C H A P T E RC H A P T E R 44

Selecting a Topic and PurposeSelecting a Topic and Purpose

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TopicTopic

The subject of a speech. The subject of a speech.

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BrainstormingBrainstorming

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

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General PurposeGeneral Purpose

The broad goal of a speech.The broad goal of a speech.

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Specific Purpose StatementSpecific Purpose Statement

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

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Guidelines for the Specific Purpose Statement

Guidelines for the Specific Purpose Statement

• Write as a full infinitive phrase

• Express as a statement, not as a question

• Avoid figurative language

• Limit to one distinct idea

• Avoid being too vague or general

• Write as a full infinitive phrase

• Express as a statement, not as a question

• Avoid figurative language

• Limit to one distinct idea

• Avoid being too vague or general

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Write the Specific Purpose as a

Full Infinitive Phrase

Write the Specific Purpose as a

Full Infinitive Phrase

Ineffective: CalendarsIneffective: Calendars

More Effective: To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the world today.

More Effective: To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the world today.

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Express the Specific Purposeas a

Statement, Not as a Question

Express the Specific Purposeas a

Statement, Not as a Question

Ineffective: Is the U.S. space program necessary?

Ineffective: Is the U.S. space program necessary?

More Effective: To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program provides many important benefits to people here on earth.

More Effective: To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program provides many important benefits to people here on earth.

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Avoid Figurative Language in the

Specific Purpose Statement

Avoid Figurative Language in the

Specific Purpose Statement

Ineffective: To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.

Ineffective: To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.

More effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.

More effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.

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Limit the Specific Purpose to

One Distinct Idea

Limit the Specific Purpose to

One Distinct Idea

Ineffective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate time to the Special Olympics.

Ineffective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate time to the Special Olympics.

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More effective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors.

More effective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors.

More effective: To persuade my audience to donate time to the Special Olympics.

More effective: To persuade my audience to donate time to the Special Olympics.

OROR

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Be Sure the Specific PurposeIs Not

Too Vague or General

Be Sure the Specific PurposeIs Not

Too Vague or General

Ineffective: To inform my audience about the Civil War.

Ineffective: To inform my audience about the Civil War.

More Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African-American soldiers in the Civil War.

More Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African-American soldiers in the Civil War.

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Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose

Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose

• Does my purpose meet the assignment?

• Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?

• Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

• Does my purpose meet the assignment?

• Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?

• Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

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Questions to Ask about Your Specific Purpose

Questions to Ask about Your Specific Purpose

• Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?

• Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

• Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?

• Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

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Central IdeaCentral Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

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Guidelines for the Central Idea

Guidelines for the Central Idea

• Express as a full sentence

• Do not express as a question

• Avoid figurative language

• Do not be vague or overly general

• Express as a full sentence

• Do not express as a question

• Avoid figurative language

• Do not be vague or overly general

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Make Sure the Central Idea is Not Too General

Make Sure the Central Idea is Not Too General

Ineffective: Paying college athletes a salary is a good idea.

Ineffective: Paying college athletes a salary is a good idea.

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More Effective: Because college athletes in revenue-producing sports such as football and basketball generate millions of dollars in revenue for their schools, the NCAA should allow such athletes to receive a $250 monthly salary as part of their

scholarships.

More Effective: Because college athletes in revenue-producing sports such as football and basketball generate millions of dollars in revenue for their schools, the NCAA should allow such athletes to receive a $250 monthly salary as part of their

scholarships.

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State the Central Idea as a Complete Sentence

State the Central Idea as a Complete Sentence

Ineffective: Uses of the laser.Ineffective: Uses of the laser.

More Effective: The laser is a highly versatile device with important uses inmedicine, industry, art, and communications.

More Effective: The laser is a highly versatile device with important uses inmedicine, industry, art, and communications.

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State the Central Idea as a Statement,

Not as a Question

State the Central Idea as a Statement,

Not as a Question

Ineffective: How does indoor soccer differ from outdoor soccer?

Ineffective: How does indoor soccer differ from outdoor soccer?

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More Effective: Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoorsoccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.

More Effective: Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoorsoccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.

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Avoid Figurative Language in the Central Idea

Avoid Figurative Language in the Central Idea

Ineffective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula is an awesome place for a vacation.

Ineffective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula is an awesome place for a vacation.

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More Effective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins.

More Effective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins.

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General Purpose: To informGeneral Purpose: To inform

Specific Purpose: To inform my audienceof the three major racesin alpine skiing.

Specific Purpose: To inform my audienceof the three major racesin alpine skiing.

Central Idea: The three major races in alpine skiing are the downhill, the slalom, and the giant slalom.

Central Idea: The three major races in alpine skiing are the downhill, the slalom, and the giant slalom.

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Main Points:Main Points: I. The first major race in alpine skiing is the downhill.

II. The second major race in alpine skiing is the slalom.

III. The third major race in alpine skiing is the giant slalom.

I. The first major race in alpine skiing is the downhill.

II. The second major race in alpine skiing is the slalom.

III. The third major race in alpine skiing is the giant slalom.