BY M/s SHRI DOODHAGANGA KRISHNA SAHAKARI SAKKARE KARKHANE ...kspcb.kar.nic.in/PH/EIA_Report_Shri_Doodhaganga_Karkane_DKSSKN... · Draft EIA Report M/s Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari

Draft EIA Report M/s Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Niyamit (DKSSKN) Nanadi village,Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi District, Karnataka State

Draft Environmental Impact AssessmentReport

For the Proposed

Expansion of Sugar Cane Crushing Capacity from5500 TCD to 10000 TCD & Increase in Power

Generation of Cogeneration Power Plant from20.5 MWhr to 50 MWhr

AT

Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku,Belagavi District, Karnataka State

BY

M/s SHRI DOODHAGANGA KRISHNASAHAKARI SAKKARE KARKHANE

NIYAMIT (DKSSKN)

Prepared ByMITCON Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd.Agriculture College Campus, Next to D.I.C Office,Shivajinagar, Pune – 411005.


INDEX

Sl. no. Contents Page no.CHAPTER NO.1 INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Introduction 21.2 Background & Company Details 21.3 Promoters of the Company 21.4 Study objective 31.5 The need for environmental assessment 31.6 Need for the Expansion of Sugar cane crushing capacity & cogeneration & its

Importance to the country & OR Region4

1.7 Demand– supply gap power sector in india 51.8 Overview of power situation & sugar plant co-generation projects, in India

& in the state of karnataka.6

1.9 Power scenario in karnataka 61.10 Cogeneration 71.11 Bagasse based cogeneration in sugar industry 71.12 Sugar cane as energy crop 81.13 Imports vs. Indigenous production. 81.14 Export Possibility 81.15 Domestic/ Export Markets 81.16 Employment Generation (Direct & Indirect) due to the Project 91.17 Methodology of EIA 91.18 Structure of EIA report 9

CHAPTER NO.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 112.0 Salient features 122.1 Type of Project Including Interlinked & Interdependent Projects, If Any 122.2 Details of Alternate Sites Considered 182.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation 182.4 Availability of Water, its source, Energy/ Power requirement 182.5 Project description with process details 212.6 Cogeneration plant – Power Plant 242.7 Raw materials & source 242.8 Resource Optimization 252.9 Quantity of Wastes (Liquid & Solid) 25

CHAPTER NO.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 273.1 Physical Environment 28

3.1.1 Site location and its surrounding 283.2 Geographical Location & Physical Aspects 293.3 Drainage Pattern 303.4 Geology 31

3.4.1 Hydrogeology 313.5 Micrometerology 34

3.5.1 Climate 343.5.2 Wind speed & direction 353.5.3 Rainfall 393.5.4 Ambient Air Quality 393.5.5 Noise Environment 423.5.6 Water Environment & Water Quality 453.5.7 Land Use Pattern 483.5.8 Land Environment 553.5.9 Flora & Fauna of the Study Area 61


3.6 Earthquakes 723.7 Socio-Economic Baseline 743.8 Industries 743.9 Aesthetic Environment 75

Sl. no. Contents Page no.CHAPTER NO.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION 77

4.0 Environmental impact prediction 784.1 Impact during construction phase 784.2 Impact during operation phase 794.3 Impact on cropping pattern 904.4 Impact on Land Use 90

CHAPTER NO.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 915.0 Environmental impact analysis 925.1 Matrix method 925.2 Check list method 945.3 Expert advice 955.4 Economic Technique 95

CHAPTER NO.6 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 966.0 Environment management plan 976.1 During construction phase 976.2 During operation phase 986.3 Noise & Vibration control 1046.4 Command Area Development 1046.5 Corporate Social Responsibility 1056.6 Budgetary Commitment of CSR 1096.7 Corporate Social Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP) guidelines

Implementation Status109

6.8 Rain water harvesting 1116.9 Green Belt Development 1116.10 Budget for Environmental Management 1116.11 Occupational Health & Safety 112

CHAPTER NO. 7 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM 1137.1 Monitoring system 1147.2 Environment Management Hierarchy 114

CHAPTER NO.8 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER CONTROL PLAN 1208.0 Risk assessment 1218.1 Risk assessment process and risk analysis methodologies 1228.2 Hazard identification and risk assessment (hira) 1248.3 Storage of flammable liquids 1248.4 Occupational safety and health 1268.5 Health and safety measures 1358.6 Disaster or emergency control plan 1368.7 Type of disaster at DKSSKN complex 1368.8 Level of accident 1368.9 Site emergency control room (SECR) & site main controller 1378.10 Disaster preventive measures 1378.11 Fire fighting arrangements 1388.12 Alarm system to be followed during disaster 1388.13 Planning 1398.14 Coordination among key personnel of captive power plant 1398.15 Hazard emergency control procedure 141

Project Benefit 148


List of Tables

Sl. no. Contents Pageno.

2.1 Salient features of the Project Site 172.2 Land breakup 192.3 Water Balance with consumption & discharge details 203.1 Salient Features of the Project Site 293.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 403.3 Summary of Ambient Air Quality 423.4 Noise Monitoring Stations 443.5 Noise Levels Monitored within Buffer zone 453.6 Water Quality sampling Locations 463.7 Ground water & Surface water quality monitored within buffer zone 473.8 Land Usage details 503.9 Crops in the study area Ann.3D3.10 List of Bryophytes & Pteridophytes recorded in the study area Ann.3D3.11 Soil Quality monitored within buffer zone 563.12 Ten largest families in the State 633.13 Comparison of Genera & Species 643.14 Phytosociological Studies in the Study Area 653.15 List of Avifauna observed in study area Ann.3D3.16 Details of Importance Value Index in Study Area 663.17 List of Wild animals & their conservation status Ann.3D3.18 List of Mammals Observed in Study Area 673.19 List of Planktonic flora & fauna from study area Ann.3D3.20 List of Reptiles and Amphibians observed in the Study Area 683.21 Grading scheme used for ecological sensitivity Ann.3D3.22 List of Butterflies observed in study area 683.23 Aquatic Ecological locations in study area 713.22 Ecological Sensitivity of study area 714.1 Stack details of proposed boiler 814.2 Summary of the movement of the various types of vehicles during the

survey period88

4.3 Expected Incremental Traffic Density 894.4 Land Breakup 905.1 Environmental Impact Matrix for the proposed expansion of DKSSKN

during construction phase93

5.2 Environmental Impact Matrix for the proposed expansion of DKSSKNduring operational phase

93

5.3 Result Sheet for Assessing Checklist 945.4 Result Sheet for Assessing checklist 94


List of Figures

Sl. no. Contents Pageno.

2.1 Map of Karnataka 132.2 Location Map 142.3 Google map showing location 152.4 Google map showing 10 km radius around project site 152.5 General Layout of the Plant 162.6 Water Balance for Sugar & Cogeneration 212.7 Flow Diagram for Sugar manufacturing process along with Cogeneration plant 253.1 Hydrogeology of Belagavi District of Karnataka state 323.2 Depth to water level pre monsoon, Belgavi district of Karnataka state 333.3 Depth to water level post monsoon, Belgavi district of Karnataka state 343.4 Wind rose plot for Belagavi IMD station 36

3.5(a) Windrose Diagram Duration (01-08 hrs, 09-16 hrs & 17-24 hrs) 373.5(b) Windrose Diagram Duration (01-24 hrs) 38

3.6 Average temperatures & precipitation 393.7 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 413.8 Noise Quality Monitoring Locations 443.9 Water Quality sampling Locations 46

3.10 Satellite Imagery 513.11 Landuse & land cover 523.12 Soil quality Sampling locations 563.13 Status of pH in the soils of Belagavi District 573.14 Electrical Conductivity of the soils of Belagavi District 583.15 Organic Carbon status of the soils of Belagavi district 593.16 Status of P2O5 in the soils of Belagavi district 603.17 Status of K2O in the soils of Belagavi district 613.18 Phytosociological Study Locations 663.19 Aquatic Ecological locations in study area 723.20 Earthquake Zone of Karnataka 734.1 Isopleths of Predicted PM concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian

Model82

4.2 Isopleths of Predicted SO2 concentration in Ambient Air as per GaussianModel

83

4.3 Isopleths of Predicted NOx concentration in Ambient Air as per GaussianModel

84

ANNEXURES

AnnexureNo. Contents Page No

A Copy of Terms of Reference (TOR) 1513A Summary of Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area 1553B Contour Map 1643D Details of Flora & Fauna in the study area 165


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


1.1. INTRODUCTION

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a key aspect of many large scale planningapplications. It is a technique which is meant to help us understand the potential environmentalimpacts of major development proposals. Unfortunately, both the process and the outcome ofEIA can be complex and confusing leaving local communities unsure as to how a developmentmight affect them. This report is intended as a broad introduction to the Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA). The material is drawn from regulations, circulars and guidance and isdesigned to help individuals understand what EIA is and in what circumstances it should beapplied. The report is not intended to provide guidance on how to prepare an EIA. The overalltheme of this report is to encourage local communities to engage in the EIA process. Experts donot always know the best and by ignoring local knowledge their decision may have disastrousconsequence for local people living near development sites.

