Keynote speech in the International Conference on Human ResourceKeynote speech in the International Conference on Human ResourceDevelopment for Introducing and Expanding Nuclear Power Development for Introducing and Expanding Nuclear Power ProgrammesProgrammes, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 15 March 2010, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 15 March 2010

byby

R. ChidambaramR. ChidambaramPrincipal Scientific Adviser to Govt. of IndiaPrincipal Scientific Adviser to Govt. of India

&&DAEDAE--HomiHomi BhabhaBhabha Professor, Professor, BhabhaBhabha Atomic Research Atomic Research

Centre, Mumbai, IndiaCentre, Mumbai, India

““Expanded use of nuclear technologies offers Expanded use of nuclear technologies offers immense potential to meet important immense potential to meet important development needs. In fact, to satisfy energy development needs. In fact, to satisfy energy demands and to mitigate the threat of climate demands and to mitigate the threat of climate change change –– two of the 21two of the 21stst centurycentury’’s greatest s greatest challenges challenges –– there are major opportunities for there are major opportunities for expansion of nuclear energy in those countries expansion of nuclear energy in those countries that choose to have itthat choose to have it””. .

from Report on from Report on ““The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and BeyondBeyond””, prepared by an independent Commission at the , prepared by an independent Commission at the request of the Director General of the International request of the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency Atomic Energy Agency –– 2008. I was a member of this 2008. I was a member of this Commission. Commission.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is directly The Human Development Index (HDI) is directly dependent , in my opinion, on two main dependent , in my opinion, on two main parameters : Per Capita Electricity Consumption parameters : Per Capita Electricity Consumption and Female Literacy (U.N. uses three parameters and Female Literacy (U.N. uses three parameters to calculate the HDI : per capita GDP, Life to calculate the HDI : per capita GDP, Life Expectancy at Birth and Adult Literacy)Expectancy at Birth and Adult Literacy)Nuclear is an important (in fact, inevitable) Nuclear is an important (in fact, inevitable) option for longoption for long--term sustainable availability of term sustainable availability of electricity electricity -- in the context of both the climate in the context of both the climate change threat and the depletion of fossil fuels.change threat and the depletion of fossil fuels.

The Global Nuclear Renaissance has four geographical dimensions:

1. Countries freshly starting a nuclear power programme.2. Countries which have had a continuous and sustained

growth, at various velocities, of the nuclear power programme over the last few decades, and are now accelerating growth.

3. Countries which had a rapid early growth in their nuclear power programme, have stagnated in the last couple of decades, but are re-starting their growth.

4. Countries which are contributing to global nuclear power growth through export of equipment and technology.

Nuclear Growth in India, China & South Korea

Source IAEA-PRIS

0

2188

6587

8438

420 606 832 1143 13242508 2993

3984

0564

3580

7220

9115

12990

1681017705

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 01746

2188Net E

lectric

al Po

wer M

W(e)

Years

South Korea China India

Nuclear Growth in USA & France

Source IAEA-PRIS

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

1710 2931

14388

37468

55808 5857363080 63260 63130

6333

35891

50881

74401

96228 98068 96297 98145 100683Ne

t Elec

trical

Powe

r MW

(e)

Years

USA France

1.1. Very rapid growth in nuclear power generating capacity is Very rapid growth in nuclear power generating capacity is possible once the knowledge base and skilled manpower possible once the knowledge base and skilled manpower resource pool have been established.resource pool have been established.

2.2. Continuity in growth is the key to Nuclear Knowledge Continuity in growth is the key to Nuclear Knowledge Management.Management.

3.3. Difficulties in Knowledge Management can arise during:Difficulties in Knowledge Management can arise during:(a) Launch stage of a nuclear power (a) Launch stage of a nuclear power programmeprogramme((b)Stagnationb)Stagnation in nuclear power growth over an extended in nuclear power growth over an extended periodperiod(c) Introduction of a new reactor design(c) Introduction of a new reactor design

4.4. These difficulties can be overcome by leveraging international These difficulties can be overcome by leveraging international cooperation (bilateral, regional or through the IAEA)cooperation (bilateral, regional or through the IAEA)

5.5. The availability of wideThe availability of wide--bandwidth, low latency network bandwidth, low latency network connectivity may be valuable in this contextconnectivity may be valuable in this context..

