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Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
2
Index
- Introduction: The Byzantine Empire - Rank in terms of the Thema
o Skirmishers o Light Infantry o Heavy Infantry o Officers o Mercenaries
- Wargear By Rank o Skirmishers and Archers
▪ Psiloi ▪ Toxotai (A)
o Infantry
▪ Menavliatoi
▪ Peltastoi
▪ Hoplitai
▪ Skutatoi
o Officers
▪ Dekerhios
▪ Kenterios
▪ Tagmatarch
o Mercenaries
▪ Pechnegs (A)
▪ Armenians
▪ Varangi
- Wargear Definitions and Regulations
o Weapons and Shields
▪ Eastern Knife
▪ Spathion
▪ Paramenion
▪ Tabar
▪ Makron
▪ Menavliaton
▪ Eastern Bow
▪ Javelins
▪ Eastern Buckler
▪ Byzantine Roundshield
▪ Byzantine Kiteshield
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
3
o Helms and Body armour
▪ Padded Cap and Turban
▪ Byzantine Helm
▪ Byzantine Gambeson
▪ Klivanion
o Leg Armour
▪ Greaves
▪ Mouzakia
▪ Krepides
- Byzantine Military Clothing and Attire
- Tagma Colours and Practices
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
4
Introduction: The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was ancient by the time of the Crusades, charting a clear line
of decent from the Roman Empire and thence the Roman Republic itself. By
Normannis’ period of interest, Constantinople had become a melting pot of cultures
where elements of the Roman, Syrian and European cultures comingled.
Western cultural influence had begun to restructure the society and the military of
Byzantium- moving away from the well organised state regiments and towards a
form of quasi-feudalism.
The Byzantine military model was an odd hybrid by the 12th century- most of the
central military practises relied on the Macedonian Greek model- large phalanxes of
spear-wielding troops supported by missile and cavalry forces. The predominance of
the heavy infantry had somewhat declined in response to contact with the Syrian
East, as cavalry archery had rendered the solely defensive formation redundant.
To adapt the Byzantine world had turned its eyes Westward, and begun to emulate
the armoured ‘knights’ of Europe- forming strong heavy cavalry forces designed to
smash through Syrian formations.
More auxiliary light cavalry forces were incorporated into the Byzantine force- so
that enemy light skirmishers could be met by light skirmishing troops in turn.
Mercenaries increasingly bulked out ever decreasing Byzantine forces- Alan and
Norman heavy cavalry, Pechneg light cavalry, Varangian heavy infantry and
Armenian infantry began to replace native troops.
Byzantine Military Forces in Normannis Members wishing to portray Byzantine troops will be, for the most part, required to acquire a
distinct second set of equipment- some of their existing equipment may be allowed, but not a
great deal of it (with the exception of the Varangi). The nature of the Byzantine army will
also require a more ‘strict’ adherence to a set of military drill and style of combat in addition
to the separate equipment and a far more ‘military’ Encampment, given that Byzantium still
had the remnants of a state army and thus formalised and codified regulations to follow.
The Byzantine forces portrayed in Normannis are all of a single ‘Thema’ or ‘Tagma’-
essentially the Byzantine equivalent of a Roman Legion. Therefore all troops bear a single
shield (a blue shield with a golden yellow border) and fit somewhere within a standard
Byzantine infantry unit’s makeup.
Some members can portray mercenaries attached to the Thema from other units-
Varangians, Pechnegs or Armenians- these troops bear red shields bordered with blue and
gold alternating stripes (to mark their attachment to the Thema).
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
5
Rank In Terms of the Thema
Unlike some of the other regulation expansion, the Normannis rank system does not
directly translate across in a rank-to-rank manner. Instead, the ranks are offered
more as ‘bands’ depending on your Normannis Tier and therefore field experience.
As such it is far more down to individual members who have completed their
Norman kit impression to select a Byzantine kit impression to aim for within a band,
depending on how much or how little gear they wish to purchase/acquire. As with all
combat regulations, members may portray a lower Tier impression than their own.
As of the release of the 2017-18 Byzantine Regulations, the armour impressions have
been simplified to the ‘bands’ listed below- Skirmishers, Light Infantry, Heavy
Infantry and Officers. The only variation between the roles of the battlefield within a
rank are the weapons section. This means the Byzantine army will be taking on a
more uniform look and feel for the coming seasons, as well as being far easier for
members to switch roles within a ‘band’ readily.
Skirmishers Only the Psiloi are included in this category- their role in Byzantine military practise
wass to sieze territory ahead of the main army, and harass and provoke the main
body of the enemy into combat. They would be of little use in a head-on
confrontation with a well-equipped foe, but their light gear and manoueverability
allowed them to be used in flanking manouevers when the main battle was met.
Light Infantry Field armies were expected to have lightly equipped infantry, who either functioned
in a second-or-third rank support role, or fought in looser formations at the flanks.
These men were typically equipped with padded armour or lighter forms of lamellar,
designed to deflect glancing blows or help resist ranged attack.
Heavy Infantry The remaining ‘core’ of Roman influence in the Byzantine army was evident in their
heavy infantry- especially the ‘shield bearing’ men who were expected to hold a
steady front rank behind which subsequent lines of spearmen could form a deep
phalanx. These men were deployed as the ‘anvil’ on which generals would seek to
break enemy forces- usually sweeping them in with the ‘hammer’ of cavalry.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Officers Commanding Byzantine forces were experienced commanders who were considered
‘officers’. These men were typically of Byzantine stock- though some second
generation mercenary families would make their way into their ranks in time.
These men were well equipped and formally trained in officer ‘academies’, but
tended towards conservative, classical-world strategy and often led from the rear, in
the traditional Roman manner.
Mercenaries As mentioned above, the spine of the Byzantine army was increasingly the
mercenary corps- Varangian heavy shock infantry, Armenian cavalry and Pechneg
light cavalry. These troops fulfilled specialised roles and were usually deployed to
the flanks of the deep central infantry formations.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Skirmishers (T1 and Above) Psiloi (A)
These men were the most lightly equipped Byzantine troops in the field- unarmoured
skirmishers who used a variety of ranged weapons to cause moderate causalities
amongst the oncoming enemy and disrupt their formations.
