C++ in Short by Hassan

8/7/2019 C++ in Short by Hassan

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COMPUTER PROGRAMING

USING C++

Lecture 1

Programming: A program is a precise sequence of steps to solve a particular problem.Programming a computer simply means telling it what to do.

Skills: 1. Analytical thinking 2.Critical thinking 3.Attention to details

4. Creative synthesis

Important points: * Computers are stupid * Comments liberally

* Paying attention to details * be aware of Logical error

A Question: What is the probability that she gets exactly three letter right i.e. three

letters into their correct envelopes?

Solution: No. of Permutation (arrangements) = 3! = 6

Only one out of six arrangements is right. So probability =1/6

Lecture 2

Software:

1.System Software: * System software controls the computers* It communicates with the computers hardware and controls different

aspects of operations.

1) Operating systems 2) Device drivers 3) Utilities

OS: It manages other programs DD: It communicates between devices and computer.

US: It performs specific tasks 1) Utility Compression 2) Disk defragment

2.Application Software: A program or a group of programs designed for end users.e.g. GPS, Inventory control etc.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Editor: In which we write the code

Compilers and Interpreters: Translates source code to machine code. Compiler is

efficient and stops on finding error. Interpreter reads line by line so it is slow and it

executes before error.

Debugger: To debug the program i.e. to correct logical errors.


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Linker: It is a tool which checks our program and includes all those routines or

functions which are used in our program while running.

Loader: It loads program into memory and instructs the processor to start execution

from first instruction.

Lecture 3

Write a program for printing Welcome

#include Preprocessor directive Instruction to compiler to include contents of a

system file.

Library definition file for all input and output streams.

Main() This is function which runs when the program is used.

Not using main error voidmain(void)

{ } Curly brackets to group together pieces of program

cout> Input stream to input data


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Lecture 4

Keywords of C main if else while do for

Quadratic Equation Algebra y=ax2+bx+c In C y = a*x*x + b*x + c

Imp Points *Integer division truncates fraction part*Liberal use of brackets *No expression on L.H.S of assignment operator

Interesting ProblemInput: Four digit integer Output: All digits separate

Assignment 1: Change the order of printing digits.

Lecture 5

DECISION MAKING if(condition)

If Statement {

If else statement Statement(s);

If(condition) }{ statement(s); } Relational operators

else { statement(s); } < >


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Selection Statements if if else three types i. Nested if else

ii. Dangling else problem iii. Conditional operator

Conditional operator (? :) It is the C++ only ternary operator i.e. it takes three operands

cout=60? Passed : Failed) ;

Loop repetition structure e.g sum of first 100 integers starting from 1

While Syntax while (logical expression) { statement(s); }

Property *it executes zero or more times *It can become infinite loop

Q: Calculate the sum of even numbers for a given upper limit of integers.

Another way for even numbers 2*(number/2); remember integer division

Write a program to find out factorial of a given non-negative integer

Lecture 7

Do while * While loop executes zero or more times *do while loop executes

one or more times syntax do { statement(s); } while (condition);

Example: Guessing game Relational operator while(trynum


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SELF STUDY : POINTS EXPERIENCED

#includeiostream.h

char nm[15]; string variables or 15 characters

const float p=3.14; To declare a constant value

#define p 3.14 identifier constant The define directive

The escape sequence \a alert \b back space \t \n

\r carriage return = to move cursor to beginning of current line \\

\ \ To print or on screen \f feed=to leave one blank page on printer.

The setw manipulator

#include cout


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WRITE A PROGRAM IN C++ TO INITIALOZE A STRING AND THEN TO MOVE THE STRING

TO LINE NO. 22 BY MOVING ONE CHARACTER AT A TIME. ALSO USE THE DELAY

FUNCTION TO SLOW DOWN THE SPEED OF THE MOVING CHARACTER

#inlcude

#include#include

main()

{

Char str[15]=Pakistan;

Int I,l,c;

clrscr();

gotoxy(32,1);

cout


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& AMPERSAND

#include

#include

Main()

{clrscr();

int a,b;

int *x,*y;

x=&a;

y=&b;

cout


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yptr = &y;

cout


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ECHELON FOR CONVERSION

for (l=0 ; l

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C++ in Short by Hassan