Three Stage Indian Nuclear Programme

First Stage:PHWRs:Imported watercooled reactors:

Second Stage: FBRs:

Third Stage:

PHWR

FBTR

Natural UO2 fuels

(U-Pu) MOX / MC / Metallic Fuels(U-Pu Closed Cycle)

(Th-Pu/233U MOX/ Metallic FuelsMolten salt fuels

Thorium Thorium UtilisationUtilisation(Th-U233) closed cycle Courtesy:H.S.Kamath

SEU/MOX fuels

AHWR

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070

Year

Instal

led ca

pacit

y (GW

e)Nuc lear ins talledc apac ity derived fromnuc lear energygrowth profile o f A 1Ts c enario andac hieved by c los ingthe fuel c y c le

G rowth of ins ta lledc apac ity w ithuranium us ed inopen fue l c y c le tom eet target profile ofA 1T s c enario

Fig.1: Nuclear installed capacity with open and closed fuel cycle options

Closing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the Context of the Global Closing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the Context of the Global Climate Change ThreatClimate Change Threat

from Chidambaram, Sinha & Patwardhan, Nuclear Energy Review 2007

Closing the nuclear fuel cycle is essential if nuclear is to be a sustainable mitigating technology in the context of the climate change threat. This is in coherence with India’s three-stage nuclear programme.

� Has a strong R&D base: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, IndiraGandhi Centre for Atomic Research

� Has internal industrial organizations: UCIL, NFC, HWB, ECIL, etc.

� NPCIL encompasses all aspects of nuclear power plant technology within one organisation

Siting, Engineering Design, Safety analysis and HS&EProcurement, Plant Construction and Commissioning, QAOperation and Life extension of NPPs

� The nuclear power programme has a strong industry backup, which is increasing: BHEL, L&T, Walchandnagar Industries, etc.

� Training has been a continuous process.

BARC-Training School at

No. of years of existence

No. of disciplines

No. of TSOsgraduated

BARC, Trombay 52 12 7882NFC-HWB, Hyderabad 8 4 150RRCAT, Indore 9 3 142IGCAR, Kalpakkam 3 6 108NPCIL 17 10 1151

Training Schools of DAE

Those holding bachelor’s degree in engineering or technology and master’s degree in a Science discipline are eligible for the Training School programmeEach affiliate Training School imparts specialized training in a chosen discipline• Imparting fundamentals and Training by practicing professionals ensures that implicit and tacit knowledge is passed on• Security of a job to those selected for training ensures their commitment

Need for Training SimulatorsTo ensure safe operation by the plant personnelTo impart comprehensive training to the operators before commissioning of the actual PlantTo enhance the knowledge and increase the efficiency of the operatorsTo Conduct transient tests that are not practically possible in the real plantTo Simulate Plant scenarios representing various states of the plantTo test the plant operating procedures

A well trained operator is an asset for any Nuclear Power Plant

PFBR Simulator Development Platform

PFBR Operator Training Simulator

(Courtesy: (Courtesy: BaldevBaldev RajRaj, IGCAR), IGCAR)

““for sharing knowledge and expertisefor sharing knowledge and expertise””::� World Nuclear University (WNU)� Asian Network for Education in Nuclear Technology (ANENT)� European Nuclear Engineering Network (ENEN)� Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN)� University Network of Excellence in Nuclear Engineering

(UNENE), Canada � Shared “National Platforms”

……. from this Conference Information booklet. from this Conference Information booklet

(Washington and Lee University, (Washington and Lee University, LexingknLexingkn, VA ), VA )

This Digital Library is a webThis Digital Library is a web--based collection of annotated based collection of annotated references to resources that references to resources that ------------ trace the development of nuclear trace the development of nuclear science, the Manhattan Project, the Cold war arms race, science, the Manhattan Project, the Cold war arms race, ………… as well as well as nuclear power. The materials referenced include books, articas nuclear power. The materials referenced include books, articles, les, videos and website. Each annotation is vetted to assure accuracyvideos and website. Each annotation is vetted to assure accuracy and and indexed to facilitate access. indexed to facilitate access.

This Library is registered with This Library is registered with ‘‘Creative CommonsCreative Commons’’

““Creative CommonsCreative Commons”” creates a more flexible copyright model, creates a more flexible copyright model, replacing replacing ““all rights reservedall rights reserved”” with with ““some rights reservedsome rights reserved””

(from my talk in the International Conference on Digital Libraries, New Delhi 26 February 2010)

In Hindi Lakshya means “Target”. Target for scientific knowledge.It is a gateway established by SIRD (BARC Library), providing easy access to all online e-resources in BARC through campus wide network.More than 3450 Full text E-Journals are accessibleEleven Databases including INIS, SCOPUS etcSix Encyclopedias and more than 35 online resourcesAvailable to all patrons on Campus wide Internet NetworkTrial access of digital resources promoted by scientific community/ vendorsSearch selection: Journal titles wise, Broader & Narrow Subject category wise (from my talk in the International Conference on Digital