Light Infantry (T1 and Above) Archers
Psiloi (A)
These men were the most lightly equipped Byzantine troops in the field- unarmoured
skirmishers who used a variety of ranged weapons to cause moderate causalities
amongst the oncoming enemy and disrupt their formations.
Toxotai (A)
These were the more regular line-infantry archers. Where the Psiloi went in front of
the infantry lines to throw javelins and lay down disrupting showers of arrows, the
Toxotai stood in regular ranks to the rear of the infantry and dropped regular volleys
on blocks of enemy troops.
Infantry
Menavliatoi
The Menavliaton was a bill-like spear, mounted on a thicker haft and designed to be
wielded in closer quarters than the long spears and pikes of the infantry block. These
men stood in the front-most ranks of the spear line and broke up enemy infantry or
cavalry charges that came into contact with the phalanx.
These troops were also used to oppose flanking actions when the longer makrons of
the Hoplitai had been engaged and could not readily be disengaged. Peltastoi
The Peltastes were the light infantry section of the Thema- men trained to fight in
relatively loose order at the flanks or in front of the main line to disrupt enemies
who had broken through the screen of Psiloi. These men would also make up the
majority of advanced units sent to sieze and hold territory on the battlefield when it
was clear that the opposition would be too heavy for Psiloi.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
8
Heavy Infantry (T3 and Above) Hoplitai
Like the Skutatoi these men formed the solid block infantry of the Byzantine empire-
they wielded the ‘Makron’ or long spear, and stood in close formation to present a
hedge of points at both infantry and cavalry. Supported sufficiently by missiles and
close-combat troops, these men were used on the field as almost a mobile palisade
and made up the bulk of Byzantine infantry forces.
Skutatoi
Literally this name translates as ‘shield bearers’- those men who formed the solid
infantry lines behind which the spearmen sheltered and fought from. These men
were trained with an emphasis on steady nerves, well-drilled manoeuvres and valued
unit cohesion over individual combat skills.
Officers (See Ranks) Dekerhios (T5 upwards)
The Dekerhios was the commander of a standard 10-man unit- somewhere between a
modern corporal/sergeant in rank and responsibility. The Dekerhios was usually
slightly better equipped than the men he led, but fought amongst them as a squad
leader to maximise the tactical response of a unit.
Kenterios (T6 upwards)
The Kenterios was the commander of a unit of 100- the Byzantine equivalent of a
Centurion. In modern terms he ranked somewhere between a Sergeant and a
Captain. Almost invariably these men were better armoured and led a block of
infantry from the flank of the formation- marked out by a pektehron or coloured
sash around their torso.
Tagmatarch (T8-T9)
Literally the commander of a Tagmata or Thema. In Deus Vult only one member
can portray a Tagmatarch at a time. These men would be well but lightly equipped,
not expecting to fight in the front ranks, yet also wanting to emphasise their military
role.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
9
Mercenaries (T3 and Above) Pechnegs (A)
The Pechnegs were eastern steppe-dwelling tribesmen who served the Empire as
light cavalry and skirmishers. They fought with a mix of swords, maces, bows and
lances, both from the saddle and on foot.
Armenians
Armenian troops were valued both as cavalry and infantry, usually in a supporting
role to formations of ‘Greek’ Byzantine forces. They were equipped in a more Western
manner than most of the region, and were used as medium-weight, all-purpose
troops, typically deployed with lances and swords and maces.
Varangi
The Varangi were men of Saxon/Rus origin who served the Empire as heavy infantry
mercenaries. Though they used a variety of weapons they were both famed and
prized for their use of the two-handed axe. They frequently made up the ‘shock troop’
element of a Byzantine force, due to their ability to fight in more irregular
formations and their willingness to charge headlong into enemy formations.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Regular Byzantine Military
Skirmishers Archers/Skirmishers
Psiloi (A)
Light infantry
Archers/Skirmishers
Toxotai (A)
Infantry
Menavliatoi
Peltastes
Heavy Infantry Hoplitai
Skutatoi
Officers Dekerhios
Kenterios
Tagmatarch
The below ranks make up the majority of the Byzantine force on the battlefield, and
as such make up the most desirous ranks for members to portray.
As of the 2017-2018 season membership of the Purple Tagma will be considered for
any member possessing a wargear impression largely drawn from the Ideal column-
with especial attention paid to body armour and helmets.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Psiloi
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Psiloi Tunica Barelegged/
Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle Boots
Turban
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance Psiloi were light ‘screen’ infantry, used to disrupt enemy advances and enfilade the
flanks of enemy formations.
These men were lightly equipped, to improve their agility and stamina, and to match
Syrian enemies that wore no body armour.
The Psiloi were usually deployed with their bows or javelins, and rarely if ever fell
into hand-to-hand combat, usually falling back to continue to harass and skirmish.
Members portraying Psiloi may do so with minimal specialist equipment- but should
drill well to perform skirmishing manoeuvres. When in large groups the intention is
that these members will perform ‘rolling advances’ with missile weapons.
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head None Turban with padded cap Byzantine helm with turban
Body None None Leather Klivanion or
Light Gambeson
Legs None None Winningas
Additional Gear Combat gloves Arrows (6) (with bow)
Combat gloves
-
Weapons Javelins/Bow Lance
Javelins (6) or E. Bow E. Knife, Lance
Selfbow Long-knife, Tabar,
Warclub
Shield Eastern Buckler Byz. Roundshield (not worn when shooting)
Byz. Kite-shield
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Toxatoi
Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Turban with padded cap
Byzantine helm with turban -
Body Light gambeson Byzantine Gambeson Leather Klivanion
Legs - Winningas Mouzakia
Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Bow Eastern Bow Eastern Knife/Tabar/Flanged
Mace
Selfbow/Warbow Long knife Spathion *
Shield Byz. Roundshield (not worn when shooting)
Byz. Kite (not worn when shooting)
-
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Toxatoi Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots
Turban
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance
Toxatoi were the professional archers of the Byzantine army- and due to the nature of
Near-Eastern warfare held as important a role as their infantry peers. Unlike western
warfare where the importance of the bow was a relatively new innovation, the use of
skirmishing light cavalry equipped with ranged weapons in the Near East
necessitated a large number of troops with ranged weapons so that fire could be
returned in kind.