1.2. Background& Company Details

M/s. Shri Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Niyamit( DKSSKN, thecompany) is having an area of 72.06 Hectares (178 Acres) in Survey Numbers 184, 185, 186, 455,456, 621, 626, 627 & 631 falling under the revenue limits of Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku,Belagavi district of Karnataka State. DKSSKN has obtained consent for establishment fromKarnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) for Sugar Plant of sugar cane crushing capacity of5500 TCD with cogeneration plant of 20.5 MWhr, Molasses based distillery of 30 KLD & operatingthe same with valid consents from KSPCB. Based on the feasibility reports & availability of sugarcane DKSSKN has decided to upgrade the sugar cane crushing capacity to 10000 TCD &cogeneration of power to 50MWhr. Existing buildings are spread over an area of 14.55 Hectares(35.94 acres). Proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration plants shall be located in an area of 0.78Hectares (1.93 Acres). Around 23.6 Hectares (58.292 acres) has been developed as green belt. Thebalance area of 33.13 Hectares (81.83 acres) shall be vacant land.

The proposed expansion shall be located within the vacant area of the existing premises.

Name M/s. Shri Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane NiyamitRegistered Office Nanadi village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi district, Karnataka. Pin: 591 247.

Plant LocationSurvey Numbers 184, 185, 186, 455, 456, 621, 626, 627 & 631 fallingunder the revenue limits of Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavidistrict of Karnataka State.

Constitution Cooperative unitBusiness Manufacturing of Sugar, alcohol & generation of power

1.3. Promoters of the Company

M/s. DKSSKN is a cooperative sugar factory situated at Nanadi village, Chikodi Taluku, of Belagavidistrict of Karnataka state. DKSSKN was registered on March 05, 1969 under section 7 of the MysoreCooperative Societies act 1959 for setting up a sugar plant. The unit was set up under the leadershipof veteran leader late Shri Chidanand B. Kore to provide financial support to the farmers of thisbackward border region.

Dr. Prabhakar B. Kore has experience in various disciplines such as politics, education, agriculture,cooperative endeavours & community building. He was a Member of Rajya Sabha from 1990 to 1996& Member of Karnataka Legislative Council from 2001 to 2007. He is a sitting member of RajyaSabha. He is currently the Vice President of Karnataka Pradesh Bharatiya Janata Party & Chancellorof KLE University, Belagavi. He is the Chairman of K.L.E. Society, Belagavi since 1984. He isdirector of National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories, New Delhi since 1990. He was the


Ex-Chairman & Director of Shri Doodhaganga Krishna Cooperative Sugar Factory, Chikodi. Apartfrom the above he is holding various positions in different organizations. He has also received variousawards for his work in social & educational fields. M/s. DKSSKN under the dynamic leadership ofDr. Prabhakar B. Kore (Honourable Member of Rajya Sabha) has progressed rapidly & helped inmaking the overall development of the factory, surrounding areas & economic upliftment of the sugarcane growers. Under the guidance of Dr. Prabhakar Kore, his management team has already carriedout several activities in the command area, including cane development etc.

M/s. DKSSKN is now efficiently run by Shri Amit P. Kore, Chairman, who is currently also thechairman of Indian Sugar Federation. The chairman of DKSSKN is well educated and has experiencein running the sugar industry. His huge practical experience in sugar & power industries will beimmensely helpful in executing and operating the proposed expansion & fuel ethanol project.DKSSKN has already appointed a technical / managerial team of highly qualified engineers,contractors & arbitration experts, agricultural officers and managerial personnel for implementationand operation of the proposed expansion of sugar and cogen power project.

Under the guidance of Shri Amit P. Kore, Mr. D.S. Girigoudar (Managing Director) is headingDKSSKN, who is a technocrat & has rich experience in successfully putting up & operating modernsugar mills economically.

1.4. STUDY OBJECTIVES

1.4.1. Objectives

The process of environmental impact analysis serves to meet the primary goal of Parliament inenacting Environment Policy Act, 1986 to establish a national policy in favour of protecting andrestoring the environment. The primary objective of EIA is to disclose the environmentalconsequences of proposed action, thereby altering the agency decision maker, the public, andultimately Parliament and the President to the environmental risk involved. An important andintended consequence of this disclosure is to build into the agency’s decision making process, acontinuing conscience of environmental considerations.

1.4.2. Uses

Environmental impact assessment should be undertaken for reasons other than to simply conformto the procedural requirements of the law. According to the letter of the law, environment must beassessed for activities with significant impact. However, the spirit of the law is founded on thepremise, that to utilize resources in an environmentally compatible way and to protect andenhance the environment, it is necessary to know how activities will affect the environment andto consider these effects early enough so that changes in plans can be made if the potentialimpacts warrant them.

EIA provides a vehicle for recording impacts of activities so that knowledge of what adversechanges may occur can be recollected and maintained. The purpose of inventory is to ensuredisclosures of the impacts so that concerned institutions or individuals will be aware of possiblerepercussions of the subject activity.

1.5 THE NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Economic, social and environmental change is inherent to development. While developmentaims to bring about positive change it can lead to conflicts. The promotion of economic growthas the motor for increased well being was the main development thrust with little sensitivity toadverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure longterm benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This is accepted as an essential feature ofdevelopment if the aim of increased well being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to


be met for existing and future generations. In order to predict environmental impacts of anydevelopment activity, to provide an opportunity to mitigate against negative impacts andenhance positive impacts, environmental impact assessment is carried out.

The proposed project of expansion of sugarcane crushing capacity & increase in cogeneration ofpower requires environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi(MOEF) based on the EIA notification no. SO 1533 dated 14th Sept 2006 published by UnionMinistry of Environment and Forests. Hence DKSSKN submitted an application forenvironmental clearance to State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)Karnataka (duly constituted by MOEF) Bengaluru for the approval of terms of reference (TOR).TOR was approved during the State Level Expert Appraisal committee (SEAC) Karnataka (dulyconstituted by MOEF) in the meeting held in the month of February on 9 to 11, 2015 atBengaluru. SEIAA Karnataka issued TOR, vide letter no. SEIAA IND 22, on March 03, 2015.

1.6 NEED FOR THE EXPANSION OF SUGAR CANE CRUSHING CAPACITY &COGENERATION & ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY & OR REGION

1.6.1. Indian Sugar Industry:

The world's largest consumers of sugar are India, China, Brazil, USA, Russia, Mexico, Pakistan,Indonesia, Germany and Egypt. Brazil & India are the largest sugar producing countries followed byChina, USA, Thailand, Australia, Mexico, Pakistan, France and Germany.

Global sugar production increased from approximately 125.88 MMT (Million Metric Tons) in 1995-1996 to 149.4 MMT in 2002-2003 and then declined to 143.7 MMT in 2003-2004, whereasconsumption increased steadily from 118.1 MMT in 1995-1996 to 142.8 MMT in 2003-2004.

The world consumption is projected to grow to 160.7 MMT in 2010 and 176.1 MMT by 2015. India ispredominantly an agro based economy. Sugarcane plays a very vital role in this agro based economyby providing sugar, the main sweetener used in India. With the growing demand for sugar, theemphasis has been on increasing sugar production.

The Indian sugar industry is the country’s second largest agro-processing industry with an annualproduction capacity of over 18 million tonnes of sugar. About 45 million farmers and their familiesdepend directly on sugar industries. Only 2.5 % of the area is under cultivation of sugar cane of totalcultivated area in India.

