Yi AveZ©b †KvY k~b¨| G wgkÖYwU GKwU †iwmwgK wgkÖY|

j¨vKwUK GwmW COOHOHCHCH 3 GKwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM|

cixÿvMv‡i dl j¨vKwUK GwmW ms‡kølY cÖwµqvq ˆZix Kiv hvq| Aciw`‡K d- j¨vKwUK GwmW UK `wa ‡_‡K c„_K Kiv nq| d - Møy‡KvR ˆRe wecvKxq wµqvq kw³ Drcbœ K‡i, wKš‘ l-Møy‡KvR cÖmveiƒ‡c gy³ nq| d j¨vKwUK GwmW I l j¨vKwUK GwmW DfqB Av‡jvK mwµq| wKš‘ dl j¨vKwUK GwmW Av‡jvK wbw®Œq nq|

†iwmwgK wgkÖY I †g‡mv †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨

welq †iwmwgK wgkÖY †g‡mv †hŠM 1. cwiPq 1. mg‡gvjvi cwigv‡Yi `y‡Uv GbvbwmIgv‡ii wgkÖY 1. †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z ywU As‡k hw` GKB msL¨K m`„k

KvBivj Kve©b _v‡K Z‡e †hŠMwU‡K †g‡mv †hŠM e‡j 2. D`vniY 2. d-j¨vKwUK GwmW Ges l- j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi

mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY 2. †g‡mv-UviUvwiK GwmW|

3. Av‡jvK ˆewkó¨ 3. Av‡jvK mwµq `ywU †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK wbw®Œq wgkÖY 3. KvBivj Kve©b _vKv m‡Ë¡I Av‡jvK wbw®Œq †hŠM| 4. c„_KxKiY 4. wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vbØq‡K ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K Kiv

hvq 4. GKwU †hŠM| ZvB Av‡jvK mwµq AskØq c„_K Kiv hvq bv|

5. djvdj 5. Av‡jvi Zj Gi AveZ©b evwn¨Kfv‡e cÖkwgZ nq 5. AYyi MVbMZ mv`„‡k¨i Kvi‡Y Av‡jvi Zj Gi AveZ©b Af¨šÍixYfv‡e cÖkwgZ nq|

ˆRe wewµqvi †kÖwYweb¨vm

ˆRe wewµqvi †kÖwYweb¨vm

B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK

ms‡hvRb ev hyZ

AcmviY wewµqv

mgvYyKiY

†ebwR‡bi eûcÖwZ ’vcb

cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv

wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ ’vcb

B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ

wbDwK¬IwdwjK hyZ

E1 AcmviY wewµqv

E2 AcmviY wewµqv

A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqvbvBW †_‡K BDwiqv

A¨vjwKb

A¨vj‡Kb

†ebwRb

A¨vjKvBA¨vjwWnvBW

wK‡Uvb

3 RX

A¨vj‡Kvnj

1 RX

A¨vj‡Kvnj

SN1 SN SN2

mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY

mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY mvaviY ms‡KZ A¨vj‡Kb CnH2n+2 A¨vjwKb CnH2n A¨vjKvBb CnH2n-2 A¨vj‡Kvnj CnH2n+1OH A¨vjwWnvBW CnH2n+1CHO

Kve©w·wjK GwmW CnH2n+1COOH A¨vwgb CnH2n+1NH2 wK‡Uvb C = O

mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi ˆewkó¨ 1. GKwU mvaviY ms‡KZ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| 2. GKwU wbw ©ó Kvh©Kix g~jK _v‡K| 3. cici `ywU †hŠ‡Mi AvbweK ms‡K‡Z ïay (– CH2 –) wgw_wjb g~j‡Ki cv_©K¨ _v‡K| 4. GKB ai‡bi ivmvqwbK ag© †`Lv hvq| AvbweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ G‡`i ivmvqwbK mwµqZv wKQzUv n«vm cvq| 5. AvbweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ †fŠZ ag© we‡kl K‡i ùzUbv¼, Mjbv¼ Ges NbZ¡ e„w× †c‡jI ªve¨Zv n«vm cvq| †hgb-

wg_vb‡ji ùzUbv¼ 65C I B_vb‡ji 78.3C| 6. GKB mvaviY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| 7. MvVwbK ms‡KZ mv`„k¨c~Y©| 8. cÖ‡Z¨KwU m`m¨ Awfbœ †gŠj Øviv MwVZ| [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

Kvh©Kix g~jK/wµqv`k©x g~jK/†kÖwY wb‡`©kK

A¨vj‡Kb Qvov mKj †kÖYxi ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi GKwU Kvh©Kix g~jK _v‡K| GKK eÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K cÖwZ ’vcb I AcmviY wewµqv N‡U| †hgb A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji O H g~j‡K| wØeÜb I wÎeÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U| †hgb, C = C eÜb I C C e܇b|

GKK I wØeÜb DfqB Kvh©Kix g~j‡K _vK‡j G‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U| †hgb, HO

O

C||

g~j‡K|

wewfbœ mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi Kvh©Kix g~jK

mg‡MÖvÎxq †kÖwY Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki bvg ms‡KZ

1. A¨vjwKb A¨vjwKb g~jK (wØeÜb) > C = C < 2. A¨vjKvBb A¨vjKvBb g~jK (wÎeÜb) – C C – 3. A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vj‡Kvnjxq nvBWªw·j g~jK – OH 4. A¨vjwWnvBW A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK – CHO

5. wK‡Uvb wK‡Uvbxq g~jK – CO – 6. Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·j g~jK – COOH 7. B_vi

B_vi g~jK

– C – O – C –

8. A¨vwgb A¨vwg‡bv g~jK – NH2 9. mvqvbvBW/bvBUªvBj mvqv‡bv g~jK – CN 10. mvj‡dvwbK GwmW mvj‡dvwbK GwmW g~jK – SO3H 11. G÷vi G÷vi g~jK – COOR 12. GwmW A¨vgvBW A¨vwg‡Wv g~jK – CONH2 13. GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW A¨vbnvBWªvBW g~jK – CO – O – CO – 14. GwmW n¨vjvBW GwmW n¨vjvBW g~jK – COX 15. †dbj ‡dbjxq nvBWªw·j g~jK – OH 16. _v‡qv‡hŠM _vqj R – SH 17. A¨vjK·vBW – O – R

18. B‡cv·vBW

– C – C –

19. GwmW †K¬vivBW ROCl 20. AvB‡mv mvqvbvBW – N = C 21. AvB‡mv _v‡qvmvqv‡bU – NCS 22. A¨vjKvBj Avwgb R – NH2 23. cÖwZ ’vwcZ A¨vgvBW CONHR 24. Kve©bvBj > C = O 25. n¨v‡jv‡Rb – CX 26. AvjKvBj n¨vjvBW RX 27. bvB‡Uªv †hŠM R – NO2 28. bvB‡Uªv‡mv †hŠM NO 29. †dbj AR – OH

