by WELLFIELD - INTERresources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/botswana1994wellfieldmat... · 2010-07-02 · MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Inception Report LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 Revised

REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION

(TB 10/2/12/92-93)

INCEPTION REPORT

JULY 1994

Prepared by

WELLFIELD ...... -..... INTER ·~·CONSULT

In association with:

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth, Nottingham, UK

j

MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Inception Report

LIST OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... .

2 PRE-COMMENCEMENT ACTIVITIES ..................................... .

3 MONTH 1: PROJECT ACTIVITIES ....................................... . 3.1 Personnel ...................................................... . 3.2 Procurement ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Data Review .................................................... .

3.3.1 Data .................................................... . 3.3.2 Maps ................................................... . 3.3.3 References .......................................... .

3.4 Base Map ...................................................... . 3.5 Field Office/Camp ............................................... . 3.6 Field Reconnaissance .............................................. . 3.7 Surveying ...................................................... . 3.8 Regional Geophysics Interpretation ................................... . 3.9 Remote Sensing and Photogeology .................................... . 3.10 Hydrogeological/GRES Project ...................................... .

4 INVENTORY PHASE: OPERATIONAL PLAN ............................... . 4.1 General ........................................................ . 4.2 Personnel ...................................................... . 4.3 Equipment ..................................................... . 4.4 Field Office and Accommodation ..................................... . 4.5 Field Reconnaissance/Hydrochemistry .................................. . 4.6 Remote Sensing and Photogeology. . ................................. . 4.7 Geophysical Studies .............................................. .

4.7.1 Regional Geophysical Interpretation ........................... . 4.7.2 Ground Survey ........................................... . 4.7.3 Borehole Geophysical Logging ................................. .

4.8 Specialist Surveys ................................................ . 4.8.1 Botanical Survey .......................................... . 4.8.2 Surveying and Levelling ..................................... .

4.9 Meteorological and Groundwater Monitoring ........................... . 4.10 Contract Document Preparation ..................................... . 4.11 Inventory Report ................................................ .

5 FIELD INVESTIGATION PHASE ........................................ .

6 REPORTING PHASE .................................................. .

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth

WELLFlELD CONSULTING SERVICES P.O.Box 1502

Nottingham, UK Gaborone, Botswana

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1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6

6 6 6 9 9 9

10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 14

14

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LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 Revised Activities Schedule 4.2 Revised Staff Deployment Schedule 4.3 Field Reconnaissance Data Form

LIST OF TABLES

3.1 Equipment Schedule 4.1 Revised Project Team 4.2 Revised Personnel Inputs

APPENDIX

I References

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth Nottingham, UK

u

WELLFIELD CONSULTING SERVlCES P.O.Box 1502 Gaborone, Botswana


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1 INTRODUCTION

The Matsheng Area Groundwater Investigation commenced on schedule on 1 June 1994. This Inception Report provides a detailed account of activities and progress achieved during Month 1 of the Project. The Report goes on to detail the scheduling of activities for the remaining two month period of the Inventory Phase providing information regarding scheduling and reorientation of activities where necessary. The Report does not however contain any great detail regarding objectives, methodology or overall work plans for specific activities as it is assumed that the reader will either be familiar with, or have access to, the Project Terms of Reference (ToR) and Revised Technical Proposal (RTP).

2 PRE-COMMENCEMENT ACTIVITIES

During the period between contract award at the end of April and Project commencement on 1st June 1994, a number of activities not specifically mentioned in the project document were undertaken. These included the procurement of additional transport and location of supplies and prices of suitable equipment for use by the project. Such activities are commonly carried out during a mobilisation phase for which no specific provision had been made within the project structure. In addition the Project Coordinator visited the United Kingdom during May to finalise arrangements and sign contractual documents with the British Geological Survey. The visit also permitted detailed discussions with the project Leader and Hydrogeologist, as well as the Geophysics and Remote Sensing Experts at the British Geological Survey.

3 MONTH 1: PROJECT ACTIVITIES

3.1 Personnel

The Project Leader and Hydrogeologist mobilised from the UK to Botswana on the first day of the Project (1st June 1994). First arrival formalities, such as the arrangement of residence permits, driving licences, banking facilities, etc., were completed within the following ten days. Throughout the month both staff, together with one of the Junior Hydrogeologists, have been collecting base data and copies of relevant reports and publications from a wide variety of sources (detailed in 3.3.)

The above personnel, assisted by the Project Coordinator, were also active throughout the month identifying the suppliers of, and purchasing, technical and office equipment, field camp furniture, and camp construction materials (3.2). Procurement of equipment and materials is commonly carried out during a mobilisation phase but in the absence of specific provision for such activities within the Project structure, it has been necessary to carry them out simultaneously with the data collection during Month 1.

During the month a total of five meetings were held between project personnel and the Department of Geological Survey Project Supervisor and other DGS staff to discuss various aspects of the project. Three personnel, including the Project Leader, also visited the Hukuntsi area to contact various local officials and locate a suitable field camp site. During the three day field visit meetings were held with the District Commissioner, District Officer (Lands) the Chief at Hukuntsi and Sub Chief at Lehututu, Chairman of the Hukuntsi Village Development Committee, Department of Water Affairs and the Water Unit of Kgalagadi District Council. Unfortunately some of the senior officials were not available at the time of the visit to the District Council, although contact was made with their offices.

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Equipment Supplier Ordered Delivery

FIELD EQUIPMENT

Water level recorders, Type HWK P-I0 Eastman Whipstock GmbH, West Germany 17-6-94 Mid/end August

Recording rain gauge, Hellman Type 1509-20 Wilh. Lamrecht GmbH, West Germany 17-6-94 End June

Geochemical Equipment:

Digital titrators, delivery tubes, and cartridges Camlab Ltd, Great Britain 17-6-94 Delivered

Checkmate field system plus accessories Fissons Scientific Equif,ment, Via, Clover Chemical ndustries (Pty) Ltd, Botswana

20-6-94 End July

Redox electrodes and filling solution Orion Research, Great Britain 17-6-94 Delivered

SamJle bottles (D S samples)

Plastic Doctor, Botswana 25-6-94 Delivered

SamJle bottles (G ES samples: obtained on behalf of GRES)

Lab Warehouse, South Africa 4-7-94 Mid July

Nitric acid Saachem, South Africa 4-7-94 Mid July

Magellan Trailblazer GPS receiver Pertec South Africa 30·6-94 Mid July

FIELD OFFICE EQUIPMENT

Comm;ter hardware: Ababcus Computing (Pty) Ltd 22-6-4 Delivered 2 x 4 DX2/66MHz Selebi-Phikwe HP Deskjet 520 printer Botswana Tape streamer Power line conditioner Software: MSDOS 6.2 Windows DBase IV Borland Office (QuattroPro and WordPerfect 6)

Al colour plotter Quotes obtained

Digitising tablet In house

Photocopier Quotes obtained

EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE Table 3.1


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3.2 Procurement

A considerable amount of effort has been devoted to the procurement of technical equipment, office equipment, and a wide variety of materials for field camp construction. As will be discussed in more detail in 3.5, an electric generator, submersible borehole pump, prefabricated buildings and materials for camp construction have been obtained. In addition a wide selection of furuiture for both the field offices and accommodation, has also been obtained for installation as soon as construction is completed. Additional items of office equipment will be purchased in the near future.

