By:By:Nurma Khoirun Nisa’Nurma Khoirun Nisa’IX A classIX A class

1. Quantity1. Quantity

International Unit International Unit System: System:

– Quantity which are Quantity which are usually used in physics usually used in physics are divided into two:are divided into two:

– Fundamental quantity is Fundamental quantity is quantities of units of quantities of units of which are predetermined which are predetermined and they are not derived and they are not derived from another quantities.from another quantities.

– Derived quantity is Derived quantity is quantities which are quantities which are derived from fundamental derived from fundamental quantity.quantity.

1 Length ( l ) Meter (m)2 mass (m) Kilogram (kg)3 time (t) second (s)4 force (F) newton (N)5 Area (A) m²6 volume (V) m³7 energy/ work (W) joule (J)8 velocity (v) m/s9 Density () kg/m³

10 acceleration (a) m/s²11 Electron charge (Q) Coulomb ©

Quantity (symbol)NoInternational

Unit

2. Mass2. Mass

Mass:Mass:

gwm .)/(

)(

)(

2smforcenalgravitatiog

Newtonweightw

kgmassm

Mass is constant in everywhere. But weight is influenced by gravitational force in place.

3. Density (I)3. Density (I)

DensityDensity::V

m

)(

)(

)/(

3

3

mvolumeV

kgmassm

mkgdensity

Density every object is different1 g/cm3 =1000 Kg/m31 Kg/m3 = 0,001 g/cm3

3. Density (II)3. Density (II)

(Proportional of (Proportional of density an object density an object and density of and density of water) water)

(Proportional of (Proportional of density between density between some objects)some objects)

water

objectrelatif

ba

bamix VV

mm

4. Expansion 4. Expansion coefficientcoefficient

Manner:Manner:α α = length expansion = length expansion coefficientcoefficientℓ1ℓ1 = final length (m)= final length (m)ℓoℓo = initial length (m)= initial length (m)

t1t1 = final temperature (= final temperature (°C)°C)

toto = initial temperature = initial temperature ((°C)°C)

ΔℓΔℓ = the change of length = the change of length (m)(m)ΔtΔt = the change of = the change of temperature (temperature (°C)°C)

)( 1

1

oo

o

ttl

ll

txl

l

o

OR

A. Length expansion

3;2;;;

4. Expansion 4. Expansion coefficientcoefficient

Manner:Manner:ββ = Area expansion = Area expansion

coefficientcoefficientAA11= final area (m= final area (m²²))AAoo= initial area (m= initial area (m²²))tt11 = final temperature (= final temperature (°°C)C)ttoo = initial temperature = initial temperature

((°°C)C)ΔAΔA= the change of area = the change of area

(m(m²²))ΔtΔt = the change of = the change of

temperature (temperature (°°C)C)

B. Area expansion

)( 1

1

oo

o

ttA

AA

txA

A

o

OR

3;2;;;

4. Expansion 4. Expansion coefficientcoefficient

Manner:Manner:γγ = volume expansion = volume expansion

coefficientcoefficient

V1V1= final volume(m= final volume(m³³))

VoVo= initial volume(m= initial volume(m³³))

t1t1 = final temperature (= final temperature (°C)°C)

toto = initial temperature (= initial temperature (°C)°C)

ΔVΔV= the change of volume = the change of volume (m(m³³))

ΔtΔt = the change of = the change of temperature (temperature (°°C)C)

C. Volume expansion

)( 1

1

oo

o

ttV

VV

txV

V

o

OR

3;2;;;

5. Heat5. Heat

Heat to increase Q = m.c.∆t

Heat to change state of solid to liquid

Q = m.LHeat to change state of solid to

gas Q= m.U

Black AsasQ1=Q2Q1=Q2

m1.c1.(m1.c1.(tt11--ttcc) = m2.c2.) = m2.c2.((ttc-c-tt2)2)

TcmtP ...

