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English

CRTE C Library Functions for POSIX Applications

FUJITSU Software BS2000

Reference Manual

Valid for:CRTE V10.0B00/V11.0B00

Comments… Suggestions… Corrections…The User Documentation Department would like to know your opinion on this manual. Your feedback helps us to optimize our documentation to suit your individual needs.

Feel free to send us your comments by e-mail to: manuals@ts.fujitsu.com

Documentation creation according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2015To ensure a consistently high quality standard and user-friendliness, this documentation was created to meet the regulations of a quality management system which complies with the requirements of the standard DIN EN ISO 9001:2015.

cognitas. Gesellschaft für Technik-Dokumentation mbH www.cognitas.de

Copyright and Trademarks

This manual is printed on paper treated with chlorine-free bleach.

Copyright © 2018 Fujitsu Technology Solutions GmbH.

All rights reserved. Delivery subject to availability; right of technical modifications reserved.

All hardware and software names used are trademarks of their respective manufacturers.

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Contents

1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.1 Objectives and target groups of this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.2 Summary of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.3 Organization of the POSIX documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1.4 Changes since the last edition of the manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.5 Notational conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2 The C programming interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.1 System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.2 Components of the C library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.2.1 Header files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.2.2 Functions and macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.2.3 Support for DMS and UFS files > 2 GB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.2.4 POSIX thread support in the C runtime library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.2.5 IEEE floating-point arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.2.5.1 Generating IEEE floating-point numbers by means of a compiler option . . . . . 382.2.5.2 C library functions that support IEEE floating-point numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 392.2.5.3 Controlling the mapping of original functions to the associated IEEE variants . . . 402.2.5.4 Explicit conversion of floating-point numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.2.6 ASCII encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.2.6.1 Generating ASCII characters and strings by means of a compiler option . . . . . 422.2.6.2 C library functions that support ASCII encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.2.6.3 Controlling the mapping of original functions to the associated ASCII variants . . 452.2.6.4 Explicitly switching between EBCDIC and ASCII encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.2.7 Functions that support IEEE and ASCII encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.2.8 Wide characters and multi-byte characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.2.9 Time functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.2.10 Setting the time zone for POSIX time functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.2.11 Scope of the supported C library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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2.3 Selecting functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732.3.1 Range of functions extended by the POSIX functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732.3.2 BS2000 functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.3.3 Selecting the file system and the system environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.3.3.1 Associating the I/O streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.3.3.2 Setting the PROGRAM_ENVIRONMENT variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.3.3.3 Syntax in the source program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2.4 Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

2.5 Name space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

2.6 Character sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.6.1 Portable character set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.6.2 Character classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

2.7 Locale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862.7.1 Predefined locales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882.7.1.1 Locale files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882.7.1.2 POSIX or C locale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892.7.1.3 V1CTYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.7.1.4 V2CTYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922.7.1.5 GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922.7.1.6 De.EDF04F and De.EDF04F@euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932.7.2 User-specific locales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

2.8 Environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

2.9 File processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072.9.1 Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.9.1.1 Buffering streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.9.1.2 Disassociating a file from a stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102.9.1.3 Standard I/O streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.9.2 Interaction of file descriptors and streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1122.9.3 Support for file systems in ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142.9.4 BS2000 file processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142.9.4.1 BS2000 system files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152.9.4.2 White-space characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172.9.4.3 Cataloged disk files (SAM, ISAM, PAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182.9.4.4 Default values and possible modifications for file attributes . . . . . . . . . . . 1192.9.4.5 K and NK block formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222.9.4.6 K and NK-ISAM files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232.9.4.7 Support for the DIV access method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242.9.4.8 Notes on stream-oriented I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242.9.4.9 Notes on record-oriented I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252.9.5 Last Byte Pointer (LBP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1272.9.6 Temporary PAM files in virtual memory (INCORE files) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

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2.10 General terminal interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292.10.1 Opening a terminal device file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292.10.2 Process groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292.10.2.1 The controlling terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302.10.2.2 Terminal access control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302.10.2.3 Input processing and reading data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312.10.2.4 Canonical mode input processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322.10.2.5 Non-canonical mode input processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332.10.2.6 Writing data and output processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342.10.2.7 Special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342.10.2.8 Modem disconnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362.10.2.9 Closing a terminal device file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362.10.3 Settable parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1372.10.3.1 The termios structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1372.10.3.2 Input modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1372.10.3.3 Output modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392.10.3.4 Control modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412.10.3.5 Local modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1432.10.3.6 Special control characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442.10.4 Block terminal support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452.10.5 Support for BS2000 consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

