C-MASC 04-09

Sustainable Management of Sustainable Management of Soil and Natural ResourcesSoil and Natural Resources

R. LalCarbon Management and Sequestration Center

The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210 USA

WORLD POPULATION GROWTHYear Population (Billions) Growth Rate (%/y)

1650 0.550 -

1750 0.725 0.276

1850 1.175 0.483

1900 1.60 0.617

1930 2.00 0.744

1950 2.56 1.23

195 4.00 1.78

1980 4.48 2.27

1986 5.00 1.83

1990 5.33 1.60

1995 5.68 1.27

2000 6.13 1.52

2025 8.18 1.15

(Bartlett, 2004) In 2000s: 70- 80 million people/year

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Year EJ/y

1860 12

2005 463

2030 691

2050 850

C-MASC 04-09

THE ADDICTION OF CARBON CIVILIZATION

1. Global Daily Oil Consumption = 86 million barrels/day

= 18.9 billion L/day

2. Per Capita Oil Consumption = 2.8 L/person/day

C-MASC 04-09

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRYATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

I. COI. CO22 CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION

Year PPMV

1750 280

1950 315

2008 380 (+2 ppm/y)

C-MASC 04-09

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRYATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

II. TEMPERATURE INCREASE II. TEMPERATURE INCREASE

DURING THE 20DURING THE 20THTH CENTURY CENTURY

= +0.56 °C= +0.56 °C

C-MASC 04-09

Global Water Use

Use Amount

Drinking 2-5 L/person/day

Household 20-500 L/person/day

Wheat 500-4000 L/kg

Meat 5000-15,000 L/kg

Biofuel 1000-3500 L/L

C-MASC 11-08

Water Use in Agriculture

• Global Food crops evaporate

= 7,100 km3/y (7,100,000,000,000,000 L)

• Irrigation (275 Mha) = 2,650 km3/y (2,650,000,000,000,000 L)

C-MASC 11-08

Bottled WaterU.S. Sales (109 L in 2006)

Item Amount

Carbonated Bottled Water 57.2

Bottled Water 31.2

Beer 24.5

Milk 21.5

C-MASC 11-08

Bottled H2O can use up to 20 times more energy than tap water

GLOBAL FERTILIZER USE(IFDC, 2004; Tilman et al., 2001)

YearArea (106 Mg/yr)

N P K Total

1950 <10 - - <10

1960 11.6 10.9 8.7 31.2

1970 31.8 21.1 16.4 73.3

1980 60.8 31.7 24.2 116.7

1990 77.2 36.3 4.5 138.0

2000 80.9 32.5 21.8 135.2

2020 135.0 47.6 -

2050 236.0 83.7 -

C-MASC 04-09

C-MASC 11-08

GLOBAL GRAIN PRODUCTION AND PER CAPITA GLOBAL GRAIN PRODUCTION AND PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 1950 - 2000CONSUMPTION 1950 - 2000

Year Production (106 Mg) Per Capita Consumption (Kg)

1950 631 267

1955 759 273

1960 824 271

1965 905 270

1970 1079 291

1975 1237 303

1980 1430 321

1985 1647 339

1990 1769 335

1995 1713 301

2000 1840 303

(Kondratyev et al., 2003)

C-MASC 04-09

GLOBAL INCRESE IN CROP YIELDS

Year Increasing Crop Yields (%/y)

1960 – 1980 4

1990s 2

2000s 1 (Population 1.2)

C-MASC 11-08

WORLD BIOFUELS IN 2008

• Ethanol: 65 billion L (USA, Brazil)

• Biodiesel: 13 million ton (EU)

C-MASC 11-08

WORLD FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOFUELS

• Ethanol: 6% of grains produced

• Biodiesel: 9% of vegoil produced

C-MASC 11-08

ETHANOL IN USA

• 2008 = 9 billion gallons

• 2009 = 10.5 billon gallons

• 2015 = 15 billion gallons

C-MASC 11-08

6 CROPS SUITABLE FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

Crop Fuel Product Annual Yield (L/ha) Energy Yield (GJ/ha)

Sugarcane Ethanol 6000 120

Sugar beet Ethanol 7000 140

Cassava Ethanol 4000 80

Maize Ethanol 3500 70

Oil Palm Biodiesel 5500 193

Rapeseed Biodiesel 1200 42

Soybean Biodiesel 400 14

(USDA, 2006; FAO, 2006; Marris, 2006)

C-MASC 04-09

SOURCES OF BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK

C-MASC 04-09

Traditional Biofuels

Modern Biofuels

Ethanol Biodiesel Gas

1. Wood 1. Sugar 1. Vegetable oil 1. Plant Biomass

2. Crop residues 2. Starch 2. Animal fat 2. Animal Products

3. Manure 3. Cellulose

4. Charcoal 4. Lignin

C-MASC 04-09

ENERGY IN BIOMASSENERGY IN BIOMASS

One Mg of Lignocellulosic material =

• 280 L of Ethanol

• 15 - 18 GJ of Energy

• 16 x 106 BTU

• 2 Barrels of Diesel

• 3 x 106 KCal

(Lal, 2005)

C-MASC 6/07

C-MASC 01-09

Economics of Residue Removal for Biofuel ECONOMICS OF RESIDUE REMOVAL FOR BIOFUELECONOMICS OF RESIDUE REMOVAL FOR BIOFUEL

• CO2 Conc.

