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'FI\[J\DUS QuoTATIONS etc.. l.,d f ,·" J.lto.Je >I~\C

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STATE MonOES

DUat Deus, God enriches. Arizona. Regnant populi, The people rule. Arkansas. Esto perpetua, May it be everlasting. Idaho. Ad astra per aspera, To the stars through hardships. Kansas. Dirlgo, I direct. Maine. Virtute et armis, By courage and weapons. Mississipi. Excelsior, loftier. New York. Imperium in imperio, An empire in an empire. Ohio. Montani semper liberi, MoiJntaineers are always free. West Virginia. Cedant arma togae, let weapons yield to the toga. Wyoming.

MORE STATE MOnOES

E Pluribus Unum, One From Many. United States of America. Nil Sine Numlne, Nothing Without Divine Power. Colorado. Qui Transtulit Sustinet, He Who Has Transplanted Sustains. Connecticut. Scuto Bonae Voluntatis Tuae Coronastl Nos, You Have Crowned Us With The Shield Of Thy

Will. Maryland. Si Quaeris Paeninsulam Amoenam, Circumspice, If You Seek A Pleasant Peninsula. look

Around. Michigan. Crescit Eundo, It Increases As It Goes. New Mexico. Esse Quam Videri, To Be Rather Than To Seem. North Carolina. labor Omnia Vincit. labor Conquers All. Oklahoma. Alis Volat Propriis, It Flies On Its Own Wings. Oregon. Animls Opibusque Parati, Prepared In Mind And Resources. South Carolina. Sic Semper Tyrannis, Thus Always To Tyrants. Virginia.

ce;

IJide, in bad faith.

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FAMILIAR PHRASES

': Many Latin phrases are in everyday use and can be recognized and used easily, with a little prac­

. nota bene, note well, is used in writing and speaking to draw attention to something that should ·noticed especially. It is often abbreviated: N.B. 'ona fide, with good faith or honesty. For example: It is a bona fide certificate. The opposite is

"sum, I am present, is used ollen in answering a roll call. "Qm' et tuum, mine and thine, is used frequently in place of the English phrase. ~"firma, firm land. For example: They were glad to step on terra firma. ~Pccurs frequently in English. Examples include: aqua pura, pure water; aqua vitae, water

or alcohol); aqua fortis (literally, strong water), nitric acid; and aqueous humor, the ~dbetween the cornea and lens of the eye.

FAMILIAR PHRASES

persona grata, an acceptable (or welcome) person. persona non grata, an unacceptable (or unwelcome) person. verbatim ac Iitteratim, word for word and letter for letter. pro bono publico, for the public good. ad Infinitum, te infinity; with no limit. sine dubio, without doubt. vice versa, changed and turned; turned about. addenda et corrigenda, things added and corrected; a supplement, especiafly to a book.

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FAMILIAR PHRASES

status quo or status in quo, the state in which. That is, the existing condition. mirablle dictu, wonderful to tell, wonderful to relate. per se, by itself, of itself; by its own force. cum grano salls, with a grain of salt. modus vivendi, manner of living (often temporary) post scriptum, written after. Abbrevialed, P.S. or p.s. Inter nos, among us, among ourselves. sine qua non, something indispensible or necessary. Literally, without which not.

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FAMILIAR PHRASES

carpe diem, seize the day. Often used to mean ·seize the opportunity· or ·seize the chance." cave canem, beware of the dog. Literally, beware the dog. ex Iibris, from the library of. Used often on bookplates. ex officio, because of an office (held previously). in toto, in the whole; completely. per capita, by heads: per person or individual. post mortem, after death exeunt omnes, all go out. Used as a stage direction in plays. ultimatum, the last thing; the farthest thing. Used for the final terms offered by one party to another.

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FAMILIAR PHRASES

vi et armis, by force and arms. pax vobiscum, peace be with you. tempus fugit, time flies. agenda, things that have to be done. sic passim, thus everywhere. multum In parvo, much in little. senatus populusque Romanus, the Senate and the Roman people. Abbr. to S.P.Q.R. res gestae, Ihings done; acts or deeds. alter idem, another self, referring to a close friend. apparatus criticus, critical apparatus or material; reference material used in the critical study of

a piece of literature.

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FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

Many quotations from Latin aUlhors are in use today, either in Latin or in translation. If you be­come so familiar with these quotations and their meanings that you know them by heart, you will have acquired some of the real flavor of the Latin language and thought.

Roma aeterna, Elernal Rome. Tibullus. Errare humanum est, To err is human. Seneca. Oira necessltas, Dire necessity. Horace. Aurea medlocrltas, The golden mean. Horace. Rara avis, A rare bird. Horace. Ars longa, vita brevis, Art Is long, life is short. Seneca. Fortuna caeca est, Fortune Is blind. Cicero. Laborare est or~re, T? labor is to pray. Motto of the Benedictine Order.

FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

Many of the nouns in these quotations belong to the a-declenslon.

Sed non CUlpa mea est. But the blame is not mine. Ovid. Licentia poetica. Poetic license. Seneca. Summa summarum. The total of totals. Plaulus. Perlculum In mora. Peril in delay. Livy. SI qua via est. If there is any way. Virgil. Tanta potentia formae est. So great is the power of beauty. Ovid. Sollicitae tu causa, pecunia, vitae. You, money, are the cause of an anxious life. Propertius.

-FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

Nil homlni certum est, Nothing is certain to man. Ovid. Vlrtus praemlum est optimum, Virtue is the best reward. Plaulus. Omnia praeclara rara, All the best things are rare. Cicero. Possunt quia posse vldentur, They can because they think they can. Virgil. Alea lacta est, The die is cast. Caesar. Mens sana in copore sano, A sound mind in a sound body. Juvenal. Carmina morte carent, Songs do not die. Ovid.

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FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

Virginibus puerisque. For boys and girls. Horace. Non scholae sed vitae discimus. We learn not for school, but for Iile. Seneca. Parvum parva decent. Small things become the small. Horace. Eheu fugaces anni. Alas, the fleeting years. Horace. Vera amicitia est inter bonos. There is true friendship only among good men. Cicero. Ave atque vale. Hail and farewell. Catullus. Da dextram misero. Give your right hand to the wretched. Virgil.

FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

Venl, vldl, vlci, I came, I saw, I conquered. Caesar. Vae vlctis, Woe to the vanquished. Livy. In m~dias res, Into the middle of things. Horace. Finis coronat opus, The end crowns the work. Ovid. Non omnia possumus omnes, We can't all do everything. Virgil. Diem perdidl, I have lost a day. Titus. ., Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur, Equals very easily congregate with equals. Cicero.

FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

laudator temporls actl. A praiser of past times. Horace. Abeunt studia In mores. Pursuits pass over into habits. Ovid. Factum fieri Infectum non potest.What is done cannot be undone. Terence. o temporal 0 moresl Oh the times! Oh the customs! Cicero. Tu ne cede malls. Do not yield to misfortunes. Virgil. Docendo dlscltur. We learn by teaching. Seneca. In hoc slgno vlnces. By this sign shalt thou conquer. Constantine. -Non datur ad Musas currere lata via. It is nol granted to run to the Muses. on a wide road.

Propertius. Est modus In rebus. There is a middle course in things. Horace. Forsan et haec olim memlnlsse luvablt. Perhaps some time it will be pleasant to remember

even these things. Virgil.

FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS

I.e., Id est, that is. pro and con, pro et contra, for and against etc., et cetera, and the rest; and so forth. e.g., exempli gratia, for (the sake of) example. no., numero, by number. viz:, videlicet, namely, that is to say; introduces further explanation. d.v. or D.V., Deo volente, God willing; if God is willing. vox pop., vox populi, the voice of the people.

FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS

A.D., Anno Domini, in the year of (our) lord. a.m., ante meridiem, before noon. p.m., post meridiem, after noon. cf., confer, compare. et al., et alii, or et alia, and other people or other things; et alibi, and elsewhere vs, v., versus, against. c., eire., circa, circum, aboul. Used wJth dates.

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FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS

fl. or f1or., f1oruit, he (she) flourished. Used with the date at which artists produced their work. I.H.S., In hoc signo, In this sign. Or, lesus Hominum Salvator, Jesus Savior of Men. I.N.R.I., lesus Nazarenus, Rex ludaeorum, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. pinx., pinxit, he (she) painted it. sculp., sculpsit, he (she) carved it. op. cit., opere citato, in the work cited. Used in footnotes instead of repeating the title of a

book already referred to. ibid. or lb., ibidem, in the same place. Used in footnotes, if the reference is the same as one

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MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS DERIVED FROM LATIN

~ recipe, take bib., blbe, drink d., da, give cap., capsula, capsule . gtt., guttae, drops gr., granum, grain Lb., libra, pound mist, mlstura, mixture 01., oleum, oil ung., unguentum, ointment pUlv., pulvls, powder ·aq., aqua, water C, cum, with . no., numero, number os., os, ora, mouth p.o., per os, by mouth t.1.d., ter In die, three times a day q.l.d., quater In die, four times a day quotld., quotldle, every day stat., statim, immediately omn. hor., omnl hora, every hour H., hora, hour noct., nocte, at night omn. noct, omnl nocte, every night U.n., ter In nocte, three times a night. q.l.n., quater In nocte, four times a night h.s., hora somnl, at the hour of sleep, a.h., quaque hora, every hour.