These troops were more lightly equipped than heavy infantry through necessity, but
were universally armoured to allow them to resist incoming enemy missiles. In a
typical formation Toxatoi would occupy the rearmost ranks of an infantry formation,
providing supporting fire.
Members wishing to portray a professional archer at this level are very well served to
invest in a period-construction bow.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
16
Menavliatoi
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Menavliatoi Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots
Turban
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance The Menavliaton was a short, heavy spear designed to address threats from heavily
armoured enemies or cavalrymen who managed to close past the phalanx’s hedge of
points. Menavliatoi would stand in the first or second rank of the formation and use
such weapons to prevent the enemy attacking the bulk of the formation in close-
quarters. Such men were relatively lightly equipped, despite being expected to
complete ‘front rank duty’, being protected by the points of the Makronoi around
them- and sometimes heavily equipped Skutatoi in front of them.
These spears should ideally be presented relatively low in formation, with Hoplitai
presenting their Makronoi braced at shoulder-height, to prevent enemy troops being
able to close on the formation. Ideally members using the Menavliaton should be
experienced spearmen who have bill and polearm experience, and are therefore used
to wielding this form of weapon.
Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Turban with padded cap
Byzantine helm with turban -
Body Light gambeson Byzantine Gambeson Leather Klivanion
Legs - Winningas Mouzakia
Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Menavliaton Menavliaton Tabar, Flanged Mace
E. Knife, Long-knife Spathion*
Shield Byz. Roundshield (with melee weapons)
Byz. Kite (with melee weapons)
-
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Peltastoi
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Turban with padded cap
Byzantine helm with turban -
Body Light gambeson Byzantine Gambeson Leather Klivanion
Legs - Winningas Mouzakia
Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Lance Lance Flanged Mace, Tabar
E. Knife (as secondary)
Spathion* Long Knife
E. Knife
Shield Byz. Roundshield Byz. Kite -
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Peltastoi Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots
Turban
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance Peltastoi represent the Byzantine ‘medium infantry’- able to operate as support troops
in a formation or to form entire blocks of their own in a similar manner to Western
infantry militia.
These men would train excessively in formation work, predominantly in the use of
the single-handed spear and shield, and would be masters of ‘grinding’ warfare where
the enemy would push forward and try and break their formation.
The breakdown of the administration of some regions of the Byzantine Empire led to
a rise in the number of such troops- as they were relatively easy to equip and train,
though the standards they were once held to dropped significantly across the 12th
century- somewhat like the quality of Auxiliary troops in the late Roman Empire.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Hoplitai
Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm over coif Byzantine helm with turban
Body Full gambeson Metallic Klivanion over gambeson Byz. Gambeson Leather Klivanion over
gambeson
Legs Winningas Krepides/Mouzakia Leather greaves
Additional Gear
Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Long spear Makron, Tabar, Flanged Mace Spathion*
E. Knife Paramenion*
Shield Byz. Kite (shoulder slung)
Byz. Kite (shoulder slung)
-
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Hoplitai Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots/Krepides
Turban
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance
Hoplitai made up the backbone of the Byzantine infantry- using their closely-arrayed
Makronoi (long spears) they formed almost impenetrable blocks that the cavalry
could use as a base of operations, harassing enemy formations and charging their
flanks, as well as a defensive formation that archers and artillery could be sited
behind.
Hoplitai were well-drilled professionals who relied on group-work and armour to
protect themselves from enemy heavy infantry- following the established pattern of
engagement laid down by the ancient Macedonian pike phalanx.
Members portraying a Hoplitai would be well-served to practise line-drill with other
interested members- especially marching in formation and presenting their
Makronoi in an impenetrable ‘hedge’ formation.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Skutatoi
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Skutatoi Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots/Krepides
Turban
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance
Skutatoi or ‘shield-bearers’ were the heavy assault infantry of the Byzantine army-
designed for taking ground from enemy infantry and screening lighter infantry from
missiles or direct attack.
Members portraying Skutatoi should seek to wear the heavier degree of armour
described above- typically a leather klivanion over maille over padding, which would
act as an impact defence, and prevent missiles from penetrating the maille easily.
Only the poorest Skutatoi from the outer-lying regions of Byzantium would wear as
little armour as a leather klivanion over padding- therefore this should be treated as
a ‘stepping stone’ for members acquiring more armour.
Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm over coif Byzantine helm with turban
Body Full gambeson Metallic Klivanion over gambeson Byz. Gambeson Leather Klivanion over
gambeson
Legs Winningas Krepides/Mouzakia Leather greaves
Additional Gear
Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Lance Mace
Lance Tabar, Spathion*
Mace, Paramenion*
Shield Byz. Kite Byz. Kite
-
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Dekerhios
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine helm over coif
Body Metallic Klivanion Metallic Klivanion over gambeson
Metallic klivanion over corslet over gambeson
Legs Leather greaves Krepides Mouzakia
Additional Gear
Combat gloves White ‘Pektorhas’ sash
Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Spathion Spathion Flanged Mace
Lance
Paramenion
Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite -
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Dekerhios Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots/Krepides
Turban/
Bareheaded
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance
A hangover of the old Roman rank of ‘Decurion’, these men served much the same
purpose as a modern NCO. These men would lead sections of the line and hold their
formation together. Unlike in the west where warfare had become a cultural
heritage, these men were trained in formal academies to learn how to respond to
different battlefield threats and lead small units as part of the overarching Byzantine
strategy.