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

Kvh©Kix g~jKmg~‡ni AMÖMY¨ µg AMÖMY¨ wb‡`©kK Zxi wPý mg‡hvÎxq †kÖwYi bvg Kvh©Kix g~jK Prefix, bv‡gi c~e© c` Suffix, bv‡gi ci c` 1. Kve©w·wjK GwmW COOH IwqK GwmW

2. mvj‡dvwbK GwmW SO3H mvj‡dvwbK GwmW 3. GwmW n¨vjvBW COX Iwqj n¨vjvBW 4. GwmW A¨vgvBW CONH2 A¨vwg‡Wv A¨vgvBW 5. bvBUªvBj ev mvqvbvBW CN mvqv‡bv bvBUªvBj 6. A¨vjwWnvBW CHO A¨vjKv‡bvwqj A¨vj 7. wK‡Uvb CO A‡·v Ib 8. A¨vj‡Kvnj OH nvBWªw· Aj

O

9. _v‡qvj SH gviK¨vc‡Uv _v‡qvj 10. A¨vwgb NH2 A¨vwgb‡bv A¨vwgb 11. A¨vjwKb C = C Bb 12. A¨vjKvBb

|

|

|

|CC AvBb

13. A¨vj‡Kb

|

|

|

|CC Gb

mg‡hvRx e܇bi fv½b

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl mve‡÷ªU AvµgYKvix weKviK

mg‡hvRx e܇bi wefvRb `ywU Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i| 1. mylg wefvRb (Homolytic fission)

2. welg wefvRb (Hetrolytic fission) mylg wefvRb t mylg wefvR‡bi d‡j wd«-‡iwW‡Kj Drcbœ nq|

wd«-†iwW‡K‡ji mwµqZv I ’vwqZ¡ t gy³ B‡jKUªb _vKvq Giv LyeB mwµq n‡q _v‡K| A¨vjKvBj wd«-†iwW‡Kj¸‡jvi ’vwq‡Z¡i µg n‡”Q-

CR3 > CHR2 > CH2R > CH3 3 2 1 0

wd«-†iwW‡K‡ji mwµqZvi µg n‡”Q CH3 > CH2R > CHR2 > CR3 0 1 2 3

wd«-†iwW‡K‡ji ˆewkó¨ 1. wd«-†iwW‡K‡j †Kvb Avavb ev PvR© _v‡K bv †Kbbv G‡`i B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb| 2. ¯í ¯’vqx 3. LyeB mwµq (highly reactive) 4. wewµqvq AšÍeZ©x cÖRvwZ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

welg wefvRb : welg wefvR‡bi d‡j Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Ges FYvZ¥K Kve©vbvqb Drcbœ nq|

Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb ev Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb t abvZ¥K Avavbwewkó Kve©b cigvYyavix ˆRe Avqb‡K Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb (Carbocataion) e‡j

†hgb : 323 CHHC,HC

BZ¨vw` Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb| mwµqZv I ’vwqZ¡: Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb AZ¨šÍ mwµq|

Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~‡ni ¯’vwqZ¡ µg n‡”Q- +CR3 > +C HR2 > +C H2R > +CH3

3 2 1 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~‡ni mwµqZvi µg t +CH3 > +C H2R > +C HR2 > +CR3

1 2 3 ˆewkó¨ t Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Ges Kve©vbvqb Dfq AvqbB

1. AwaK mwµq 2. ¯ívqy (short lived) Ges 3. wewµqvq AšÍe©Zx cÖRvwZ (intermediate) wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|

Kve©vbvqb t FYvZ¥K Avavbwewkó Kve©b cigvYyavix ˆRe g~jK ev ˆRe Avqb‡K Kve©vbvqb (carbanions) e‡j| †hgb-

3323323 )(,)(,, CHCCHCHCHCHCH Kve©vbvqb| mwµqZv I ’vwqZ¡: FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Kve©vbvqbmg~‡ni mwµqZv A‡bK †ewk|

Kve©vbvqbmg~‡ni ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg n‡”Q- CH3 > CH2R > CHR2 > CR3

1 2 3 Kve©vbvqbmg~‡ni mwµqZvi µg n‡”Q-

CR3 > CHR2 > CH2R > CH3 3 2 1

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi] AvµgYKvix weKviK : wZb cÖKvi|

1. B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK ev B‡jK‡UªvdvBj 2. ‡K› ªvKl©x weKviK ev wbDwK¬IdvBj 3. gy³g~jK ev wd«-†iwW‡Kj

cÖK…wZ B‡jK‡UªvdvBj wbDwK¬IdvBj Pv‡R©i cÖK…wZ abvZ¥K : NH4

+, H3O+, PH4+, CH3

+ (Kv‡e©vwbqvg), SO3H+, X+, R3C+, RN+ N, NO2

+, H+

FYvZ¥K : X, OH, CH3 (Kve©vbvqb), R,

COO, OR, CN, NO2, RMgX

cÖkg AlCl3, FeCl3, BF3, SO3 NH3, PH3 (dmwdb), NH2, H2O, R – NH2, R

– OH kw³kvjx RMgX, LiAlH4, NaBH4 R – OH, R – NO2

B‡jK‡UªvdvBj Gi wewµqv

1. ms‡hvRb 2. cÖwZ¯’vcb

wbDwK¬IdvBj Gi wewµqv 1. ms‡hvRb 2. cÖwZ¯’vcb 3. AcmviY

wd«-†iwW‡Kj Gi wewµqv 1. ms‡hvRb 2. cÖwZ¯’vcb 3. mgvYyKiY

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b

weÁvbx jmwg_ cÖgvY K‡ib A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M †ebwRb‡qW KvVv‡gv Dcw ’Z _vK‡Z n‡e| A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K A¨vwib e‡j| G‡`i MV‡b †ebwRb‡qW ejq _v‡K| †hgb- †ebwRb, †ebwR‡bi RvZK, UjyBb,

b¨vd_vwjb, A¨vb_ªvwmb| †Kvj I †c‡Uªvwjqvg n‡jv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cÖavb Drm| Kqjvi weaŸsmx cvZb †hgb (10-12)% Rjxq ev®ú wgwkÖZ weUzwgbvm Kqjv‡K (900-1100)C ZvcgvÎvq Ave×cv‡Î

cvZb K‡i cÖvß †KvjUvi ev AvjKvZiv †_‡K Gme †hŠM c„_K Kiv nq| AvjKvZivi g‡a¨ A¤øxq, ÿviKxq I wbi‡cÿ- A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM _v‡K|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK (A¨vwib) †hŠ‡M mgvYyZv :