= 450 ppm

• ∆CO2 = 450 – 380 = 70 ppm

(35y from now by 2045).

• 1 ppm = 4 Gt of C from all emissions

Total C Pie for Humanity

= 70 X 4 = 300 Gt

How does one divide the Pie?

THE CARBON PIETHE CARBON PIE

C-MASC 04-09

““WORLD IS ONE FAMILY”WORLD IS ONE FAMILY”

(Maha Upanishads 6.71)

“Vasudhaiv Kutumbikam”

C-MASC 04-09

HUMANS AND LAND HUMANS AND LAND RESOURCESRESOURCES

Humans have converted a third of the land area - almost 3.8 billion hectares - to agriculture and urban or build up areas. Most of the remainder land is unsuitable for agriculture.

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

• Population Growth = 70-80 million/y

• Land needed for basic necessities = 40,000 ha/1 million inhabitants

• Therefore, new land under urbanization = 3 Mha/y

C-MASC 04-09

HUMAN APPROPRIATION OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

IN 2000• Total NPP = 65.5 Gt• Human Appropriation = 15.6 Gt (23.8%)

Harvest = 8.18

Productivity Increase = 6.29

Fire = 1.14

Haberl et al. (2007)

C-MASC 11-08

GLOBAL HECTARE PER PERSON

“ The amount of biologically productive land and water area required to produce the resources as individual population or activity consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, given prevailing technology and resource management.”

C-MASC 11-08

THE GLOBAL FOOTPRINT IN 2008

• Actual: 2.7 global hectare/person

• Biocapacity of Earth = 2.1 global hectare/person

C-MASC 11-08

SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

It means:

• for a long-time,

• to maintain,

• to cause to continue

C-MASC 04-09

ALBERT BARTLETT LAWS OF ALBERT BARTLETT LAWS OF SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY(18 IN TOTAL) (18 IN TOTAL)

1. Law of Seventy (T2 = 70/R) Population growth and growth in rate of consumption cannot be sustained.

2. The larger the population and larger the rate of consumption of natural resources, the more difficult it is to transform the society to the condition of sustainability.

3. The Carrying capacity and the sustainable average standard of living are inversely related to one another.

4. Starving people don’t care about sustainability.

5. Humans will always be dependant on agriculture.

C-MASC 03-09

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #1 LAW #1 CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATIONCAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION

The biophysical process of soil degradation is driven by economic, social and political forces.

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #2LAW #2SOIL STEWARDSHIP AND SOIL STEWARDSHIP AND

HUMAN SUFFERINGHUMAN SUFFERING

When people are poverty stricken, desperate and starving, they pass on their sufferings to the land.

C-MASC 04-09

Law #3Law #3NUTRIENT, CARBON AND WATER NUTRIENT, CARBON AND WATER

BANKBANK

It is not possible to take more out of a soil than what is put in it without degrading its quality.

C-MASC 04-09

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #4LAW #4

MARGINALITY PRINCIPLEMARGINALITY PRINCIPLE

Marginal soils cultivated with marginal inputs produce marginal yields and support marginal living.

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #5LAW #5ORGANIC VERSUS INORGANIC ORGANIC VERSUS INORGANIC

SOURCE OF NUTRIENTSSOURCE OF NUTRIENTS

Plants cannot differentiate the nutrients supplied through inorganic fertilizers or organic amendments.

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #6LAW #6SOIL CARBON AND GREENHOUSE SOIL CARBON AND GREENHOUSE

EFFECTEFFECT

Mining C has the same effect on global warming whether it is through mineralization of soil organic matter and extractive farming or burning fossil fuels or draining peat soils.

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #7LAW #7SOIL VERSUS GERMPLASMSOIL VERSUS GERMPLASM

Even the elite varieties cannot extract water and nutrients from any soil where they do not exist.

C-MASC 04-09

Law #8Law #8Soil As Sink For Atmospheric COSoil As Sink For Atmospheric CO22

Soil are integral to any strategy of mitigating global warming and improving the environment

Carbon Capture by Photosynthesis

• The capture of CO2 by a field of corn is about 400 times as much C as there is in the annual increment in man made atmospheric C in the entire column of air above the field from the ground to space.

• The residence time of C in soils is 25yrs compared with that in the biota of 5yrs

• The terrestrial C pool is 4 times as much as the atmospheric pool.

C-MASC 04-09

LAW #9LAW #9ENGINE OF ECONOMIC ENGINE OF ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Sustainable management of soils is the engine of economic development, political stability and transformation of rural communities in developing countries.

C-MASC 04-09

Law #10Law #10TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND

MODERN INNOVATIONSMODERN INNOVATIONS

• Sustainable management of soil implies the use of modern innovations built upon the traditional knowledge.

• Those who refuse to use modern science to address urgent global issues must be prepared to endure more suffering.

PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE BETWEEN 1900 AND 2000 (PONTING, 2007)

ParameterIncrease Factor Between

1900-2000

Population 3.8

Urban Population 12.8

Industrial output 35

Energy Use 12.5

Oil Production 300

Water Use 9

Irrigated Area 6.8

Fertilizer Use 342

Fish Catch 65

Organic Chemicals 1000

Car Ownership 7750

NATURAL CAPITALNATURAL CAPITAL

C-MASC 04-09

“Like winds and sunsets, wild things were taken for granted until progress began to do away with them. Now we face the question whether a “still higher standard of living” is worth its cost in things…natural wild and free”.

Aldo Leopold (1925)