In India the annual per capita consumption of white crystal sugar and that of non-centrifugal sugar is15 Kgs per annum and 23 Kgs per annum respectively. The annual overall consumption of thecentrifugal and non-centrifugal sugar in the country comes to more than 25 million tonnes. Thus, thereis vast untapped potential for growth in the area of sugar production.

India is a vast country with greatly varying economic patterns and parameters prevailing across thecountry. Such variations are highly pronounced, particularly between urban areas and rural areas.Income levels vary significantly. Almost 30% of the population is perceived to be in an extremely lowincome group. The effective per capita consumption of white sugar would work out to 24 kgs and oftotal sweeteners (including gur and khandasari) to 32 kgs, about one and half times the world average.

A higher net per capita state domestic product and also a higher proportion of urban population, theconsumption of sugar is significantly higher and compares favorably with developed countries suchas the USA and countries of the EU. In fact, in urban areas of comparatively affluent Indian stateslike Punjab, Haryana etc., per capita consumption of sugar is substantially higher than even indeveloped countries.


Due to the switching over from other sweetening agents to sugar, the effect of population growth andincrease in per capital consumption, the sugar consumption is likely to increase. Hence, there is a lotof scope for increasing the Sugar Manufacturing infra Structure. Hence, further addition of sugarmanufacturing infrastructure is envisaged in India.

Further the economical size of the sugar plant is shifting from lower crushing capacity to 10000 TCDconsidering mainly the cost of production & economical self sufficient downstream industries.Considering the declining trend of world beet sugar production, more cane juice/sugar diversion toethanol, India’s larger agricultural base and irrigation resources etc., India is definitely going to be amajor player in world sugar production.

Transport of the raw material for sugar factory i.e. sugar cane shall be done by trucks/ tractors /bullock carts and the finished product is transported by trucks / wagons. Excess power shall beexported via grid.

The proposed expansion will result in the following resources optimisation.

a. Proposed plant shall be situated in the available landb. Proximity to the availability of raw material area i.e. rich sugar cane area of Belagavi

district of Karnataka state, Sangli & Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra state.c. Availability of utilities such as transportation & water.d. Ease of control over both sugar & cogeneration units by one management & sharing

common facilities like workshop etc.

1.7. DEMAND– SUPPLY GAP OF POWER SECTOR IN INDIA

In India, the installed power plant capacity was approximately 1300 MW in 1947 and it is about120,000 MW in 2006. Power has a significant role to play in industry and agriculture. Power demandincreases continuously due to increase of the industrialization and per capita power consumption. Atpresent, the per capita power consumption is about 600 KWHr. It is likely to increase to 1500 KWHrin 2016.

At present, the gap between the demand and supply is about 30% during the peak hours. The CentralGovernment has notified on 12-02-05 that the availability of the power demand is to be fully met onlyby 2012. But to achieve, the country has to install a capacity of 2,000,000 MWhr. Per capitaavailability has to increase from the present level of 600 KWHr to 1500 KWHr in 2016. Aggressiveattitude of the country to grow in the power field to meet the level of infrastructure demand isrequired in the competitive international market.

1.7.1. NEED FOR BIO MASS BASED POWER PLANT

The ever growing energy demand & the steep depletion of fossil fuels have directed us to explore thepossibility of developing other sources of energy particularly from non-conventional renewableenergy sources, which is also environmental friendly.

Further, it is an undisputed fact that the present level of generation of power from Hydel, Thermal andnuclear sources could not meet the increasing demand due to various problems.

In order to reduce the Green House Gas Emission, the Non-Conventional Energy is to be utilized forthe generation of electricity. One of the Non-Conventional renewable Energy source is Bagasse. Sothe Ministry of Non – Conventional Energy, Government of India encourages Sugar Mills forBagasse based Co-Generation by increasing the various subsidies.

We have to cross the hurdles such as lower growth rate i.e. around 5% against expected 12 % everyyear, lower PLF in the range of 75 % on an average, T&D losses varying in various states. In the


above scenario the country has to necessarily to come out with innovative options to encourage theenergy conservation measures, increasing the PLF, export of surplus power to the national purposeetc.

Government of India (GOI) has acknowledged the overall deficiency of power supply and quality inthe country. The importance of decentralized energy generation from renewable sources of fuel, forcomplimenting centralized fossil fuel based power generation, has been accepted way for improvingthe situation.

The Electricity Bill 2003 approved by the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, provides for de-licensing ofpower generation and distribution, throughout the country. The renewable energy sources and powergeneration from renewable sources have been focused in this bill and the states have been guided toincrease their share up to minimum 10%.

The fiscal incentives offered for renewable energy generation will continue in the coming period.They primarily include accelerated depreciation, income tax holiday (5 years tax holiday with 30%exemption for next 5 years), customs duty concessions, exemption of Central excise duty & Centralsales tax.

The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions havecome into force to establish tariffs and oversee the electricity sector. The regulatory commissionsfixed tariffs for the purchase of electricity by SEBs from all sources including renewable, based on theguidelines from the Ministry of Power and the MNRE, State policies and inputs from the publichearings. The Government of India, through the Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources(MNRE), is encouraging all the existing and new sugar units to set up cogen power plants. In order toachieve the potential of about 5000 MW from sugar mill cogeneration in India, the Ministry has beenundertaking promotional efforts under the National Program on Biomass / Cogeneration Power since1994-95. Apart from providing guidelines to the States for purchase of exportable power from suchprojects, the Ministry has been offering several promotional and fiscal incentives to this sector.

The specific incentives from the Ministry include interest subsidy for commercial projects from 1-3 %depending on the temperature and pressure configuration, subsidy for preparation of detailed projectreports and assistance in syndication of loans, financial assistance for State Nodal Agencies,consultants, industry associations for undertaking promotional efforts, etc.

1.8. OVERVIEW OF POWER SITUATION & SUGAR PLANT CO-GENERATIONPROJECTS, IN INDIA & IN THE STATE OF KARNATAKA.

As of March 31, 2007, bagasse based cogen projects have been commissioned in the country with,cumulative exportable surplus of 615.83 MW from 74 projects. Additional 104 projects, aggregatingto 1212.27 MW, are under various stages of construction. The Govt. of Karnataka adopted the MNREguidelines since 1994-95 for purchase of power from sugar mill cogen projects. As of April 30, 2007,the commissioned capacity in the State is 339 MW against a potential of 1000 MW (Source: Progressreport of KREDAL) Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) has issued a tariff orderfor purchase of exportable power from bagasse cogen power plants at sugar factories in January,2005.

1.9. POWER SCENARIO IN KARNATAKA

Karnataka has been facing shortage of power in the recent years and the power system is a mix ofThermal, Hydel, Gas, Co-generation, and contribution from National Grid. Due to the continuousefforts of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), the transmission loss, whichis about 62 % in some states, is reduced to 25%. In spite of that there is power shortage.


The existing power shortages in peak demand & energy availability are quite higher, compared to thenation. It is necessary for the State Government to tap every possible alternate source of energy, frombio-mass or captive power. This is in view of the projections for requirement of power for sustainedeconomic development of the State and shortages of funds for implementing conventional powerprojects. Government of Karnataka has already acknowledged the grim situation and has decided topromote captive and cogeneration projects in private, joint, public and cooperative sectors.

1.10. COGENERATION

Due to shortage in the power supply during peak hours and also due to the Government policy ofsupplying power to the rural areas on priority, many industries and commercial establishments havestarted installing captive power generation facilities.

Such captive power generation comes under three categories. Category 1 is Cogeneration, which isthe simultaneous generation of process heat and electric power. Category 2 is standby captivegeneration, mainly as a back up in the event of utility power failure. Category 3 is the captivegeneration, used for augmenting or even substituting the utility power.

Cogeneration increases the overall efficiency of the system and is desirable from the point of view ofenergy economy. It is estimated that such captive generation capacity in the country is about 10% ofthe total installed utility generating capacity.

1.11. BAGASSE BASED COGENERATION IN SUGAR INDUSTRY

Indian Sugar Industry has to improve the revenue by value addition to the by product. So byCogeneration Indian sugar Industry can be benefited & the revenue per ton of sugarcane can beenhanced. Sugar mills have the capacity to export about 100 KWHr power per ton cane. This willincrease the revenue by Rs. 300 per ton cane.

Cogeneration reduces the Green House Gas emission. This will reduce the global warming. So bycogeneration, future generation will also be benefited.