P‡µ cÖwZ ’vc‡bi gvÎv Abymv‡i G‡`i‡K cÖavbZ 3wU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| 1. †ebwR‡bi g‡bvRvZK 2. †ebwR‡bi WvBRvZK 3. †ebwR‡bi cwjRvZK

†ebwR‡bi g‡bvRvZ‡Ki mgvYyZv : Gi †Kvb cÖKvi mgvYy †bB| †ebwR‡bi WvBRvZ‡Ki mgvYyZv : Gi wZbwU mgvYy cvIqv hvq|

1. A‡_©v (Ortho) mgvYy 2. †gUv (Meta) mgvYy 3. c¨viv (Para) mgvYy

†ebwR‡bi cwjRvZ‡Ki mgvYyZv : Gi †ÿ‡Î wZb cÖKvi mgvYyZv N‡U| 1. wZbwU cÖwZ ’vcK GKB cÖKvi n‡j wZbwU mgvYy cvIqv hvq| 2. cÖwZ ’vcK wZbwUi g‡a¨ `ywU GK cÖKvi I AciwU wfbœ n‡j 6wU mgvYy cvIqv hvq| 3. wZbwU cÖwZ ’vcKB ci¯úi wfbœ n‡j 10wU mgvYy cvIqv hvq|

[Kexi m¨vi] A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ag© ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU

01. we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv 02. cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv 03. ¯’vwqZ¡ 04. mÂiYkxj cvB B‡jKUªb 05. †i‡Rvb¨vÝ ev AYyiYb 06. nv‡Kj ZË¡ AbymiY

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi] nv‡Kj bxwZ

†h mKj †hŠM wb‡¤œi kZ© ‡jv †g‡b P‡j ZvivB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| GB kZ© ‡jv‡K nv‡Kj ZË¡ ejv nq| 1. †hŠMwU‡K mgZjxq (flat) I PµvKvi n‡Z n‡e| 2. AYyi mgZ‡ji Dc‡i I wb‡P Aek¨B mÂviYkxj (delocalized) B‡jKUªb †gN _vK‡Z n‡e| 3. e„ËvKvi P‡µi cÖwZwU cigvYyi p AiweUvj ci¯úi mgvšÍivj fv‡e Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| hv‡Z P‡µi Pvicv‡k

AbeiZ AwaµgY m¤¢e nq| mgvšÍivj p AiweUvj¸‡jvi Awaµg‡Y Aek¨B 4n+2 msL¨K B‡jKUªb AskMÖnY Ki‡e| †hLv‡b n = 0, 1, 2, 3 BZ¨vw` c~Y© msL¨v| A_©vr B‡jKUªb †gN 2, 6, 10, 14 BZ¨vw` msL¨K B‡jKUªb _vK‡e| †h me PµvKvi †hŠ‡M (4n+2) msL¨K B‡jKUªb _vK‡e Zv‡`iB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hv‡e|

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Dci nv‡Kj wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvM

ˆRe AYy ev Avq‡bi MvVwbK ms‡KZ

AYy‡Z B‡jKUªb msL¨v

ˆRe AYy ev Avq‡bi Dci nv‡Kj wbq‡gi

cÖ‡qvM

gšÍe¨

†ebwRb

6 4n + 2 = 6 4n = 6 2 = 4 n = 1

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b

b¨vc_vwjb

10 4n + 2 = 10 4n = 10 2 = 8 n = 2

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b

mvB‡K¬vweDUvWvBb

4 4n + 2 = 4 4n = 4 2 = 2

n = 21

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b bq

mvB‡K¬vAKUv‡UUªvBb

8 4n + 2 = 8 4n = 8 2 = 6

n = 211

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b bq

mvB‡K¬v‡c›UvWBbvBj A¨vbvqb

6 4n + 2 = 6 4n = 6 2 n = 1

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b

mvB‡K¬v‡c›UvWvBbvBj K¨vUvqb

4 4n + 2 = 6 4n = 4 2

n = 21

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b bq

†ebwRb

jNy ˆZ‡ji g‡a¨ 3 ai‡bi †hŠM _v‡K| 1. wbi‡cÿ RvZxq : †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb| 2. ÿvi RvZxq : A¨vwbwjb, wcwiwWb, _v‡qvwdb| 3. A¤ø-RvZxq : †dbj|

90% †ebR‡j cÖavbZ 84% ‡ebwRb, 13% UjyBb Ges 3% RvBwjb _v‡K| 90% †ebRj‡K AvswkK cvZb K‡i (8082)C ZvcgvÎvq cvwZZ Zij c`v_©‡K msMÖn Ki‡j †gvUvgywU 99% weï×

†ebwRb cvIqv hvq| 50% †ebR‡j †ebwRb (46%), UjyBb I mvgvb¨ RvBwjb _v‡K| 90% †ebRj I 50% †ebRj‡K (108110)C ZvcgvÎvq AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j †gvUvgywU weï× UjyBb cvIqv hvq

AvjKvZivi AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß wewfbœ cvwZZ Ask I Dcv`vb

cvwZZ As‡ki bvg cvZb ZvcgvÎv kZKiv cwigvY

cvwZZ Zi‡j cÖavb Dcv`vbmg~n

jNy ˆZj ev jvBU A‡qj 170C ch©šÍ 5% †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb, wcwiwWb, _v‡qvwdb, A¨vwbwjb, †dbj|

ga¨g ˆZj ev wgWj A‡qj (171230) C 7.5% †dbj, wµmj, b¨vd_¨vwjb BZ¨vw`| fvix ev ‡nfx A‡qj (231270) C 10% wµmj, b¨vd_¨vwjb, KzB‡bvwjb BZ¨vw`|

meyR ˆZj (271400)C 20% A¨vb_ªvwmb, wdbvbw_ªb BZ¨vw` wcP wiU‡U© Ae‡kl _v‡K 57.5% †KvK-Kve©b|

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi] †ebwR‡bi mvaviY cÖ ‘Z cÖYvjx

COONa

1. + NaOH(CaO) wWKve©w·‡jkb OH 2. + Zn †dbj n‡Z weRviY

3. 3CH CH B_vB‡bi cwjgviKiY 4. C6H5MgCl + H2O N2Cl 5. + H3PO2 + H2O DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv GQvovI, UjyBb †_‡K : 466