Table 3.1 provides a listing of technical and office equipment ordered to date, together with delivery dates. Of particular concern is the delivery time of some of the hydrochemical equipment for use in determining well head parameters, without which the collection of water samples cannot feasibly commence. Efforts are being made to bring the delivery time forward to Mid July at the latest.

3.3 Data Review

3.3.1 Data

The collection of all relevant data proceeded rapidly during the month and where applicable was compiled as part of the project computerised data base. The current state of data collection is as follows:

a) Geological Survey borehole archive data: all data for the Lehututu and Tshane 1:250 000 scale map sheets were retrieved from the National Borehole Archive held by the Department of Geological Survey (DGS) in dBase 3 + format. Boreholes definitely located outside the Kgalagadi District were discarded, although those with uncertain location have been retained. The resulting data were combined into a single dBase IV data set.

b) Knight-Pieshold Water Point Survey data for the areas covered by the Lehututu and Tshane 1:250 000 scale map sheets were extracted from their database, and imported into a dBase IV file.

c) Geochemical data has been collected from the DGS and is held in a dBase IV me. More recent data, not yet input to their database will be obtained in the near future, and added to the data set.

d) A database has been set up in dbase IV in preparation for the input of data collected during the field reconnaissance.

e) The Meterological Office has provided rainfall data for Lokgwabe, Lehututu, and Hukuntsi, and full climatological data for Tshane, from their database. This data is held in dBase IV and Lotus 123 format.

f) Photocopies of relevant borehole completion records have been collected from the DGS, to allow direct comparison with data collected during the field reconnaissance. Anomalies in the data are being investigated.

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3.3.2 Maps

The maps specified in the ToR have been collected as follows:

a) Topographic Maps:

1:5()() 000 scale, sheet No's 6, 9 and 10 1:250000 scale, sheet No's 26 (Lehututu) and 32 (Tshane) 1:1000 000 scale map of Botswana 1:5()() 000 scale Census map, plus large scale plans of villages.

b) Geological Maps:

1:1000 000 scale Geological map of Botswana 1:1000 000 scale Groundwater Resources Map of Botswana 1:500 ()()O scale Hydrogeological Reconnaissance Maps No's 6, 9 and 10 1:250 000 scale Soil Map from Socio-Economic and Biophysical Baseline Survey (van der Maas, 1993) 1:250 000 scale Aeromagnetic Interpretation maps; No's 24 (Lehututu) and 29 (Tshane). 1:1000 000 scale Bouguer Anomaly map.

c) Borehole location maps:

1:250 000 scale Kgalagadi Waterpoint Survey water source location map with reference number overlay Large scale Kgalagadi Waterpoint Survey village well field location maps 1:250 000 scale Geological Survey borehole location maps

3.3.3 References

The collection of an extensive library of relevant publication and internal reports on the Matsheng and adjacent areas has continued throughout the month and is likely to continue into the foreseeable future, as additional references come to light. Virtually all of the references specified in the TOR, in addition to many others, have been obtained. Particular difficulty has been experienced in obtaining reports prepared for the Department of Water Affairs and Ministry of Agriculture, but it is anticipated that copies will eventually be made available.

A computerised database of all references collected to date has been compiled and a listing is provided in Appendix I.

3.4 Base Map

The existing 1:250,000 scale topographic maps covering the project area (sheet No. SF-34-15 Lehututu and sheet No. SG-34-3 Tshane) have been digitised to provide an initial Base Map. The project area is circular, extending over a radial distance of 50 kilometres, centred on a point at latitude 24'()()'()()"S, longitude 21'50'33" E, located approximately midway between Hukuntsi and Tshane. It is intended that the base map, being rectangular, will cover a slightly larger area, extending between lines of latitude 23'()()' and 24'15', and lines of longitude 21'()()' and 220:30'. This initial Base Map will be amended and developed further in the light of additional data obtained, particularly from the remote sensing and photogeological analysis, and field reconnaissance. It is anticipated that the amount of


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detail to be included on the Base Map will need to be closely monitored in order to prevent the production of an over detailed map which could lead to specialised maps becoming cluttered in appearance.

3.5 Field Office/Camp

A suitable location for the Field Office and camp was selected during a field visit carried out by the Project Leader and other personnel in early June. The main priorities for site selection were, the availability of a potable water supply, good road access and a position close to the centre of the project area. A suitable site was identified to the south of Lehututu, adjacent to the Hukuntsi road, where a sealed unused Government borehole of low but adequate yield and quality was located. It was then necessary for the Department of Geological Survey to formally request permission from the District Council for the Consultant to use the borehole and establish a temporary camp on the site. Permission was granted on 16 June 1994 by the Assistant Council Secretary of Hukuntsi Sub-District but it was not until 20 June that authorization was received in Gaborone and formal planning and equipment purchase could commence.

By the end of Month 1 a suitable electric submersible borehole pump and generator had been purchased and installed, primarily to provide a water supply for camp construction. Borehole yield and water quality were tested prior to construction of a tank stand to permit water reticulation within the camp. A detailed assessment of materials required for camp construction was also carried out during the month, together with the identification of materials suppliers and a haulage contractor. The prefabricated buildings for offices and accommodation were ordered in late May for delivery in late June. By mid June it became apparent that the supplier would be unable to produce them within the time required and consequently an alternative supplier was identified, and an order placed. The prefabricated buildings are due for delivery during the first week of July.

3.6 Field Reconnaissance

The RTP envisaged that Field Reconnaissance would commence in the Middle of Month 1. This did not prove possible due to the fact that the Junior Hydrogeologist was occupied, initially with obtaining authorisation to occupy the field camp site. In addition, it became necessary to reschedule surveying activities to commence during Month 1. Consequently, no field reconnaissance activities have been carried out during Month 1.