Regardless of unit type, a Dekerhios were always issued with a sword and moderate
body-armour, as befitted and officer. In Normannis terms, these members should be
attached to units to lead them into the line combat in much the same manner
Squires and Knights.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Kenterios
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine helm over coif
Body Metallic Klivanion Metallic Klivanion over gambeson
Metallic klivanion over corslet over gambeson
Legs Leather/Steel greaves Krepides Mouzakia
Additional Gear
Combat gloves Red ‘Pektorhas’ sash
Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Spathion Spathion/Paramenion Flanged Mace
Lance
-
Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite -
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Kenterios Tunica Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots/Krepides
Turban/
Bareheaded
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance A Kenterios was the Byzantine equivalent of the Roman ‘Centurion’- a man in
command of a hundred men. In modern terms these men occupied a space between
a high-level Sergeant and a low-ranking officer- but were generally given sections of
the overall line to command, assisted by a staff of Dekerhionoi.
These men would be seasoned professionals- rarely working their way into the ranks
of officers, but usually retiring to a comfortable life on a military pension and a
minor career in local politics.
These members should be trying to give an ideal impression of Byzantine equipment
and should seek to acquire as much specific gear for their role as possible, rather
than lower ranking Byzantine members who may be more casual in their
involvement in the Tagma.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Tagmatarch
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine helm over coif
Body Metallic Klivanion Metallic Klivanion over gambeson
Metallic klivanion over corslet over gambeson
Legs Leather/Steel greaves Krepides Mouzakia
Additional Gear
Combat gloves ‘Pektorhas’ sash in
Tagma colour (Blue or Purple)
Combat gloves Arrows (12)
E. Quiver
Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Spathion Paramenion, Flanged Mace Lance E. Bow
Spathion
Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite -
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Tagmatarch Tunica
Dalmatica
Braies and Hose
Shoes/Ankle
Boots/Krepides
Turban/
Bareheaded
Waist belt
Rank at a Glance The Tagmatarch was the overarching commander of a regiment or ‘Tagma’. These
men usually led from the rear, surrounded by a staff of officers and Kenterioi who
would carry their orders out.
Typically these men would wear equipment that was more ceremonial rather than
practical, not expecting to do any fighting themselves, and marking their importance
to their men.
Members may only portray a Tagmatarch if there is a Tagma without a commander
present at an event, with a strict ‘one Tagmatarch to one Tagma’ rule. Other
members with the correct equipment may dress their kit impression down slightly
and portray senior Kenterioi as staff officers.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Mercenarry Troops
Mercenaries Archers/Skirmishers
Pechneg (A)
Infantry
Armenian
Varangi
Mercenary forces made up a readily deployed aspect of the Byzantine military-
though not the majority of it. At DV events the desired presence of mercenaries is
roughly 1/5th (20%) of the overall force as a maximum. As such please check before
putting together an impression from this list (especially Varangian).
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Pechnegs
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Leather cap worn over skullcap helmet
Phrygian Open Helm (E) -
Body Leather klivanion Leather klivanion over gambeson
Maille corslet over gambeson
Legs Winningas Krepides Mouzakia
Additional Gear Combat gloves
Combat gloves Arrows (12)
E. Quiver
Leather/Padded mufflers
Weapons Spathion Paramenion, Flanged Mace E. Bow
E.Knife Tabar
Shield Shield (either) Byz. Roundshield Byzantine Kite
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Pechneg Nomad Tunic
Braies and Hose
Trews*
Winningas
Ankle boots/Calf Boots
‘Rus’ Hat
*-See Scottish Clothing Regulations Rank at a Glance
Pechnegs were ‘auxillary’ troops, hired as mercenaries in bulk from the steppe lands
to the north-east of Byzantium. They were valued as skirmishers and medium
cavalry- and were mostly employed to match Syrian light cavalry on a like-for-like
basis.
In time the importance of such mercenaries rose as intrigue made Greek troops less
and less reliable (due to their possible political motives for deposing their leaders),
and so the defence of Constantinople and the Imperial household fell to a mix of
Pechneg and Varangian guardsmen.
Members wishing to portray a Pechneg should keep in mind that these were a steppe
people- and therefore not advisable for tall, blonde members of a pale complexion.
Note: The minimum required headgear for Pechnegs is a leather acorn or Phrygian
hat worn over a skullcap helmet.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Armenians
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Open Helm (B or E) Nasal/Open Helm (B or E) -
Body Maille corslet over full gambeson
Maille hauberk over full gambeson
Metallic Klivanion over full gambeson/
Leather klivanion over corslet and gambeson
Legs Winningas Mouzakia Krepides
Additional Gear Padded Mufflers
Padded Mufflers
Padded Mufflers
Weapons Lance Paramenion/Spathion* Flanged Mace
Sword* Eastern Knife (as
secondary) Shield Byzantine Kite Byz. Roundshield Transitional Kite
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Armenian Tunic
Undertunic
Braies and
Hose
Trews*
Winningas
Bareheaded Sword at waist
Waist-belt
Cross
*-See Scottish Clothing Regulations Rank at a Glance Armenians were a ready source of auxillary troops to the Byzantine empire- and were
sufficiently influenced by Western European and Slavic trends that they were distinct
in wargear and tactics.
These troops were often used as independent units- scouting in force and employing
hit-and-fade tactics ahead of the main army. In battle Armenian horsemen made up
medium auxillary infantry- used to counter-charge enemy cavalry that had engaged
the infantry or archers.
Members portraying Armenians require very little distinct wargear and are therefore
best served by acquiring the Ideal wherever possible to avoid a relatively neutral kit
impression.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Varangi
Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable
Head Nasal Helm Nasal/Byzantine Helm Open Helm (B or E)
Body Maille corslet over full gambeson
Metallic Klivanion over full gambeson
Early Hauberk/Haubergion over full gambeson
Either Klivanion over maille
Legs Winningas Mouzakia Krepides Splinted Greaves
Additional Gear
Combat gloves Combat gloves /Padded Mufflers
-
Weapons Axe Dane-axe/Hand-axe Sword*
Lance
Shield Shield (any) Soldier’s Kite/Transiitonal Kite
Roundshield
*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat **see Scottish regulations
Body Legs Head Accoutrements Varangi Tunic
Undertunic
Rectangular Cloak
Braies and Hose/
Rus Trews
Winningas
Ankle Boots/
Scandinavian Boots
Acorn/Phrygian Cap
‘Rus’ Hat
Waist belt
Seax in horizontal
sheath (optional)
Rank at a Glance The Varangi were men of Scandinavian, English or Rus origin who were employed
by the Byzantine Empire as heavy ‘shock’ infantry. Known simple as ‘axemen’ in
some military treaties, these men were notable for their physical stature and their
ferocity in combat.