at bedtime Q.2h., .every two hours non rep., non repetatur, do not repeat p.r.n., pro re nata, as the occasion arises,

(literally, let it not be repeated) as needed Sig., S., slgnetur, let it be marked alt. dleb., alternls diebus, every other day,

(direction to patient) on alternate days . a.v., quantum vis, as much as you wish rep., repetatur, let it be repeated a.c., ante cibum, before food, before meals p.c., post clbum, after food, after meals a.s., quantum sufficlat, a sufficient quantity

MATHEMATICAL TERMS DERIVED FROM LATIN

plus, more, increased by. minus, less, diminished by. multiplication, from multiplicare, to make manifold or many fold. division, from divldere, divide. subtraction, from subtrahere, withdraw, draw from beneath. addition, from addere, add to, or additio, adding. ratio, from ratio, reason. quotient, from quotlens, how often, how many times. sum, from summa, sum or total, or summus, highest. number and numeral, from numerus, number. integer, from Integer, whole, untouched. fraclion, from frangere, break. percent and per centum, from per centum, by the hundred, in tile hundred.

GEOMETRICAL TERMS DERIVED FROM LATIN

perpendicular, from per, through, and pendere, hang. circumference, from circum, around, and ferre, carry radius, from radius, staff, rod, ray. arc, from arcus, bow, arc. tangent, from tangere, touch. angle, from angulus, angle, corner. obtuse, from obtundere, strike. acute, from acuere, sharpen. triangle, from trl, three, and angulus, angle. rectangle, from rectus, right, and angulus, angle. Q. E. D., abbreviation of quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated.

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

The following are common chemical elements, with their Latin derivations. CalCium, Ca, from calx, calcls, lime. Carbon, C, from carbo, coal. Copper, Cu, from cuprum, derived from the island Cyprus, anciently renowned for its copper

mines. . Gold, Au, from aurum, gold. Iron, Fe, from ferum, iron. Lead, Pb, from plumbum, lead. Radium, Ra, from radius, ray, because of alpha. beta, and gamma rays.

. Silicon, Si, from silex, silicis, flint. Silver, Ag, Irom argentum, silver. Tellurium, Te, from tellus, telluris, earth.

LEGAL TERMS

Ius civile, civil law, referring to the laws of legal systems modeled after Roman law. Ius gentium, the law of nations, referring to International law. lex scripta, written law. Wrillen laws are those passed and put into effect by a legislative body

or corporation. lex non scripta, unwritten law. Unwritten law develops out of common practice, custom, and

usage. II is sometimes called common law. sub ludlce, before the judge, referring to a case under consideration by the judge, or court, but

not yet decided. corpus lurls, the body of law, comprised of all the laws of a sovereign power or legislative body

collectively. subpoena, under penalty or punishment. A subpoena is a writ naming a person and ordering

him or her to appear in court, under penalty for failure to do so. corpus delicti, the body of the crime or offense. The corpus delicti refers to the circumstances

necessary to a crime. In murder, the corpus delicti is the fact of a criminal agent or of the death of the victim. It does not refer to the victim's body.

onus probandi, the burden of proof. The burden of proving its case rests with the side that makes the affirmation in a suit.

prima facie, on or at first appearance. Prima facie evidence is evidence that, at first presenta­tion, is adequate enough to establish a fact.

LEGAL TERMS

a vinculo matrimonll, from the bond of marriage. Used ina decree of absolute divorce. caveat emptor, let the buyer beware. The buyer buys at his or her own risk. Inter vivos, between the living. Used to indicate a gift from a living person to another living per­

son. compos mentis, sound or sane of mind. non compos mentis or non compos, not sound or

sane of mind. nolo contendere, I do not wish to contend. A plea by which a defendant is subject to conviction,

but does not admit guilt. nolle prosequi, to be unwilling to prosecute. Abbr. nol pros. A court record stating that the pros­

ecutor will not carry the suit further. non prosequitur, he or she does not prosecute. Abbr. non pros. Used to indicate a decision

against a plaintiff who does not appear in court to prosecule. obiter dictum, something said along the way. Used of remarks made by a jUdge that are not part

of the legal decision, but are personal comments and observations on matters relating to the case and decision.

nisi, if not, unless. Used to indicate that an order or decree will go into effect at a specified time unless modified by further evidence or cause presented before that time.

sui iuris or suo iure, of one's own right or in one's own right. Used of a person who has full ca­pacity and abilily to act for him- or herself in legal proceedings.