Manner:Q = heat (joule)m = mass (kg)c = specific heat of matter (J/Kg°C)Δt = change of temperature (°C)L = melting heat (J/kg)U = boiling heat (J/kg)tc = x temperature

AB

CD

A=condensation point

B=boiling point

C=melting point

D=freezing point

0°C

100°C

1 kalori = 4,2 Joule1 Joule = o,24 kalori

6. Motion6. Motion

Velocity=displacement : timeVelocity=displacement : time

Speed= total distance : total timeSpeed= total distance : total time

30 m

21 m

displacement

distance

11 s

6 s

6. Motion6. Motion

Uniform Rectilinear MotionUniform Rectilinear Motion

s = distance (m)v = velocity (m/s²)t = time (s)

s = v.ts = v.t

Accelerated Uniform Rectilinear Motion

Vo = initial velocity (m/s)

Vt= final velocity (m/s)a = acceleration (m/s²)t = time (s)s = distance (m)

6. Motion6. Motion

For decelerating acceleration has negative(-) value

Vt = Vo+a.t

S = Vo.t+½a.t²

7. Force 7. Force

ForceForceF = m.aF = m.a

PowerPowerPP = = W.tW.t

WorkWorkW=F.sW=F.s

F = force (Newton)m = mass (kg)a = acceleration (m/s²)W = Work (Joule)s = distance (m)P = power (Newton)t = time (s)

8. Pressure8. Pressure

A. Pressure of solidA. Pressure of solid

A

Fp

p = pressure (pascal /Pa)F = force (Newton)A = surface area of object (m²)

1 Pa = 1 N/m2

Pressure of liquidPressure of liquid

Hydraulic system (Pascal’s Hydraulic system (Pascal’s Law)Law)

8. Pressure8. Pressure

hgp ..

2

2

1

1

A

F

A

F

ρ = density of liquid (kg/m³)

g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)

h = deep of liquid (m)F1 = force in roll 1 (N)F2 = force in roll 2 (N)A1 = Area in roll 1 (m²)A2 = area in roll 2 (m²)

Hydraulic system is applied on car lift machine so the heavy charge can be lifted by smaller force.

Floating force/ force to Floating force/ force to upup

FA = wu – wfFA = wu – wf

FA = ρ.V.g FA = ρ.V.g

8. Pressure8. Pressure

FA = force to up (N)wu= weight of object in air

(N)wf = weight of object in liquid

(N)V = volume of liquid that be

moved (m³)

ρ = density of liquid (kg/m³)g = gravitational acceleration

(m/s²)

ρ.V.g are weight of liquid that be moved by object when object is dipped to liquid

Pressure of gas in closer placePressure of gas in closer place

PP11.V.V11 = P = P22.V.V22 P = Pressure (atm)V = gas volume (m³)

Temperature of air is considered constant

8. Pressure8. Pressure

9. Energy9. Energy

Potential Potential energyenergy

Ep = m.g.hEp = m.g.h

Kinetic energyKinetic energy

Ek = mEk = m..vv..2 2

m = mass (kg)g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)

h = high (m)v = velocity (m/s)

10. Simple Plane10. Simple Plane Leverwarm. w = F arm. F

Mechanic beneficialLever

KM = =

PulleyKM =

Sloping planeKM = =

F

w

w

F

F

w

F

wh

s

w = weightF = force

W=weight arm F= force armKM = mechanic beneficials = length of sloping planeh = high of sloping plane from surface flat

11. Vibrations11. Vibrations

VibrationVibrationTt

nf

1

fv .

f = vibration frequency (Hertz)T = vibration period (s)n = total vibrationst = time (s)

Hertz = 1/sekon

λ= length (one) wavev= Velocity of wave

WaveWaveTt

nf

1

f = wave frequency (Hertz)T = wave period (s)n = total wavest = time (s)

12. Sound12. Sound

d = d = deep (m)deep (m)v = v = the velocity of sound (m/s)the velocity of sound (m/s)t = t = time (s)time (s)2

.tvd

This formula can be used for measure the deep of water (sea) or cave.

Ultrasonic wave

Velocity of sound

fV .