The events of 1066 left a distinct ‘ex-pat’ community of Anglo-Saxons in Byzantium,
so much so that another term for Varangi became ‘the Aenglish Guard’.
Varangi were considered elite infantry- so members portraying them should seek to
acquire the Ideal equipment and drill together to give the impression of a well-
seasoned professional unit that were expected to take ground aggressively from the
enemy.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Weapons and Shields
Eastern Knife
Overview Knives in the near east followed a distinct design- the same S-curve form that would
later become popular in Turkic swords.
These knives were usually wider at the base of the blade, tapering to a point whilst
following a gently curved form (see above right).
These knives can feature either a bone or antler handle, and should ideally feature
some form of upper and lower guard, either in brass or iron.
These knives may feature a diamond-section blade, or a flat blade with a fuller
running down the rear ‘spine’ of the blade.
These weapons should always be accompanied by a leather sheath which may
suspend the knife either vertically or horizontally.
Eastern Knife R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
E. Knife Minimum Maximum Ideal
Blade Length 8” 18” 16”
Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3” rounded 2008 issue 10p
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Spathion
Overview Byzantine swords came in two major varieties- straight bladed arming swords
(Spathions) and curved bladed sabres (Paramenions).
Spathions should feature either a diamond-section or singe-fullered blade, and were
similar in form to their Western counterparts- though the hilts tended to vary
somewhat in aesthetic design. Ideally, they should feature globular pommels and
slightly more elaborate guards (see below). Some standard Normannis swords are
considered acceptable for Byzantine military impressions as a ‘Spathion’- (B1, B2, B3,
C2, C3, G1, G2, G3, I2, I3).
Members buying a Spathion purely for Deus Vult events are served well by
purchasing a standard form arming-sword, and having custom fittings mounted to
match one of the examples given below; typically Byzantine crosses featured
spherical finials not typically seen on western swords, or broad downward curving
guards (see 4th and 5th examples from left, below).
Spathion R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X X
Kenterios X X
Tagmatarch (A) X X
Spathion Minimum Maximum Ideal
Blade Length 26” 32” 28”-30”
Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 2008 issue 2p 2008 issue 10p
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Paramenion
Overview Byzantine swords came in two major varieties- straight bladed arming swords
(Spathions) and curved bladed sabres (Paramenions).
The Paramenion was predominantly a cavalry weapon that had developed from
contact with Turkic and nomadic peoples of the near east who used such swords.
Paramenion hilts vary in design, but usually conform to one of the patterns below-
especially the extreme rightmost design, constituting a downward curved guard and
a cylindrical or ‘scent stopper’ pommel.
Blades of such weapons should, ideally, not feature a fuller, but instead should
feature a diamond-section blade. Such weapons must conform to all the normal
safety rules regarding swords in the society.
Paramenion R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Paramenion Minimum Maximum Ideal
Blade Length 26” 32” 28”-30”
Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 2008 issue 2p 2008 issue 10p
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Tabar
Overview The Tabar was the term used in the near East and Levant for a crescent-bladed hand-
axe.
Such axes featured a flared cutting blade, but may also feature a hammer or spiked
back mounted on the socket.
These heads should be mounted on a cylindrical shaft, which may feature a lanyard.
As with all axes, the head may be mounted by splitting and wedging the haft, or
riveting the blade in place (less desirable). These axes do not seem to have featured
any form of decoration (being a relatively poor weapon in the east).
It is imperative that when acquiring an axe that members find a head of a suitable
weight that can be easily managed on their length of haft, and assure that there are
no snag points that can hook on to enemies during combat.
Tabar R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Tabar Minimum Maximum Ideal
Length Wrist to Elbow Armpit to Fingertips Elbow to Fingertips
Blade Profile Points- 2008 issue 1p Points- 1” rounded Points- 2008 issue 10p
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Makron
Overview
The Makron was the standard Byzantine infantry ‘pike’- designed exclusively for two
handed use in deep line formations. These spears usually featured relatively narrow
hafts and small heads to make them as wieldy as possible for a long spear.
Members may use any long-spear that conforms to the above description, however
excessively long or winged spearheads cannot be used as a ‘Makron’.
When made exclusively for Deus Vult shows, these spears should feature no leather
collar around the haft, and should feature the Tagma’s colours painted in bands.
Makron R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Makron Minimum Maximum Ideal
Length 9’ 10’ 10’
Head Small ‘lance’ head Medium ‘spear’ head Small ‘lance’ head
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Menavliaton
Overview
These spears were described as ‘heavy bladed’, suggesting a long spearhead that was
bladed along the edges- they were mounted on shorter, heavier hafts (usually made
from a single sapling length for additional strength) designed for swinging as well as
stabbing.
These weapons were effectively the Byzantine equivalent of a bill or glaive- used to
support the front ranks of the phalanx and break up formations of horsemen or
infantry that directly assaulted it.
These weapons should ideally be 7.5’ in length, with a thick haft
around two inches in diameter. These weapons should ideally feature
a leather collar, and when used exclusively for Deus Vult shows, have
the Tagma’s colours painted in bands around the haft, below the
collar.
If members are seeking to acquire this weapon solely for Deus Vult
use it is worthwhile speaking to a weapon smith who produces
custom work to make a spearhead with a broad blade and wings that
matches the image (right).
Menavliaton R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Menavliaton Minimum Maximum Ideal
Length 7’ 8’ 7’ 6”
Head Long spear head Winged long-spear head Winged 1’ spear head
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Eastern Bow
Overview
These bows were popular in the near East since the classical era- typically made of
composite materials and steamed to produce the distinctive ‘double curve’. These
bows were capable of loosing arrows with significantly more force than a straight-
limbed bow of the same size and bend.