ACADEMIC DEGREES AND TERMS

We use many Latin words and phrases in academic degrees and terms, as shown below. cum laude, with praise. Given with a diploma that has been earned with a grade of work higher

than ordinary. magna cum laude, with great praise. summa cum laude, with highest praise. Alumnus, pI. Alumni, male graduate or graduates. Alumna, pI. Alumnae, female graduate or gra~lJates ..... __ .__. Alma Mater, Foster Mother. Refers to one's school or college·. ­M.A. or, A.M. Artium Magister, Master of Arts. B.A. or A.B., Baccalaureus Arllum, Bachelor of Arts. B.S., Baccalaureus Sclentiae, Bachelor of Science. D.O., Divlnitatis Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. D.LiIt. or LiIt.D., Doctor Litterarum, Doctor of Literature or Letters. M.D., Mediclnae Doctor, Doctor of Medicine. Ph.D.,.Phllosophlae p()ctor,Do(;torof Philosophy. tL.D., Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws:·------ ....._­D.M.D., Dentarlae Medlctnae Doctor, Doctor of Dental Medicine.

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LATIN ON TOMBSTONES AND MONUMENTS

Latin often appears on tombstones and monuments. The following are some of the abbreviations Id phrases frequently used.

c., standing for circa or circum, about, is used with dates. In aeternum, forever In perpetuum, forever ae., aet., aetat., stands for aetatis, of age anno aetatis suae, in the year of his (her) age ob., standing for obiit. he (she) died hic lacet, here lies R.I.P., standing for requlescat In pace, may he (she) rest in peace In memoriam, in memory, to the memory of A.D., standing for Anno Domini, in the year 01 (our) Lord

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THE SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC

The names of the signs of the zodiac are all Latin words, and we can easily remember them by associating their meanings with their pictorial representations.

leo: the Lion Sagittarius: the ArcherAries: the Ram Virgo: the Maiden Capricorn[us}: the GoalTaurus: the Bull Libra: the Scales Aquarius: the Water BearerGemini: the Twins Scorpio: the Scorpion Pisces: the FishesCancer: the Crab

THE PLANETS

Many of the planets are named for the Roman deities, such as:

god of WarJupiter King of the gods Mars

from luppiter god of theSaturn god of Sowing Neptune

from Neptunus Seafrom Salumus ........... -- . --- ---Pluto- . god of theMercury the Messenger god

Lower Worldfrom Mercurius Venus goddess of Love

Remember that the names of the signs of the zodiac and the names of the planets are nouns and are declined according to their use in a sentence.

SOME MEN'S NAMES OF LATIN ORIGIN AND THEIR MEANINGS

Rex, king, ruler Sylvester, of the woods Victor, conqueror Claude, lame Augustus, majestic, august lucius, light Constant, Iirm, true Valentine, healthy, strong Felix, happy, lucky Patrick, patrician Dominic, of the Lord Septimus, the seventh child Octavius, the eighth child Martin, of Mars Aurelius, golden Dexter, on the right, fortunate Vincent, conquering Benedict, blessed Pius, devoted, faithful Rufus, red Clement, kind, mild leo, Leon, lion Clarence, Clare, bright Paul, small

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IMPORTANT DATES IN ROMAN HISTORY

753 B.C. legend says in this year Romulus and Remus founded Rome. The Romans figured dates from this year, which they called anno urbls condltae, from the year of the founding of the city, abbreviated to A.U.C. Thus, the year 20 A.U.C. is the same as the year 733 B.C., and the year 763 A.U.C. is the same as the year A.D. 10.

509 B.C. (244 A.U.C.) The Romans set up a republic and drive out Tarquinius the Proud, the last king 01 the Etruscans.

264-241 B.C. (489-512 A.U.C.) The First Carthaginian War ends in victory for the Romans. 218-201 B.C. (535-552 A.U.C.) The Second Carthaginian War ends in victory for the Romans. 44 B.C. (709 A.U.C.) The assassination of Julius Caesar. 27 B.C. (726 A.U.C.) Augustus Caesar becomes the first emperor 01 Rome and its provinces. 14 A.D. (767 A.U.C.) Augustus Caesar dies. Tiberius becomes the second emperor. 64 A.D. (817 A.U.C.) The Great Fire of Rome. 79 A.D. (832 A.U.C.) Pompeii is destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. 313 A.D. (1066 A.U.C.) Emperor Constantine grants religious toleration to the Christians. 395 A:D. (1148 A.U.C.) The Roman Empire splits into the Eastern and Western Empires. Rome is

part of the Western Empire. 410 A.D. (1163 A.U.C.) Rome is sacked by the Visigoths. 455 A.D. (1208 A.U.C.) Rome is sacked again, this time by the Vandats.

