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Prof. Lydia AyersProf. Lydia Ayers

What is Music?What is Music?What is Music?What is Music?

• 4 main properties of musical sounds:4 main properties of musical sounds:• rhythm/durationrhythm/duration — when to play the notes — when to play the notes• amplitude/loudnessamplitude/loudness — how loud to play the — how loud to play the

notesnotes• pitchpitch — which notes to play — which notes to play• timbre/tone colortimbre/tone color — sound quality — sound quality

• what instruments are playing?what instruments are playing?

Planetary PercussionPlanetary PercussionPlanetary PercussionPlanetary Percussion

• Beginning of the Beginning of the universeuniverse• When mysterious When mysterious

forces came together forces came together with a vibration unlike with a vibration unlike anything before or anything before or since. since.

• The big bang was beat The big bang was beat one.one.

Recognize and Control Recognize and Control RhythmsRhythms

Recognize and Control Recognize and Control RhythmsRhythms

• The tool recordThe tool record• Arrowheads and choppersArrowheads and choppers• Shows our battle to master the Shows our battle to master the

body rhythms that the creation body rhythms that the creation of advanced technology of advanced technology requiresrequires Arrowheads

http://www.eaze.com/nativeheart/arrows.html

Origin of RhythmOrigin of RhythmOrigin of RhythmOrigin of Rhythm

• To coordinate groups of To coordinate groups of people working together people working together (economist Karl Bücher):(economist Karl Bücher):• LiftingLifting• Breaking and dragging things Breaking and dragging things

• <1:4><1:4> Work rhythm of Work rhythm of women making coffee in women making coffee in Bali, IndonesiaBali, Indonesia

• <1:5><1:5> Work rhythm of men Work rhythm of men making quilts in Chinamaking quilts in China

Drum, balofon and harp give rhythm to collective farming work (Baule people, Ivory Coast)

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• A complicated mathematical method of A complicated mathematical method of

preventing collisions and unwanted preventing collisions and unwanted overlaps in music.overlaps in music.

David Barber, David Barber, Tenors, Tantrums and TrillsTenors, Tantrums and Trills

2/4 + 5/4 + 7/8

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Classical Mechanics, MAU

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• Rhythmic NotationRhythmic Notation

• Sound (notes) vs. Silence (rests)Sound (notes) vs. Silence (rests)• Specifies starting times and durations for Specifies starting times and durations for

individual notesindividual notes

TIME

PIT

CH

• StaffStaff• a graph of five horizontal lines for writing a graph of five horizontal lines for writing

musical notes (x = time, y = pitch)musical notes (x = time, y = pitch)

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• DurationDuration

• how long a sound lastshow long a sound lasts

flag

head

stem

• NoteNote• a written symbol that shows the duration a written symbol that shows the duration

(and pitch) of a sound(and pitch) of a sound

RhythmRhythmRhythmRhythm• BeamBeam

• the line connecting a group of flagged notesthe line connecting a group of flagged notes• beam group = 1 beatbeam group = 1 beat

beam

Beats Note Symbol

Name of Note Equivalent Rest

4 Whole note

2 Half note

1 Quarter note

.5 Eighth note

.25 16th note

Notation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal Subdivisions

RestRestRestRest• A short period of A short period of

relative silence in relative silence in an individual an individual part, useful for part, useful for turning pages, turning pages, breathing, breathing, coughing, etc.coughing, etc.

David Barber and Dave DonaldDavid Barber and Dave Donald

A Musician's DictionaryA Musician's Dictionary

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Notation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal SubdivisionsNotation of Equal Subdivisions

1 whole note1 whole note

= 2 half notes= 2 half notes

= 4 quarter notes= 4 quarter notes

= 8 eighth notes= 8 eighth notes

= 16 sixteenth notes= 16 sixteenth notes

TieTieTieTie

• A device for linking A device for linking one note to another.one note to another. =

Donald TsangViewImages

• A decorative article A decorative article of clothing.of clothing.

• In vocal duets, the In vocal duets, the only diplomatic way only diplomatic way to decide the winner.to decide the winner.

David Barber, David Barber, Tenors, Tantrums Tenors, Tantrums and Trillsand Trills

DotsDotsDotsDots

=• a second dot adds half a second dot adds half

the value of the first the value of the first dotdot

=• A dot increases the A dot increases the duration of a note by duration of a note by half its valuehalf its value

Dotted RhythmDotted RhythmDotted RhythmDotted Rhythm

<1:21> Luis Bonfá: Manha de Carnaval

TieDotted Quarter Note

• a dotted note followed by a shorter notea dotted note followed by a shorter note