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CHAPTER Twenty-eight Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990

C HAPTER Twenty-eight Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990

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CHAPTERTwenty-eight

Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990

Introduction

• From certainty to uncertainty

• Consensus and fragmentation

• Economic crises

• Revolts

• The collapse of the Soviet Union

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Economic expansion• Prosperity brought about population shifts

(Western Europe)• Importing foreign workers (West Germany

and France)• Workers from former colonies emigrated to

Britain• The breakdown of national barriers

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Social class• The middle classes

• Growth in numbers of white-collar employees• The managerial class• More specialized skills

• The working classes• Trade unions remained powerful institutions

• Extension of education in western Europe• Eastern European bloc

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Mass consumption• Western Europe

• Households and individuals had more purchasing power

• Household appliances and cars• Saving labor and creating a new investment in

domesticity (“more work for mother”)• A consumer culture

• Credit now seen as a necessary part of life rather than a stigma

• Eastern European bloc• Consumption organized by the state

• Determined how consumer goods would be distributed• Channeled resources into heavy industries• General shortages of basic necessities

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Mass culture • Music and youth culture

• New spending habits• Music as the cultural expression of the new

generation of youth (1950s)• Technological changes

• Record players• Music as the soundtrack of everyday life

• Rock and roll• Rockabilly• British invasion• Woodstock (1969)

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Art and painting• The art market boomed

• New York as center of modern art• Immigration of European artists

• Abstract expressionists• Jackson Pollock (1912–1956)

• The physical act of painting

• Pop art• Did not distinguish between the artistic and the

commercial• The everyday visual experience• Jasper Johns (b. 1930)• Andy Warhol (1928–1987)• Roy Lichtenstein (1923–1997)

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Film • Italian neorealists

• Capturing “life as it was lived”

• Loneliness, war, and corruption

• Shot on location

• Frederico Fellini, La Dolce Vita (1959)

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Film • French New Wave

• Unsentimental, naturalistic, and enigmatic social vision

• François Truffaut (b. 1932)• 400 Blows (1959), The Wild Child (1969)

• Jean-Luc Godard (b. 1930)• Breathless (1959)

• Raised the status of the director• The real art was in the director’s hands, not the

script

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Hollywood and the Americanization of culture• By the 1950s, Hollywood was making five hundred

films a year• The Americanization of Western culture

• European fears• Television

• Everyday life and sociability• The power of the American corporation

• Rebel Without a Cause (1955)• Alienation and the dysfunctional family

• Americanization and the U.S. government• Anticommunism• Radio Free Europe

• America less a reality than an idea

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Gender roles and sexual revolution• Less censorship and fewer taboos

• Kinsey reports (1948 and 1953)• Made sexuality and morality front page news

• The centrality of sex and eroticism• Magazines and sexiness

• Health and personal hygiene

• Sexuality as self-expression

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Gender roles and sexual revolution• Contraception

• First approved for development in 1959

• Western countries legalized contraception (1960s) and abortion (1970s)

• Soviet Union legalized abortion in 1950

Society and Class, 1945–1968

• Gender roles and sexual revolution• Feminism

• Family, work, and sexuality

• Women in the workplace• Few jobs outside secretarial jobs• Received lower pay for equal work• Had to rely on husbands to establish credit

• Self-expression and narrowing horizons

• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963)• Exploded cultural myths• Showed how the media shaped (lowered) women’s

expectations

Social Movements during the 1960s

• International social unrest• The civil rights movement in the United

States• African American migration from the south

to northern cities• Rights, dignity, and independence• Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)

• A philosophy of nonviolence and civil disobedience

• Malcolm X (1925–1965)• Black nationalism

Social Movements during the 1960s

• The antiwar movement• John F. Kennedy (1917–1963)

• Promised to fight communism• Advocated free markets and representative

governments for developing nations• The Peace Corps

• South Vietnam• Escalation of the war under Lyndon

Johnson• Stalemate• Magnified problems at home

Social Movements during the 1960s

• The student movement• Protest movements had roots in postwar

changes in education• Lecture halls overwhelmed with students• The university as “knowledge factory”

Social Movements during the 1960s

• 1968• Points of contention

• Bureaucracy• The human cost of the cold war• The military-industrial complex

Social Movements during the 1960s

• 1968• Paris

• University of Paris• Students demanded reforms that would

modernize the university• Authorities closed down the university• Students took to the streets• Parisians and workers sided with the students• Trade unions went on strike in support• A weakened Charles de Gaulle

Social Movements during the 1960s

• 1968• Elsewhere

• Student protests in Germany and England• The Tet offensive• Assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and

Robert F. Kennedy• Democratic National Convention (Chicago)

Social Movements during the 1960s

• 1968• Prague

• Alexander Dubcěk (1921–1992)• “Socialism with a human face”• Encouraged debate within the party, artistic freedom, and less censorship• Protest overflowed traditional party politics

• Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1992)• More conservative than Khrushchev• Less inclined to bargain with the West• Prone to protecting the Soviet sphere of influence

• Prague spring seen as directed against Warsaw Pact and Soviet security

• Soviets sent tanks into Prague in August 1968• The Brezhnev Doctrine

• No socialist state to adopt policies endangering the interests of international socialism

• Soviets could intervene if communist rule was threatened

Social Movements during the 1960s

• 1968• Effects of 1968

• De Gaulle’s government recovered• Nixon won U.S. election• United States withdrew from Vietnam (1972–

1975)• Brezhnev Doctrine• Eastern European and Soviet dissent defeated

but not eliminated• Second-wave feminism• Environmental movement

Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success

• Roots of the problem• West Germany

• Slowing economic growth• Demand for manufactured goods declined

Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success

• Oil• OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum

Exporting Countries) countries instituted oil embargo against Western powers in 1973

• Inflationary spiral• Interest rates rose along with prices

Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success

• The turn to the right• Britain under Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925)

• Curbing trade union power• Cutting taxes to stimulate the economy• Privatizing publicly owned companies• The economy remained weak

Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success

• European Economic Community (now the Economic Union, EU)• Program of integration

• Monetary union with a central European bank• Single currency• Unified social policies

Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success

• Solidarity in Poland (1980)• Worker’s demands

• Improved working conditions• Lower prices• Independent labor unions

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union

• Gorbachev and Soviet reform• Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931) assumed

leadership of Communist Party in 1985• Critical of repressive aspects of communism and

the sluggish economy• Glasnost (intellectual candor) and perestroika

(economic restructuring)• Called for the shift from a centrally planned

economy to a mixed economy

• Too little, too late• Ethnic unrest• Secession movements

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union

• Eastern Europe after Gorbachev• Poland—Solidarity launched new wave of

strikes in 1988• Hungary—new reform government under

the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party• Purged of Communist members in 1989

• Czechoslovakia• Demonstrations against Soviet domination• The Civic Forum—opposition coalition

• Free elections• Mass demonstrations• Threats of a general strike

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union

• Eastern Europe after Gorbachev• Fall of the Berlin wall

• Severe economic stagnation and environmental degradation

• Massive illegal emigration of East Germans to the West

• November 4, 1989—East Germany opened its border with Czechoslovakia

• November 9, 1989—The Berlin wall was breached

• A united Germany (October 3, 1990)

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union

• The velvet revolution• Romania under Nicolae Ceauşescu (1918–

1989)• Lithuania and Latvia proclaimed their

independence in 1991

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union

• The collapse of the Soviet Union• The failure of perestroika• The rise of Boris Yeltsin (b. 1931)

• Elected president of the Russian Federation• Anti-Gorbachev platform

• Mounting protests against slow change (1991)• Hard‑line Communist Party officials planned a coup

against Gorbachev (August 1991)• The Soviet Union ceased to exist on December 8,

1991• Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union

• After the fall of the Soviet Union• Food shortages and the falling value of the ruble• Free enterprise brought crime, corruption, the black

market, and a lower standard of living• Yeltsin dissolved parliament in September 1993• The attempted conservative coup• Ethnic and religious conflict

• Chechnya (1994)• Guerrilla warfare and atrocities

Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989

• The velvet revolution—the dream• Raised hopes• Economic prosperity and pluralism• Joining the West as capitalist partners

Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989

• The velvet revolution—the reality• Free market brought inflation,

unemployment, and protest• The “velvet divorce”

• Slovakia declared its independence from the Czechs

Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989

• Yugoslavia• Uneven economic growth benefited

Belgrade, Croatia, and Slovenia• Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo lagged

behind

• Slobodan Milosevic (1941–2006)—Serb nationalist

Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989

• Yugoslavia• Croatia

• Declared its independence from Yugoslavia as a free, capitalist state

• Catholic Croats• Orthodox Serbs

Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989

• Yugoslavia• Bosnia-Herzegovina

• Ethnically diverse population• Sarajevo home to several ethnic groups• Bosnia attempted to secede from Yugoslavia in 1992• Ethnic cleansing• UN intervention• American air strikes (fall 1995)

• Forced Bosnian Serbs to negotiate

• The Dayton Accords• Bosnia divided

• Majority of land went to Muslims and Croats

• Three years of war meant 200,000 dead

Postrevolutionary Troubles: Eastern Europe after 1989

• Yugoslavia• Kosovo

• Homeland of Christian Serbs, now occupied by Albanian Muslims

• Terrorist tactics• Talks between Milosevic and Albanian rebels fell

apart in 1999• American-led bombing against Serbia and

Serbian forces in Kosovo• More ethnic cleansing

• The fall of Yugoslavia (2000)

This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter 28.

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/wciv_16e/brief