2.11 Process control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1462.11.1 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1462.11.2 Interprocess communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472.11.2.1 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472.11.2.2 Shared memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1512.11.3 Contingency and STXIT routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1522.11.3.1 The C library functions alarm(), raise(), and signal() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532.11.3.2 STXIT contingency routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532.11.3.3 Event-driven routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532.11.3.4 Free use of contingency routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1542.11.3.5 Free use of STXIT contingency routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

2.12 Thread-safe C runtime library by supporting POSIX threads . . . . . . . . . . . 157

2.13 Programming notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.13.1 Return values and result parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592.13.2 Error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612.13.3 Debugging options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

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3 Functions and variables arranged by theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

3.1 File processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

3.2 I/O on terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

3.3 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

3.4 Functions to support POSIX threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

3.5 Memory management and memory operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

3.6 System environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

3.7 Characters and strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

3.8 Conversion of entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

3.9 Regular expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

3.10 Time functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

3.11 Math functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

3.12 Search and sort procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

3.13 Terminal interface and data transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

3.14 Database functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

3.15 List processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

3.16 POSIX-IO macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

4 Functions and variables in alphabetical order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

a64l, l64a - convert string to 32-bit integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195abort - abort process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197abs - return integer absolute value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198access, faccessat - check access permissions for file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199acos - arc cosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201acosh, asinh, atanh - inverse hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202advance - pattern match given compiled regular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203alarm - schedule alarm signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204altzone - variable for time zone (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205ascii_to_ebcdic - convert ASCII string to EBCDIC string (extension) . . . . . . . . . 205asctime - convert date and time to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206asctime_r - convert date and time to string (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208asin - arc sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209asinh - inverse hyperbolic sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

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assert - output diagnostic messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210atan - arc tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210atan2 - arc tangent of x/y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211atanh - inverse hyperbolic tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211atexit - register function to run at process termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212atof - convert string to double-precision number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213atoi - convert string to integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214atol - convert string to long integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215atoll - convert string to long long integer (long long int) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216basename - return last element of pathname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217bcmp - compare memory areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218bcopy - copy memory area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218brk, sbrk - modify size of data segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219bs2cmd - execute BS2000 commands by means of the CMD macro . . . . . . . . . 221bs2exit - program termination with MONJV (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225bs2fstat - get BS2000 file names from catalog (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226bs2system - execute BS2000 command (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227bsd_signal - simplified signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228bsearch - conduct binary search of sorted array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229btowc - (one byte) convert multi-byte character to wide character . . . . . . . . . . . 230bzero - initialize memory with X‘00‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231cabs - calculate absolute value of complex number (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231calloc - allocate memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232catclose - close message catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233catgets - read message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234catopen - open message catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235cbrt - cube root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237cdisco - disconnect contingency routine (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238ceil, ceilf, ceill - round up floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239cenaco - define contingency routine (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240cfgetispeed - get input baud rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242cfgetospeed - get output baud rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242cfsetispeed - set input baud rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243cfsetospeed - set output baud rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244chdir - change working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245chmod, fchmodat - change mode of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246chown, fchownat - change owner and group of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248chroot - change root directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251clearerr - clear end-of-file and error indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252clock - report CPU time used by a process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253clock_gettime, clock_gettime64 - get time of a specified clock . . . . . . . . . . . . 254close - close file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255closedir - close directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257closelog, openlog, setlogmask, syslog - control system log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

