C. Hall, Randolph 228 [email protected] Space Force We are now transitioning from an air force into an air and space force on an evolutionary path to a

C. Hall, Randolph [email protected]

Space ForceWe are now transitioning from an air force into an air and space force on an evolutionary path to a space and air force. — from Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force

http://www.xp.hq.af.mil/xpx/21/global.pdf


A Brief History of Orbital Mechanics

Aristotle (384-322 BC)Ptolemy (87-150 AD)Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-

1543)Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Aristotle (384-322 BC)Ptolemy (87-150 AD)Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-

1543)Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)


Modern Historical Highlights• 1903 Wright Flyer• 1912 Goddard’s “A Method of Obtaining Extreme Altitudes”• 1914-1918 WWI – Airpower plays important but limited role• 1926 Goddard’s first liquid rocket flight• 1939-1945 WWII – Airpower plays substantial role • 1946 Rand report “Preliminary Design of an Experimental

World-Circling Spaceship”• 1947 AF, CIA, and UN formed• 1957 IGY, NORAD formed, Sputnik launched by Soviets • 1958 Explorer I launched by US• 1960 National Reconnaissance Office formed, Corona program• 1962 J.F.Kennedy’s “Moon” speech launched the Space Race• 1967 Outer Space Treaty• 1969 Apollo 11• 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty• 1974 Registration Convention• 1982 Space Command formed

• 1903 Wright Flyer• 1912 Goddard’s “A Method of Obtaining Extreme Altitudes”• 1914-1918 WWI – Airpower plays important but limited role• 1926 Goddard’s first liquid rocket flight• 1939-1945 WWII – Airpower plays substantial role • 1946 Rand report “Preliminary Design of an Experimental

World-Circling Spaceship”• 1947 AF, CIA, and UN formed• 1957 IGY, NORAD formed, Sputnik launched by Soviets • 1958 Explorer I launched by US• 1960 National Reconnaissance Office formed, Corona program• 1962 J.F.Kennedy’s “Moon” speech launched the Space Race• 1967 Outer Space Treaty• 1969 Apollo 11• 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty• 1974 Registration Convention• 1982 Space Command formed


Evolution of Space Power“Whoever has the ability to control space will…control the surface

of the earth.” — General Thomas D. White, AF Chief of Staff, 1957

“Space power will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today.” —The Honorable E.C. Aldridge, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 1988

“Desert Storm...was a watershed event in military space applications because for the first time, space systems were both integral to the conflict and critical to the outcome of the war.” — General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr., AF Vice Chief Staff, 1992

“Today, the ultimate high ground is space.” — General Joseph W. Ashy, Commander USSPC, 1995

“I'm not in full agreement with the choice of titles for this symposium and I'd like to request the next time we meet, we give strong consideration to changing it.” — General Howell M. Estes, III, Commander USSPC, speaking at the 1997 Air Power Symposium

“But when we do achieve the move to that frontier, it will not be Capt. Jean Luc Picard in command, it will be Col. Jean Luc Picard” — General Michael E. Ryan, AF Chief of Staff, speaking at the 1997 AFA Symposium

“Whoever has the ability to control space will…control the surface of the earth.” — General Thomas D. White, AF Chief of Staff, 1957

“Space power will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today.” —The Honorable E.C. Aldridge, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 1988

“Desert Storm...was a watershed event in military space applications because for the first time, space systems were both integral to the conflict and critical to the outcome of the war.” — General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr., AF Vice Chief Staff, 1992

“Today, the ultimate high ground is space.” — General Joseph W. Ashy, Commander USSPC, 1995

“I'm not in full agreement with the choice of titles for this symposium and I'd like to request the next time we meet, we give strong consideration to changing it.” — General Howell M. Estes, III, Commander USSPC, speaking at the 1997 Air Power Symposium

“But when we do achieve the move to that frontier, it will not be Capt. Jean Luc Picard in command, it will be Col. Jean Luc Picard” — General Michael E. Ryan, AF Chief of Staff, speaking at the 1997 AFA Symposium


Why Military Space?

• “We are committed to keeping free and open access to space for keeping the peace and in support of natural security.”— President Clinton’s National Space Policy

• Currently, the United States alone has over 220 active commercial, civil, and military satellites on orbit worth in excess of $100B.