3.7 Surveying

During telephone discussions with the Remote Sensing Expert, it became apparent that the accurate location of sites recognisable on the Landsat imagery would be required at an early stage of the processing, in order to allow geometric correction to be carried out. Geometrically corrected imagery will be of considerable assistance in upgrading the Base Map. Therefore, surveying activities, not scheduled to commence until Month 2, were brought forward slightly, to commence in the last week of Month 1. It is anticipated that a minimum of 25 sites, distributed across the project area, will be visited by the Junior Hydrogeologist. Accurate coordinates will be determined using a Trimble II GPS unit. An accuracy of + / - lOOm can be expected using such equipment. This activity is expected to continue into the first week of Month 2 (Section 4.7.2).

BRlTISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth




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3.8 Regional Geophysics Interpretation

The primary objective of the reprocessing and interpretation of the regional gravity and aeromagnetic surveys is to provide a regional interpretation of tbe subsurface geology and structure to identify possible fault structures which may localise groundwater flow, and to map distinctive geological units, particularly the Karoo rocks, which constitute potential aquifers.

To meet tbese objectives the Consultant has, as indicated in the RTP, retained the services of Poseidon Geophysics (Pty) Limited Gaborone, to carry out the reprocessing and interpretation. During Month 1 all relevant data has been obtained and entered into a project data base prior to the commencement of reprocessing and interpretation. There has been considerable discussion between the Sub Contractor the Project Leader and Senior Geophysicist regarding the data reprocessing and the format of the fmal map at a scale of 1:250,000.

3.9 Remote Sensing and Photogeology

Satellite image and aerial photography processing and interpretation is to be undertaken by the British Geological Survey (BGS), Keyworth, UK. The two data sets contribute separate, but complementary, information regarding ground surface characteristics of the study area which will be utilised, in combination the regional geophysics interpretation, in understanding the regional hydrogeology. This will contribute to an overall borehole siting methodology and assessment of the groundwater potential of the Matsheng Area. The use of both wet and dry season coverage will provide additional input to the Botanical Study.

Two sets of relevant 1:50,000 and 1:20,000 scale aerial photography were ordered from the Department of Survey and Lands during May for delivery early in Month 1. Unfortunately only one set was delivered at that time (6 June 1994) and it was necessary to retain that set in Botswana in order that the location of ground control points by GPS could go ahead. The second set of photographs for onward transmission to BGS were delivered on 16 June 1994 but again an error had been made and the 1:20,000 scale photography were not finally delivered until 22 June 1994. The 1:50,000 scale photographs were .dispatched to BGS in the UK on 17 June 1994 and the 1:20,000 scale photographs on 22 June 1994. Initial interpretation of the photography was underway out by the end of the month. A proposal to produce a digital terrain model (DTM) for the area, utilising the aerial photography, has been temporarily shelved due to the substantial staff and computer costs involved. The possibility of producing a DTM for a reduced area has not, however, been entirely discarded.

Satellite imagery was obtained from the Satellite Applications Centre (SAC), Pretoria. As the Matsheng area is located at the centre of four scenes, a 60% shift along track (SAT) was requested from SAC. This resulted in only two scenes being required for each of the wet and dry seasons. These were initially chosen to be:

174-76 and 174-77 (29 July 93 and 20 Dec 93) 6/10 SAT (wet season)

175-76 and 175-77 (17 March 94 and 20 July 93) 6/10 SAT (dry season)

An examination of quick look prints at BGS revealed that extensive areas of burnt ground existed on the selected dry season images, severely limiting their usefulness in vegetation analysis. This prompted extensive correspondence by fax between BGS and SAC in

BIUTISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth

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6

Pretoria until suitable alternative imagery could be identified. The alternative dry season imagery ordered on 16 June 1994 was;

174-76 and 174-77 (15 Sept 93 and 22 Sept 93) 6/10 SAT.

Although the data tapes were ready for collection on 20 June 1994 some difficulty ensued in obtaining a proforma invoice made out to the Consultant rather than BGS, in order to obtain a bank draft to effect payment for the data. The data tapes were eventually collected on 29 June by the Hydrogeologist, and despatched to BGS on 30 June 1994.

It had been anticipated that the data could be ordered early in the month with delivery and dispatch to BGS occurring by the middle of Month 1. Processing would therefore have been well advanced by the end of the month. Due to the delays in obtaining the satellite data, processing and interpretation is currently approximately 2 weeks behind schedule.

3.10 Hydrogeological/GRES Project

As stated in the project RTP, the Consultants will assist the GRES project by collection of water samples to promote their studies rather than duplicating effort. To this end, two meetings were held with Hans Beckman of GRES Project to discuss arrangements, sampling methods, and feed-back of results and interpretation of data from GRES to the Matsheng Area Groundwater Investigation project.

4 INVENTORY PHASE: OPERATIONAL PLAN

4.1 General

Progress during Month 1 of the Project has been detailed in the previous section and included details regarding activities where progress has fallen behind the schedule as set out in the RTP.

As part of the discussion concerning activities and scheduling of the remaining two months of the Inventory Phase, details are provided regarding the reorientation and rescheduling of Project activities both in the text and graphically (Figure 4.1). Scheduling of individual personnel inputs are shown in Figure 4.2.

4.2 Personnel

With only a singie exception, all of the personnel detailed in the RTP will be available to undertake their specified commitments during the Inventory Phase.

I. Nyazorwe will now occupy the position of Junior Hydrogeologist (1) whilst T. Mathake will move from that position to that of Junior Hydrogeologist (2) in place of M. Truter. It is understood that Mr Nyazorwe was previously identified and approved as a possible alternative for one of the Junior Hydrogeologist positions. The revised Project Team listing is shown in Table 4.1, their individual inputs to the Project being shown in Table 4.2.




f" ~ ... ,... •..... ~( II~~~

...•.••.•.•..•.....•...•....... ~~tlfiil D~i) 1< ~ "1(// •• · ••••• ;;m·7 >,i .••.• ·

Data Review

Geological Relogging of Boreholes • - - + . - - f- - - -

Field Reconnaissance

Field Camp Construction J- -- : Regional Geophysies Interp. - -I- - - - f- - - - . -I-

Remote Sensing Interp.

Botanical Survey

Base Map Compilation

Logistics, Expert input

Drill Contract Preparation

Ground Geophysical Surveys -

Exploratory Drilling

Drilling Interpretation/Evaluation

Aquifer Testing

Test Analysis/Evaluation

Geophysical Logging - -i- -- - --1--- -- - - -- -- - ---

I-lydrochemisUy - --- --- --- - --1--- --- -- - -- - - - - ---

Palynological Studies t- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Monitoring ------1--- ---1---1------ --- --- --- ---Surveying/Levelling

Development of Conceptual Model

GroundwaterModelling ~- ------------- --

Economic Evaluation I--

Reporting Jnccption Inventory Mid Projed Geopb)'5i.cal Drilling(rC:5tiDg Draft Final Rcpmt Report Review N,"pon Survey,; Report logging Report Final

REVISED ACTIVITIES SCHEDULE Figure 4.1.

