Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Lawsonia inermis Ethanolic Extracts as

Surface Disinfectant

By

NUR AZIRA BINTI CHE AZMI

Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Bachelor of

Medical Laboratory Technology (Hons), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti

Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

2017

i

DECLARATION

I am here to declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted previously

or currently for any other degree at UiTM or any other institution.

……………………………………………….

(NUR AZIRA BINTI CHE AZMI)

940605-02-5818

2013430098

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, thank you to Allah SWT the Almighty, He who gave me the blessing, guidance,

strength, idea and capability to complete the research and salawat and salaam to the Beloved

Prophet Muhammad SAW.

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor,

Mrs Azlin Sham Rambely for her guidance, advice, help, knowledge and encouragement

towards the completion of this study. She also gave me a lot of useful comments and

suggestions for improvement throughout this research. The extent of my gratitude is to the

lecturers and staffs of Medical Laboratory Centre who always there to assist and support me in

completing the research.

My gratefulness is to my parents, Mr Che Azmi bin Ahmad and Mrs Asiah binti Hanafi,

and my family members for their prayer, support and encouragement for me to complete this

research.

Finally, I would like to thanks all my beloved friends especially my colleague from

Microbiology cluster for the help, comments, suggestions, assistance, and supports throughout

this research. And to those who have been contributing to the completion of this project directly

and indirectly. May Allah bless and reward you with good achievement.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i

INTELECTUAL PROPERTIES ............................................................................................ ii

APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................ iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. x

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE ............................... xii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1

1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY ........................................................................................ 1

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................. 2

1.3. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY ........................................................................................... 3

1.4. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY ............................................................................................... 4

1.4.1. General objective ..................................................................................................... 4

1.4.2. Specific objective ..................................................................................................... 4

1.5. HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY ............................................................................................ 5

1.5.1. Null hypothesis (H0) ................................................................................................ 5

1.5.2. Alternative hypothesis (H1)...................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 6

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO DISINFECTANT ...................................................................... 6

2.2. NATURAL PRODUCT AS NEW ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT .................................. 7

2.3. INTRODUCTION TO Lawsonia inermis ...................................................................... 7

2.4. TESTED MICROORGANISMS .................................................................................... 8

2.4.1. Staphylococcus aureus ............................................................................................. 8

2.4.2. Candida albicans ..................................................................................................... 8

2.4.3. Acinetobacter baumannii ......................................................................................... 8

xiii

ABSTRACT

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF Lawsonia inermis

ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS AS SURFACE DISINFECTANT

Lawsonia inermis comes from family of Lythraceae which called as henna in English, Mehndi

in India and Inai in Malay. Sunnah of prophet Muhammad state that this henna can give benefit

which acts as medication due to its phytochemicals properties. Scientific research has proven

that Lawsonia inermis extracts has many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, allophatic,

and antioxidant activities. Commercial disinfectant such as dettol consist of triclosan and

chloroxylenol which enable to give side effect although function in inhibiting the

microorganisms. Triclosan able to give effect towards environment and health while

chloroxylenol can cause skin irritation and excessive hair fall. The aim of this study is to

evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy between commercial disinfectant with ethanolic extracts of

Lawsonia inermis. The evaluation was determined with ethanolic extraction of Lawsonia

inermis, biochemical identification of bacteria which are Candida albicans, Acinetobacter

baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klesiella pneumoniae and

Salmonella typhi. The efficacy was tested on tiles (10x10 cm) then was put into 10 ml

neutralizing broth and the organism growth on media was calculated by using colony forming

unit for statistical analysis. The result was analysed using one-way anova and showed that

Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are significant

because it less than P value (<0.001). The result of this study suggested that Lawsonia inermis

ethanolic extracts have the ability to inhibit the organisms due to its antimicrobial activity and

able to replace commercial disinfectant.

Keywords: Lawsonia inermis, disinfectant, ethanol, extraction