• 476 A.D. (1229 A.U.C.) The last emperor of the WeslernEmplre is deposed.----­

AN OVERVIEW OF LATIN LITERATURE

latin literature is usually divided into six periods. The first of these is the Early Period, and it cov­ers latin literature before 80 B.C. The second period, the Golden Age, lasted from 80 B.C. until A.D. 14. During this period, Classical latin reached its height as a written language. The Golden Age is further subdivided into the Ciceronian period and the Augustan period. The Ciceronian period, named after the orator Cicero, whose command of latin few could equal, ran from 80 B.C. through' 43 B.C. The Augustan period, named after Augustus Caesar, lasted Irom 43 B.C. until A.D. 14.

The Silver Age of latin literature ran from A.D. 14 through A.D. 138. It shows a decline in stan­dards. The fourth period, called the Patristic Period, ran from the late second century through the fifth century. The major writers included the Church Fathers (patres). During this period the Ro­mance languages were developing from local dialects of latin. The fifth period ran from the sixth through the fourteenth centuries. It is called the Medieval Period, and the literature of this period was written in looser, more flexible Medieval latin rather than in Classical latin. However, your knowledge of Classical latin will enable you to read the literature of this period with little difficulty.

The sixth and final period runs from the lifteenth century until the present day. It is called the Modern Period. Much of the literature from this period is written in Classical latin, as people redis­covered the literature of the earlier periods.

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GENERAL PHRASES Nota bene (NB) - note well (pay attention) Bona fide - in good faith (mala - bad) Adsum - I am present (answering roll) Meum et tuum - mine and yours Tcrra firma - fiml land Aqua pura - pure water; aqua vitae- water of

life (brandy or alcohol); aqua fortis ­strong water (nitric acid); aqueous humor - fluid between cornea and Jens of eye

Ante bellum - before the war Post bellum - after the war Ad nauseum- to the point of disgust Summum bonum- the gr~tcst good; best

thing . Ut supra - as above Ut infra - as below Persona no grata - an unwelcome person Persona grata - welcome person Verbatim ac literatim - word for word and

Jetter for letter Pro bono publico - for the public good Ad infinitum - to infinity Sine dubio - without doubt Vice versa - changed and turned; turned

around Addenda et corrigenda - things to be added

and corrected Vi et amlis - bv force and arms Pax vobiscum - peace be with you Dominus vobiscum - the Lord be with you Tcmpus fugit - time flies Agenda - things which must be done Sic passim - thus everywhere Multum in parvo - much in little SPQR - Scnatus Populusque Romanus-

The senate and people of Rome Rcs gestae - deeds; accomplishments Alter idem - another self (close friend) Alter ego -- another I (close friend) Apparatus criticus - critical material

(reference materials used in studies of literature)

Carpe diem - sieze the day (take advantage I- of opportunity)

Cave canem - beware thc dog Ex libris- from the library or Ex otlicio - because of an office previously

held (out of one's office) In toto - completely Per capita - by heads; per person Post mortem - after death Exeunt omnes - all leave (stage directions) Ultimatum - last thing; final terms Status quo (status in quo) - state in which-

refers to existing circumstances Mirabile dictu - wonderful to tell Pcr sc - through itself, in and of itself Cum grano salis - with a grain of salt Modus vivendi - manner of living Modus operandi (MO) - method of operating Post scriptum (PS) - written afterwards Inter nos - among ourselves, betwcen us Sine qua non - without which, not;

something necessary, a requirement Per diem - by day Pro forma - for form's sake Pro rata - in proportion Quasi - as if Quid pro quo - something for something; I'll

do something for you if you do something for me.

Sanctum sanctorum - holy of holies; one's private place

Seriatim - in series Sic transit Gloria mundi - thus passes the

glory of the world Sine dic - without a day; without appointing

a specific day to reconvene Status quo ante - matters as they were before Sub rose - under the rose; secretly Sui generis - of its own kind Viva voce - with live voice Vivat - long live! Vox populi - voice of the people (vox. pop.) Ne plus ultra - nothing more beyond; the

farthest limit; the best there is Cui bono? - to what good? Who profits? Ex eathedra - from the chair (bishop) in an

official capacity Deus ex machine - god out of a machine ­

divine intervention Ad hoc- for this purpose; created for a

particular purpose Infra dignitatem - below one's dignity Peceavi - I have sinned Mea culpa - my fault

Ab ovo usque ad mala - from eggs to apples; from soup to nuts; from beginning to end

Ars gratia artis - art for the sake of art Casus belli - reasons for war De facto - from the fact; in reality De gustibus non disputandum est - ought not

argue about tastes (about tastes, it must not be disputed

De novo - anew Dies irae - day of wrath; Judgement day Dramatis personae - characters of the play Ecce homo! - behold the man!; (pilate about