Libraries, New Delhi 26 February 2010)

INIS (International Nuclear Information System)INIS (International Nuclear Information System)Mandate: "... to foster the exchange of scientific and technical

information on peaceful uses of atomic energy".SIRD, BARC is an Input Center to the INIS database from INDIA

Operated by IAEA in collaboration with 122 Member States and 24 International organizations as on December 2009 and started in 1970Leading reference database for scientific literature published worldwide on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technologyComprehensive international coverage by INIS Members and the INIS SecretariatOver 3 million bibliographic citations and abstracts of journal articles, scientific and technical reports, conference papers, books, patents, theses, laws, regulations and standards, and web documentsNon-Conventional Literature (NCL) 2,00,000 full text documentsA unique multilingual thesaurusAverage annual increase of over 100 000 records Open access available to Internet users

(from my talk in the International Conference on Digital Libraries, New Delhi 26 February 2010)

Subject ScopeSubject ScopeThe INIS Database covers a broad range of subjects in areas of tThe INIS Database covers a broad range of subjects in areas of the he IAEAIAEA’’ssinterests and activities in nuclear science and technology:interests and activities in nuclear science and technology:

(from my talk in the International Conference on Digital Libraries, New Delhi 26 February 2010)

�High definition interactive video

� Each remote class room sees the Main class room as well as otherremote class rooms on the screens� Each student, remote or in the main class room, has the ability to:

� Ask questions interactively�React to other questions and answers

�Teachers can teach in a coordinated fashion during the same lecture by having local backup tutors at each remote classroom.* All this needs high-bandwidth (multi-gigabit/sec), low-latency network connectivity

Courtesy: P.S. Dhekne

(using e-connectivity)

IIT Bombay

IIT Madras

IIT Gandhinagar

IIT RoorkeeIIT ShimlaIIT Punjab

IIT Delhi

IIT Hyderabad

IIT Rajasthan IIT Kanpur

IIT IndoreIIT Kharagpur

IIT Patna IIT Guwahati

IIT Bhubaneshwar

Courtesy: S.V. Courtesy: S.V. RaghavanRaghavan

We can have Global Virtual Classrooms for Nuclear Science and TWe can have Global Virtual Classrooms for Nuclear Science and Technology echnology transcending international borders, if hightranscending international borders, if high--bandwidth, low latency national networks bandwidth, low latency national networks are interconnected. are interconnected. Such global classrooms could be very costSuch global classrooms could be very cost--effective. Convenient times for effective. Convenient times for international connectivity will have to be selected, taking intointernational connectivity will have to be selected, taking into account Timeaccount Time--zone zone differences. There could also be the need for language synergydifferences. There could also be the need for language synergy

A Virtual International School for Nuclear Training could be conA Virtual International School for Nuclear Training could be conceptualized, which ceptualized, which should also includeshould also include field visits to proximate nuclear installations and onfield visits to proximate nuclear installations and on--site additional site additional laboratory training, while Interactive distance teaching can be laboratory training, while Interactive distance teaching can be in some key areas like in some key areas like Reactor PhysicsReactor PhysicsNuclear Engineering Nuclear Engineering

Nuclear lawNuclear lawRegulatory processRegulatory processSafety cultureSafety cultureRadiation protectionRadiation protectionEtc.Etc.

For talented Young People today, so many alternate attractive For talented Young People today, so many alternate attractive careers are available that special efforts are needed for bringcareers are available that special efforts are needed for bringing ing them them -- and also Faculty, of which also there is similar shortage and also Faculty, of which also there is similar shortage -- to to Nuclear Science and Technology, to strengthen Nuclear Nuclear Science and Technology, to strengthen Nuclear Renaissance:Renaissance:

(1) (1) For young peopleFor young peopleAssured Careers as an Incentive, apart from monetary Assured Careers as an Incentive, apart from monetary compensationcompensation

(2) (2) For FacultyFor FacultyUse Scientists and Engineers working in Nuclear Plants, IndustrUse Scientists and Engineers working in Nuclear Plants, Industry y and Research and Research CentresCentres as Adjunct Faculty, and as Adjunct Faculty, and utiliseutilise distance distance education.education.

(3) (3) For both:For both:Offer exciting Challenges in this field, participation in the fiOffer exciting Challenges in this field, participation in the field of eld of Advanced Reactors and Fuel Cycle Activities (INPRO, Gen. IV)Advanced Reactors and Fuel Cycle Activities (INPRO, Gen. IV)