All the Cane sugar plants have been using the cogeneration concept – dual use of energy in Steam, fortheir own captive use. But the term “cogeneration” under the present context is used to denote theexport of the surplus power to the grid or for selling to any other third party.

The cogeneration potential in the country in various industries, like petrochemical, paper, sugar,textile, cement etc., is around 12000 MW. Out of this, it is estimated that the potential in the canesugar factories is around 4000 MW.

Bagasse based cogeneration has the following advantages.

The bagasse based cogeneration is eco-friendly as pollutants are negligible. Bagasse based cogeneration conserves fossil fuels. There is no need to transport the fuel to the generating station as the fuel i.e. bagasse is available

in the factory itself. It does not increase any foreign exchange outflow, as all the plant and equipment required for

setting up the cogeneration plants are indigenously available. The setting up of the cogeneration plant has a lower gestation period compared to the gestation

period of the conventional thermal plants. It has lower installation & operating costs compared to the conventional fossil fuel thermal power

plants.


As the plants will be located invariably in the rural areas, the transmission and distribution lossesare very much minimized. In addition, these plants increase the voltage level of the powersupplied to the rural areas.

Bagasse based cogeneration provides employment to rural folk. The cogeneration plants also improve the financial position of the sugar factories.

1.12. SUGAR CANE AS ENERGY CROP

Sugarcane is a tropical grass belonging to the same genes as sorghum and maize. It is an energy cropand the maximum converter of solar energy into bio-mass.

The trash free millable sugarcane stalk contains about 73% water and 27% solids. Cane containsabout 14 % dissolved solids and about 13% fibre woody fibrous Solids. The woody fiber of the canewith the unextracted solids and moisture is known as bagasse. It is a residue of Sugar Milling Plant. Itis about 30 to 32% of the sugarcane crushed. The bagasse is used as fuel for the boilers in the sugarmills.

Calorific Value of the bagasse depends upon the moisture % in bagasse. It is about 2200 to 2400kcals per kg of bagasse.

With the selling of surplus power, it is possible to install high pressure energy efficient boilers &energy efficient turbines. More power per ton of cane crushed can be produced. Surplus power shallbe exported. Conventional sugar mills generate about 35 KWHr power per ton cane & consume theentire generated power whereas the bagasse based cogeneration sugar mills generate about 130 to 140KWHr power, consume about 35 KWHr & export about 105 KWHr power per ton cane. Hence,bagasse based cogeneration increases the profitability of the Sugar Mills.

Further, Cogeneration plants using bagasse as fuel are eco friendly and have the added advantages ofrelatively low capital cost as well as short gestation period. In addition, the other added advantagesare, reduction in the transportation of fuel & reduction in transmission losses. Cogeneration in sugarindustries also raises a futuristic source in the way of India's self-reliance in the power sectorparticularly in the rural areas.

Keeping in view of the above, DKSSKN proposes to expand the sugarcane crushing capacity of sugarplant from 5500 TCD to 10000 TCD. Apart from this, DKSSKN shall increase the power generationcapacity from 20.5 MWhr to 50 MWhr in the cogeneration plant.

1.13. IMPORTS vs. INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION.

Of the world’s sugar production of 220 Million Metric Tons, India is expected to have contributed 22Million Metric Tons or a mere 10% of the world production.

1.14. EXPORT POSSIBILITY.

Export possibility for sugar is totally dependent on government’s policies.

1.15. DOMESTIC / EXPORT MARKETS

Indians by nature have a sweet tooth and sugar is a prime requirement in every household. Almost75% of the sugar available in the open market is consumed by bulk consumers like bakeries, candymakers, sweet makers and soft drink manufacturers. Khandsari sugar is less refined and is typicallyconsumed by sweet makers. Gur, an unrefined form of lumpy brown sugar, is mostly consumed inrural areas, with some quantities illegally diverted for alcohol production.


Greater urbanization & rising standard of living have sparked of a rising trend in usage of Sugar.Industrial consumption for sugar is also growing rapidly particularly from the food processing sector& sugar based bulk consumers such as soft drink and ice cream manufacturers.

1.16. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (DIRECT & INDIRECT) DUE TO THE PROJECT.

M/s DKSSKN has employed 977 people in the existing plant. Around 250 people shall be employedduring construction. DKSSKN shall employ 100 persons during operational phase for the proposedexpansion.

1.17. METHODOLOGY OF EIA

The methodology adopted for the EIA study consisted of following main steps:

1.17.1. Identification and Assessment of ImpactsVarious impacts likely to occur due to the proposed project on the environment were identified.These impacts were assessed for their significance based on the background environmentalquality in the area and the magnitude of the impact. All components of the environment wereconsidered, impacts were evaluated in quantitative and qualitative terms for two scenarios withEMP and without EMP using matrix method.

1.17.2. Environment Management Plan

Based on the impact identified, an appropriate environmental management strategy wasdeveloped and presented in the form of EMP. The EMP consists of the various policies, controlmeasures, etc. for abatement of critical environmental impacts arising out of the proposedproject.

1.18. STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT

A brief outline of the report is presented as under-

Chapter 1 Introduction

This chapter provides information on legislation, Basic Environment Policy, Objective of thestudy, Project Background, Essentiality of the project and Methodology of EIA study.

Chapter 2 Project Description

Project description includes, process technology and specification of the project, description ofthe plant operations with infra structure and support services.

Chapter 3 Environment Baseline Status

This chapter presents the location details and findings of field studies undertaken for variousenvironmental attributes like metrology, air, soil, noise, demography and socio-economic fromsecondary data as collected on above parameters and also for ecology, land use, geology etc.

Chapter 4 Environment Impact Prediction

This chapter incorporates Environment Impact Prediction of proposed mining wherein theimpact action on parameters like air, water, soil, noise, land use, flora, fauna, human settlement,infra structure, employment.


Chapter 5 Environmental Impact Analysis

This chapter describes the method of impact assessments like Matrix and Check list method.

Chapter 6 Environment Management Plan

This chapter provides the recommendation for environment plan aimed at minimizing thenegative impacts of the project. The mitigation measures are presented for all the likely adverseimpact on the environment due to the project.

Chapter 7 Environmental monitoring program

This chapter relates to the activities monitoring of air, water, noise, and soil pollution in bufferzone.

Chapter 8 Risk assessment and Disaster management plan


CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION


2.0 SALIENT FEATURESLOCATION (MAP SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION, SPECIFIC LOCATION, PROJECTBOUNDARY & PROJECT SITE LAYOUT) WITH COORDINATES.

The Project site is located Nanadi Village, falling under the revenue limits of Chikodi Taluku,Belagavi district of Karnataka State with an average MSL of about 575.60 m. Figure 2.1 shows themap of Karnataka State. The site falls at 160 30’04.60” & 160 30’35.43” North Latitude and74036’42.84” & 74037’09.29” East longitude. Parts of the study area falls within the Survey of IndiaToposheet Nos. 47 L/5, 47 L/6, 47 L/7, 47 L/10 (Scale: 1:50000). Figure 2.2 shows the location ofthe factory on the Belagavi district road map. Figure 2.3 shows the location of the factory on thegoogle map. Google map showing the location of various features around the Plant in 10 Kms radiusis depicted in Figure 2.4.

2.1. Type of Project Including Interlinked & Interdependent Projects, If Any.

M/s DKSSKN is having an area of 72.06 Hectares (178 Acres) in Survey Numbers 184, 185, 186,455, 456, 621, 626, 627 & 631 falling under the revenue limits of Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku,Belagavi district of Karnataka State. DKSSKN has obtained consent for establishment fromKarnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) for Sugar Plant of sugar cane crushing capacity of5500 TCD with cogeneration plant of 20.5 MWhr, molasses based distillery of 30 KLD & operatingthe same with valid consents from KSPCB. Based on the feasibility reports & availability of sugarcane DKSSKN has decided to upgrade the sugar cane crushing capacity to 10000 TCD &cogeneration of power to 50MWhr at a project cost of Rs. 80 Crores. The proposed expansion shallcome up within the existing premises.

2.1.1 Road Connectivity

The area is well connected by road. The national highway connecting Pune to Bengaluru (NH4)passes at a distance of 29.7 Kms in the western direction. The state highway connecting Examba toChikodi (SH 78) passes at a distance of 1.8 Kms in the western direction. The nearest airport isBelagavi at a distance of 71.94 Kms in the SSW direction.

