C 25 section 2: East Asia and the West

Qing Dynasty:1644-1911

CHINA: Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842

Since 1759: European tradeLimited to port of Guangzhou

Foreign merchants forced to deal with Chinese firms; ONLY trade in silver buillon

40,000 chests of opium a year shipped to China by 1838Commissioner Lin Zexu rejected by Queen VictoriaLin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium

Forced to grant extraterritoriality statusUNEQUAL TREATIES/ Spheres of Influence

WAR!

Unequal Treaties

According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to:

• Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese

• Open several ports to British trade • Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong • Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in

China REACTION?

Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864

Opposed the Manchus: wanted

radicalSocial change, no

private property, free public education, equality for men and women20-30 million lives

lostMassive decline in

economy/ food

1885 France took Vietnam

1895 Japan forced Korean independence

1898 Spheres of Influence

China:

The Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists

Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi

ANTI-

IMPERIALIST

ANTI-

FOREIGNERS

Global National Identity Crisis: China

PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat=

Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)

Road to a SOLUTION:Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic

1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords

“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through

their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.”

World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties

but instead supported further Japanese aggression =May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel)

Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921

Mao Zedong

Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek

(1887-1975)

Intermittent Civil War

Western Actions East Asian ReactionChina Opium War (British)

Unequal TreatiesSpheres of InfluenceExtraterritorialityOpen Door Policy (USA)

Forced to sign treatiesTaiping RebellionBoxer Rebellion1911 Revolution

Japan

Southeast Asia

Siam

Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world.

ClosedCountry Edicts 1635 and 1639

JAPAN

JAPAN: Commodore Perry 1853 and Unequal Treaties

Meiji Restoration 1868 ended Tokugawa Shogunate

European style militaryModernized the infrastructure (postal

system)New public health measures/ population

increase1872 Mass public education system

1890s Massive industrialization (zaibatsu)Supported consumer culture/ department

stores

Japan had a history of successful imitation and China did not.

But……

Western Actions East Asian ReactionChina Opium War (British)

Unequal TreatiesSpheres of InfluenceExtraterritorialityOpen Door Policy (USA)

Forced to sign treatiesTaiping RebellionBoxer Rebellion1911 Revolution

Japan Matthew Perry (USA)Treaty of Kanagawa

Meiji RestorationIndustrializationModernizationExpansion

Southeast Asia

Siam

Treaty of Kanagawa: March 31, 1854

1. Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan.

2. Opening of two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate

3. Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and

protection for shipwrecked persons

4. Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water,

and other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.

Western Actions East Asian ReactionChina Opium War (British)

Unequal TreatiesSpheres of InfluenceExtraterritorialityOpen Door Policy (USA)

Forced to sign treatiesTaiping RebellionBoxer Rebellion1911 Revolution

Japan Matthew Perry (USA)Treaty of Kanagawa

Meiji RestorationIndustrializationModernizationExpansion

Southeast Asia

Dutch established large plantations (sugar/coffee)British took over parts of Malaysia (rubber)French took over Indochina

Nguyen dynasty rebelled in Vietnam but were not effective:Treaty of Saigon 1862 (FR)

Siam Not colonized Neutral buffer

C 30 sec 3 (pages 920-924)

Great Leap Forward 1949

Cultural Revolution 1966:

“its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the

country by removing capitalist, traditional and

cultural elements from Chinese society”

Mao Zedong 1893-1976

Four Pests Campaign 1958

  Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution

Date 1958 Mid 1960sGOAL To speed China’s

developmentCreate a society where peasants and physical labor were the ideal

ACTIONS Formed communes, set production goals

Red Guard tortured or killed suspected offenders

RESULT              

 20,000 communes , or collectively owned farms

Results in famine, starvation of millions (12-42 million) Chinese people

China’s isolation

Soviet Union criticized Mao

 destruction in Chinese society

Mao Zedong1893-1976

Asia Deng Xiaoping1904-1997

More Freedoms • Inspired by movement toward

economic freedom• Chinese demanded more

political freedom

Leaders Impatient• China’s leaders repeatedly

asked protestors to leave square

• Protestors remained, met with force

Pro-Democracy Protestors• Spring 1989, democratic

reforms in Eastern Europe• One million pro-democracy

protestors occupied Beijing’s Tiananmen Square

Freedom Had Not Arrived• June 1989, tanks, troops moved

into square• Killed protestors in Tiananmen

Square Massacre

Tiananmen Square

This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global market, as well as air and water pollution within China.

China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today, China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many Chinese.

• Economic growth has not reached all China’s 1.3 billion people

• To prevent further population growth, Chinese government encourages families to have only one child

Economic Development

China Today

• Large population, rapidly expanding industries

• High demands on resources, environment

• Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas to meet energy needs

Other Challenges

Human Rights IssuesHuman rights abuses another concern for critics of China

• Chinese government continues to limit free speech, religious freedoms

• Exercises strict control over the media• Political protestors can be jailed• Nation’s courts accused of failing to provide fair trials• Critics increased calls for reforms after Beijing chosen to

host 2008 Olympic Games