OAl.Pt2356 CHHCHCHHC 32

RvBwjb †_‡K : 6266OAl.Pt

22346 HCHCH)CH(HC 32

†ebwR‡b ms‡hvRb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvRb : G wewµqvi gva¨‡g mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b Drcbœ nq Ges G wewµqvq cÖfveKiƒ‡c Ni I 200C ZvcgvÎv

e¨eüZ nq| n¨v‡jv‡Rb ms‡hvRb : G wewµqvi gva¨‡g RxevbybvkK †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW ev M¨vgvw·b cvDWvi| I‡Rvb ms‡hvRb : G wewµqvi gva¨‡g MøvBA·vj Drcbœ nq|

B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ev B‡jKUªb AvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv

B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv : 4 cÖKvi| 1. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb 2. bvB‡Uªkb 3. mvj‡dv‡bkb 4. wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv

B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv¸‡jv 3 av‡c m¤úbœ nq| 1. B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK MVb 2. Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb (mwµq ga¨K) MVb 3. †cÖvUb AcmviY

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi] n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb t cÖfveKiƒ‡c n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK [Abv`ª© AlCl3, FeCl3, FeBr3) e¨eüZ nq|

†ebwRb : + Cl2 + HCl

cvZb

cvZb

400C/450C Fe

n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK 80C

Cl

‡ebwRb ‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb

A¨vjKvB‡jkb A¨vmvB‡jkb

600C

600C

†ebwRb

UjyBb : 2 C202Cl2 + + 2HCl

c¨viv‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb

bvB‡Uªkb †ebwRb :

+ HNO3 C60 + H2O bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb

UjyBb : 2 ,C303HNO2 + + 2HCl

UjyBb A‡_©v bvB‡Uªv UjyBb c¨viv bvB‡Uªv UjyBb

mvj‡dv‡bkb †ebwRb :

+ H2SO4 C100 + H2O †ebwRb ‡ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW

UjyBb : 2 3SO

42SOH2 + H3C SO3H + 2H2O UjyBb A‡_©v UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW c¨viv UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW

wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb

†ebwRb : + CH3Cl + HCl †ebwRb wg_vBj †K¬vivBW UjyBb

UjyBb : 2 C25203ICH2 + H3C CH3 + 2HI

UjyBb A‡_©vRvBwjb c¨viv RvBwjb wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb

†ebwRb :

+ CH3COCl + HCl ‡ebwRb A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW A¨vwm‡Uv‡dbb ev wg_vBj wdbvBj wK‡Uvb

UjyBb : + CH3COCl C5040 + + HCl

CH3 Cl

CH3 CH3

Cl

Mvp H2SO4

NO2

CH3 NO2 Mvp H2SO4

CH3 CH3

NO2

SO3

SO3H

Abv ª© AlCl3 CH3

n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK

UjyBb A‡_©v‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb

‡ebwRb

CH3 CH3 SO3H

5C

CH3 CH3 CH3 Abv ª© AlCl3

Abv ª© AlCl3 COCH3

Abv ª© AlCl3 CH3 CH3

COCH3 CH3

COCH3

UjyBb A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW 2-wg_vBj wdbvBj B_v‡bvb 4-wg_vBj wdbvBj B_v‡bvb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU †nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K †hŠM? (†g.f.c. 07-08)

A. mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb B. UjyBb C. wcwiwWb D. †cÖv‡cb Ans : C wb‡¤œi †Kvb Dw³wU †ebwR‡bi (C6H6) Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq? (†g.f.c.01-02) A. Bnv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b B. Bnv `ywU mgvYyiƒ‡c we`¨gvb C. Bnv cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i D. Bnv wewµqv K‡i C6H4Ol2 ms‡K‡Zi wZbwU wfbœ †hŠM MVb K‡i Ans : B

UjyBb UjyBb cÖ ‘wZi mvaviY wewµqv

1. 2.

UjyB‡bi B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv 1. bvB‡Uªkb : cÖvq 30C ZvcgvÎvq Mvp HNO3 Ges H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ N‡U| 2. mvj‡dv‡bkb : (30 – 35)C ZvcgvÎvq a~gvqgvb H2SO4 (H2S2O7) ev Mvp H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ N‡U| 3. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb : mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z FeCl3 ev AlCl3 cÖf…wZ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U 4. wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb ev A¨vmvB‡jkb : Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw ’wZ‡Z N‡U|

†ebwRb I UjyB‡bi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi

†ebwRb †_‡K UjyBb : (wd«‡Wj µvdU& wewµqv)

UjyBb †_‡K †ebwRb :

A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨ ˆewkó¨ A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK MVb cÖavbZ mij I kvLvhy³ gy³ wkKj †hŠM| Z‡e

wKQz wKQz PvwµK †hŠM (†hgb- mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb) G †kÖYxi AšÍf©~³|

PvwµK, Am¤ú„³, GKvšÍwiZ wØeÜbhy³ mgZjxq ˆRe †hŠM hv‡`i AYy‡Z mÂviYkxj (4n + 2) msL¨K -B‡jKUªb _v‡K|

m¤ú„³Zv/ Am¤ú„³Zv

m¤ú„³ ev Am¤ú„³ †h †Kvb cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| mKj A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM Am¤ú„³|

X

+ 2Na + XCH3 DU©R wdwUM

ﮋ B_vi CH3

H

+ Cl CH3 wd«‡Wj µvdU

Abv ª© AlCl3 CH3

+ CH3Cl Abv`©ª AlCl3

CH3

+ HCl

CH3 KMnO4 H2SO4

COOH NaOH + Na2CO3

COONa NaOH CaO

mshyw³ A¨vwjd¨vwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi AvbycvwZK cwigvY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| †hgb, Bw_wjb (C2H4)- G C : H = 2 : 4, CH4 ‡hŠ‡M C = 75%, H = 25%

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi AvbycvwZK cwigvY AwaK| †hgb, (C6H6)- G C : H = 6 : 6 ev ‡ebwRb (C6H6) ‡hŠ‡M C = 92.3%, H = 7.7%, b¨vc_vwjb (C10H8) ‡hŠ‡M C = 93.75%, H = 6.25%|

wewµqv m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡b cÖwZ ’vcb (wbDwK¬IwdwjK) Ges Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡b ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U|

B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ ’vcb †hgb- bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb cÖf„wZ cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv N‡U|

mwµqZv A¨vwjd¨vwUK †hŠMmg~‡ni gvZ… †hŠM (m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b) †Zgb mwµq bv n‡jI G‡`i RvZKmg~n †ek mwµq| †hgb- C2H5Cl + NaOH (Rjxq) C2H5OH

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK n¨vjvBW mn‡R Av ª©-we‡køwlZ nq bv| Z‡e Zxeª kZ© Av‡ivc Ki‡j N‡U|

NaClOHHC)aq(NaOHClHC 56C300

560

nvBWªw· †hŠ‡Mi cÖK…wZ

A¨vwjd¨vwUK nvBWªw· †hŠM Z_v A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~n cÖkg| ÿv‡ii mv‡_ Giv †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvBWªw· †hŠM A_©vr †dbj A¤øxq| ÿv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY Drcbœ K‡i| C6H5OH + NaOH + H2O.

†hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi msL¨v

GK ev GKvwaK †h †Kvb msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ 6 (Qq) Kve©b wewkó nq| Z‡e wKQz wKQz A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi msL¨v 3, 5, 10 I †`Lv hvq

n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K mn‡R bvB‡Uªkb I

mvj‡dv‡bkb Kiv hvq bv Ges n¨v‡jv‡R‡bk‡bi Rb¨ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K mn‡R bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb Kiv hvq Ges n¨v‡jv‡R‡bk‡bi Rb¨ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb, Abv`ª© AlCl3, FeCl3 BZ¨vw`|

†eqvi cixÿv A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi Dcw ’wZ‡Z ÿvixq KMnO4 Gi jvj‡P †e¸wb eY© `ªæZ eY©nxb n‡q hvq|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv we‡kl ai‡bi nIqvq Giv KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ nq bv|

†eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv

A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi Dcw ’wZ‡Z CCl4 hy³ Br2 `ªe‡Yi jvj‡P ev`vwg eY© eY©nxb n‡q hvq|

Giv CCl4 G †eªvwg‡bi jvj `ªeY‡K weeY© K‡i bv|

Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY MVb

A¨vwj‡dwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, CH3 – NH2 wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq NaNO2 I Mvp HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqvq Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY Drcbœ K‡i bv, A¨vj‡Kvnj I N2 Drcbœ K‡i|

wKQz A¨v‡iv‡gwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, C6H5NH2 wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq NaNO2 I HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY MVb K‡i|

n¨v‡Kj wbqg A¨vwjd¨vwUK †hŠM n¨v‡Kj wbqg AbymiY K‡i bv|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM n¨v‡Kj wbqg AbymiY K‡i|

A¨vj‡Kb

A¨vj‡K‡bi †fŠZag© mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq C1-C4 nj M¨vmxq Ges eY©nxb C5-C17 n‡j eY©nxb, DØvqx I †c‡Uªv‡ji b¨vq MÜhy³ Zij C18 †_‡K c‡ii¸‡jv KwVb c`v_©| A¨vj‡Kbmg~n cvwb †_‡K nvjKv|

200 atm

ONa

GK bR‡i A¨vj‡Kb cÖ ‘wZi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n 1. CH3 - CH2 - COONa + NaOH (CaO) wWKve©w·‡jkb wewµqv †mvWvjvBg 2. CH3 - COONa + H2O †Kve ms‡kølY 3. 2CH3 - I + 2Na DU©R wewµqv 4. CH3- CH2 - MgI + H2O wMÖMbvW© weKviK 5. CH2 = CH2 + H2 A¨vjwKb 6. CH CH + 2H2 A¨vjKvBb 7. CH3 - CHO + 4 [H] wK¬‡gbmb weRviY GQvovI, Kqjv †_‡K : )g(OH)g(CH)g(H2)]g(H)g(CO[ 24

C130022

†c‡Uªvj ms‡kølY : OnHHCH)1n2(nCO 22n2nCo,C200

2

ÔA¨vj‡KbÕ †hŠM AYyi †Kv‡bv we‡kl ÒKvh©Kix g~jKÓ †bB| A¨vj‡Kb AYy‡Z †Kv‡bv WvB‡cvj ev †cvjvwiwU m„wó nq bv| wmMgv eÜbB A¨vj‡K‡bi ivmvqwbK ag© wbqš¿YKvix| †evZj M¨v‡m †cÖv‡cb e¨eüZ nq| †gvUi R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c †c‡Uªvj ev M¨v‡mvwjb (C5C11 A¨vj‡Kb) e¨eüZ nq| G‡iv‡cø‡bi R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c †K‡ivwmb (C11C14 A¨vj‡Kb) e¨eüZ nq| A¨vj‡Kb g~jZ R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| A¨vj‡Kb ivmvqwbKfv‡e Kg mwµq ZvB G‡`i‡K c¨vivwdb e‡j| CH4 †K gvk© M¨vm e‡j|

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi] DU©R wewµqvi ˆewkó¨

1. Kve©b msL¨v e„w× : G wewµqvq wb¤œZi A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq| 2. G c×wZ‡Z cÖviw¤¢K n¨vjvB‡Wi Kve©b msL¨vi wظY Kve©bwewkó Drcv` cvIqv hvq| 3. G c×wZ‡Z we‡Rvo Kve©bwewkó A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq bv|

A¨vj‡K‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqv A¨vj‡Kb cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi wewµqv †`q|

1. cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv 2. Zvcxq wewµqv 3. mgvYyKiY wewµqv 4. A¨v‡ivg¨vwUKiY/widiwgs wewµqv

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW n‡Z mvaviYZ 3wU Dcv‡q A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq| 1. weRviY Øviv 2. DU©R wewµqv Øviv 3. wMÖMbvW© weKviK e¨envi K‡i

Zwor we‡kølY

ﮋ B_vi

Ni

180C

Ni

150C

Zn.Hg + HCl

CH3-CH3 B‡_b

Ni

5-10 atm

[Kexi m¨vi] A¨v‡ivg¨vwUKiY/widiwgs wewµqv

wewµqvwU 3 av‡c N‡U| †hgb : PvwµK †hŠM MVb cÖwµqv, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb AcmviY I mgvYyKiY cÖwµqv| †c‡Uªvwjqvg ˆZj‡K AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j 35175C ZvcgvÎvq cÖvß cvwZZ Zij‡K †c‡Uªvj ev M¨v‡mvwjb e‡j| †c‡Uªvj ev M¨v‡mvwj‡b n-‡n‡·b, n-‡n‡Þb, n-A‡±b cÖf…wZ mij wkKj A¨vj‡Kb _v‡K| Pt.Al ¸uov wgwkÖZ †µvwgqvg A·vBW ev f¨vbvwWqvg A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 1020 atm Pv‡c cÖvq 500C

ZvcgvÎvq n-‡n‡·b †_‡K †ebwRb, n-‡n‡Þb †_‡K UjyBb Ges n-AK‡Ub †_‡K RvBwjb cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b 90% evwYwR¨K †ebwRb †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K Drcv`b Kiv nq| A¨v‡ivg¨vwUKiY wewµqvq Pt cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K cøvUdiwgs wewµqv e‡j|