The site is connected by broad gauge railway line of South Western railway on Hubballi - Mirajsection. The nearest railway station is Raibag located at a distance of 20.7 Kms away in the Eastdirection.

Doodhaganga river is the nearest major water body & is located at a distance of 6.56 Kms in NNWdirection.

The nearest village to the plant is Ullegaddiwadi village, located at a distance of 1.359 Kms in theNorth direction. Chikodi is the main town and market place which is located at about 8.98 Kms inSSW direction. Belagavi is the district place & is located at about 65.312 kms away from the plantsite in the SSW direction.

Nearest Settlements from the Plant site

Name of village Distance & directionUllegaddiwadi 1.359 Kms NNanadi 2.336 Kms NWExamba 2.62 Kms NNWHirekudi 5.779 Kms SWKallol 6.816 Kms NNEAnkali 7.339 Kms NENasalapur 8.194 Kms NNE

Name of village / town Distance & directionChikodi town 8.98 Kms SSWNej Village 9.106 Kms WNandikurli Village 9.58 Kms ESadalaga village 10.3 Kms NWShirgaon village 10.8 Kms SW


Figure 2.1. Map of Karnataka


Figure 2.2 Location Map

DKSSKN


Figure 2.3Google Map Showing Location

Figure 2.4. Google Map Showing 10 Kms Radius Around the Plant

Ullegaddiwadi

DKSSKNNanadi

Examba

Hirekudi

Kallol

Ankali

Nasalapur

Chikodi

NejNandikurli

Sadalga

Shirgaon




Ullegaddiwadi

DKSSKNNanadi

Examba

Hirekudi

Kallol

Ankali

Nasalapur

Chikodi

NejNandikurli

Sadalga

Shirgaon




Ullegaddiwadi

DKSSKNNanadi

Examba

Hirekudi

Kallol

Ankali

Nasalapur

Chikodi

NejNandikurli

Sadalga

Shirgaon


Figure 2.5General Layout of the plant


There are no reserved forests, wild life sanctuaries, national parks and elephant / tiger reserves within10 kms radius of the project site.

TABLE 2.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT SITE

Features DetailsAltitude 575.60 m above MSL.Longitude 74036’42.84” & 74037’09.29” EastLatitude 160 30’04.60” & 160 30’35.43” North

Village, Taluk, District, StateNanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi district ofKarnataka State.

Max. Temp. 45oCMin. Temp. 14oCRelative Humidity 38 to 69 %Annual rainfall 600 mmLand availability 72.06 Hectares (178 Acres)Topography PlainSoil Type Black Cotton

Nearest RiversDoodhaganga river - 6.56 Kms NNWKrishna river - 8.17 kms NE

Nearest National Highway (NH) & statehighway (SH)

NH 4 connecting Pune to Bengaluru - 29.7Kms WSH -78 connecting Examba to Chikodi -1.8Kms W

Nearest Railway station Raibag - 20.7 Kms in East direction.Nearest Industries None within 10 kms radiusNearest Village Ullegaddiwadi village-1.359 Kms in N direction.

Nearest townChikodi is the main town & market place which islocated at about 8.98 Kms in SSW direction.

Nearest district place & Air port Belagavi (Sambra) – 65.312 Kms SSWHistorical places, Monuments, Heritagesites, wild life sanctuaries, nationalparks, elephant / tiger reserves, Ecosensitive zones

None within 10 kms radius

* Note: All distances mentioned in the above table are aerial distances.


2.2. DETAILS OF ALTERNATE SITES CONSIDERED & THE BASIS OF SELECTING THEPROPOSED SITE, PARTICULARLY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS GONEINTO SHOULD BE HIGHLIGHTED.

The proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration complex shall come up in an area available with thecompany. The area of 10 kms radius around the proposed project site is free from ecologicallysensitive areas. The following factors have been considered.

a. Availability of suitable and adequate facilities.b. Availability of water.c. Proximity to highway.d. Availability of raw materials, man power & land.e. Suitability of land from geological and topographical aspects.g. Environmental aspects etc.

Based on the above considerations, the expansion of sugar & cogeneration unit shall be done withinthe existing premises of DKSSKN at Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi district of KarnatakaState.

2.3 SIZE OR MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION.

M/s. Shri Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Niyamit (DKSSKN) proposes toexpand sugar plant cane crushing capacity from 5500 TCD to 10000 TCD & increase in powergeneration from cogeneration power plant from 20.5 MW to 50 MW at Nanadi Village, ChikodiTaluku, Belagavi district of Karnataka State.

2.3.1 LAND FORM, LAND USE & LAND OWNERSHIP

Additional land is not required for setting up the proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration plants.M/s DKSSKN is having an area of 72.06 Hectares (178 Acres) in Survey Numbers 184, 185, 186,455, 456, 621, 626, 627 & 631 falling under the revenue limits of Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku,Belagavi district of Karnataka State. DKSSKN has obtained consent for establishment fromKarnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) for Sugar Plant of sugar cane crushing capacity of5500 TCD with cogeneration plant of 20.5 MWhr, Molasses based distillery of 30 KLD & operatingthe same with valid consents from KSPCB. Based on the feasibility reports & availability of sugarcane DKSSKN has decided to upgrade the sugar cane crushing capacity to 10000 TCD &cogeneration of power to 50MWhr.

Existing buildings are spread over an area of 14.55 Hectares (35.94acres). Proposed expansion ofsugar & cogeneration plants shall be located in an area of 0.78 Hectares (1.93 Acres). Around 23.6Hectares (58.292 acres) has been developed as green belt. The balance area of 33.13 Hectares (81.83acres) shall be vacant land. The land requirement for the proposed expansion is already in possessionof the company.

Land breakup of the proposed sugar & cogeneration plant is given in Table 2.2.

2.4. AVAILABILITY OF WATER ITS SOURCE, ENERGY / POWER REQUIREMENT

The existing water consumption in the sugar plant including power generation is 4121m3/day. Of thistotal water requirement of 4121 m3/day, about 3850 m3/day is being met from the cane juice of sugarplant and the balance requirement of 271m3/day is drawn from River Krishna.

After the proposed expansion, water consumption in the sugar plant including power generation shallbe 6269 m3/day. Of this total water requirement of 6269 m3/day, about 5547m3/day shall be met fromthe cane juice of sugar plant and the balance requirement of 722m3/day shall be drawn from RiverKrishna.


Table 2.2. Land Breakup


DKSSKN has the necessary permission for lifting the water from River Krishna from Irrigationdepartment, Government of Karnataka. The wastewater generation shall be in the form of processwastewater from sugar unit & non process wastewater from cogeneration plant.

The project is based on zero discharge. The wastewater generated from the proposed expansion ofsugar & cogeneration plants (quantity 1680 KLD) shall be treated & reused for on land irrigation.Table 2.3 shows the water consumption & discharge details. Figure 2.6 shows the water balance.The project will be implemented within 12 months after obtaining the environmental clearance.

The proposed power requirement of the sugar & cogeneration plants after expansion shall be 27MWhr. This requirement shall be met from the cogeneration plant & around 23 MWhr shall beexported to the grid during crushing season. Around 36 MW shall be exported to the grid during off-season.

