By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS

Chappaqua, NY

Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS

Chappaqua, NY

Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA

The Crimean War [1854-1856]


Towns of Crimea are sweetheart geographical location for trade.

This was about the declining Ottoman Empire….



Russia as policeman of Europe via CoV. In exchange for providing armies used to suppress revolutions of 1848 and 1849, Russia wrongly thought it would have a free hand in Ottoman Empire = “Sick man of Europe.”

It becomes the “eastern question.”

France under Napoleon III sends ambassadors to Ottoman so Ottomans will recognize Fr. as sovereign authority over Christians in Ottoman Empire.Russia disputed this claim; they were the protectors of the Orthodox Christians



Napoleon III responds with force

Then Tsar Nicholas I brings his 4th and 5th army corps along River Danube.

Nicholas Cage began courting England….He felt Austria won’t object if Russia annexed a few neighboring areas; esp. since Russia assisted Austria in suppressing Revolutions of 1848



Russia[claimed

protectorship over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia



Lots of logistical and tactical errors

Considered preview of WWI

Modern war b/c technical changes *1st use of railways and electric telegraph

Birth of Red Cross a la Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole

1st photographs..

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

Fenton Photoshttp://sbp.so/fenton

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

“The Lady with the Lamp”

Treaty of Paris [1856]Treaty of Paris [1856]

No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.

All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Who benefitted?

Who lost big?

Test Your KnowledgeTest Your KnowledgeWhich of the following represented a major diplomatic result of the Crimean War?A.France withdrew in defeat from European affairsB.Austria emerged in a strengthened political positionC.The Concert of Europe was effectively reinstatedD.It opened the way for German and Italian unification

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet”

Italian unification movement:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Catholic conservative Austrians to the north and conservative papal forces in Rome


The French are hoping the

Austrians will go to war and

that the French alliance will

result in French annexation of

Nice and Savoy

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the

French, (April 30, 1849)

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the

French, (April 30, 1849)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Attacco_garibaldino_contro_i_francesi_30_aprile_1849.jpg


But France is involved at

home…and it looks like the Austrians are resigned to

losing Lombardy to

Sardinia as long as Sardinia

doesn’t annex anything else

Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

Began some liberal reforms- released liberals in jail.

Some people thought Italy might unify around a more moderate pope….

But face it, the pope is hardly going to turn on the Hapsburg Austrian dynasty as that is the only thing securing his own rule…

He does not support a war against Austria

Step #1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

Step #1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

Step #2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

Step #2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

Step #3: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #3: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #4: Austro-Prussian War,1866Step #4: Austro-Prussian War,1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #6: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Step #6: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Chancellor Otto von BismarckChancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r ”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.



I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

http://www.boondocksnet.com/cartoons/

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Bismarck & Napoleon III After SedanBismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

German for “Empire.”

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the Crimean War.

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program.

Jews forced migration to the Pale

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

The

Pale

The

Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s JewsForced Migration of Russia’s Jews

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

Documents

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA