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NITRIC OXIDECALLED AS
“NO”
By Steven KnappChemistry 412
4-12-99
Rose Engineering Firm welcomes you all
Nitric oxide NO now in natural and with stable
Our humble contribution
Joseph Priestly
Discovered in 1772 by Joseph Priestly
He referred to it “nitrous air”.
A colourless and a toxic gas Since then, it has received the label of being a toxic gas and an air pollutant until over two hundred years
As a pollutant it affects mainly Photosynthetic apparatus and chlorophyll levels in plants
NO, Wonder Molecule Serves
And care to Human Mankind Globally. Know the wonder molecule NO, Nitric
Oxide and how it helps to our human care.
Let us know about NO after it comes out from dark by eminent scientists and it was recognized as molecule of the year in 1992.
LET US KNOW THE GENIOUS CREW THOSE BRING OUT nitric oxide, NO and IN RETURN IT BRINGS GLORY TO THAT CREW AS “ NOBEL PRIZE”
Press ReleaseNOBELFÖRSAMLINGEN KAROLINSKA INSTITUTETTHE NOBEL ASSEMBLY AT KAROLINSKA INSTITUTETOctober 12, 1998
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1998 jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignore and Ferid Murad for their discoveries concerning “nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system".
Robert F Furchgott
Louis J Ignore
Ferid Murad
What is Nitric Oxide?
First described in 1979 as a potent relaxant of peripheral vascular smooth muscle.
Used by the body as a signaling molecule. Serves different functions depending on body
system. i.e. neurotransmitter, vasodilator, bactericide.
Environmental Pollutant First gas known to act as a biological messenger
The structure and nature of Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide is a diatomic free radical consisting of one atom of nitrogen and one atom of oxygen
Lipid soluble and very small for easy passage between cell membranes
Short lived, usually degraded or reacted within a few seconds
The natural form is a gas
N O
The structure and nature of Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide is a diatomic free radical consisting of one atom of nitrogen and one atom of oxygen
Lipid soluble and very small for easy passage between cell membranes
Short lived, usually degraded or reacted within a few seconds
The natural form is a gas
N O
Types of NOS
NOS I Central and peripheral neuronal cells Ca+2 dependent, used for neuronal communication
NOS II Most nucleated cells, particularly macrophages Independent of intracellular Ca+2 Inducible in presence of inflammatory cytokines
NOS III Vascular endothelial cells Ca+2 dependent Vascular regulation
NO was first characterized as a biological product of nitrite reduction by denitrifying bacteria.
Its role was first identified as an agent responsible for promoting blood vessel relaxation and regulating vascular tone.
This agent was named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and was later found to be nitric oxide.
INTRODUCTION
What is the role of Nitric Oxide in the human body?
Nitric Oxide in the human body has many uses which are best summarized under five categories.NO in the nervous systemNO in the circulatory systemNO in the muscular systemNO in the immune systemNO in the digestive system
Nitric Oxide in the Nervous System
Nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter NO is a signaling molecule, but not necessarily a
neurotransmitter NO signals inhibition of smooth muscle contraction,
adaptive relaxation, and localized vasodilation Nitric oxide believed to play a role in long term memory
Memory mechanism proposed is a retrograde messenger that facilitates long term potentiation of neurons (memory)
Synthesis mechanism involving Ca/Calmodulin activates NOS-I
NO travels from postsynaptic neuron back to presynaptic neuron which activates guanylyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes cGMP production
This starts a cycle of nerve action potentials driven by NO
Nitric Oxide in the Circulatory System
NO serves as a vasodilator Released in response to high blood flow rate and signaling
molecules (Ach and bradykinin) Highly localized and effects are brief If NO synthesis is inhibited, blood pressure skyrockets (Diagram of vasodilation mechanism after muscular
system) NO aids in gas exchange between hemoglobin and cells
Hemoglobin is a vasoconstrictor, Fe scavenges NO NO is protected by cysteine group when O2 binds to
hemoglobin During O2 delivery, NO locally dilates blood vessels to aid
in gas exchange Excess NO is picked up by HGB with CO2
Nitric Oxide in the Muscular System
NO was orginally called EDRF (endothelium derived relaxation factor)
NO signals inhibition of smooth muscle contraction Ca+2 is released from the vascular lumen activating
NOS NO is synthesized from NOS III in vascular endothelial
cells This causes guanylyl cyclase to produce cGMP A rise in cGMP causes Ca+2 pumps to be activated,
thus reducing Ca+2 concentration in the cell This causes muscle relaxation
Http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/sig02-11.htm
Nitric Oxide in the Immune System
NOS II catalyzes synthesis of NO used in host defense reactions Activation of NOS II is independent of Ca+2 in the
cell Synthesis of NO happens in most nucleated cells,
particularly macrophages NO is a potent inhibitor of viral replication
NO is a bactericidal agent NO is created from the nitrates extracted from food
near the gums This kills bacteria in the mouth that may be
harmful to the body
Nitric Oxide in the Digestive System
NO is used in adaptive relaxation NO promotes the stretching of the stomach in
response to filling. When the stomach gets full, stretch receptors
trigger smooth muscle relaxation through NO releasing neurons
Biological Effects of Nitric Oxide and its Role in Cell Signaling
Ferid MuradJohn S. Dunn Distinguished Chair in
Medicine and Physiology, Regental Professor and Chair of Department of Integrative Biology, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Director of the Institute of Molecular Medicine
University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
Nobel Prize Laureate, 1998
References
Marieb, Elaine N. Human Anatomy and Physiology. (1998) 4th ed. California, Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing. 391, 826-27, 533, 859
Stryer Lubert. Biochemistry. (1996) 4th ed. New York, W. H. Freeman and Company. 732
Keefer, Larry K. “Nitric oxide-releasing compounds: From basic research to promising drugs.” Modern Drug Discovery. November/December 1998. 20-29.
Sources on the World Wide Web
http://www.duj.com/Article/Lue.html http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/sig02-
(01-20).htm (01-20) stands for 20 distinct sites.
http://www.med.nyu.edu/Research/S.Abramson-res.html http://biophysics.aecom.yu.edu/rousseau/nos/nos.htm http://keck.ucsf.edu.neuroscience.bredt.htm
The following are all Omim sources written by McKusick, Victor A. NOS II http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?163729 NOS IIA http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?163730 NOS I http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?163731 NOS Chon http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?163728 NOS IIC http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600719 NOS IIB http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600720
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