Table 2.3. Water Balance with Consumption & Discharge Details (m3 / d)

Water Requirement: ConsumptionSl. No. Particulars

WATER INTO SYSTEM1A Source : Fresh water from river 722.00

Usage:a) Process, Water Treatment Plant (DM Plant, R.O, & U.F), for boiler make up

& laboratory677.00

b) Domestic: 45.00Total 722.00

1B Excess condensate water from sugar cane 5547.00Total of 1A & 1B 6269.00

Waste water generation: DischargeI From Process ( including Laboratory ) 1000.001) Water Treatment Plant reject (Cogen) 85.002) Boiler blow down (Cogen) 115.003) Cooling tower blow down (Sugar & Cogen) 480.00II Total Effluent from sugar & cogen 1680.00III Domestic Sewage 36.00IV Losses

i) Vapour losses to Atmosphere 560.00ii) Vapour & drift loss at bearing (mill & turbine)cooling water

200.00

iii) Vapour & drift loss from cooling tower 700.00iv) Vapour & drift loss from T.G. set cooling tower 110.00v) Steam losses at traps & vent at 3% on cane 300.00vi) Domestic water loss 9.00vii) Vapour loss at crystallization & centrifugation 290.00viii) Flash vapour loss at clarifier 110.00ix) Vapour loss at mill 110.00x) Water going along with product & by products viz. Sugar, Bagasse,Molasses, press mud

1840.00

Total Losses 4229.00V Excess condensate to recycling system 324.00

Total of II, III, IV & V 6269.00


Figure 2.6

WATER BALANCE

Fresh water722 cum/d

Domestic 45cum/d

Sewage36 cum/d

Condensate availablefrom cane juice 5547cum/d

Process960 cum/d

Boiler makeup197 cum/d

Blow down115 cum/d

Cooling tower makeup 1290 cum/d

Blow down480 cum/d

CondensateCooling Tank

Excess Condensate torecycle system 324 cum/d

Losses 810 cum/d

Washings1000 cum/d

ETP 1000Cum/d

Treated wastewater1680 Cum/d

Water Going along with Products & by productsviz. Sugar, Bagasse, Molasses, press mudLosses 1840 cum/d

WTP(DM)282 cum/d

River Reject 85 cum/d

Losses 9cum/d

Losses 82 cum/d

NeutralizationTank 680 Cum/d

Laboratory 40

Evaporation thro’ venting & othersteam losses 1488 cum/d

Process 355cum/d

2.5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION WITH PROCESS DETAILS

2.5.1. SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

Indian sugar industry is engaged mainly in the production of direct consumption commercialplantation white sugar (99.8 % pure) sugar is produced in vacuum pan factories. DKSSKN shallcontinue to adopt double sulphitation manufacturing process for production of sugar. Sugarproduction process mainly comprises of following five operations.

The process flow diagram of the sugar manufacturing process integrated with power generationprocess is attached.

1. Extraction of juice (crushing)2. Clarification of juice3. Concentration of juice (juice to syrup) by evaporation4. Boiling of Syrup to grain (crystallization)5. Separation of crystals from mother liquor (centrifuging)

2.5.1.1. Cane receiving:

The sugar cane in the field is examined for its quality before harvesting and harvesting permits aregiven after its quality and maturity is found satisfactory. The sugar cane is then manually harvestedand transported to factory by tractor trailers, trucks and bullock carts. The farmers are supplied with


steel wire rope slings to be placed below the cane in the vehicles to enable unloading by cranes. Thevehicles bringing sugar cane are received at the factory cane yard.

2.5.1.2. Sugarcane Weighment:

The vehicles carrying the sugar cane are weighed on the platform type electronic weighbridges andreleased for unloading. The gross weight is recorded and printed. After unloading the vehicles areonce again weighed for the tare weight. These weights are printed on the weighment slips, which alsocarry the details of the farmer, cane etc.

2.5.1.3. Sugarcane Unloading:

The cart cane is manually unloaded directly to the cane carrier. The cane from the trucks and tractor-trailers are unloaded with the help of cane un-loader crane. The cane is unloaded on to the feedertable.

2.5.1.4. Sugarcane Conveying:

The cane from the feeder table is then dumped to the main cane carrier, which conveys the cane to thecane preparatory devices. Electronic devices, depending on the cane-crushing rate control the speed ofthe cane carrier, and level in the cane carrier etc.

2.5.1.5. Sugarcane preparation:

The sugar cane is passed through the cane preparatory devices called leveler, cutter and fibriser wherein the cane is cut into small pieces to expose the juice cells for extraction. The preparatory index isabout 85-90 %.

2.5.1.6.Milling:

The prepared cane then passes through the milling tandem having 4 mills of three roller & necessaryfeeding device. The mills run at about 4.5 to 6.0 RPM driven through hydraulic motors or DC variablespeed drives. The mills loaded hydraulically extract juice from the cane and is subjected for theextraction of juice aided by maceration water and compound imbibition. The cane is conveyedbetween mills with the help of rake type mechanical conveyors.

Screens then filter the extracted juice and filtered juice is pumped for further processing. The fibrousresidue after juice extraction known as bagasse is withdrawn from the last mill and conveyed throughdrag type steel conveyors to boiler for steam generation. Surplus bagasse is withdrawn from theconveyor and stored for reuse when necessary. The bagasse conveyor also has return conveyor to feedthe stored bagasse.

2.5.1.7. Juice clarification:

The mixed juice received from milling after filtration is weighed in a juice weighing scale or by amass flow meter to know the quantity of juice flowing.

The juice contains certain undesirable impurities, which are removed before it is taken forconcentration in evaporators. The juice is first heated to a temperature of 70°C in a tubular typevertical heater by using heat of vapours from the third effect of a quintuple effect evaporator. The useof third effect vapours resulted in steam economy.

The hot juice is then mixed with lime and sulphur dioxide gas maintaining a pH of 7.0. This process iscarried out in a reaction vessel known as juice sulphiter. Any SO2 gas coming out of the vessel isagain scrubbed though juice and no gas is allowed to atmosphere.


The treated juice is again heated to a temperature of 105°C in a similar tubular type heater usingvapours from second and first effect of evaporators. The heated sulfated juice is then sent to a gravitysettler known as clarifier wherein the mud flocs and settles. Chemical settling aids like “Magnafloc,Sedipur or Separan” may be added to improve settling rate.

The mud settled at bottom of each of the four compartments in the clarifier is withdrawn continuouslyand is filtered in a rotary vacuum filter. The filtered mud after washing and removing residual juice inthe filter is scraped from the filter drum and sent out. Fine bagasse is mixed with muddy juice as filteraid. The filtrate juice is returned to the raw juice tank and recirculated. The mud is used as manure infields because of its nutrient value.

2.5.1.8.Evaporation:

The clarified clear juice is withdrawn from the clarifier continuously & sent to evaporators afterheating the juice further to 115°C in a plate type heater. The evaporators consist of five evaporatorbodies arranged to work in series as a quintuple effect. The exhaust steam or the bled steam fromsteam turbines at powerhouse is supplied to the first body of the evaporator for heating. The vapoursfrom second body are bled to pans for boiling. The raw juice heating is done with the vapours bledfrom 3rd effect, sulfated juice with vapours from 2nd and 1st effects of the evaporators. This type ofquintuple effect evaporation and vapour bleeding achieves good steam economy. The exhaust steamcondensate from the first body is withdrawn & sent to boiler condensate storage tank for use as boilerfeed water. The condensate from all other evaporators is withdrawn individually and sent to hot waterstorage tank for use in various processes. The clear juice gets concentrated from a brix of 15 to 60 %and is withdrawn continuously from 5th body of the evaporators. The syrup thus, obtained fromevaporators is passed through a continuous syrup sulphiter wherein SO2 gas is bubbled through syrupfor bleaching purpose. The spurted syrup is then sent to pan floor storage tanks for further boiling.

2.5.1.9.Pan boiling:

A three stage boiling scheme is adopted to produce quality sugar with minimum sugar loss. The firstmassecuite (A-massecuite, sugar plus mother liquor) is boiled on hopper seed footing, syrup, melt,and A-light molasses. A-heavy molasses is used for boiling B- massecuite & A-light molasses is takenfor A-massecuite boiling.

C- Massecuite is boiled using true seed along with B-heavy molasses and C-light molasses forcomplete exhaustion. B-massecuite is boiled using double cured C -sugar magma. This sugar is takenas seed for A-boiling and surplus is melted and used along with A-light molasses and syrup to boil A-massecuite. The pans used for A-boiling are low head calandria type batch pans and for B and Cboiling are fully automated continuous pans.

2.5.1.10.Cooling and curing:

The process of crystallization initiated in the pan is completed in the crystallizer (storage tank withmechanical stirring arrangement and air or water cooling arrangement). Air-cooled crystallizers areused for A-massecuite and water- cooled continuous type vertical crystallizers are used for B and Cmassecuites. A-massecuite is centrifuged in a fully automated high-speed batch type centrifugalmachine to separate sugar and molasses. The sugar is washed with super heated water in the machineto get good quality white crystal sugar. The sugar is then discharged by a plough in the machine anddropped to a grasshopper conveyor. The hopper is provided with facility to dry and cool the sugarbefore graining. The heavy and light molasses separated in the centrifugal are sent back forreprocessing at pans.