Christ) Exit - he leaves; exeunt - they leave (stage

directions) Festina lente - make hastc slowly Fiat - let it be done; an absolute command Genius loci- the spirit of the place Gloria in excclsis - glory in the highest In extremis - in death In loco parentis - in the place of a parent In situ - in place; in the original position Inter alia - among other things Ipso facto - by the very fact; by the fact

itself Lapsus calami - the slip of the pen Lapsus linguae - the slip of the tongue Morituri te salutamus - we who are about to

die salute you; said by gladiators to the emperor as they entered the arena

Non sequitur - it does not follow; something which isn't a logical conclusion

Materfamilias- mother of the family Paterfamilias- father of the family Pater noster - our father - the Lord's prayer

LEGAL TERMS De iure - from the law - legally Ius civile - civil law Ius gentium - law of nations; international

law Lex scripta- written law Lex non-scripta -non-written law; things

done from precedent Sub iudice - before the judge; undecided,

still in court Corpus iuris - body of law; all laws of a big

power or country

Subpoena- under punishment; a writ to appear, with penalty if you don't

Corpus delecti- necessary circumstances; fact of a criminal element involved or death of a victim (not necessarily the physical body)

Onus probandi - burden of proof Prima facie - at first appearance; evidence

which establishes a fact immediately A vinculo matrimony - from the bond of

matrimony; used in divorce decrees Caveat emptor -let the buyer beware; buy at

your own risk Inter vivos - among the living; gift from one

living person to another Compos mentis- of sound mind; (non compos

mentis- of WlSound mind) Nolo contendere - I do not wish to contend;

defendant is subject to conviction, but does not admit guilt

Nolle prosequi (nol. pros.) - be unwilling to prosecute; court record stating that prosecution will not carry case any farther

Non prosequitur (non pros.) - he does not prosecute; decision against plaintiff who doesn't appear

Obiter dictum - something said along the way; remarks made by a judge which aren't part of a legal decision, but are relevant in matters of the case (personal observations)

Nisi - if not; unless. Orgder goes unless changed by further evidence or cause

Sui iuris or suo iure - of onc's own right; person with ability to act for himself inlcgalpr~s

Pro tempore - for thc time; temporarily Habeas corpus - let you have thc body;

makes it mandatory for accused to be told reason for detention

Ex post facto - aftelWard from thc deed; rectroactive law passed after crime committed (cannot have affect on case)

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MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS R",- - recipe - take Bib. - drink (bibo) d. - da - give cap. - capsula - capsule gn - guttae - drops gr. - granum - gram lb. - libra - pound mist. - mistura - mixture 01. - oleum - oil ung. - unguentum - ointment pulv. - pulvis - powder aq - aqua - water C.- cum - with no - numero - number os - os, ora - mouth p.o. _. per os - by mouth Q.s - quantum sufticiat - sufficient quantity q.V. - quantum vis - as much as you wish a.c. - ante cibum - before food (bcfore

meals) p.c. - post cibum - aftcr fOod (after meals) stat - statim - immediately quotid. - quotidie - evcry day alt. Dieb. - altemls diebus - every other day Li.d. - ter in die - 3 times a day d\L - triple dose h. - hora - hour h.s. - hora somni - at bedtimc (hour of sleep) q.h. - quaque hora - each hour q.2h. - every two hours ornn. Hor. - omlli hora - every hour nocL - nocte - at night omn. Noct. - omni nocte - cvery night Li.n. - ter in noctc - three times a night q.i.n. - quattuor. .. - four times a night rep. - repetatum - repeat non re. - don't repeat p.r.n. - pro re nata - as occasion demands

(as needed) S., sig. - signetur - let it be marked

(di rections to a patient) aq. Bull. - boiling water frustr. - in small portions I. - lumen - light aegrot. - excused on medical grounds

CHEMICAL SYMBOLS Ca - calcium (calx, calcis- limestone) C - carbon (carbo - coal) eu - copper (cuprum - from Cyprus) Au - gold (aurum - gold) Fe - iron (ferrum - iron) Pb - lead (plumbrom -lead) Ra - radium (radius- light, ray) Si - silicon (silex, silicis - flint) Ag - silver (argentum - silver) Te - tellurium (tellus, telluris - earth)

MATH TERMS Plus - morc Minus - less MUltiplieare - make many Dividere - divide by Subtrahere - to draw from Adderc - to add Ratio - reason Quotiens - how many? How often? Summus - total, highest Numerus - numeral, number Integer - whole, untouched, pure Fractum - (fragcre) broken Per ccntum- by the hundred

GEOMETRICAL TERMS Per penderc - to hang through Circum ferre- to carry around Circus - circle Radius - staff, rod, ray Tangere - to touch (tangent) Angulus - angle, comer Obtundere - to strike (obtuse) Aeucre - to sharpcn (acute) Tri angulus - 3 angles (triangle) Rectus - Iright} angulus - (rectangle) Ex quadra - out of four parts (square) QED - quat erat demonstrandum - that

which was to be demonstrated; used to preface a final conclusion in geometry proofs