A¨vjwKb

cwjgvi wk‡í cøvw÷K I K…wÎg myZv ˆZwi‡Z A¨vjwKb e¨eüZ nq| A¨vjwK‡b Ae ’vb mgvYyZv I R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv (2-weDwU‡b) m¤¢e| Giv A‡jwdb&m bv‡g cwiwPZ|

A¨vjwK‡bi cÖ ‘wZ 1. CH3 CH2 OH + H2SO4 cixÿvMvi 2. CH3 CH2 OH (vap) 3. CH2 CH2 Zn | | Br Br 4. CH CH + H2 5. CH3 CH3 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm 6. CH3 CH2 X

cixÿvMvi c×wZ‡Z -

i. Mvp H2SO4 Gi cwie‡Z© Mvp H3PO4 e¨envi Kiv n‡j AwaKZi weï× Bw_b cvIqv hvq| ii. H2SO4 Gi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk B_vbj e¨envi Kiv n‡j Bw_‡bi cwie‡Z© WvB-B_vBj B_vi Drcbœ nq|

A¨vjwK‡bi wewµqv 01. hyZ/ms‡hvRb 02. RviY 03. I‡RvbxKiY 04. cwjgviKiY

CH2 = CH2

Bw_b

160-170C

Al2O3 350C

CH3 - OH

Pd, BaSO4 25C

600C

KOH alc

gvK©wbKf bxwZ t AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi mv‡_ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq weKvi‡Ki H ev abvZ¥K cÖvšÍwU A¨vjwK‡bi

wØeÜb hy³ †h Kve©‡b †ewk H cigvYy _v‡K cÖavbZ †m Kve©b cigvYy‡Z hy³ nq| D`vniY, AcÖwZmg †cÖvwcb Gi m‡½ HBr ms‡hvR‡bi mgq 90% 2-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb I 10% 1-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb Drcbœ nq |

2,CHCHBrCH 33 ‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb (90%)

HBr2HCHCHC2 2

12

3

3

1,BrCHCHCH 223 ‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb (10%) wecixZ gvK©wbKf bxwZ t Aí cwigvY ˆRe cvi A·vBW †hgb A¨vjKvBj cvi A·vBW (R-O-O-R)/H2O2 Gi

Dcw ’wZ‡Z AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡b wØeÜbhy³ †h Kve©‡b †ewk H cigvYy _v‡K, †mwU‡Z weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K Ask hy³ nq| G‡K Lviv‡mi cvi A·vBW djvdj ev wecixZ gviKwbK‡fi wbqg e‡j|

†hgb, H2O2 Gi Dcw ’wZ‡Z ‡cÖvwc‡bi m‡½ HBr hy³ n‡q 99% 1-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb I 1% 2-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb MVb K‡i| %)99(BrCHCHCH 223

ORRO

HBr2HCHCHC2 2

12

3

3

%)1(CHBrCHCH 33ORRO

RviY wewµqv t wbi‡cÿ ev ÿvixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui jNy `ªeY (1%) GKwU RviK| GwU A¨vjwKb‡K RvwiZ K‡i MøvBKj Drcbœ K‡i|

R

OH

CH

OH

CHROOHRCHHCR KOHKMnO ||

,2

4][

I‡RvbxKiY A¨vjwK‡bi Kve©b wkK‡j wØe܇bi Ae ’vb wbY©‡q I‡Rvb ms‡hvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| A¨vjwKb‡K wbw®Œq CCl4 `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z K‡i I‡Rvb Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨vjwKb I‡RvbvBW Drcbœ nq| I‡RvbvB‡Wi Av ª© we‡køl‡Y wØe܇bi Ae ’vb Abyhvqx A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq| †hgb -

H

O

CCHCHCHCHCHCH|

|23O

2233 ZnOCHOHCHOCHCHH

O

C 23OH

2|2

H

O

CCHCH

CH

C

H

CCH|

|3O

3

3

||33 ZnOCHCOCHCHOCHCH

CH

O

C 333OH

3

3|

|2

cwjgviKiY t Bw_‡bi cwjgviKiY wewµqvq cwjw_b ˆZwi nq| †hgb :

nCH2 = CH2 [ H2C CH2 ]n ; n = 600 – 1000 Bw_b (g‡bvgvi) cwjw_b (cwjgvi)

A¨vjwK‡bi kbv³Kvix wewµqv i. †eqvi cixÿv (wbi‡cÿ ev ÿvixq KMnO4 Gi 1% `ªeY‡K †eqvi weKviK e‡j|)

(†Mvjvcx eY©)

MøvBKj ev WvBAj (eY©nxb)

weDwUb-1 Zn,

†cÖvcvb¨vj wg_vb¨vj

O

CCl4

O

2-wg_vBj weDwUb-2

B_vb¨vj †cÖvcv‡bvb CCl4 Zn,

O2, 1000 – 1200 atm 100 – 200C

†cÖvwcb

†cÖvwcb

ii. ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv cixÿv t †eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv

A¨vjKvBb

A¨vjKvBb Gi cÖ ‘wZi ywU c×wZ i‡q‡Q 1. cixÿvMvi c×wZ 2. wk‡ívrcv`b c×wZ i. wfwmbvj ii. †Rwgbvj

A¨vwmwUwjb/B_vBb cÖ ‘wZ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW †_‡K

CaC2 + 2H2O CH CH (B_vBb) + Ca(OH2) [2000-3000C ZvcgvÎv e¨eüZ nq] cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K

2C1500

24 H10CO2HCCH2O)g(CH60

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

A¨vjKvB‡bi wewµqv

1. hyZ/ms‡hvRb 2. RviY 3. I‡RvbxKiY 4. cwjgviKiY 5. cÖwZ ’vcb

[wjbWvi cÖfveK (Pd - CaCO3 + KzB‡bvwjb)] A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb, A¨vjKvB‡bi ag©

ˆewkó¨ A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb M¨vm C1-C4 C2-C4 C2-C4 Zij C5-C17 C5-C15/C18 C5-C11/C12 KwVb C18 (eY©nxb,

MÜnxb †gvgm`„k) C16 ev C18 C12

Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ Kg Kg A vj‡Kb , A vjwKb n‡Z GKUz †ekx cvwb I ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi `ªveZv cvwb‡Z A ªeYxq, ˆRe

†hŠ‡M `ªeYxq cvwb‡Z A ªeYxq ev mvgvb¨ `ªeYxq, ˆRe †hŠ‡M `ªeYxq

cvwb‡Z A ªeYxq, ˆRe †hŠ‡M `ªeYxq

AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ Mjbv¼, ùzUbv¼, NbZ¡, Avt

¸iæ‡Z¡i m¤úK©

e„w× cvq e„w× cvq e„w× cvq (mgvb Kve©bwewkó A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb n‡Z †ekx nq)

cvwbi mv‡_ m¤úK© cvwb n‡Z nvjKv cvwb n‡Z nvjKv cvwb n‡Z nvjKv Z‡e A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb n‡Z GKUz †ewk nq