Continuous centrifugal machines are used for centrifuging B and C massecuites. The B-massecuite iscured in continuous centrifugal machines to separate B- heavy molasses and B- sugar. B-sugar thusobtained (B-fore sugar) is again made into magma with water and cured in a continuous centrifugal


machine to separate B-light molasses and B- after sugar. Similarly C-massecuite is double cured incontinuous centrifugal machines. The fore-worker molasses is the final molasses, which is sent tosteel storage tanks. C-double cured sugar is melted and used for boiling B-massecuite.

The sugar discharged from A- centrifugal machines is conveyed through grasshopper conveyorswherein drying and cooling arrangements are provided. Sugar then passes through mechanical graderswhere the sugar is graded as per their sizes to confirm to the IS standard. The graded sugar is then sentto sugar storage bins with the help of bucket elevators. The storage capacity of these storage bins isenough to store 24 hours production. The sugar is discharged from bins to fill 50kg /100 kg bags andweighed automatically by electronic type automatic weighing machines. The sugar bags aretransported to warehouse through belt conveyors.

The quantity of sugar produced by a 10000 TCD plant shall be 36000 MT per month at 12% recoveryon cane.

2.6. COGENERATION PLANT - POWER PLANT

M/s. DKSSKN shall implement the expansion of cogeneration plant keeping in view of theavailability of excess bagasse from the Sugar plant expansion. The cogeneration plant shall mainlycomprise of the following configuration after expansion:

a. New Bagasse fired Steam Boiler of 130 TPHb. New Turbine generator - 34 MW

Power generation process shall be based on Rankine Steam cycle. The steam generated in the boilerwhen expanded through a turbine, turns the turbine shaft which is tandem coupled to an electric powergenerator. The exhaust steam coming out of the turbine shall be used for process (heating the juiceheaters, evaporators and pans). The process flow diagram for sugar & cogeneration is shown inFigure - 2.7.

2.7. RAW MATERIALS & SOURCERaw materials for the proposed expansion to 10000 TCD & 50 MW Cogeneration

Particulars Quantity Transportation StorageSugar cane (MT/d) 10000 By tractors/ trucks /

bullock cartsCane Yard

Bagasse (MT/d) (100% thru’bagasse mode)

2500 By return bagasse carrier Bagasse Storage yard

Sulphur (MT per month) (TPM) 140 to 160 By trucks HDPE bags in storeLime (MT per month) 560 to 600 By trucks HDPE bags in storeCaustic Soda flakes (TPM) 12 to 14 By trucks HDPE bags in storeSodium Hydro sulphite (TPM) 1.0 to 1.08 By trucks -do-Bleaching powder (TPM) 0.4 to 0.6 By trucks -do-Boiler chemicals likeantiscalents etc. kgs/month

4 to 6 By trucks -do-

Lubricants, Wheel bearing greases,lubricating oils etc. KL/month

20 to 24 By trucks Barrels / Tins in store

Products / By-productsSugar (MT/month) 36000 By trucks Sugar godownsMolasses (MT/month) 12000 Reused / sold Storage tanksBagasse (MT/month) 96000 Reused as fuel Storage YardPress mud (MT/month) 12000 By tractors/ trucks Compost YardPower in MWhr per month 36000 Through grid Cannot be stored


FIGURE 2.7

8

DMPLANT

BOILERS295 TPH

STEAM TURBINE

LP EXTRACTION

MP EXTRACTION

COOLINGWATERSUMP

FILTERPRESS

CANEJUICE

MILLHOUSE CLARIFICATION EVAPORATORS

SULPHURMELTING

VACUUMPANS

CRYSTALISERCENTRIFUGES

MOLASSESSTORE

CIRCULATINGWATER SUMP

FILTER CLOTHWASHING

FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESSINTEGRATED WITH CO-GENERATION PLANT

MAKEUPWATER

BAGASSE

HP STEAM

POWER –50MW

COOLING TOWER

BLOWDOWN

PRESSMUD

FILTRATE

LIME

WATER

SUGAR CANESUPPLY

MILL HOUSEWASTEWATER

GREASETRAP

WASHINGS OFFILTER CLOTH

BLOWDOWN

SO2

SULPHITATION

MP STEAM

LP STEAM

SUGAR

VAPOURCONDENSATION

Spillovers andHandling losses

Combinedwastewater

Water

water

Condensate water

2.8. RESOURCE OPTIMIZATIONThe proposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration projects will result in the following resourceoptimisation.

a. The project shall be situated in the available area of the company. No additionalrequirement of land.

b. Optimal utilisation of sugar unit’s by products viz. bagasse as a raw material forcogeneration unit.

2.9. QUANTITY OF WASTES (LIQUID & SOLID)

2.9.1 Wastewater generation from Sugar & cogen units after the proposed expansion.

Sr.No. UNIT m3/day SegregationA SUGAR PLANT1 Sugar Manufacturing Process 1000 Process WastewaterB COGENERATION PLANT1 Cooling tower blow down 480 Non Process Wastewater2 Boiler blow down 1153 Water Treatment Plant reject 85E DOMESTIC WASTEWATER 36 Septic Tank & Soak PitTOTAL WASTEWATER 1716


The process wastewater from the expansion of sugar unit shall be treated in a fully fledged effluenttreatment plant proposed with the following units

Bar Screens and Grit chamber Oil traps Monthly wash tank Aeration Tank - I Secondary clarifier - I Aeration Tank - II Secondary clarifier - II Polishing pond Sludge drying beds

The treated process wastewater shall be diluted with the non process wastewater from cogeneration inpolishing pond except for domestic wastewater which is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit.The outlet of the polishing pond confirming to the GSR 422 E on land discharge standards shall beutilized for greenbelt development & sugarcane cultivation within the premises. The project is basedon zero discharge.

2.9.2 DOMESTIC SEWAGEDomestic sewage (36m3/day) generated from the industrial complex will be subjected to treatment inSeptic tank followed by soak pit.

2.9.3EFFLUENT STORAGE FACILITIES

Effluent storage facilities shall be of RCC & as per the guidelines of CPCB.


CHAPTER 3

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINESTATUS


3.0. This Chapter gives a brief description on the existing scenario of various environmentaldimensions along-with the statistical data generated.

The term ’Environment’ is defined under Section 2 (a) of Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1986 toinclude water, air, land and inter-relationship between water, air, land and human begins, other livingcreatures, plants micro-organisms and property.

Development in all sectors leads to both positive and negative effects on surroundings. Positiveeffects can create models to others. In general, any activity of a project can show effects whosetimely checking for their impact is a need of the time. Industrialization step has gathered momentumat global level and shown the good as well as bad effects. To check the probability of the damage toany constituent of the environment it is a wise step to get information about the present or base linestatus of the region. It helps to observe advantage of the project on findings like crop pattern, waterdrainage, climate changes, damage to fauna, flora as well as silent potential of the respectivecomponent to make damage. By measuring the extent of damage, corrective measures to curtail themitigations can be applied. Thus salient features of the environment give base line data to understandtheir present status.

Baseline environmental status is very important for predicting the future environmental degradation.Therefore it is necessary to carry out monitoring of air, water, noise, soil quality and also to knowexisting flora and fauna, land use pattern and socioeconomic status of the surrounding area from theproject site. For the present EIA study, the physical dimensions of the environment such as sitelocation & surroundings, topography, geography, air quality, micrometeorology, noise levels, waterquality, land use pattern & soil quality, terrestrial flora & fauna & all the other dimensions areconsidered. These environmental parameters are studied to establish an existing environmentalscenario of an area covering 10 Kms radius, which is considered as an impact area.

The baseline status of the environmental attributes in the study zone of 10 Kms radius from theproject site is carried out as a mandatory step in EIA study as a base line status. This forms the basisfor impact prediction on these environmental issues on establishment of the project. Primary datawere collected based on observation and measurements made during the field survey carried out in themonth of November 2015, December 2015 & January 2016. Major thrust areas include ambient airquality, water quality, noise, flora and fauna of the region and demography of the region. Primary data& secondary data were collected from government agencies.

3.1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT3.1.1. Site location and its surroundings

The proposed expansion project of DKSSKN shall be located within the existing factory premises atNanadi village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi district of Karnataka State.

The area is well connected by road. The national highway connecting Pune to Bengaluru (NH4)passes at a distance of 29.7 Kms in the western direction. The state highway connecting Examba toChikodi (SH 78) passes at a distance of 1.8 Kms in the western direction. The nearest airport isBelagavi at a distance of 65.312 Kms in the SSW direction.