Whilst the exact form of the bow may vary, it should always form a distinct ‘double
bend’ when strung (see sample image above).
These bows may feature leather binding around the ‘flex points’ on
the upper and lower limbs, and when carried by Syrian or Byzantine
higher ranks feature painted decoration.
Bows covered in leather to conceal modern construction are
Acceptable but not Ideal- bows where wooden and composite
limbs are distinctly visible are given preference.
At ranks which would be mounted on horseback (Pechnegs and the
Tagmatarch ) these bows should ideally be accompanied by a rigid Eastern quiver
also designed to accommodate the strung bow (left). Otherwise an ordinary quiver
should be used.
Eastern Bow R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Eastern Bow Minimum Maximum Ideal
Length Hip to Ground Armpit to Ground Mid-torso to Ground
Poundage 20lb 25lb 23lb
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Javelins
Javelin Minimum Maximum
Overall Length 3’ 5’
Point Profile Black-Head blunt Red-Head blunt
Javelins consist of a dowel with a slight rake away from the head. These items should
be as light as possible, with a red-head or black-head blunt to prevent injury. These
items may feature a small leather collar to add weight to the leading end.
These weapons should be thrown in a dart-like manner gripped around 2/3rds of the
length down to provide enough weight to carry the javelin forward. Members
portraying Peltastoi at shows regularly are encouraged to train in the effective and
accurate use of the javelin.
These items should be clearly painted with the markings of the Tagma and marked
with a unique group burn mark to prevent confusion and loss on the Encampment.
Eastern Bow R I A U
Psiloi (A) * X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
* - Either 6 javelins or an Eastern Bow
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Eastern Buckler
Overview Used more often by Syrian cultures in the Levant
and in Sicily, the Eastern Buckler was small and
manoeuvrable- more like a buckler in size than a
typical western shield.
These shields are clearly depicted as being
gripped by two leather straps (as show, right)-
allowing them to be employed in movements
away from the main trunk of the body unlike arm-strapped shields.
On occasion there are depictions of archers wearing the shield on their left forearm,
leaving the hand free to grip a bow- this is encouraged amongst those members of
the Psiloi depicting archers.
These shields do not feature bosses or additional fittings- and were typically around
20” in diameter.
Eastern Buckler R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Eastern Buckler Minimum Maximum Ideal
Diameter 16” 20” 18”
An Eastern Buckler. (A) shows the shield as it should appear when not in use, whereas (B) shows the straps as
they would be with a hand gripping them.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Byzantine Roundshield
Overview These shields, the apparent descendants of the
Greek aspsis were domed or conical in construction
and featured two leather straps, both placed behind
the centre of the shield, no more than four or six
inches apart. These straps were gripped together
in the left hand, like a boss-grip shield’s handle.
Members should preferably attach a padded
square to prevent injury to the knuckles.
When used by Byzantine infantry these should also feature a long
guige strap which allows them to be worn over the shoulder, or a
third strap that the arm passes through- like a kite shield’s enarmes.
The shield may feature no boss at all, or a domed boss, or most
preferably, a conical steel boss fitted over the conical ‘point’ of the
shield- though efforts should be made to ensure that this is not
pointed enough to cause injury.
Byzantine Roundshield R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Byzantine
Roundshield
Minimum Maximum Ideal
Diameter 24” 30” 28”
An Byzantine Roundshield. (A) shows the shield as it should appear when not in use, whereas (B) shows the
straps as they would be with a hand gripping them.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Byzantine Kiteshield
Overview These shields betray their near-Eastern origin in a more ‘squashed’ shape
that resembles more of an ovoid than a gradual and graceful tear-drop in
the manner of Anglo-Norman shields (see diagram).
These shields were the ‘standard’ shield of the Byzantine Tagmas-
and are the ideal for any melee infantry in the line.
When used by infantry using the Menavliatoi or the Makron, these
shields should be slung from the leading shoulder and hang across
the body. The shield may be loosely buckled to the elbow-joint from
the arm-strap, or feature a second horizontal strap that is gripped in
the hand with the spear haft to aid use and manoeuvring.
These shields should ideally stand between the C and D lines on the
diagram (right).
Byzantine Kiteshield R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X X
Skutatoi X X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X X
Kenterios X X
Tagmatarch (A) X X
Byzantine Kite Minimum Maximum Ideal
Width (at belly) 22” 24” 24”
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Helms and Body Armour
Padded Cap and Turban
Overview
Unlike the standard Norman regulations, members in the Thema are permitted to
wear a padded cap and turban and still count their armour as including a helmet.
This is due to the Byzantine military practise of using such items in place of steel
helmets as an economic measure. The padded cap should be made as an acorn hat in
construction, comprising thick gamboised panels (to afford real protection) which
may be fronted in either linen or thick cotton. The turban is then wound over the
brow and the sides of the cap. The cap should feature no ties, and instead fit the head
snugly and be secured with the turban.
Padded Cap and Turban R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
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Byzantine Helm
Overview
Byzantine helms in the 12th/13th century seem to have almost universally been
without facial projections- as such they would be considered ‘open helms’ from the
usual regulations, though they seem to have been exclusively rounded bowls or
raised peaks- sometimes featuring a ‘finial’ at the top.
These helmets seem to have featured an aventail of maille hanging at the back,
though this does seem to be absent in some images and a flap of fabric in others- as
such it is down to the individual’s personal preference if they include a maille ventail,
fabric flap, or leave the helmet plain (though in this case it is much more desirous to
wrap a turban around it).
Using the Wargear Regulations table any helmet with no nasal A-E can be
considered a Byzantine helm- including Spangen domes (which seem to have been
far more common in the east).
There is also a helmet unique to the Byzantines in period, featuring multiple
Spangen panels curving from the rear to the front of the helmet, taking Phrygian-
like forward lean. This helmet is commercially available and exactly matches the
helmets from the Skylities Chronicle and is therefore highly recommended for
members wishing to put together a dedicated Byzantine impression.
