By :

Prof. Dr. Madiha Mustafa Hassan

Head of Groundwater Sector

Egypt

Contents

• Introduction

• Groundwater at Egypt

• Case Study : Siwa Oasis, Uwinat

• Toolkit

• EIHP

River Nile (55.5 BCM)

Groundwater

•Groundwater in Nile Valley and Delta(4.5 -8.4bcm)

•Groundwater in the Desert area ,Sinai &western desert

Drainage water reuse 3.5BCM(1997)-7.4BCM(2017)

Treated wastewater

Rainfall and flash floods in Wadis(1.3BCM)

Desalination of sea water or brackish

groundwater(50MCM)

Annual Water Resources in Egypt

المتاحتاريخ تقييم االمكاناتالمساحة المنزرعة بالفدانإجمالى التصرف مليون م3/سنهاالمكانات مليون م3/سنهالمنطقة الفرعيةالمنطقةم

19131234601995شرق ووسط الدلتا1

2006-12856000002007غرب الدلتا2

21813721081995شمال الوادى3

250885921995جنوب الوادى4

%19414817000200024مطروح وسيوه5

%39017119.73201056الواحات البحرية6

%157377965000200950الداخلة7

%97821647900200978الفرافرة8

%121073874243200439شرق العوينات9

%100307.058200470توشكى10

%240.518832195200922الخارجة و درب االربعين11

%9041394200496الصحراء الشرقية14

%17011441160199533شمال سيناء15

%40124239199571جنوب سيناء16

13375.58028 االجمالى

522039%

317023%

challenges • First Set: Population Growth

– Population growth against constant quota from the Nile. – Population growth against a constant inhabited physical area. – Uneven distribution of water resources over the country physical area. – Population growth against a decrease in arable land.

• Second Set…Inappropriate management of Groundwater and Related

Water Resources – Poor control on wells drilling. – Poor control on flowing wells. – Sustainability of non-renewable groundwater – Allocation of groundwater to uses does not make use of the comparative advantage. – Inappropriate rain water harvesting techniques. – Inappropriate protection works from flood risks.

• • Third Set…Climate Change

– Less rainfall on the Nile basin resulting in less water reaching Aswan. – Sea water rise and resulting sea water encroachment to the coastal aquifers. – Cycles of drought and high rainfall on the coastal areas. – Cycles of flash floods and drought in wadis

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Nile Delta Nile Valley Rest

Dis

trib

uti

on

%

Population Area

Challenges cont.

• Fourth Set…Pollution – Poor awareness with respect to groundwater pollution (confusion between

pollution of water wells and the whole storage in various aquifers. – Water supply is not accompanied by sanitary drainage and treatment. – Uncontrolled reuse of agricultural drainage. – Uncontrolled damping of solid wastes. – Poor protection of well heads and well proper (drinking water wells).

• Fifth Set…Poor Knowledge on Other possible sources of water

– Some sources of water are not receiving attention (Non-fresh groundwater), irrespective its wide distribution and economic use.

• Sixth Set…Poor Decentralization, Participation

– Participation in water management is very poor. – Decentralization is not applied.

Case Study: Siwa

Good management of aquifer at Siwa

• Problem identification(casue and impact)

• Solution

• Results

General Location map of Siwa Oasis

Problems in Siwa

• Siwa Oasis is closed area

• Rapid extension of irrigated

area(development)

• Unplanned production wells (flowing)

• Drainage system ended by 4 big lakes

(expanded)

• Water logged areas and Salinization

problem

Proposed Solution • Information Flow

– Data collection (Depth to water)

• Responsibility by GWS and NWRC and the related Institutes • Participation of inhabitants and users to solve the problem

– close the uncontrolled wells – Connected the irrigated area with the controlled (government or private)wells – Stop expansion of development – Continuous monitoring for depth to water and, area of lakes, inflow to lakes – Reuse of drainage water(Integrated water resource management) – Rehabilitation of drainage pumps – New law for groundwater is prepared and very soon will be presented to the

parliament. – The law included:

• well licensed system • The penalty for illegal actions, license for contractors who do the work

The Results

Case Study: Uwinat Good management of aquifer at Uwinat

قطاع

األنتا

ج

قطاع

األنتا

قطاع ج

األنتا

ج

ريجو

ا

الخر

يف

الشر

كة

العر

بية

الشر

كة

العام

ة

الشر

كة

العقار

ية

األوقا

فاألوقا

ف

الم

صري

ة

األمر

يكية

شركة

-سدرا

مصر

افريقيا

الشر

كة

الوط

نية

شركة

شرق

شركة العوينات

البركة

شركة - -

خلود

شركة

القطا

شركة

وادى كوم

امبو

األمريكية

المصريةشركة دلتا مصر

ابناء

الواحة

كليوبا

ترا

الشم

س

Problem identification

• Problem identification(casue and impact)