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compile - produce compiled regular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261confstr - get string value of system variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262cos - cosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263cosh - hyperbolic cosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263cputime - calculate CPU time used by current task (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . 264creat - create new file or overwrite existing one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265crypt - encode strings using algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270cstxit - define STXIT routine (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271ctermid - generate pathname for controlling terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275ctime, ctime64 - convert date and time to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276ctime_r - thread-safe conversion of date and time to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277cuserid - get login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278_ _DATE_ _ - macro for compilation date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279daylight - daylight savings time variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279dbm_clearerr, dbm_close, dbm_delete, dbm_error, dbm_fetch, dbm_firstkey,

dbm_nextkey, dbm_open, dbm_store - functions for managing dbm databases . 280difftime, difftime64 - compute difference between two calendar time values . . . . . 283dirfd - extract file descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283dirname - parent directory of pathname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284div - divide with integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285drand48 - generate pseudo-random numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 . . . . . . . . . 286dup, dup2 - duplicate file descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288ebcdic_to_ascii - convert EBCDIC string to ASCII string (extension) . . . . . . . . . 290ecvt, fcvt, gcvt - convert floating-point number to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291_edt - call EDT (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293encrypt - encode strings blockwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293endgrent, getgrent, setgrent - group management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294endpwent, getpwent, setpwent - manage user catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296endutxent, getutxent, getutxid, getutxline, pututxline, setutxent -

manage utmpx entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298environ - external variable for environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301epoll_create - create an epoll instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302epoll_ctl - control epoll instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303epoll_wait - wait for events (epoll instance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306erand48 -

generate pseudo-random numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 with initialization value 308erf, erfc - error and complementary error functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309errno - variable for error return values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310exec: execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp - execute file . . . . . . . . . . 311exit, _exit - terminate process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316exp - use exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319expm1 - compute exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319faccessat - check access permissions for file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320fabs - compute absolute value of floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

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fattach - assign file descriptor under STREAMS to object in name space of file system . . 321

fchdir - change current directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323fchmod - change mode of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324fchmodat - change mode of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326fchown - change owner or group of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327fchownat - change owner and group of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328fclose - close stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329fcntl - control open file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331fcvt - convert floating-point number to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337FD_CLR, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO - macros for synchronous

I/O multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337fdelrec - delete record in ISAM file (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338fdetach - cancel assignment to STREAMS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339fdopen - associate stream with file descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341fdopendir - open directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343feof - test end-of-file indicator on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343ferror - test error indicator on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344fflush - flush stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345ffs - seek first set bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347fgetc - get byte from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348fgetpos - get current value of file position indicator in stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350fgets - get string from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351fgetwc - get wide character string from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352fgetws - get wide character string from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354_ _FILE_ _ - macro for source file names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355fileno - get file descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355flocate - set file position indicator in ISAM file (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356flockfile, ftrylockfile, funlockfile - functions for locking standard input/output . . . . . . 358floor, floorf, floorl- round off floating point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360fmod - compute floating-point remainder value function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361fmtmsg - output message to stderr and/or system console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362fopen - open stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367fork - create new process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375fpathconf - get value of pathname variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377fprintf, printf, sprintf - write formatted output on output stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378fputc - put byte on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392fputs - put string on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394fputwc - put wide-character code on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395fputws - put wide character string on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397fread - read binary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398free - free allocated memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400freopen - flush and reopen stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401frexp - extract mantissa and exponent from double precision number . . . . . . . . . 403

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fscanf, scanf, sscanf - read formatted input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404fseek - reposition file position indicator in stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416fsetpos - set file position indicator for stream to current value . . . . . . . . . . . . 421fstat, fstatat - get file status of open file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423fstatvfs, statvfs - read file system information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427fsync - synchronize changes to file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430ftell - get current value of file position indicator for stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431ftime, ftime64 - get date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433ftok - interprocess communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435ftruncate, truncate - set file to specified length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436ftrylockfile - lock standard input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438ftw - traverse (walk) file tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439futimesat - setting file access and update times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441funlockfile - unlock standard input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443fwide - specify file orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443fwprintf, swprintf, vfwprintf, vswprintf, vwprintf, wprintf -

output formatted wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444fwrite - output binary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451fwscanf, swscanf, wscanf - formatted read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453gamma - compute logarithm of gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459garbcoll - release memory space to system (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460gcvt - convert floating-point number to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460getc - get byte from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461getc_unlocked, getchar_unlocked, putc_unlocked, putchar_unlocked -

standard I/O with explicit lock by the client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463getchar - get byte from standard input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464getchar_unlocked - standard input with explicit lock by the client . . . . . . . . . . . 465getcontext, setcontext - display or modify user context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466getcwd - get pathname of current working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468getdate - convert time and date to user format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470getdents - convert directory entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475getdtablesize - get size of descriptor table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477getegid - get effective group ID of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477getenv - get value of environment variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478geteuid - get effective user ID of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479getgid - get real group ID of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479getgrent - get group file entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479getgrgid - get group file entry for group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480getgrgid_r - get group file entry for group ID (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481getgrnam - get group file entry for group name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482getgrnam_r - get group file entry for group name (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . 483getgroups - get supplementary group IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484gethostid - get ID of current host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485gethostname - get name of current host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

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getitimer, setitimer - read or set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486getlogin - get login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488getlogin_r - get login name (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489getmsg - get message from STREAMS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490getopt, optarg, optind, opterr, optopt - command option parsing . . . . . . . . . . . . 493getpagesize - get current page size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496getpass - read string of characters without echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497getpgid - get process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498getpgmname - get program name (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498getpgrp - get process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499getpid - get process ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499getpmsg - get message from STREAMS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499getppid - get parent process ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500getpriority, setpriority - get or set process priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501getpwent - read user data from user catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503getpwnam - get user name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504getpwnam_r - get user name (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505getpwuid - get user ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506getpwuid_r - get user ID (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507getrlimit, setrlimit - get or set limit for resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508getrusage - get information on usage of resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512gets - get string from standard input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513getsid - get process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515getsubopt - get suboptions from string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516gettimeofday, gettimeofday64 - read current time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517gettsn - get TSN (task sequence number) (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518getuid - get real user ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518getutxent, getutxid, getutxline - get utmpx entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519getw - read word from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520getwc - get wide character from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522getwchar - get wide character from standard input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523getwd - get pathname of current working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524gmatch - global pattern matching (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524gmtime, gmtime64 - convert date and time to UTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525gmtime_r - convert date and time to UTC (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527grantpt - grant access to the slave pseudoterminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528hsearch, hcreate, hdestroy - manage hash tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529hypot - Euclidean distance function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531iconv - code conversion function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532iconv_close - deallocate code conversion descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534iconv_open - allocate code conversion descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535ilogb - get exponent part of floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536index - get first occurrence of character in string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536initgroups - initialize group access lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

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initstate, random, setstate, srandom - generate pseudo-random numbers . . . . . . 538insque, remque - Insert element in queue or remove element from queue . . . . . . 540ioctl - control devices and STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541isalnum - test for alphanumeric character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556isalpha - test for alphabetic character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557isascii - test for 7-bit ASCII character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558isastream - test file descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559isatty - test for terminal device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560iscntrl - test for control character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561isdigit - test for decimal digit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562isebcdic - test for EBCDIC character (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563isgraph - test for visible character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564islower - test for lowercase letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565isnan - test for NaN (not a number) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566isprint - test for printing character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567ispunct - test for punctuation character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568isspace - test for white-space character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569isupper - test for uppercase letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570iswalnum - test for alphanumeric wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571iswalpha - test for alphabetic wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572iswcntrl - test for control wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573iswctype - test wide character for class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574iswdigit - test for decimal digit wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575iswgraph - test for visible wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576iswlower - test for lowercase wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577iswprint - test for printing wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578iswpunct - test for punctuation wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579iswspace - test for white-space wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580iswupper - test for uppercase wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581iswxdigit - test for hexadecimal digit wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582isxdigit - test for hexadecimal digit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583j0, j1, jn - Bessel functions of first kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584jrand48 -

generate pseudo-random numbers between -231 and 231 with initialization value 584kill - send signal to process or process group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585killpg - send signal to process group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587l64a - convert 32-bit integer number to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588labs - return long integer absolute value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588lchown - change owner/group of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589lcong48 - pseudo-random number (signed long int) generator . . . . . . . . . . . . 591ldexp - load exponent of floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591ldiv - long division of integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592lfind - find entry in linear search table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592lgamma - compute logarithm of gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