FAMOUS QUOTATIONS

Horace: Dira neccssitas - dire necessity Aurca mcdioeritas - the Golden Mean Rara avis - a rare bird (eccentric character) Virginibus pucrisque - for boys and girls Parvum parva decent - small things become

(or: are suitable to) the small {tac~y people like tacky things}

Eheu fugaces anni - Alas! The fleeing years Laudator temporis acti - a praiser of past

times Est modus in rebus - there is a middle course

in things (don't go to extremes) In medias res - into the midst of things

Vergil: Si qua via est - if there is any way Da dextram misero -.Give your right hand to

the wretched Possunt quia posse videnture - They can

because they think they can Tu ne cede malis - Do not yield to

misfortunes Forsan et haec ohm meminisse iuvabit ­

Perhaps some time it will be pleasant to remember even these things

Non omnia possumus omnes - we are not all able to do everything

Ovid: Sed non culpa mea est - but the blame is not

mme Tanta potentia formae est - So great is the

power of beauty Nil homini certum est - Nothing is certain to

man Carmina morte carent - Songs do not die Abeunt studia in mores - Pursuits pass over

into habits Finis coronat opus - TIle end crowns the

work (outcome makes it worthwhile):

Seneca: Errarc humanum est- To err is human Ars longa, vita brcvis- Art is long, life is

short Licentia poctica - Poetic license (taking

liberties with grammar, spelling, etc., is ok if for the sake of art)

Non .scbolae seb vitae disclllus - We learn for life, not for school

Docendo discitur -We learn by teaching

Cicero: Fortuna caeca est - fortune is blind Vera amicitia est inter bonos - There is true

friendship only among good men Omnia praec1ara rara - All the best things

are rare o tempora, 0 mores! - 0 the times, 0 the

customs Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur ­

Equals very easily congregate with equals

Caesar: Alea iaeta est - The die is cast (the dice are

thrown, this is it) Vcni, vidi, vici - I came, I saw, I conquered

Plautus: Summa summarurn - the total of totals Virtus praemium est optimum - Virtue is the

best reward

Livy: Periculum in mora - [therc is] peril in delay Vae victis - Woe to the vanquished!

Propertius: Sollicitae tu causa, pecunia, vitae - You,

money, are the cause of an anxious life

Non datur ad musas currere lata via - It is not granted to run to the Muses on a wide road (to be great at any art, you must choose a narrow field to special ize) (you can't do it all)

Tibullus: Roma catcma - Eternal Rome Motto of the Benedictine Monks: Laborare

est orare - To work is to pray

Catullus: Ave atque vale - Hail and farewell

Juvenal: Mens sana in corpore sano - a sound mind in

a sound body

Terence: Factum fieri infectum non potest- what's

done cannot be undone

Constantine: In hoc signo vinces- In this sign, you will

conquer

Titus: Diem perdidi - I have lost a day (haven't·

used time wisely)

STATE MOTTOES

Arizona - Ditat Deus - God enriches Arkansas - Regnant populi - The people rule Idaho - Esto perpetua - May it be

everlasting Kansas .- Ad astra per aspera - To the stars

through hardships Maine- Dirigo -- I direct Mississippi - virtue et annis - By courage

and weapons New York - Excelsior - Higher, Loftier Ohio - Lmperium in imperio - An empire in

an empire West Virginia .- Mont.'1ni semper Iiberi ­

Mountanecrs arc always free Wyoming - Ccdant anna togac - Let anns

yield to the toga Colorado - Nil sine numine - Nothing

without divine power Connecticut - Qui transtulit sustinet - He

who transplanted sustains Maryland - Scuto bonae voluntatis tuac

coronasti nos - You have crO\~med

us with the shield of thy good will Michigan - Si quaeris pcninsulam amocnam

eircumspice - If you seck a pleasant peninsula, look around

New Mexico - Crescit eundo - It increases

as it goes (by going on) North Carolina - Esse quam videri - To be

rather than to seem South Carolina - Animis opibusque parati ­

prepared in mind and resources Oklahoma - Labor omnia vincit - Labor

conquers all Oregon - Alis volat propriis - It flies on its

own wings Virginia - Sic semper tyrannis - Thus

always to tyrants Missouri - Salus populi suprema lex esto ­

Let the safety of the people be the highest law

ON U.S. MONEY

Novus ordo saeculorum - A new order OftJIC ages .