[Kexi m¨vi] A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi cv_©K¨Kvix cixÿv

cv_©K¨m~PK cixÿv A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb

†eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv : (Am¤ú„³Zvi cixÿv) : bgybv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ CCl4 G `ªexf‚Z jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb `ªeY †hvM K‡i SuvKv‡bv nq

†Kvb wewµqv nq bv †eªvwg‡bi jvj eY©

`~ixf‚Z nq †eªvwg‡bi jvj eY© `~ixf‚Z nq

†eqvi cixÿv : bgybv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ KMnO4 Gi †Mvjvcx e‡Y©i ªeY †hvM Kiv nq

†Mvjvcx e‡Y©i †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| †Mvjvcx eY© `~ixf‚Z nq †Mvjvcx eY© `~ixf‚Z nq

A¨v‡gvwbqv-hy³ AgNO3 `ªeY †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv wmjfvi A¨vjKvBbvB‡Wi mv v e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc c‡o

A¨v‡gvwbqv-hy³ Cu2Cl2 `ªeY †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv Kcvi A¨vjKvBbvB‡Wi jvj e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc Drcbœ nq

A¤øag© †bB †bB Av‡Q

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW

A¨vjKvBj g‡bvn¨vjvB‡Wi †fŠZ ag© 1. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3F Ges CH3CH2Cl M¨vmxq| Ab¨vb¨ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW¸‡jv wgwóMÜ

wewkó Zij c`v_©| 2. AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ Mjbv¼, ùzUbv¼ I NbZ¡ e„w× cvq| 3. A¨vjKvBj MÖæ‡ci AvKvi e„w×i mv‡_ ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq| †hgb : CH3CH2Cl Gi ùzUbv¼ (13C), CH3Cl

Gi ùzUbv¼ ( 24C) A‡cÿv †ewk| 4. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW mshy³ n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYyi AvYweK fi hZ †ewk n‡e mswkøó n¨vjvB‡Wi ùzUbv¼I ZZ †ewk n‡e|

†hgb : CH3I Gi ùzUbv¼ (43C), CH3Br Gi ùzUbv‡¼i †P‡q (5C) †ewk| 5. cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| Giv A¨vj‡Kvnj I B_vimn Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe `ªve‡K ªexf‚Z nq| 6. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW¸‡jvi mwµqZvi µg nj : RI > RBr > RCl

GK bR‡i A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cÖ ‘wZi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n 1. A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K : n¨v‡jv‡Rb Gwm‡Wi wewµqv Øviv ev jyKvm weKviK Øviv :

OHXRXHOHR ZnCl2

2 2. A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K : mivmwi n¨v‡jv‡RbxKiY Øviv (A¨vj‡K‡bi cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv) :

Br,ClX:HXXRXHR UV,C4002

0

Zvc, 3. A¨vjwKb †_‡K : n¨v‡jv‡Rb Gwm‡Wi wewµqv Øviv (hyZ wewµqv): †ebRwqj cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw ’wZ‡Z

CH2 = CH2 + HX CH2X – CH3 (gviKwbKf bxwZ) 4. BrCHCHCHHBrCHCCH 223

OH23

22 (wecixZ gviKwbKf bxwZ)

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cvwb

Av‡jv

1-†eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb

5. A¨vjKvBj UªvBn¨vjvBW/†K¬v‡ivdig cÖ ‘wZ t OH5NaCl5CHClHCOONaNaOH6Cl4OHCHCH 23223

[Kexi m¨vi] A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqv

01. †K› ªvKl©x cÖwZ ’vcb (SN) wewµqv 02. AcmviY wewµqv 03. avZzi m‡½ wewµqv 04. weRviY wewµqv

01. †K› ªvKl©x cÖwZ ’vcb (SN) wewµqv 2 cÖKvi- i. GK AvYweK †K› ªvKl©x cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv (SN1) ii. wØ AvYweK †K› ªvKl©x cÖwZ ’vcb wewµqv (SN2)

SN1 I SN2 Gi cv_©K¨

ˆewkó¨ SN1 wewµqv SN2 wewµqv wewµqv avc `yB av‡c m¤úbœ nq| 1g avcwU gš’i hv

wewµqvi nvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GKav‡c m¤úbœ nq|

AvYweKZv GK AvYweK wewµqv| `yB AvYweK wewµqv| wewµqvi µg cÖ_g µg wewµqv| wØZxq µg wewµqv|

wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎv NbgvÎv Kg n‡j SN1 wewµqv N‡U NbgvÎv †ewk n‡j SN2 wewµqv N‡U ga¨eZ©x Drcv` Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb| †Kvb ga¨eZ©x Drcv` m„wó nq bv

Ae¯’všÍi RwUj Ae¯’vi m„wó nq bv| nq| wewµqvq †iwmwgK wgkÖY cvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|

R¨vwgwZK MVb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© wecixZ n‡q hvq| S‡o Dëv‡bv QvZvi gZ wecixZ MV‡bi Drcv` m„wó nq|

wbf©ikxjZv A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi NbgvÎvi Ici wbf©i K‡i

wbDwK¬IdvBj I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi NbgvÎvi Ici wbf©i K‡i

RX-Gi mwµqZvi µg 3 > 2 > 1 > CH3X CH3X > 1 > 2 > 3 wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji cÖK…wZ `ye©j wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb : cvwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj

SN1 w`‡q _v‡K| Zxeª ev kw³kvjx wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb A¨vjK·vBW Avqb Ges nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb SN2 w`‡q _v‡K|

ªve‡Ki cÖK…wZ †cvjvi `ªve‡K N‡U Kg †cvjvi ev bb&‡cvjvi `ªve‡K N‡U cÖwZ‡hvMx wewµqv AcmviY I c~Ywe©b¨vm| AcmviY wewµqv|

AbyNUK Ag+, AlCl3, ZnCl2 BZ¨vw`| AbyNU‡Ki f‚wgKv †bB| [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

2. AcmviY wewµqv AcmviY wewµqv `yB ai‡bi| h_v- i. wØ AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E2) ii. GK AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E1)

D`vniY t ‡eªv‡gv B‡_b †_‡K 90% WvB B_vBj B_vi Drcbœ nq|

222322323 CHCHOHKBrCHCHOCHCH)alc(KOHBrCHCH 3. avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv

K. †mvwWqvg avZzi mv‡_ DU©R wewµqv : D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq| L. g¨vM‡bwmqvg avZzi m‡½ wMÖbvW© wewµqv : wMÖMbvW© weKviK (RMgX) Drcbœ nq|