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_ _LINE_ _ - macro for current source program line number . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593link, linkat - create link to file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594llabs - return absolute value of an integer (long long int) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597lldiv - division of integers (long long int) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598llrint, llrintf, llrintl - round to nearest integer value (long long int) . . . . . . . . . . . . 599llround, llroundf, llroundl - round up to next integer value (long long int) . . . . . . . . 600loc1, loc2 - pointers to characters matched by regular expressions . . . . . . . . . . 601localeconv - change components of locale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602localtime, localtime64 - convert date and time to local time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606localtime_r - convert date and time to string (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608lockf - lock file section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609locs - stop regular expression matching in string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612log - natural logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612log10 - base 10 logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613log1p - compute natural log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613logb - get exponent part of floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614_longjmp, _setjmp - non-local jump (without signal mask) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615longjmp - execute non-local jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616lrand48 - generate pseudo-random numbers between 0 and 231 . . . . . . . . . . . 618lrint, lrintf, lrintl - round to nearest integer value (long int) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619lround, lroundf, lroundl - round up to next integer value (long int) . . . . . . . . . . . 620lsearch, lfind - linear search and update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621lseek - move read/write file offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622lstat - query file status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626major - get major component of device number (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628makecontext, swapcontext - set up user context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629makedev - get formatted device number (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630malloc - memory allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631mblen - get number of bytes in multi-byte character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632mbrlen - get number of bytes in multi-byte character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632mbrtowc - complete and convert multi-byte string to wide-character string . . . . . . 633mbsinit - test for “initial conversion” state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634mbsrtowcs - convert multi-byte string to wide-character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635mbstowcs - convert multi-byte string to wide-character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636mbtowc - convert multi-byte character to wide character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637memalloc - memory allocator (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638memccpy - copy bytes in memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639memchr - find byte in memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640memcmp - compare bytes in memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641memcpy - copy bytes in memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642memfree - free memory area (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643memmove - copy bytes in memory with overlapping areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644memset - initialize memory area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645minor - get minor component of device number (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

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mkdir, mkdirat - make directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647mkfifo, mkfifoat - create FIFO file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649mknod, mknodat - make directory, special file, or text file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651mkstemp - make unique temporary file name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654mktemp - make unique temporary file name (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655mktime, mktime64 - convert local time into time since the Epoch . . . . . . . . . . 657mmap - map memory pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660modf - split floating-point number into integral and fractional parts . . . . . . . . . . 664mount - mount file system (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665mprotect - modify access protection for memory mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667mrand48 - generate pseudo-random numbers between -231 and 231 . . . . . . . . 668msgctl - message control operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669msgget - get message queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671msgrcv - receive message from queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673msgsnd - send message to queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675msync - synchronize memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677munmap - unmap memory pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679nanosleep - suspend current thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681nextafter - next displayable floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682nftw - traverse file tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683nice - change priority of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686nl_langinfo - get locale values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687nrand48 -

generate pseudo-random numbers between 0 and 231 with initialization value . 687offsetof - get offset of structure component from start of structure (BS2000) . . . . . 688open, openat - open file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689opendir, fdopendir - open directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699openlog - system logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701optarg, opterr, optind, optopt - variables for command options . . . . . . . . . . . . 701pathconf, fpathconf - get value of pathname variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702pause - suspend process until signal is received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705pclose - close pipe stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706perror - write error messages to standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707pipe - create pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708poll - multiplex STREAMs I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709popen - initiate pipe stream to or from process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712pow - power function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713printf - write formatted output on standard output stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714ptsname - name of pseudoterminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714putc, putc_unlocked - put byte on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715putchar - put byte on standard output stream (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716putchar_unlocked - put byte on standard output stream (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . 716putenv - change or add environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717putmsg, putpmsg - send message to STREAMS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

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putpwent - enter user into user catalog (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721puts - put string on standard output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722pututxline - write utmpx entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723putw - put word on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724putwc - put wide character on stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725putwchar - put wide character on standard output stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725qsort - sort table of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726raise - send signal to calling process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727rand - pseudo-random number generator (int) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729rand_r - pseudo-random number generator (int, thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729random - create pseudo-random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730read - read bytes from file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731readdir - read directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734readdir_r - read directory (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736readlink, readlinkat - read contents of symbolic link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737readv - read array from file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739realloc - memory reallocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741realpath - output real file name/pathname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742re_comp, re_exec - compile and execute regular expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . 743regcmp, regex - compile and execute regular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree - interpret regular expression . . . . . . . . . . 749regexp: advance, compile, step, loc1, loc2, locs -

compile and match regular expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755remainder - remainder from division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762remove - remove files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763remque - remove element from queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764rename, renameat - rename file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765rewind - reset file position indicator to start of stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769rewinddir - reset file position indicator to start of directory stream . . . . . . . . . . . 770rindex - get last occurrence of character in string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771rint, rintf, rintl - round to nearest integer value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772rmdir - remove directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773round, roundf, roundl - round up to next integer value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775sbrk - modify size of data segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776scalb - load exponent of base-independent floating-point number . . . . . . . . . . . 776scanf - read formatted input from standard input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777seed48 - set seed (int) for pseudo-random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777seekdir - set position of directory stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778select - synchronous I/O multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779semctl - semaphore control operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781semget - get semaphore ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784semop - semaphore operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786setbuf - assign buffering to stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790setcontext - modify user context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

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setenv - add or change environment variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792setgid - set group ID of process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793setgrent - reset file position indicator to beginning of group file . . . . . . . . . . . . 794setgroups - write group numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794setitimer - set interval timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795_setjmp - set label for non-local jump (without signal mask) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795setjmp - set label for non-local jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796setkey - set encoding key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798setlocale - set or query locale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799setlogmask - set log priority mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802setpgid - set process group ID for job control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803setpgrp - set process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804setpriority - set process priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804setpwent - delete pointer to search user catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804setregid - set real and effective group IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805setreuid - set real and effective user IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806setrlimit - set resource limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807setsid - create session and set process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808setstate - pseudo-random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809setuid - set user ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809setutxent - reset pointer to utmpx file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810setvbuf - assign buffering to stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811shmat - shared memory attach operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813shmctl - shared memory control operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815shmdt - shared memory detach operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817shmget - create shared memory segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818sigaction - examine and change signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820sigaddset - add signal to signal set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828sigaltstack - set/read alternative stack of signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829sigdelset - delete signal from signal set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831sigemptyset - initialize and empty signal set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832sigfillset - initialize and fill signal set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833sighold, sigignore -

add signal to signal mask / register SIG_IGN for signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833siginterrupt -

change behavior of system calls in response to interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . 834sigismember - test for member of signal set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835siglongjmp - execute non-local jump using signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836signal - examine or change signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837signgam - variable for sign of lgamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840sigpause - remove signal from signal mask and deactivate process . . . . . . . . . 840sigpending - examine pending signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840sigprocmask - examine or change blocked signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841sigrelse - remove signal from signal mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

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sigset - modify signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843sigsetjmp - set label for non-local jump using signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844sigstack - set or query alternative stack for signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846sigsuspend - wait for signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847sin - sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848sinh - hyperbolic sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848sleep - suspend process for fixed interval of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849snprintf - formatted output to a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851sprintf - write formatted output to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852sqrt - square root function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852srand - generate pseudo-random numbers with seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852srandom - pseudo-random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853srand48 - seed (double-precision) pseudo-random number generator . . . . . . . . 853sscanf - read formatted input from string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853stat - get file status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854statvfs - read file system information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858_ _STDC_ _ - macro for ANSI conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858_ _STDC_VERSION_ _ - Amendment 1 conformity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858stderr, stdin, stdout - variables for standard I/O streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859step - compare regular expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860strcasecmp, strncasecmp - non-case-sensitive string comparison . . . . . . . . . . 860strcat - concatenate two strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861strchr - scan string for characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861strcmp - compare two strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862strcoll - compare strings using collating sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863strcpy - copy string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864strcspn - get length of complementary substring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864strdup - duplicate string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865strerror - get message string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866strfill - copy substring (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867strfmon - convert monetary value to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868strftime - convert date and time to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872strlen - get length of string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875strlower - convert a string to lowercase letters (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875strncasecmp - non-case-sensitive string comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876strncat - concatenate two substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876strncmp - compare two substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877strncpy - copy substring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878strnlen - determine length of a string up to a maximum length . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879strpbrk - get first occurrence of character in string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879strptime - convert string to date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880strrchr - get last occurrence of character in string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884strspn - get length of substring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885strstr - find substring in string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