~~Im)~· :'·i~ . .. , .', ....... :,:.:., .... : ......•.

. \ ... , .. , ... "......i: .. : ....... , .. ,·.·i\ :/.: .... ',·.· ... '.i ··:iL".:)··:'.'.(/' ······i 1\1·

p )6;~ .. ..rr!'V99Wt}':r!#i$9 i , I} , ., .. :.,: '. ",:'./ , .i</\{ fielq'.

i '1'< i! ,?iz? liJii i{ :?:\(i, Iri 1>,$ Project Coordinator ~ - - - - I- l- f- - I- - 4.0

Project Leader 14.0

Hydrogeologist 12.0

Junior Hydrogeologist I 12.0

Junior Hydrogeologist II 12.0

Senior Geophysicist r-- - - I-- ,- 4.0

Junior Geophysicist 6.0

Remote Sensing Expert 2.0

Geophysical Expert r- 0.5

Botanical Expert 1.75 .

Groundwater Modelling Expert

t-- - 1.0

Economic Expert I- 0.5

REVISED STAFF DEPLOYMENT SCHEDULE Fignre 4.2


CONSULTANTS STAFF

Position

Project Coordinator

Project Leader

Hydrogeologist

Senior Geophysicist

Junior Geophysicist

Junior Hydrogeologist (1)

Junior Hydrogeologist (2)

SHORT TERM EXPERTS

Geophysical Expert

Remote Sensing Expert

Groundwater Modelling Expert

Development Economist

Botanical Expert

BRfTISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth Nottingham, UK

THE PROJECI TEAM

Name

J.L. Farr

C. Cheney

Dr H.K. Jones

J. Sharrock

M. Mabe

I. Nyazorwe

T. Mathake

R.J. Peart

Dr D. Greenbaum

T.R. Shearer

T. Duncan

D. Parry

ComPany

Wellfield Consulting Services

British Geological Survey


Wellfield Cousulting Services


Wellfield Consnlting Services

Wellfield Consnlting Services





Ecosurv Environmental Consultants

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Table 4.1

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PERSONNEL INPUTS - BOTSWANA{ELSEWIIERE

Position

.. .. Project Director

Project Leader

Senior Geophysicist

Junior Geophysicist

Hydrogeologist

Junior Hydrogeologist Nol

Junior Hydrogeologist No2

Geophysical Expert

Remote Sensing Expert

Modelling Expert

Botanical Expert

Development Economist

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth Nottingham, UK

Name .... . .... . ..........

J.L. Farr

C. Cheney

J. Sharrock

M. Mabe

Or H. K. lanes

1. Nyazorwe

T. Mathake

RI Peart

Dr D. Greenbaum

T. Shearer

D. Parry

T. Duncan

. .

.

Man Months

. Botswana BGS

4.0 -

14.0 -

4.0 -

6.0 -

12.0 -

12.0 -

12.0 -

0.5

0.5 1.5

0.5 0.5

1.5 -

0.5 -

Table 4.2

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4.3 Equipment

Equipment procurement was discussed in some detail in Section 3.2; the delivery dates of technical equipment items was detailed in Table 3.1. Some additional field office equipment (desks, chairs, drawing table and photocopier) will be purchased during Month 2 to allow the field offices to be fully equipped on completion of construction.

Additional vehicles for use by the project have been acquired as specified in the ToR and RTP. Adequate transport will be provided, as required, to all professional personnel to allow the efficient performance of their specified duties. The proposed total of 50 vehicle months is considered adequate to cover all requirements over the whole project period.

4.4 Field Omce aud Accommodation

It is anticipated that the majoriry of construction of both the field offices and accommodation should be complete by the end of Month 2, although some minor works and finishing off may continue into Month 3. Construction will be supervised by experienced staff employed by the Consultant and carried out by locally employed labourers.

The field camp will comprise a total of three offices, (two for the Consultants Staff and one for the Clients Supervisor), together with accommodation for the latter and four accommodation units for use by Consultants Personnel and visiting experts. A large mess tent and kitchen tent will also be provided together with adequate toilet and shower facilities. It is intended that the facilities will be ready for occupation by the end of Month 2 although, if necessary, partial use of the facilities may well be possible at an earlier date. The only foreseeable constraint would be the failure of the transport contractors to deliver construction materials to the site at a sufficiently rapid rate to allow construction to proceed according to schedule.

4.5 Field Reconnaissance/Hydrochemistry.

The main objectives of field reconnaissance are to accurately locate existing boreholes, wells and other water sources, to collect data about them, (for example construction details, water levels, depth), and to collect water samples for hydrochemical analysis wherever possible. Borehole Completion Certificates archived by the Department of Geological Survey contain a considerable volume of relevant hydrogeological data. However many of these boreholes cannot be ascribed to any specific location, and locational details available on the Completion Certificates are commonly poor. The collection of physical data during field reconnaissance will allow the linking of the Completion Certificate data with specific borehole locations, thereby permitting the use of a much larger data base in the formulation of a conceptual hydrogeological model.

Examination of the data obtained from the Kgalagadi Water Point Survey conducted by Knight Piesold in 1991 indicates the existence of about 107 boreholes 208 wells, 43 haffrrs and 22 sip wells in the project area; these will be of interest during the field reconnaissance. There are also likely to be a considerable number of unused boreholes located within the area of interest which were not located by the Survey. The locations of boreholes not already identified by the Survey should be a high priority in order that all existing hydrogeological data can be integrated into the conceptual model of the Matsheng area. Of the water sources listed above, 27 boreholes and 16 wells are known to be equipped and therefore particularly suitable for obtaining water samples for hydrochemical analysis.