(90%) (10%)

Òmvq‡Rd bxwZÓ (Saytzeff’s rule) t ‡m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj I †m‡KÛvwi A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K h_vµ‡g cvwb

(H2O) I HX AcmviY wewµqvq GKvwaK A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î AwaK kvLvhy³ A¨vjwKbwUB cÖavb Drcv` n‡e| G wbqgwU‡K -Acmvi‡Yi mvB‡Rd wbqg e‡j|

OH,3||3 2HCH

OH

CH

H

CHC2

OH,3||3 2HCH

Cl

CH

H

CHC2

†K¬v‡ivdig

†K¬v‡ivdi‡gi ag© (CHCl3) †K¬v‡ivdig eY©nxb Zij c`v_©, wgwóMÜhy³ Ges DØvqx Mjbv¼ 60C cvwb‡Z A ªeYxq Ges AwaKvsk ˆRe `ªve‡K `ªeYxq (we‡kl K‡i B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªeYxq) †K¬v‡ivdig R¡jbkxj bq wKš‘ Gi ev®ú evqy‡Z meyR wkLvmn R¡‡j D‡V Ges welv³ COCl2 (dmwRb M¨vm) ˆZix K‡i

†K¬v‡ivdi‡gi wewµqv

†K¬v‡ivdig

(Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv)

OH

CH

CCl

CCH3

|

3

|3

HNO3

CHCl3

N = C

(ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewµqv)

O2

+ KOH 60C

NH2

+ KOH 6070C

NH2

Cl3C NO2 (†K¬v‡ivwcwµb/Kuv`y‡b M¨vm)

OH CHO

CH3COCH3

COCl2 (dmwRb M¨vm)

Mvp H2SO4

KOH(alc)

CH3CH = CHCH3 (80%, cÖavb Drcv`)

CH3CH2CH = CH2 (20%)

weDwUb-2

weDwUb-1 CH3CH = CHCH3 (80%, cÖavb Drcv`)

CH3CH2CH = CH2 (20%)

weDwUb-2

weDwUb-1

†K¬v‡ivdi‡gi cÖ‡qvM

1. †PZbvbvkK wn‡m‡e 2. Pwe©, †Zj, †gvg, ivevi cÖf…wZi wb®‹vk‡b ‰Re `ªveK wn‡m‡e 3. cixÿvMv‡i weKviK wn‡m‡e (we‡kl K‡i Aw·‡Rb kbv³Ki‡Y); 4. dvsMv‡mi eske„w× †iva, ˆRe †hŠM ms‡kølY Ges Jla wn‡m‡e|

†PZbvbvkKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ †K¬v‡ivdig weï× n‡Z nq| wKš‘ m~h©v‡jvK I evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© †K¬v‡ivdig RvwiZ n‡q welv³ dmwRb M¨vm ev Kve©wbj †K¬vivB‡W (COCl2) cwiYZ nq| †hgb- 2CHCl3 (l) + O2 (g) uv COCl2 (g) + 2HCl (g) †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi weï×Zv msiÿ‡Y -

1. A¯”Q ev`vgx e‡Y©i iwOb †evZ‡j 2. D³ †K¬v‡ivdi‡g 1% B_vbj †hvM Kiv nq|

wb‡¤œi †Kvb wbiæ`K Gi cÖfv‡e 160C ZvcgvÎvq B_vbj †_‡K Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Bw_wjb Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 11-12) A. H3PO4 B. H2SO4 C. HCl D. HNO3 Ans : B DU©R wewµqvi gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡bi A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 09-10) A. wb¤œZi B. D”PZi C. mggv‡bi D. †KvbwUB bq Ans : B Bw_wj‡bi e¨envi wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 09-10) A. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi‡Z B. †PZbv bvkK iƒ‡c C. cøvw÷K wk‡í D. A¨vwm‡Uvb ˆZwi‡Z Ans : B I C (CH3)3 CBr I Rjxq NaOH Gi wewµqv †Kvb †kÖYxi? (†g.f.c. 07-08) A. SN1 B. SN2 C. E2 D. †KvbwUB bq Ans : A Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi mv‡_ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vB‡Wi wewµqvi d‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 05-06) A. Bw_wjb B. wg‡_b C. A¨vwmwUwjb D. B‡_b Ans : C †Kvb †hŠMwU cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui m‡½ wewµqv K‡i bv? (†g.f.c. 02-03) A. C2H6 B. C2H2 C. C2H4 D. C3H6 Ans : A †K¬v‡ivdig Db¥y³ ivL‡j †Kvb M¨vm Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 01-02) A. CCl4 B. COCl2 C. Cl3-NO2 D. COCl2(HNO3) Ans : B UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b wb‡¤œi †Kvb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 00-01) A. wngKviK B. KxUbvkK C. cPb wbeviK D. AwMœwbe©vcK Ans : C

A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW

A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ ‘wZi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n 1. n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb Øviv

+ Cl2 + HCl

ﮋ FeCl3 80C

Cl

†K¬v‡iv †ebwRb

2. Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY n‡Z : Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY‡K 100C ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvBW (HCl, HBr) Ges Abyiƒc

wKDcÖvm n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ DËß K‡i A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ ‘Z Kiv nq| N2Cl + HX X + N2

A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ ‘wZi G wewµqv‡K m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv e‡j|

3. UjyB‡bi n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb/UjyB‡bi cvk¦© wkK‡ji nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYymg~n n¨v‡jv‡Rb Øviv cÖwZ ’vcb : m~h©v‡jvK ev AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥i cÖfv‡e †K¬vwib‡K dzUšÍ UjyB‡b Pvjbv Ki‡j wg_vBj MÖæ‡ci nvB‡Wªv‡Rbmg~n cÖwZ ’vwcZ n‡q h_vµ‡g †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW, †ebRvj †K¬vivBW Ges †eb‡RvUªvB †K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq| + Cl2 HCl HCl HCl

†R‡b ivL : M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv : m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqvq e¨eüZ wKDcÖvm †K¬vivB‡Wi cwie‡Z© M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqvq Kcvi P‚Y©

e¨envi Kiv nq| N2Cl + HX X + N2

DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv : ﮋ B_vixq ªe‡Y avZe †mvwWqvgmn A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K wid¬v· Ki‡j A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|

Cu2X2 100C

UV + Cl2 + Cl2 CH3 CH2Cl CCl3 CHCl2

UjyBb ‡ebRvBj †K¬vivBW ‡ebRvj †K¬vivBW ‡eb‡RvUªvB †K¬vivBW

Br CH3 2NaBr + 2Na + Br – CH3 +

Cu 100C