• DOD spends more than $35M/day on space programs

• By 2003, $16B in GPS-based revenue alone

• By 2005, $1.2T in global telecomm revenue

• Failure of Galaxy IV (just one satellite) disrupted the daily lives of millions of people

• “We are committed to keeping free and open access to space for keeping the peace and in support of natural security.”— President Clinton’s National Space Policy

• Currently, the United States alone has over 220 active commercial, civil, and military satellites on orbit worth in excess of $100B.

• DOD spends more than $35M/day on space programs

• By 2003, $16B in GPS-based revenue alone

• By 2005, $1.2T in global telecomm revenue

• Failure of Galaxy IV (just one satellite) disrupted the daily lives of millions of people


Military Space Applications

• Communications• Navigation• Mapping• Meteorology• Intelligence

• Communications• Navigation• Mapping• Meteorology• Intelligence

• Launch• ASAT• Tracking• Missile Warning• Missile Defense

• Launch• ASAT• Tracking• Missile Warning• Missile Defense


• U.S. Space Command A.F., Army, and Naval Space Commands

• National Reconnaissance Office• Research: AFRL, NRL, ARO• Acquisition

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Space & Missile Center (Air Force) Army Space and Strategic Defense Command Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems

Command Missile Defense and Space Technology Center

(Army)

• U.S. Space Command A.F., Army, and Naval Space Commands

• National Reconnaissance Office• Research: AFRL, NRL, ARO• Acquisition

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Space & Missile Center (Air Force) Army Space and Strategic Defense Command Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems

Command Missile Defense and Space Technology Center

(Army)

Military Space Organizations


US Space Organization Relationships

President Congress

NASA

DoD

DOI DOC

CIA

NSANIMAJCS

USSPACECOM

14AF NAVSPACE USARSPACE

USASMDCASPO

NRO

AFSPACE

NOAA

NAVY ARMY

USGS

Any Questions?

AIR FORCE


Air Force Space Facts

• AF Space Command Commander wears three hats: AFSPC, USSPC, and NORAD

• Former Chief Scientist is a Space Engineer from MIT: Dr. Daniel Hastings, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics

• Air Force gets ~95% of DoD Space Budget• There aren’t many space pictures on the Air Force

Homepage

• AF Space Command Commander wears three hats: AFSPC, USSPC, and NORAD

• Former Chief Scientist is a Space Engineer from MIT: Dr. Daniel Hastings, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics

• Air Force gets ~95% of DoD Space Budget• There aren’t many space pictures on the Air Force

Homepage


Air Force Space Budget

• DoD Space Budget is ~$15B• NASA Space Budget is ~$13B• Some estimates put total military space at closer

to $30B includes funding for CIA and some NASA programs

• AFSPC budget went from $158M in 1983 to $2.735B in 1994

• Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) budget is $589.6M in 1998, $3.872B in 2000–2003

• DoD Space Budget is ~$15B• NASA Space Budget is ~$13B• Some estimates put total military space at closer

to $30B includes funding for CIA and some NASA programs

• AFSPC budget went from $158M in 1983 to $2.735B in 1994

• Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) budget is $589.6M in 1998, $3.872B in 2000–2003


Air Force Space Command Locations in CONUS


Silk Purse Airborne Command Post

EC-135 communicated with Strategic Air Command through five European ground stations.


Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA

The FAS has a variety of imagery of military space facilities.

This one is supposed to have 4-meter resolution.


Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA

This image of Onizuka shows the “Blue Cube,” with supposed 1-meter resolution.

I was the integrator for Mission Control Center VII.


The Blue Cube at Onizuka AFB


Here you can see the “Cube”, the annexes, several of the dishes, and the very small parking lot.


Space Surveillance• Detecting, tracking, cataloging and identifying objects

orbiting Earth active and inactive satellites, spent rocket bodies, debris

• Predict space object reentry to prevent false alarms• Chart the present position of space objects and plot

orbital paths• Detect new objects in space and determine country of

origin• Inform NASA whether objects may interfere with space

shuttle's orbit• The Space Control Center tracks about 8,000 + artificial

objects, softball-size and larger, orbiting Earth. About seven percent of these objects are operational satellites, 15 percent are rocket bodies, and the remainder are fragmentation and inactive satellites.