Contents

U23711-J-Z125-5-76

strtod - convert string to double-precision number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886strtok - split string into tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888strtok_r - split string into tokens (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889strtol - convert string to long integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890strtoll - convert string to long long integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892strtoul - convert string to unsigned long integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894strtoull - convert string to unsigned long long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896strupper - convert string to uppercase letters (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898strxfrm - string transformation based on LC_COLLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899swab - swap bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900swapcontext - swap user context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900swprintf - output formatted wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900swscanf - formatted read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900symlink, symlinkat - make symbolic link to file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901sync - update superblock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904sysconf - get numeric value of configurable system variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905sysfs - get information on file system type (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909syslog - log message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910system - execute system command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911tan - compute tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914tanh - compute hyperbolic tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914tcdrain - wait for transmission of output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915tcflow - suspend or restart data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916tcflush - discard non-transmitted data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917tcgetattr - get parameters associated with terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918tcgetpgrp - get foreground process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919tcgetsid - get session ID of specified terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920tcsendbreak - interrupt serial data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921tcsetattr - set parameters associated with terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922tcsetpgrp - set foreground process group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924tdelete - delete node from binary search tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924tell - get current value of file position indicator (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925telldir - get current location of named directory stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926tempnam - create pathname for temporary file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927tfind - find node in binary search tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929_ _TIME_ _ - macro for compilation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929time, time64 - get time since the Epoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930times - get process times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931timezone - variable for difference between local time and UTC . . . . . . . . . . . 932tmpfile - create temporary file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933tmpnam - create base name for temporary file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934toascii - convert integer to legal value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935toebcdic - convert integer to legal value (BS2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936_tolower - convert uppercase letters to lowercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

Contents

U23711-J-Z125-5-76

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tolower - convert characters to lowercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937_toupper - convert lowercase letters to uppercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937toupper - convert characters to uppercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937towctrans - map wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938towlower - convert wide characters to lowercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938towupper - convert wide characters to uppercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939truncate - set file to specified length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939tsearch, tfind, tdelete, twalk - process binary search trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940ttyname - find pathname of terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942ttyname_r - find pathname of terminal (thread-safe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943ttyslot - find entry of current user in utmp file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944twalk - traverse binary search tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945tzname - array variable for timezone strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945tzset - set timezone conversion information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946ualarm - set interval timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947ulimit - get and set process limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948umask - get and set file mode creation mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949umount - unmount file system (extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950uname - get basic data on current operating system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951ungetc - push byte back onto input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952ungetwc - push wide character back onto input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954unlink, unlinkat - remove link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955unlockpt - remove lock from master/slave pseudoterminal pair . . . . . . . . . . . . 958unsetenv - remove an environment variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959usleep - suspend process for defined interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960utime - set file access and modification times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961utimes - set file access time and file modification time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963utimensat - Setting file access and update times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965va_arg - process variable argument list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967va_end - end variable argument list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968va_start - initialize variable argument list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969valloc - request memory aligned with page boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970vfork - generate new process in virtual memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf - formatted output of variable argument list . . . . . . . . . . 972vfwprintf - formatted output of wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973vprintf - formatted output to standard out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974vsnprintf - formatted output to a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975vsprintf - formatted output to a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976vswprintf - formatted output of wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977vwprintf - formatted output of wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977wait, waitpid - wait for child process to stop or terminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978wait3 - wait for status change of child processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982waitid - wait for status change of child processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983wcrtomb - convert wide characters to multi-byte characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Contents

U23711-J-Z125-5-76

wcscat - concatenate two wide character strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986wcschr - scan wide character string for wide characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987wcscmp - compare two wide character strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988wcscoll - compare two wide character strings according to LC_COLLATE . . . . . 989wcscpy - copy wide character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990wcscspn - get length of complementary wide character substring . . . . . . . . . . 991wcsftime - convert date and time to wide character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992wcslen - get length of wide character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993wcsncat - concatenate two wide character strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994wcsncmp - compare two wide character substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995wcsncpy - copy wide character substring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996wcspbrk - get first occurrence of wide character in wide character string . . . . . . 997wcsrchr - get last occurrence of wide character in wide character string . . . . . . . 998wcsrtombs - convert wide character string to multi-byte string . . . . . . . . . . . . 999wcsspn - get length of wide character substring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000wcsstr - search for first occurrence of a wide character string . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001wcstod - convert wide character string to double-precision number . . . . . . . . . 1002wcstok - split wide character string into tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004wcstol - convert wide character string to long integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005wcstoll - convert wide character string to long long integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007wcstombs - convert wide character string to character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009wcstoul - convert wide character string to unsigned long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010wcstoull - convert wide character string to unsigned long long . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012wcswcs - find wide character substring in wide character string . . . . . . . . . . . 1014wcswidth - get number of column positions of wide character string . . . . . . . . . 1015wcsxfrm - transform wide character string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016wctob - convert wide character to 1-byte multi-byte character . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017wctomb - convert wide character code to character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017wctrans - define wide character mappings . . . . .