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MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION

BOREHOLE RECONNAISSANCE

r: ofln ... ::- KP REF No WCS REF --------

LOCATION DETAILS

GS Number: Temp. GS number:

T_" 1. Borehole 2. Dam 3. HaflJr Dam 4. Hand dug well Waterpolnt: - __ 5. Sip well 6. Natural saure. 7. Other

Village:

Waterpolnl nam.:

locality;

[)eacrlpUon:

Topo map: cr.hana or l"ehututu) UTM:

latllude: longitude: T>'P'

Elevatlon(m): ---- Type:-_ (Type codes: 1 GPS 2. Maps 3. OIher)

OWNERSHIP DETAILS

CMmern~e:------______________________ _

o.-m.T Type: -- ,. Prlvale 2. OIltflet Council 3. Dept. of Water Affairs (OWA) 4. Geol. Survey (GS) 6. Dep. of Roads S. Dep. of Wlldllfe & PSlkI 7. Min. of Agriculture 8. Village dlv.commlttee (\IOC) S.Other

~rn~e: _______________________________ _

Primary water UM: -- 1. Domestic 2. Uveatock 3. h.ble 4. Wildlife 6. Mixed 6. Other

Completion data;

Figure 4.3 Borehole Reconnaissance Data Form

TECHNICAL DETAILS

DrUler: Oepth(m): --_ Cod,: - Res1 water level(m): -- Code-

DIameter ----mm/m Unlng ------ YltlldQ/.): (m3jhr) __ COOI:-

(Data source codes: 1. Measured 2. Estimated 3. Uur 4. Other)

Taok/Trough Ilze: ____ m dla. ----m high No houra/day pumped -- No Days/week:

Esllmated Annual Abstraction: ____ m3/yr

Slatus: - __ _

Availability: __ _

Wa~er Ouallty: ---

Equipment: __ _

1. Equipped 2. Not equipped 3.Sellled 4. Abandoned 5. Dry e. Colapsed 7. Fmed 8. Other

1.Perennlal 2.Non perennial 3.Unlpeclliad 4.01her

1.Fresh 2.6racklsh 3.Sallne 4.Unkown !'.i.Other

1.0i"el eng!ne 2.windmttt a.Hand 4.Solar !'.i.Draught 6. Othef

1.Piston pump 2.Mono type 3.E1ect. Subrneralble 4.Bucket 6.Othllf

GS BorehoJe log GS BH No ----

Depth (m) R'Nl (rn) ---- Ylllld(m3fh) OIa (mm) -----

VEGETATION SURVEY

TREES WITHIN 20 m RADIUS OF WATER SOURCE

Trill Nama No. Av. height (m) Tr .. Helllth

1. ara any of thll branch" dead ~tlQ

2. approx % of canopy afflicted %

3. evldence 01 lire Y.SWllil

•. Any use olulIIS IOf eQ fenoe! XWlli2

5.

WATER QUAUTY

Sampling Method: t. Bucket 2. Pumped Period .Inoe .tart of pumpIng: mln/hr •.

Water Sample.: 11 plastic bottle (GS) -- 200 ml filtered/acidIfied (GRES chemical) --

250 m! glaBS boWe (GRES Isotope) -- 100 mt (GRES chemical) --

wen head mOa9urements

pH Eh HC03(mg/ll

DO SEC(jI.S) Temp("C)

I Comm,n"


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It is considered that the water sources which are in use were reasonably accurately located during the water point survey. In view of the nature of the sip wells it is not considered necessary to revisit the sites, although their locations need to be included on the project data base as indicators of the presence of very shallow groundwater. As many as possible of the borehole, well and haffrr sites should be revisited in order to collect data additional to that collected during the Water Point Survey. Many of the wells are clustered on the four pans adjacent to the four largest settlements in the area. A total of 39 wells are, for example, reported to be located in close proximity to one another, adjacent to Hukuntsi Pan. It is not considered a productive use of the time available for all of these wells to be revisited, given the reasonable quality of data already available from the Water Point Survey. It is therefore suggested that only selected wells be revisited where wells occur in dense concentrations, with particular attention being paid to wells which are equipped. In areas where wells are less densely concentrated every known site will be visited and data collected. Locational details will be determined at each site using suitable GPS equipment. A copy of the data form showing the items of data to be collected at each site is known in Figure 4.3.

As specified in the TOR and RTP, 1 litre water samples will be collected at each water source for analysis by DGS. Particular attention will be made to obtain samples from equipped water sources. The value of unpumped water samples is somewhat doubtful but samples from the large number of shallow unequipped wells is likely to be the only means of assessing variations in the gross chemistry of the shallow perched aquifer thought to exist in the Kalahari deposits. Additional water samples will be obtained for the GRES Project, and sampling will be carried out according to their requirements. Such samples will be obtained for isotope, cation, and anion analysis. At all sites where water samples are obtained well head chemistry (pH, Eh, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and temperature) will be measured according to standard BGS procedures.

Field reconnaissance was due to have commenced in mid June and be completed within one month. The work did not however commence until the second week of Month 2, and it was necessary to rearrange activities to provide GPS coordinates for approximately 25 locations for the geometric correction of the satellite imagery. In addition there appear to be a larger number of sites to be visited than anticipated in the TOR. In view of the additional work load it would undoubtedly take longer than one month to complete the work using only Junior Hydrogeologist indicated in the RTP. A further constraint is that the well head water chemistry testing equipment and bottles for obtaining the samples for analysis by GRES will not be available until the middle of Month 2. It is intended that the Hydrogeologist (and, if necessary, the Project Leader) will also carry out field reconnaissance in order that the programme can be completed within a reasonable time frame. It is intended that initial reconnaissance will concentrate on the central part of the area collecting data and identifying sites where water samples can be easily collected when the equipment becomes available. More remote sites will be visited (if necessary by flycamping), later in the survey when data and water samples can be collected simultaneously. By this means it is anticipated that the reconnaissance can be completed by the end of the frrst week in Month 3 and all data entered on the project data base by the middle of that month. These changes to the original proposal is reflected on Figure 4.1.

4.6 Remote Sensing and Photogeology.

The unavoidable late procurement of the Landsat TM imagery has resulted in a delay of about two weeks to the schedule. There may be scope to reduce this delay but this will depend on the quality of the imagery data and hence the amount of processing and enhancement required. Processing and interpretation should however proceed as specified





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in the RTP. For project planning purpose however it is deemed advisable to anticipate that the outputs and Technical Report will not be available until the end of Month 3 rather than as originally scheduled in the middle of Month 3. It should be noted that this delay will also have an effect on the scheduling of the Botanical Survey.

At the request of the Remote Sensing Expert, surveying using GPS equipment to determine the accurate location of up to 30 sites identifiable on satellite imagery is being undertaken as a matter of urgency. Site details and GPS coordinates will be forwarded as soon as the survey is completed to be utilised in the geometric correction of the satellite imagery.

It is anticipated that field verification to be carried out by the BGS Remote Sensing Expert should take place in early to mid Month 3 to coincide with the conclusion of the Regional Geophysical Interpretation and ongoing Ground Geophysics Surveys. It would be highly desirable that the BGS Geophysics Expert also visit at that time possibly mid Month 3 in order that the various inputs can be most efficiently coordinated.