TV

V=Velocity of sound (m/s)

the distance of wave (m)= ג

f =frequency of sound

T =period of sound

ResonanceResonance

12. Sound12. Sound

)41(ncolom

n= odd numbers

number of waves = ג

Marsenne Law

A

Tf

.2

1

f = frequency of wave (Hertz)

ℓ = length of wide (m)

T = Force (N)

ρ = density of wide (kg/m³)

A= area of wide (m²)

13. Light13. Lightformula for concave and convex mirrorformula for concave and convex mirror

Concave and convex mirrorConcave and convex mirror

Cf2

1

SiSof

111

Ho

Hi

So

SiM

f = focus distance mirrorC = centre of curvaturecentre of curvature So = distance object from the mirrorSi = distance image from the mirrorHi = high of imageHo = high of objectM = magnifying

f, concave mirror (+)f convex mirror (-)

Si (+)=real image Si (-)=virtual image

M > 1 image be biggerM = 1 image larger

M < 1 image smaller

13. Light13. LightDetermine properties image of mirrorDetermine properties image of mirror

Object room + image roomObject room + image room = 5= 5

fCIIIIII IV

Object Room

Image Room

Image properties

I IV virtual, straight, be larger

II III Reality, inverse, be larger

III II Reality, inverse, be smaller

R R Reality, inverse, equal size

f f Isn’t make image

A. CONCAVE MIRROR

B. CONVEX MIRROR

fCIIIIII IV

Object in R I,II, and III

Object in R IV

Image that be formed by convex mirror always: virtual, straight, be smaller.

13. Light13. LightLens (Lens (concave and convexconcave and convex))

Object Room

Image Room

Image properties

O-f2 In front of

lens

Virtual, straight, be larger

f2 – 2f2 In left 2f1

Reality, inverse,

be smaller

2f2 2f1 Reality, inverse

equal size

f2 - -

Image that be formed by concave Image that be formed by concave lens always : lens always : virtual, straight, be virtual, straight, be smaller.smaller.

A. Convex lens B. Concave lens

2f1 f2f1 2f2

Object room

Image room

13. Light13. Lightformula for concave and convex lensformula for concave and convex lens

Concave and convex lensConcave and convex lens

Cf2

1

SiSof

111

Ho

Hi

So

SiM

f = focus distance mirrorC = centre of curvature So = distance object from the mirrorSi = distance image from the mirrorHi = high of imageHo = high of objectM = magnifying

f, concave mirror (+)f convex mirror (-)

Si (+)=real image Si (-)=virtual image

M > 1 image be biggerM = 1 image larger

M < 1 image smaller

TV

13. Light13. LightOPTICSOPTICS

A. EyeA. Eye

P= the power of lens (dioptri)P= the power of lens (dioptri)

PR = PR = Punctum Rematum (cm)Punctum Rematum (cm)PR

P100

Myopia

P= the power of lensP= the power of lensPR = PR = Punctum Proximum Punctum Proximum (near point)(near point)Sn = normal read distance (25 cm)Sn = normal read distance (25 cm)

Hypermyopia

PPSnP

100100

13. Light13. LightOPTICOPTIC

B. Magnifying GlassB. Magnifying Glass

f

SnM

a. When the eye doesn’t accommodate:a. When the eye doesn’t accommodate:

b. When the eye accommodate maximum:b. When the eye accommodate maximum:

1f

SnM

c. When the eye accommodates at distance x, the Magnification is:c. When the eye accommodates at distance x, the Magnification is:

x

Sn

f

SnM

Sn = near pointf= focus of magnifying glass

13. Light13. LightOPTICOPTIC

SiSof

111

ho

hi

So

SiM

fP

100

P = power of lens (dioptri)

M = magnifying (times)

C. Cameraf = focus distance mirrorC = centre of curvature So= distance object from the mirrorSi = distance image from the mirrorHi = high of imageHo = high of object

13. Light13. LightOPTICOPTIC

The similarity of microscope : M = Mob x Mok

The similarity of objective lens : M ob =hi ob

ho ob

Si ob

So ob

=

No accommodates : M ok =S n

f oc

xSi ob

So ob

The similarity of ocular lens :

Eye accommodates maximum : M ok =S n

f ok

1+Si ob

So ob

x( )

Length of tube: D= fob + foc

14. Electric14. Electric

Static electricityStatic electricity

221.

r

QQkF

t

QI

F = Coulomb force (C)k = constant of coulomb force

(Nm²/c²)Q = electric charge (C)r = distance between charge (m)

I = electric current (Ampere=A)t = time (s)

14. Electric14. Electric

Dynamic Dynamic electricityelectricity

Q

WV

V = I.R

AR

Coulomb law

Conductor wire

V = different potential (Volt)W = energy (Joule)Q = electric charge (C)R = Resistance (Ω)ρ = Resistivity (Ωm) I = electric current (Ampere)

l = length of the wire (m)A = Area of the wire (m²)