Byzantine Helm R I A U
Psiloi (A) T
Menavliatoi T
Peltastes T
Toxotai (A) T
Hoplitai X X T
Skutatoi X X T
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X T X
Kenterios X T X
Tagmatarch (A) X T X
T – Worn with turban
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Byzantine Gambeson
Overview Like their western counterparts, these are a padded garment with or
without a padded collar, reaching to at least the knees and the wrists.
These should meet the requirements of a standard Norman
gambeson but should feature diagonal breaks in the vertical stitch
lines (right) or diapered diamond patterns (below right).
These garments may have hemmed holes in the armpits so that
members can pull their arms through as shown in some Byzantine
artistic depictions- and may feature shorter sleeves (mid-forearm).
When made solely for Deus Vult events, these gambesons may be
faced in heavy-grade cotton.
Officer’s (Kenterios, Tagmatarch) may have gambesons
fronted in silk, and they should ideally feature the diamond
diapered stitch pattern and be dyed in a Thema colour.
These garments can be worn in place of a full gambeson
for any rank- and are encouraged where the member is
wearing their gambeson as their sole armour.
Byzantine Gambeson R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi I
Peltastes I
Toxotai (A) I
Hoplitai * I
Skutatoi * I
Pechneg (A) *
Armenian *
Varangi X
Dekerhios *
Kenterios *
Tagmatarch (A) *
*- Under armour I- As independent
armour X- Both
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Klivanion
Overview A klivanion is formed of small, modular plates of leather, horn, steel or copper alloy.
Across the Byzantine empire these klivanions were constructed in a range of methods
from banded scale/lamellar (top image), scale (middle image) and lamellar (bottom
image).
Banded Scale
This is the most encouraged form of klivanion in the Deus Vult timeline, and can be
made either in metal scales mounted on leather, or as thicker (3mm-4mm) hardened
leather mounted on more flexible leather (this must be demonstrably able to provide
protection). These scales should feature either a single or two rivets to secure them to
the backing, and vertical lacing to hold the banding together in a cohesive garment.
The Klivanion may either feature pteruges for the arms and legs, or panels that
cover the thighs and the arms (though these should be inverted from the direction of
the chest).
Scale
Rarer than the Banded Scale mentioned above,
but depicted almost as widely, this armour is
constructed from metallic panels attached to a
backing garment of leather. The garment may
either feature attached sleeves and skirts, or
pteruges (though this is far less common).
Lamellar Klivanion R I A U
Psiloi (A) L
Menavliatoi L
Peltastes L
Toxotai (A) L
Hoplitai M* L*
Skutatoi M M* M+
Pechneg (A) L L*
Armenian M*/L+
Varangi M* L+/M+
Dekerhios M M* M+
Kenterios M M* M+
Tagmatarch (A) M M* M+
L- Leather M-Metallic *-Over Padding
+ -Over Maille X-All other
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Lamellar
Some sources do seem to show ‘classic’ lamellar, though this
armour is distinctly rarer in the region and the period than the
above armours (even for mercenaries, who would probably have
drawn their armour from Byzantine armouries).
Lamellar can either be made up of metallic or leather plates-
though leather lamellae should be of a sigmificant thickness to
as to provide real defensive value.
Lamellar can either feature attached ‘sleeves’ and skirts or
pteruges.
Separate ‘rebraces’
Some images show separate armoured segments specifically
worn on the arms that are not apparently attached to the main
garment. These may be worn in place of either pteruges or
attached sleeves to any of the above armours.
Pteruges
In period depictions it is assumed that pteruges are strips of reinforced leather- some
show evidence of rivets or similar- and in some cases seem to have been formed of
strips of scale or similar metallic armour to reinforce the strips. Leather klivanions
should have pteruges of leather, whilst metallic klivanions may feature metallic
reinforcements (rivets, scales, etc.).
Klivanions and padding
Several entries on the above regulations state a Klivanion without padding listed. As
of the 2017-18 season it will be allowable to wear any of the above armours directly
over the tunica- due to their inherent ability to resist impact it is presumed that the
gambeson (an otherwise western necessity) could be left aside for better heat
resistance.
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Scale armour is made from overlapping rows of metallic plates or ‘scales’, arranged
in staggered rows and riveted or laced at the top to a leather backing.
In the 12th century these items were actually quite antiquated- and were worn more
as a matter of tradition rather than practicality- as such these items are only really
worn by the richest officers in emulation of their classical forebears. When worn for
practicality most officers would wear the riveted-and-laced form of Klivanion
mentioned above.
Scale cuirasses must cover to the upper-thighs, and cover the torso back-and-front.
They may additionally feature steel shoulder pauldrons and upper-arm protection
integrated to the garment- these should be constructed in the same manner as the
main garment and cover to just above the elbow, as shown in period depictions.
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Leg Armour
Greaves
Overview
Greaves were predominantly only an item of parade armour- again, maintaining the
military tradition that dates to the ancient Greeks of the classical era. There are,
however, still some written and pictorial evidence for these items being worn by
infantrymen unable to acquire Krepides, or by officers in the field.
These items should be made of either leather or more rarely for higher ranking
members, steel (see the rank descriptors) - and should only be worn in place of
Krepides (never with Krepides).
These items may be laced or buckled to the calf- and steel greaves may feature
leather lacing points attached along the sides to allow them to be laced closely
around the back of the leg.
Varangian members may have the leather greaves additionally reinforced with strips
or iron or steel riveted to the leather. These strips should typically be around 1.5”
wide, spaced roughly an inch apart and be rounded at the upper and lower extent to
prevent self-injury.
Members allowed to wear steel greaves may paint them in colours to match their
Tagma- much in the same manner as Norman helmets painted in heraldic colours.
Greaves R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai L
Skutatoi L
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi S
Dekerhios L
Kenterios L/M
Tagmatarch (A) L/M
L- Leather M-Metallic S-Splinted X-Any Greaves
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Mouzakia
Overview
These items are not technically an item of armour, however they were stated as a
requirement of Byzantine military regulations, and offer limited leg protection- and
as such they are described here.