• Solution

• Results

Problems in Uwinat

• Groundwater lowering due to excessive

pump

Proposed Solution

• Information Flow

– Data collection

• Responsibility by GWS and NWRC and the related Institutes

• Participation of inhabitants and users to solve the problem

• Applied rule

Groundwater Abstraction Limilation

• 200 m3/h is the upper limit of extraction rate at Uwinat

• 5000m3/fed/y is the maximum water use at Uwinat

• 5% from the total irrigated area is the maximum allowable area for crop that need high water consumption

• One observation well is recommended for each 25 production well

• Permission should be taken before making any production well

• For each 125 fedan only one production well is allawed

MWRI Strategic Plan

• Continuous update of the hydrogeological study (potentiality)

• Awareness program for the investors (Safe yield well license)

• Enforce the regulations and the guideline for better management

• Check the impact of the existence development of the groundwater level

The Results

Toolkit

Authors

This note has been proposed by the main author of the toolkit and endorsed by

the representatives of the Arab countries in their meetings in Abu Dhabi

(January 2011)

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER

Tool Kit

Target Group Who is this toolkit for?

The main target group includes researchers and professionals from the Arab region involved in:

Planning for management of groundwater development;

Design , implementation and operation of wells; and

Practitioners and technicians responsible for the operational management of groundwater projects;

The Second beneficiaries include:

• Lawyers involved in legislations related to groundwater protection; and

• Professionals in awareness raising

Table 1. Preliminary Set of Regional and National Issues Related to Groundwater

Operational Management

Category issues Proposed tools responsibility

Research in support to groundwater operational management

Poor identification of aquifers , their extensions (boundaries) and their characteristics

Bore holes Geophysical investigations Aquifer test

Research and Executive bodies

Lack of systematic monitoring,

especially with respect to quality and pollution threats

Different monitoring system

Lack of management strategies

for local, national and regional (shared) aquifer systems

Interaction between local and regional

professionals

Policy/ Decision makers

Operational management Quick development ignoring

evaluation of present situation

Stag development accompanied with

M&E

Executive bodies

Poor development and application of protection measure for individual wells and

the overall aquifer system

Development of protection measures for individual wells (e.g.well proper) and land use restrictions

Executive bodies

Poor land use plans, mostly ignoring impacts of poor

disposal of effluent on groundwater

Groundwater management in framework of IWRM

Various institutions including users

Institutional Poor involvement of

users/stakeholders in various stages of groundwater management

Development of procedures for

stakeholders involvement at various levels

- Decisions makers

- Executive bodies

Awareness Poor awareness concerning

groundwater management and impacts of individual/local

development

Conduction of awareness campaigns for

various target groups (suitable material)

Executive bodies

Legislation Poor application of legislative regulations

Stakeholders involvement at various levels

Executive bodies

Toolkit cont.

TOOL KIT STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS-A GUIDE TO THE TOOLKIT BN Area Sub areas

1 About the kit Structure and contents-A guide

2 Groundwater origin, occurrence and flow Definition of groundwater – A historical perspective

Groundwater – The invisible resource

Groundwater flow

3 Planning for the management of groundwater development

Planning for sustainable development

Planning phases

The case of shared aquifers

4 Investigations for managing groundwater development

The exploration chart

Preliminary exploration methods

Characteristics of the aquifer system-means and tools

Role of well logging in hydrogeology

5 Groundwater potential General background

Groundwater yield

Estimation of groundwater safe yield

Specific cases for the groundwater potential

6 Wells and well fields design Groundwater hydraulics

Special conditions

Pillars for well hydraulics

7 Implementation of wells Site selection and characteristics

Implementation

8 Development of wells Purpose and phases

Development of gravel pack wells

Preliminary development of naturally developed wells

Air development

Chemical development

Final development

Measurements during pumping

9 Monitoring and Evaluation systems Monitoring and evaluation in relation to GWOM

Systematic Approach to groundwater monitoring

Examples of groundwater quality monitoring

10 Groundwater and water well pollution Groundwater pollution and environment

Vulnerability of groundwater to surface pollution

Impacts of land use on groundwater pollution

Water wells pollution/protection

Some actions related to groundwater protection

11 Management of groundwater Development Groundwater management in the framework of IWRM

Sustainable groundwater management – the concept

Possible management strategies

Evaluation of groundwater management

Possible remediation actions

12 Role of groundwater in Disaster Mitigation A general Background

A general approach to groundwater management for risk and disaster

mitigation

Aquifers as periodic storage reservoirs to mitigate risks related to flood

and drought

Possible development strategic for brackish groundwater

13 Institutional, legal and economic approaches

for managing groundwater development

Institutional approaches

Legal approaches

14 Awareness in support to the management of

groundwater development

Why various groups and targeted

Messages

Toolkit cont.

Activity of EIHP

• Involvement preparation of plan and execution of IHP program

• Set up meeting for the participants at EIHP

• Translation of issue and UNISCO books

• Involvement and participation to the related conference

• Execution of training courses, workshops, and meeting

• Preparation and participation of the water day

Thank You