4.7 Geophysical Studies

4.7.1 Regional Geophysical Interpretation

It is anticipated that the reprocessing and interpretation of regional geophysical data currently being undertaken by the subcontractor Poseidon Geophysics (Pty) Limited will be completed as per the detailed specifications contained in the RTP by the middle of Month 3. The collection of data commenced at the start of the Project, rather than later in Month 1 as scheduled. There is therefore the possibility that this activity may be completed slightly earlier than scheduled.

The 1:250,000 scale maps will be presented to the Client at A3 size for approval prior to fmal plotting as per the ToR and RTP specifications. The various maps are listed below;

Bouguer gravity 2.67g1 cc line contours Bouguer gravity 2.2 glcc (to be selected) line contours Bouguer gravity 2.2 glee colour Bouguer gravity fIrst vertical derivate line contours Bouguer gravity first vertical derivate colour Residual Bouguer gravity line contours Residual Bouguer gravity colour Elevation (including GPS points, bench marks, trig beacons) line contours

Total magnetic field line contours Total magnetic field colour First vertical derivate of magnetic field line contours First vertical derivate of magnetic field colour Horizontal derivate of magnetic field contours Horizontal derivate of magnetic field colour Integrated regional interpretation of gravity and magnetic data.

The Technical Report T5 will include full descriptions of data processing, interpretation methods, software specifications, model results, and digital data (GEOSOFT XYZ and GRD formats and DXF mes of graphic logs), and maps as above plotted at a suitable scale to fit on an A3 sized sheet.

BRIT1SH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth




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4.7.2 Ground Survey

The ToR calls for the execution of a brief calibration programme, during which a number of geophysical techniques will be tested in a known geological environment (ie in the vicinity of a well documented borehole), and an assessment made as to the ability of these techniques to resolve particular geological or hydrogeological features. The geophysical identification of particular features in this manner will be of considerable value when using appropriate geophysical techniques to site exploration boreholes later in the investigation.

Detailed specifications regarding the types of ground geophysics are contained in the RTPs. Since the conduct of ground surveys during this phase of the project is dependant on locating suitable, well documented boreholes it is anticipated that the work will commence as originally scheduled in the middle of Month 2 running along side the reconnaissance programme, rather than following on from it as originally intended.

4.7.3 Borehole Geophysical Logging

The R TP indicated that some borehole logging may take place during the Inventory Phase. Whilst the logging equipment detailed in the RTP has been ordered and recently shipped, it is unlikely to be available for use before early to mid Month 3. In addition the equipment will need to be mounted in a vehicle and then calibrated against a well documented previously logged borehole, before use elsewhere. It is therefore highly improbable that any borehole geophysical logging will be carried out in the Matsheng area until the succeeding Field investigation Phase is underway.

4.8 Specialist Surveys

4.8.1 Botanical Survey

The major objective of the botanical survey is to identify .vegetational features which are related to groundwater occurrence. In addition, the data collected should contribute to the integrated interpretation concerning groundwater balance and recharge. The study should also determine if any correlation exists in the Matsheng area between vegetation and groundwater which may prove useful to groundwater study as a whole.

Ecosurv Environmental Consultants have been retained to carry out the Botanical Survey. At their request basic vegetational details will be collected at each borehole, well and hafflr site visited during the reconnaissance survey (Section 4.5) Tree and shrub species present close to water sources, together with their average height and condition, will be recorded to assist in the establishment of correlations between vegetation and the occurrence of shallow groundwater.

The sub-contractor will also carry out field work to establish plant associations present with the study area. This activity will be greatly supported by satellite image interpretation aimed at defming vegetational variations. Unfortunately the delay in remote sensing data procurement and hence data manipulation and interpretation, is likely have a "knock on" effect on the Biological Survey, leading to a slight delay in the production of the Technical Report T2.





13

In the original proposal put forward by Ecosurv, the botanical study and environmental impact studies were viewed as being to some extent complementary, thereby providing a more efficient use of time and manpower. The deletion of the environmental impact section of the study, prompted Ecosurv to request an increased time assignment of five days for botanical mapping. This would increase the total allocation to 2 man months and increase the overall cost, by about 10%, to P41,900.00. Confirmation from the Client, that this slight adjustment to the time allocation and cost is permissable, is awaited by the Consultant. It should however be noted that the Sub-Contractor have indicated their intention to utilise two staff for the survey thereby reducing the actual work period to only one month. It should therefore be possible depending on the timely provision of remote sensing information, for the survey to be completed by early to mid Month 3 as indicated in Figure 4.1.

4.8.2 Surveying and Levelling

During the final week of Month 1, the Junior Hydrogeologist began the accurate location of about 30 sites using a Trimble 11 GPS unit. This activity is expected to continue during the initial week of Month 2. The data is to be used to allow geometric correction of the Landsat TM imagery.

Field reconnaissance of up to 150 water sources throughout the project area will COmmence during the second week of Month 2. Existing boreholes, wells, and haffirs will be accurately located, again using the Trimble 11 GPS unit. It is anticipated that the Hydrogeologist will also commence borehole reconnaissance at about that time, using a newly purchased Magellan GPS unit for the determination of accurate positional data.

It is also anticipated that kinematic GPS surveying and levelling will be carried out by sub-contractors towards the end of the field reconnaissance period. At that time it will be possible to properly select particular boreholes and transformational points for this more accurate method of surveying and levelling. The higher level of accuracy data thus obtained will be used together with the lower order data, obtained during the Field Reconnaissance, to upgrade the Base Map, especially by allowing elevation contours to be constructed.

4.9 Meteorological and Groundwater Monitoring

As specified in 3.3.1, all available meteorological data has already been obtained from the Meteorological Office. This data is unfortunately not up to date and efforts will be made during the remainder of the Inventory Phase to remedy this shortfall. All efforts to obtain historic groundwater level data for boreholes in the Matsheng area have been unsuccessful. The matter will be investigated further, although there seems little possibility that such data is available.

As shown in Table 3.1, the rain gauge is due for delivery early in Month 2 but the water level recording equipment is not due for delivery until mid to late Month 3. It is anticipated that suitable sites for installation of the equipment will be identified during Month 2 as a result the Field Reconnaissance. It is therefore anticipated that the rain gauge will be installed late in Month 2 or early in Month 3, considerably before the end of the dry season.

BRfTISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth




14

The water level monitoring equipment should be installed as soon as possible after delivery. The precise timing may however be some degree dependent on obtaining prior approval from the District Council and Land Board for the use of any particular site.