Annuit coeptis - Our e'1tcrprise is favored (blessed)

MOTTO OF THE U.S. OF AMERICA

E pluribus unum - one from many

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fLLatin Mottoes Although Latin is an ancient language, its words and phrases are still part of our life

today. Look at the inscriptions on a penny, nickel, dime, or quarter. Find the Latin words E PLURIBUS UNUM. This is the motto of the United States, meaning "out of many, one." It refers to the many colonies that were united to make one nation.

Many states, universities, and other organizations have Latin mottoes which serve as symbols of their purpose, for example:

SEMPER FIDELIS always faithful (U.S. Marine Corps)

VOX CLAMANTIS IN DESERTO the voice ofone C7ying in the wilderness

(Dartmouth College)

VERITAS VOS LIBERABIT the mlth will set you free Oohns Hopkins Univesity)

NIL SINE l\1AGNO LABORE nothing without great eff01"t (Brooklyn College)

MIHI CURA FUTURI I care f01' the futll1'e (Hunter College)

VOLENS ET POTENS willing and able (4th Army Engineers)

FIRMO ET TUEOR I beal and watch ove1' (Medical Corps)

AD ASTRA PER ASPERA to tbe st01"$ th1'ough difficulties (Kansas)

DUM SPIRO, SPERO while I breathe, I hope (South Carolina)

CAVEAT EMPTOR let the buyer bewm-e (proverb)

CARPE DIEM seize the day (Horace)

COGITO ERGO SUM I think, therefore I am (Descartes)

ERRARE HUMANUM EST to err is human (Seneca)

ARS LONGA, VITA BREVIS art is long, but life is brief(Horace)

FESTINA LENTE make haste slowly (Horace)

o TEMPORA! 0 MORES! 0 the times, 0 the values! (Cicero)

A MARl USQUE AD MARE from sea to sea (national motto of Canada)

GRANDESCUNT AUCTA LABORE by work, all things inC7:ease and grow

(McGill University) ..

latin Expressions in English Latin phrases and expressions are often used in English. Some are very familiar, such

as et cetera (etc.), and the 1·est. Others are more specialized, such as ipso facto, by the fact itself, a legal expression used to describe an assumption that has obvious truth, e.g., "A slave, ipso facto, had no right to vote."

While Latin expressions may sometimes be used in English as mere affectations, there are occasions when they are very effective in summarizing an idea succinctly. For example, the term de facto segregatioll refers to a long history of racial segregation that occurred il1 fact, even though no legal measures were taken to achieve it. De jure segre­gation, on the other hand, was achieved lry law. These two Latin phrases capsulize these notions in a minimum of words, thereby making communication more efficient.

Exercise 3 Look up the following Latin expressions in an English dictionary. Use each expression in a sentence that illustrates its special use in English:

11. e~ ,,\e. ~c. •l. ad hoc 4. non sequitur 7. quid pro quo ID.

2. ad infinitum 5. per capita 8. sine qua non al- i .e. . I;.e~ Se~ 6. per se 9. status quo3. modus operandi f;)... e..~. IS.

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Some Latin medical terms have become common English words, e.g., abdomen (bel­ly), concer (crab), virus (poison). Others are more obscure, e.g., angina pectoris (chest pain), Vr7IO covo ("hollow vein," vein entering the right atrium of the heart). Further evidence of medical Latin may be found in doctors' prescriptions, many of which use Latin abbrevia tions:

Rx (Recipe) Take c(cum) with p.c. (post cibum) after eating r.i.d. (ter in die) 3 times a day non rep. (non repetatur) Do not repeat

Knowledge of Latin (and Greek) can be very helpful in solving the mystery that of­len surrounds medical language.

Exercise 5 Replace the italicized words in each sentence with a Latin medical term of equivalent meaning, chosen from the pool below. Consult an English Jictionary (or medical dictionary) for the meanings of the terms in the pool.

I. The kick Eucleides received was strong enough to break his shinbone. 2. Sometimes a doctor will prescribe a substance containing no medication in order to

humor a patient whose illness is imaginary. 3. The doctor's prescription read, "Take at bedtime." 4. The heartbeat of the unborn child was normal. S. The sma// piece oftissue that hangs down at the back of the throat is a Latin word

meaning "little grape." 6. The backbone is made up of several disk-shaped bones. 7. The doctor wrote "beJOre meals" on the prescription. S. The brain is protected by the skull. 9. The ulcer was located in the intestine measuring twelve fingers long.

10. The OUU1' layer of the adrenal gland produces important substances. II. Lifting requires contraction of the two-headed muscle of the upper arm. 12. The doctor's abbreviation read, "Take twice a day."

biceps vertebrae H.S. (hora somni') cerebrum placebo duodenum tibia a.c. (ante cibum) b.i.d. (bis in die) fetus uvula cortex

Exercise 6 Using reference material from a library or from your science teacher, make a diagram of the human skeleton, and label the bones that have Latin or Greek names.