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7/27/2019 Byzantine Report
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ByzantineARCHITECTURE
PREPARED BY: GARCIA, A., OCNAT, D., TUGUINAY, E.
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ByzantineARCHITECTUREINFLUENCES
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ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES
Characterized by:Masonry construction
Round arches
Shallow domes carried on pendentivesExtensive use of rich frescoes
Colored glass mosaics
Marble revetments to cover whole interiors
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PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE1. Basilican type of plan
centralized type of planning
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PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE2. Round alternative form
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PENDENTIVE DOMES Parts of a pendentive dome
a. Semi dome- half a dome formed by avertical section as over a semicircular
apse.
a.1. cul- de- four- a semidome orquarter sphere vault as over an apse
or niche.
b. Pendentive- Spherical triangle formingthe transition from the circular plans of
a dome to the polygonal plan of its
supporting structure.c. Lunette- an area in the plane of a wall
framed by an arch or vault containing
a window, painting or sculpture.
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PENDENTIVE DOMES Parts of a pendentive dome
d. Squinch- an arch or corbelling builtacross the upper inside corner of asquare tower to support the side of a
superimposed octagonal structure.
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BUILDING DOMESa. Simple dome
-pendentives and domes are part of the same sphere
a. Compound dome- dome is not part f the same sphere as the pendentives and
domes rise independently around them.- dome is raised on a high drum pierced with windows.
c. Special typesc.1. Melon domec.2. Serrated domec.3. Onion or Bulbous dome
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BUILDING ORNAMENTS1. Mosaic
- a picture or a decorative pattern made by inlaying small, usuallycolored pieces of tile, enamel or glass in mortar.
S. Vitale - Ravenna
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BUILDING ORNAMENTS2. Fresco- term originally applied to painting on a wall while the plaster is wet,
but is often used for any wall painting not in oil colors
S. VitaleRavenna
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BUILDING ORNAMENTS3. Capitals
a. Bird and Basket Capital b. Cushion capital
St. Sophia St. Vitale
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BUILDING ORNAMENTS3. Capitals
Acheiropoietos Salonica Wind swept acanthus
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ByzantineARCHITECTUREEXAMPLES
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S. Apollinare In Classe RavennaThe exterior similarly
reveals the basilica style, though
this is a building less grand andimposing than the Basilica of
Constantine in Rome.
The characteristic nave, side aisles,
apse and clerestory windows areall clearly evident.
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Sta. Constanza RomeSta. Constanza in Rome
(350 AD), the mausoleum for
Constantines daughter, provided a
model for Christian architects who
sought to use the more perfect form
of the circle in their designs, without
the massive drum of the Pantheon.
Curiously, the ideaoriginated in Roman bathhouses.
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S. Vitale RavennaCircular, central plan
churches were very difficult to build.
Octagons supporting domes
became a popular and simpler to
construct alternative.
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S. Vitale RavennaNote how a series of large
supporting piers rises to support the dome.
Around the central space run side
aisles, beyond the flanking pillars, which gives
additional space in a similar fashion to that of
a basilica design.
The austere brick exterior belied an
incredibly ornate interior of veined marble andintricate mosaics.
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ByzantineARCHITECTURE
CONVERTION OF
HAGIA SOPHIA
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Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia Church >Muslim Mosque (1453
1935) > Museum (1935-present)History:
Muhammad had prophesied that the first
Muslim to pray in Hagia Sophia would go toparadise. Since then, it was a great ambition forMuslim leaders to get Hagia Sophia.
On 29 May 1453, The Sultan of the OttomanEmpire, Mehmet II, conquered Constantinopleafter a 54 day siege. He converted the church asa mosque.
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Hagia SophiaArchitects: Anthemius of Tralles
Isodorus of Miletus
This 1852 lithography clearly
shows two of the great pendentives. Beyond
them can be seen one of the apses, whose
half dome serves to resist the outward
thrust of the building and to enlarge the
great interior space.
The architects
overcame a significant
engineering problemhow to place a dome
upon a square base.
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia SophiaAs it would have appeared without the minarets, which were
added during the Moslem era.
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Hagia Sophia
Changes made:
Minaretordered by Sultan Bayezid Two colossal candles on both sides of the mihrab
brought by Suleiman the Magnificent from
Hungary Additional structural support on the exterior,
additional two minarets and mausoleums ofSelim II, Murad III and Mehmed III- designed byfamous architect Sinan
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Hagia SophiaAs it appears today in Istanbul.
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Hagia Sophia 2 Restorations:
1. In 1739-1740, during the reign of Mahmud I:
a. medrese(a kitchen) b. library c. fountain for ritual ablutions
2. In 1847-1849, during the reign of Abdulmecid and restored bySwiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspere and Giuseppe Fossati
a. Repair of damaged parts and its beautification
b. Sultans lodge-designed by Gaspare Fossati
c. Renewed the mihrab and the minber
d. Gigantic circular wooden frames hanged in the Columns- by themost famous calligraphist Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi
e. New Sultans gallery in Neo-Byzantine style- connected to royalpavilion behind the mosque
f. Medrese and a time-keepers building
g. Alteration of the Minarets- for equality of its height
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FINISHTHANK YOU FOR LISTENING
PLEASEBRING OUT A SHEET OF PAPER
ANDPREPARE FOR THE QUIZ
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1. The first name of Byzantium was __________.
2. The emperor who died in 395 A. D that led to the division ofthe Byzantine empire.
35. Give the three distinct characteristics of Byzantinearchitecture.
611. Name and draw the three special types of domes.
12. An arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of
a square tower.
13. The name of the church in Constantinople that wasconverted into a mosque.
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14 15. Give two capitals of the Byzantine architecture.16. What is the architecture of Byzantium or Early Roman empire?17 18. Give two changes made in Hagia Sophia.Name the buildings below:19. 20.
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KEYANSWERS
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1. The first name of Byzantium was CONSTANTINOPLE.
2. The emperor who died in 395 A. D that led to thedivision of the Byzantine empire.EMPEROR THEODOSIUS I
35. Give the three distinct characteristics of Byzantinearchitecture.MASONRY CONSTRUCTIONROUND ARCHES
SHALLOW DOMES CARRIED ON PENDENTIVESEXTENSIVE USE OF RICH FRESCOESCOLORED GLASS MOSAICSMARBLE REVETMENTS TO COVER WHOLE INTERIORS
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14 15. Give two capitals of the Byzantinearchitecture.BIRD AND BASKET CAPITALCUSHION CAPITALACHEIROPIETOS SALONICAWIND SWEPT ACANTHUS
16. What is the architecture of Byzantium or EarlyRoman empire?BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
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17 18. Give two changes made in Hagia Sophia.
MINARETSCOLOSSAL CANDLES ON MIHRABSTRUCTURAL SUPPORT ON THE EXTERIORADDITIONAL TWO MINARETS ANDMAUSOLEUMSRESTORATION
19. S. VITALE20. STA. CONSTANZA