4.10 Contract Document Preparation

The technical questionnaire specified in the RTP will be prepared towards the end of Month 2 or early Month 3. The content of the questionnaire will take account of information gathered during the Field Reconnaissance and that available from the Borehole Completion Records, together with any pertinent information obtained from the Geophysical investigations. This schedule will allow adequate time for consideration of the questionnaire by both the Client and Tender Board, before circulation to potentially suitable contractors by the end of Month 3. This would allow evaluation and award of contracts by the end of Month 4, for the commencement of drilling operations during Month 5.

4.11 Inventory Report

The collection of relevant data, which commenced during the Data Review in Month 1, will continue throughout the Inventory Phase. The computerised database developed during Month 1 will continue to expand with the input of additional data, the major source of which will be the Field Reconnaissance. This data inventory, together with hydrochemical data, and information obtained from geophysical, botanical, remote sensing, and lithological studies, will provide the basis for the formulation of a realistic conceptual hydrogeological model of both the shallow Kalahari and deeper Karoo aquifers. The formulation of the conceptual model will be an ongoing activity throughout the Inventory Phase.

All facets of the studies carried out during the Inventory Phase will result in the production of a comprehensive Inventory Report, which will also detail the conceptual hydrogeological model. The Report will provide the basis for planning the subsequent Field Investigation Phase of the project, and will provide details regarding potential rescheduling of activities which may result from evaluations carried out in the Inventory Phase. The Inventory Report is scheduled to be produced at the end of Month 3, but it is already. apparent that certain important inputs to the base information, notably the remote sensing input, will be slightly delayed due to unavoidable circumstances. Although every attempt will be made to reduce any over-run as much as possible, it is probable that production of the Inventory Report will be delayed to the middle of Month 4, that is, approximately two weeks after the remote sensing input is available.

5 FIELD INVESTIGATION PHASE

The planned scheduling and conduct of the Field Investigation Phase is fully detailed in the ToR and RTP. Although is apparent that the Inventory Phase may over-run by up to two weeks, it is unlikely that this, in itself, will cause any variation in the scheduling of the subsequent Phase. Such variations, either in the scheduling or operational details, can only be formulated towards the end of the Inventory Phase, and will be detailed in the Inventory Report.

6 REPORTING PHASE

The various reports required during the project are detailed both in the ToR and the RTP. No variation from these specifications is currently anticipated.

BRIT1SH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth Nottingham, UK

WELLF1ELD CONSULTING SERVICES P.O.Box 1502 Gaborone, Botswana

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX I References

Aldiss, D., 1981. Petrographic notes CKP SC-l, DGS Rpt No. DTA/2/81, DGS, Botswana.

Arad, A., 1984. Relationship of salinity of groundwater to recharge in the southern Kalahari desert, Journal Hydro!., Vo!. 71, 225-238.

Bath, A.H., 1980. Hydrochemistry of the Karoo Aquifers in Southern Botswana, GSI0 Report No. GSlO/ll, DGS, Botswana.

Bath, A.H., and Lewis, W.J., 1977. Groundwater recharge research in Botswana GSI0 Project: Studies in Central Kweneng using chemical methods, IGS Rport No. WD/OS/77/23, Inst. Geo!. Sciences, London.

Bookcock, C. and van Straten, O.J., 1958. A note on the development of potable water supplies at depth in the Central Kalahari, Report No. CB/42/58, DGS, Botswana.

Bromley, J., Mannstrom, B., Nisca, D. and Jamtlid, A., 1994. Airborne geophysics: Application to a ground-water study in Botswana, Ground Water, Vo!.32, No.l, 79-90.

Bruno, SA., 1985. Pan genesis in the southern Kalahari, In: Bulletin 29, 261-277, DGS, Botswana.

Butterworth, J.S., 1982. The chemistry of Mogatse Pan - Kgalagadi District, DGS Report No. JSB/14/82, DGS, Botswana.

Coates, J.M.N., Davies,J., Gould,D., Hutchins,D.G., Jones,C.R., Key, R, 1979. The Kalatraverse One Report, Bulletin 21, DGS, Botswana.

Cornwell, D.H., 1985. Petrological stratigraphy of sub Kalahari basaltic formations, In: Bulletin 29, pp 320-337, DGS, Botswana.

Department of Geological Survey, 1976. The National Gravity Survey of Botswana, 1972-1973, Bulletin 5, DGS, Botswana.

Eberle, D., Bosum, W. and Damaske, D., 1985. Geophysical exploration procedure used in ground follow-up investigations of anomalies identified by air-borne EM and air- and car-borne magnetic sureys in the Ngarni and Kheis areas of the Kalahari De, In: Bulletin 29, pp 106-144, DGS, Botswana.

Farr, J.L., Cheney, C.S., and Baron, J.H., 1981. Evaluation of underground water resources, GSIO Project, Final Report, DGS, Botswana.

Farr, J.L., Peart, R.J., Nellisse, G. and Butterworth, 1.S., 1982. Two Kalahari Pans: A study of their morphology and evolution. 2 Vols., OSlO Project, DOS, Botswana.

Finch, J.W., 1989. Detecting the occurence of groundwater using remotely sensed data - A study in SE Zimbabwe, Institute of Hydrology, Wal1ingford.

Foster, S.S.D., 1978. The likelihood of active groundwater recharge in the Botswana Kalahari, OSlO Report No. OS10/6, DGS, Botswana.

Foster, S.S.D., Bath, AH., Farr, J.L. and Lewis, WJ., 1982. The likelihood of active groundwater recharge in the Botswana Kalahari, J. Hydro!., Vo!. 55, 113-136.

Geoflux (Pty) Ltd., 1994. Oroundwater potential survey of the Toteng/Sehitwa TOLP area. Final Report No. TB 10/2/5/90-91, DGS, Botswana.

Oeoflux (Pty) Ltd., 1994. Integrated rural village water supply programme: Siting of boreholes and supervision of drilling, construction and pumping test works in Hukuntse, Lehututu and Tshane, Inception Report, DWA, Botswana.

Gerrard, I., 1965. Correlation of the Lower Karroo succession of south-western Bechuanaland with the adjoining areas of the Republic of South Africa and SW Africa, Report No. IG/21/65, DOS, Botswana.

Gieske, A, 1991. Dynamics of groundwater reharge: A case study in Semi-Arid Eastern Botswana, ORES Report.

Greenbaum, D, 1992. Remote sensing techniques for hydrogeological mapping in semi-arid basement terrains, International Geology Series, BGS, Keyworth.

Hoppner, F., 1987. Terms of reference for consultancy Matsheng Land Use Plan in Kgalagadi District, Botswana. Description of the study area, MLOLH, Botswana.