• Detecting, tracking, cataloging and identifying objects orbiting Earth active and inactive satellites, spent rocket bodies, debris

• Predict space object reentry to prevent false alarms• Chart the present position of space objects and plot

orbital paths• Detect new objects in space and determine country of

origin• Inform NASA whether objects may interfere with space

shuttle's orbit• The Space Control Center tracks about 8,000 + artificial

objects, softball-size and larger, orbiting Earth. About seven percent of these objects are operational satellites, 15 percent are rocket bodies, and the remainder are fragmentation and inactive satellites.


Army’s KE-ASat

• Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite System

• Boeing is prime contractor• $205M from FY96-FY99• By 2000, there will be 10 KE-

ASATs ready for use• Other ASAT programs, here and

abroad

• Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite System

• Boeing is prime contractor• $205M from FY96-FY99• By 2000, there will be 10 KE-

ASATs ready for use• Other ASAT programs, here and

abroad


National Reconnaissance Office“Responsible for … engineering, development and

acquisition, and operation of space reconnaissance systems and related intelligence activities”

• Headed by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space (Keith Hall)

• Joint AF-CIA office formed in 1960-1961• Declassified in September 1992• WWW-site: http://www.nro.odci.gov/

“Responsible for … engineering, development and acquisition, and operation of space reconnaissance systems and related intelligence activities”

• Headed by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space (Keith Hall)

• Joint AF-CIA office formed in 1960-1961• Declassified in September 1992• WWW-site: http://www.nro.odci.gov/



NRO’s Corona• 28 February 1959 # 1 CORONA test launch attempt • 12 August 1960#13 1st successful recovery from space• 18 August 1960 #14 Took 1st image from space• 25 May 1972 #145, last CORONA, launched• 31 May 1972 Last images of the series taken• 24 February 1995 Executive Order declassifying CORONA • 24 May 1995 Ceremonies at Central Intelligence

Agencyand National Air & Space Museum

• Historic "Firsts” 1st photo reconnaissance satellite in the world 1st mid-air recovery of a vehicle returning from space 1st mapping of earth from space 1st stereo-optical data from space 1st multiple reentry vehicles from space

1st reconnaissance program to fly 100 missions

• 28 February 1959 # 1 CORONA test launch attempt • 12 August 1960#13 1st successful recovery from space• 18 August 1960 #14 Took 1st image from space• 25 May 1972 #145, last CORONA, launched• 31 May 1972 Last images of the series taken• 24 February 1995 Executive Order declassifying CORONA • 24 May 1995 Ceremonies at Central Intelligence

Agencyand National Air & Space Museum

• Historic "Firsts” 1st photo reconnaissance satellite in the world 1st mid-air recovery of a vehicle returning from space 1st mapping of earth from space 1st stereo-optical data from space 1st multiple reentry vehicles from space

1st reconnaissance program to fly 100 missions


Corona System Components

Imaging resolution originally 8 meters improved to 2 meters

Individual images covered approximately 10 miles by 120 miles

Operated nearly 12 yrs

Over 800,000 images taken from space

2.1 million feet of film in 39,000 cans



Gulf War and Space(a quiz)

• Desert Storm was The “First Space War”• What military space systems were involved? • What ground systems were used with them? • What specific applications of military space systems can

be identified? • What limitations were identified in using space? • What non-space systems were available for use in this

conflict and how were terrestrial or airborne systems integrated with space systems?

• What systems provided similar capabilities for the Iraqis?• What contributions did these military space systems

make?

• Desert Storm was The “First Space War”• What military space systems were involved? • What ground systems were used with them? • What specific applications of military space systems can

be identified? • What limitations were identified in using space? • What non-space systems were available for use in this

conflict and how were terrestrial or airborne systems integrated with space systems?

• What systems provided similar capabilities for the Iraqis?• What contributions did these military space systems

make?

Documents

C. Hall, Randolph 228 [email protected] Space Force We are now transitioning from an air force into an air and space force on an evolutionary path to a