These boots generally covered to the mid-shin (similar to Norman calf-boots)- and
may be internally reinforced with an additional strip of 3mm leather down the shin.
Ideally when bought solely for Byzantine use, these boots should not feature any
form of tie or securement, but equally standard Norman calf-boots can be used in
place of Mouzakia, though obviously this is less desirable.
Krepides R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Krepides
Overview
These items are not technically an item of armour, however they were stated as a
requirement of Byzantine military regulations, and offer limited leg protection- and
as such they are described here.
These boots featured a long tapering top that could cover the knee in combat, and
are described by Manuel’s Composition of Warfare as being folded down when
marching or riding. These items were given as the ‘preferred’ leg protection for the
standard infantry, though in depictions they are significantly rarer in comparison to
the Mouzakia, which Manuel described as ‘less ideal’- but were presumably easier to
produce.
These boots, like Mouzakia may be internally reinforced with an additional strip of
3mm leather down the shin.
Krepides R I A U
Psiloi (A) X
Menavliatoi X
Peltastes X
Toxotai (A) X
Hoplitai X
Skutatoi X
Pechneg (A) X
Armenian X
Varangi X
Dekerhios X
Kenterios X
Tagmatarch (A) X
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Turban and Cap (Universal) A long length of linen or cotton which would be wound around the cap,
padded cap or helmet. When not being worn in armour, they should be
worn over a thick linen acorn-cap style hat.
Variations by Rank-
T1-T6- These members should have bleached linen or cotton turbans.
T7-T9- When worn in civilian gear, these members may wear turbans in
Tagma colours.
Rus Trews-
These trousers were formed like an oversized pair of braies that reach
the ankles, but being fitted tightly to the leg below the knee. This
should ideally be achieved by gathering the excess ‘down’ in a series
of stitched pleats at the knee, and the lower leg panel being attracted
separately from fabric cut on the bias.
These garments may be constructed from heavy linen or, more
preferably, wool. Their final appearance is very much like modern
Cossack trousers- with a baggy excess of fabric around the thighs and
waist but otherwise close-fitting in the leg.
Nomad Tunic The tunics worn by the Pechneg and Steppe peoples around the Byzantine empire
followed a similar and distinct design- formed like a modern dressing gown these
garments folded closed across the breast and laced and belted in place.
These garments may be made from fine wool or
thick linen, and should hang to just above the
knee, featuring deep gores to allow the maximum
leg movement.
These garments may be edged in a contrasting
coloured fabric around the hems and along the
chest split.
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Tunica
The military issued tunica resembled its former Roman counterpart. These garments
should feature full-length sleeves, tight to the
arm as is practical, but quite baggy in the torso
and armpit. These garments were always worn
to the knee or just below (an inch or so) so as
to allow free arm movement. These garments
may be made from fine wool, linen or heavy
cotton, or a blend. Most members with a
standard length Undertunic will find that it
will serve equally well as a tunica.
Many patterns were woven into fabric so
members may wear striped or simply
patterned cloth.
Rus Hat- A hat formed of four leather or fabric
segments, resembling a skullcap, and surrounded by a wide
fur brim. Must be made of acceptable leather and a suitable
fur or substitute.
Dalmatica-
A dalmatica was the traditional court garment of high-
ranking Byzantine men. It was similar in appearance to
some variants of the Bliaut (see Clothing Regulations),
featuring elbow-length loose sleeves and full flowing skirts.
These garments were made from the most expensive cloths
(silks, high-quality wools) in the most complicated and
intricate of woven patterns (diamonds, floral designs, etc.).
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Tagma Colours
At present there are two Byzantine Tagmas (or Themas) in the society.
Blue Tagma- (Blue and Gold)
(banner- left, shield, near right).
Members taking part in Deus Vult Byzantine events as Byzantines are de facto made
part of the Blue Tagma. If members gain an almost
entirely ‘ideal’ Byzantine impression they will be
promoted to the Purple Tagma. Mercenaries (Pechnegs,
Varangi, Armenians) carry red shields with the Tagmas
colours in alternating bands
around the rim (far right).
All markings in the Thema
should be in the Thema’s colours-
so painted helms, pennons and
similar attached to Byzantine
gear should all be based around the blue-and-gold colour
scheme.
Purple Tagma- (Purple and Silver)
(banner- below, shield, below right)
Members with an outstanding Byzantine impression will be attached to the Purple
Tagma, which represents a more professional Imperial Unit. This Tagma will not
incorporate mercenaries or other forces- only a pure ‘Greek’ infantry unit.
Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)
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Byzantine Portrayal Byzantine members are portraying a far more regular military force than their
western Norman counterparts. Rather than relatively irregular troops, Byzantine
infantry would be subject to regular drill and be trained to a regulated standard. This
means practically, on the encampment, there should be a far more organised layout
and less civilian ‘home comforts’ for the Byzantine force.
Members wishing to give a craft impression alongside their military impression
should select one that is a distinct military support trade- such as a Medic (or
Chirigeon) or an armourer- trades which would be found on a Byzantine military
encampment.
At present the Byzantine force is almost solely a ‘Bellatores’ affair- there are plans at
present to draw up additional documentation and expand the impression of the
Byzamtine encampment to include Oratores and Laboratores impressions.
Byzantine Encampment Byzantine Military encampments were, like their Roman forebears, carefully
organised and state-supplied. Therefore all Byzantine tents appear to have been what
the Normans considered ‘Pavillions’.
These tents were arrayed in a cyclic or square array- officers would have one such
tent to themselves, whereas most would contain eight or twelve soldiers and their
gear, their bed-rolls radiating out from the central pole towards the tent walls.
Dedicated Byzantine members are encouraged to accquire a bed roll and a leather or
linen ‘kit bag’. Descriptions of all these items feature in the Ecampment Regulations
(Bed Roll), or Constable’s Wargear Regulationsn (Kit Bag).
At larger events it is proposed that the Byzantine encampment be arranged as a true
marching camp- with mutiple pavillions laid out as barrack tents surrounded by a
short palisade fence made up of wooden stakes.