Hutchins, D.G. and Lynam, AP. (Eds.), 1985. The Proceedings of a seminar on the Mineral Exploration of the Kalahari, October 1983, Bulletin 29, DGS, Botswana.

Hutton, L.O., 1974. Kalahari groundwaters: Their hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotopes, DOS Report No. LGH/9/74, DOS, Botswana.

Jennings, C.M.H., 1974. The Hydrogeology of Botswana, PhD Thesis, Univ. of Natal, Johannesburg.

Knight Pieshold Botswana and Natural Resource Services, 1991. Kgalagadi Water Point Survey 1990/91. Final Report, MLGLH Botswana.

Lancaster, I.N., 1974. Pans of the Southern Kalahari., Botswana Notes and Records, Vol 6, 157-169.

van der Maas, H. A., 1993. Kgalagadi District CFDA, Matsheng Villages, Socio-economic and Bio-physical Baseline Survey., Division of Applied Research, Planning and Statistics, MLGLH, Botswana.

Mallick, D.J., Hapgood, F. and Skinner, A.C, 1981. A geological interpretation of LANDSAT imagery and air photography of Botswana, Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources No. 56, IGS, London.

Mazor, E., 1982. Rain recharge in the Kalahari - A note on some approaches to the problem, J. Hydro!., Vo!. 55, 137-144.

Mazor, E., Bielsky, M., Verhagen, B.T., Sellschop, J.P.F., Hutton, L., and Smith, 1980. Chemical composition of groundwaters in the vast Kalahari flatland, J. Hydro!., Vo!. 48, 147-165.

Mazor, E., Verhagen, RT., Sellschop, J.P.F., Robins, N.S. and Hutton, L., 1974. Kalahari grondwaters: Their hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotopes, In: Isotope techniques in groundwater hydrology, Proceedings, Internal. Atomic Energy Author.

McEwen, G., 1979. The Proceedings of a Seminar on Geophysics and the Exploration of the Kalahari, Bulletin 22, DGS, Botswana.

McEwen, G., 1982. The geology of Mogatse Pan - Kgalagadi District, DGS Report No. GM/6/82, DGS, Botswana.

Meixner, H.M. and Peart, RJ., 1984. The Kalahari Drilling Project: a report on the geophysical and geological results of follow-up drilling to the, Bulletin 27, DGS, Botswana.

Meixner, H., Peart, R.J. and Hutchins, D.G., 1985. Some geophysical and geological results of follow-up drilling of the reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey project, In: Bulletin 29, pp 39-80, DGS, Botswana.

Nelisse, GA., 1979. Hydrogeology of the Hukuntsi area, DGS Report No. AN/8/79, DGS, Botswana.

Ngwamotsoko, K.T., 1985. Large animal and land resources of Western Central Kalahari, Botswana, Unpublished Thesis, University New England, Armidale.

Peart, R. and Bruno, S., 1982. A hydrogeophysical survey to locate promising sites for shallow wells in the vicinity of Hukuntsi, Kgalagadi District, DGS Rpt Nos RSP /18/82 and SAB/2/82, DGS, Botswana.

Peart, R.J., 1979. Some aspects of hydrogeophysica1 exploration in areas overlain by Kalahari Beds., In: Bulletin 22, DGS, Botwsana.

Pretorius, DA., 1985. The Kalahari foreland, its marginal troughs and overthrust belts, and the regional structure of Botswana, In: Bulletin 29, pp 294-319, DGS, Botswana.

Reeves, C.V., 1978. Interpretation of the reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of Botswana: 1975-77. Final Report, Compiled by Terra Surveys, DGS, Botswana.

Reeves, C.V., 1979. The reconnaissanceaeromagnetic survey of Botswana - Its contribution to the geology of the Kalahari, In: Bulletin 22, DGS, Botswana.

Reeves, C.V. and Hutchins, D.G. (Eds.), 1976. The National Gravity Survey of Botswana, 1972-73, Bulletin 5, DGS, Botswana.

Smith, RA., 1984. The lithostratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in Botswana, In: Bulletin 26, DGS, Botswana.

Smith, RA., 1985. The results of coal exploration in the Kalahari of Botswana, In: Bulletin 29, pp 6-37, DGS, Botswana.

Snowy Mountains Eng. Corporation Ltd, WLPU Consultants, and SWAB, 1991. Botswana National Water Master Plan Study. Final Report. Vol. 5 - Hydrogeology, MMRWA, Botswana.

Timm, J., 1986. Deskstudy: Borehole siting for Ukwi, Kgalagadi District, DW A, Botswana.

Timm, J., 1986. Deskstudy: Borehole siting for Hunhukwe, Kgalagadi District, DWA, Botswana.

Verhagen, B.Th., 1985. Isotope geology. Some hydrochemieal and water supply insights into the Kalahari, In: Bulletin 29, pp 278-293, DGS, Botswana.

Verhagen, B.T., Smith, P.E., McGeorge, I. and Dziembowski, Z., 1978. Tritium profiles in Kalahari sands as a measure of rain-water recharge, In: Isotope Hydrology, Proc. Internat. Symp. Isotope Hydro!., International Atomic Energy Association.

de Vries, J.J., 1985. Recharge and depletion of Kalahari groundwaters: An indicative model, In: Bulletin 29, pp 251-260, DGS, Botswana.

Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd., 1994. Groundwater Potential Survey: Middlepits/Makopong TGLP Areas, Draft Final Report. TB 10/2/8/91-92, DGS, Botswana.

Waters, P., Greenbaum, D., Smart, P.L., and Osmaston, H., 1990. Applications of remote sensing to groundwater hydrology, Remote Sensing Reviews, Vo!. 2(4), 223-264.

Wayland, E.J., 1945. Water availability: Kanye to Lehututu, and Lehututu to Tsabong, DGS Report No. EJW /7 /45, DGS, Botswana.

Wellfield Interconsult, 1993. Transkalahari Road groundwater investigation project. Final Report. Vols I and n, DWA, Botswana.

White, R., 1980. A woodlot management plan for the Matsheng villages: Village area development project, Hukuntsi, DGS Report No GS/10/11, MLGLH, Botswana.

White, R., 1994. Management plans for Kgalagadi District wildlife management areas. Progress Report, Kgalagadi District LUPU.

Zeil, P., Volk, P., Saradeth, S., 1991. Geophysical methods for lineament studies in groundwater exploration. A case history from SE Botswana, Geoexploration, Vo!. 27, 165-177.

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by WELLFIELD - INTERresources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/botswana1994wellfieldmat... · 2010-07-02 · MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Inception Report LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 Revised