The site is connected by broad gauge railway line of South Western railway on Hubballi - Mirajsection. The nearest railway station is Raibag located at a distance of 20.7 Kms away in the Eastdirection.

Doodhaganga & Krishna rivers are the nearest major water bodies & are located at a distance of 6.56Kms in NNW direction & 8.35 kms NE respectively.

The nearest village to the plant is Ullegaddiwadi village, located at a distance of 1.427 Kms in theNorth direction. Chikodi is the main town and market place which is located at about 8.98 Kms in


SSW direction. Belagavi is the district place & is located at about 65.312 kms away from the plantsite in the SSW direction.

Nearest Settlements from the Plant site

TABLE 3.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT SITE

Features DetailsAltitude 575.60 m above MSL.Longitude 74036’42.84” & 74037’09.29” EastLatitude 160 30’04.60” & 160 30’35.43” NorthVillage, Taluk, District, State Nanadi Village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi district of

Karnataka State.Max. Temp. 45oCMin. Temp. 14oCRelative Humidity 38 to 69 %Annual rainfall 600 mmLand availability 72.06 Hectares (178 Acres)Topography PlainSoil Type Black CottonNearest Rivers/ Water bodies Doodhaganga river - 6.56 Kms NNW

Krishna river - 8.35 kms NEArka Halla – 8.808 kms E

Nearest National Highway (NH) & statehighway (SH)

NH 4 connecting Pune to Bengaluru - 29.7Kms WSH -78 connecting Examba to Chikodi -1.8Kms W

Nearest Railway station Raibag - 20.7 Kms in East direction.Nearest Industries None within 10 kms radiusNearest Village Ullegaddiwadi village-1.359 Kms in N direction.Nearest town Chikodi is the main town & market place which is

located at about 8.98 Kms in SSW direction.Nearest district place & Air port Belagavi (Sambra) – 65.312 Kms SSWHistorical places, Monuments, Heritagesites, wild life sanctuaries, national parks,elephant / tiger reserves, Eco sensitive zones

None within 10 kms radius

3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS:

Belagavi district is located in the north-western corner of Karnataka state. It is a frontier district ofthe state and is bounded on the south-west by Goa, on the west north-west and north by the districts ofthe Ratnagiri, Kolhapur and Sangli of Maharashtra State respectively, on the east by Bijapur district,

Names of villages / towns Distance & direction from the plant siteUllegaddiwadi 1.427 Kms NNanadi 2.336 Kms NWExamba 2.62 Kms NNWHirekudi 5.779 Kms SWKallol 6.816 Kms NNEAnkali 7.339 Kms NENasalapur 8.194 Kms NNEChikodi 8.98 Kms SSWNej 9.106 Kms WNandikurli 9.58 Kms ESadalaga 10.3 Kms NWShirgaon 10.8 Kms SW


and on the south by the districts of Dharwad and Uttar Kannada. It may be incidentally noted that thejurisdiction of this district extends over 2 villages (of Belgaum taluku) which are located few Kmsaway from the district border.

The landscape of Belagavi district mainly consists of vast stretches of plains studded with solitaryhills, most of which are flat topped and are adorned with fortifications. The western fringe particularlyin the south is at relatively higher elevations. The district may be divided into four natural divisions.The western belt which is quite narrow is characterized by rugged terrain. The extreme west is in facta succession of valleys running between the spurs that stretch out from the Sahyadri range. In thiszone, the rainfall is moderate to heavy and the climate is damp and cool and the vegetation isabundant. The northern belt consists of plateau of poor soils and is characterized by a dry climate.Amidst the plains there are some low rolling hills which are generally devoid of tree growth. Thebanks of the rivers and streams are however flanked with rich black cotton soil. The central belt isseparated by the Belagavi hills on the west and further east by succession low sand stone ranges. TheGhataprabha valley which has its origin in the Western Ghats changes here into the waving plainsbroken by lines of low hills. The southern belt presents a mixed landscape, while the lands of west ofMaharashtra valley are covered by rugged hills and forests, the lands in the eastern zone are moreopen and consist of level ground broken by gentle slopes and an occasional mass of granite. Blackcotton soil is the predominant type of soil noticeable in this belt. Towards the east the terrain is brokenby low hills on which stand the remnants of old forts. The slopes of most of these hills are coveredwith brush wood and prickly pear and at several places these slopes have been brought undercultivation as well.

Two great spurs, which may be identified as the North Ghataprabha and North Malaprabha, crossBelagavi district from west to east and form the watersheds that divide the Ghataprabha basin fromthe Krishna basin in the North and Malaprabha basin in the south. The North Ghataprabha spur risesnear Savantwadi in Maharashtra and runs through the district as far as Chikodi. Of the numerous hillsin this range, a mention may be made of the following : Vallabhghad (170 meters ), Adigudda ( 192meters ), Julapengudda ( 222 metres), Nagarahalgudda (260 meters ), Jogigudda ( 272 meters ) andthe Naagarapanchamigudda (119 metres). The North Malaprabha spur starts from Jolkat pass, 35 kmswest of west of Belgaum and rises into a high ridge near Kasargudda. Besides these two principalranges, there are three other spurs of some importance. These are Mahipalgad ridge about 16 kmsnorth-west of Belgaum, the Bailur ridge about 22 kms south-west of Belagavi and the Jamboti ridgeabout 16 kms west of Belgaum. The Mahipalgad ridge is about 915 metres high and the ascent is easy.The Bailur ridge is a table-topped mass and represents the highest point in the district (1064 metresMSL). The Jamboti ridge has the peak of Kiruvalegudda or Gorakhnath hill (640 metres MSL). Inaddition to these spurs, there are several detached hills in different parts of the district. The chief hillsin the northern zone around Athani are: Junapalagudda (305 meter above the plains). Bagedgydda(813 metres MSL ). Manikere ridge ( 750 metres MSL) and Katgarugydda ( 867 meteres MSL ). Inthe southern tracts, a mention may be made of the following hills: Bhimgad (rugged in terrain andfortified rises 550 meters above the plains and consists of a double line of broken hills),Dongaragaviguddam, Samshergudda and Bijangigudda besides Deshnur jos, Bailhongal hills,Saundatti hills and the Parasgad hills.

3.3 DRAINAGE PATTERN

The Krishna, the Ghataprabha and the Malaprabha are the principal rivers which flow across thedistrict from west to east and drain the waters in its northern, central and southern tracts respectively.Krishna river has its fountainhead in the temple of Mahadev at the foot of the steep hills that form theMahadev range in the range in the Western Ghats north of Mahabaleshvar. The river, which has atotal length of 1400 Kms traverses through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.Within Belagavi district, however, the river flows for a distance of about 70 km only. On entering thedistrict near the north-eastern corner of Yedur village, the river flows south-west and then takes a Uturn, receives the waters of the Doodhganga which flows from the west and flows eastwards along thesouthern borders of Yedur, Manjari and Ingali villages of Chikodi taluku. Thereafter, the river forms


the natural boundary between the taluks of Athani and Raybag cuts across Athani taluku and again itforms the natural boundary between Athani taluku and Jamakhandi taluku of Bijapur district. InRaybag taluku, it receives the waters of Halhalla from the south and in Athani taluku, the Agranirivulet flows into it. Krishna river finally leaves the district near Junjarwad in the south-eastern cornerof Athani taluku. Ghataprabha river originates in Sundargad in the Western Ghats, flows east forabout 60 kms through Maharashtra State before it touches the southern borders of Shettihalli villageof Hukkeri taluku and continues its eastward course, forms the natural boundary between Hukkeri andBelagavi taluks and then proceeds in a north-eastern course across the taluks of Hukkeri and Gokakcovering a total distance of about 70 kms before it leaves the district near Awaradhi village. This riverreceives the waters from Tamraparni, Markandeya and Hiranyakeshi rivers. Near Gokak townGhataprabha cuts through a range of sandstone hills and cascades down a cliff, about 53 metres; high,to form the famous Gokak Falls. The waters of this river have been harnessed for the purposes ofirrigation by erecting a weir near Dhupdal and a dam near Hidkal. Malaprabha river rises in theChorla Ghats near Kanakumbi, about 16 kms west of Jamboti village of Khanapur taluku. The riverflows east for about 20 kms, turns south-east and after covering about 13 kms gradually takes analmost north-eastern course and cuts across the taluku of Sampagaon, Parasgad and Ramdurg. About6 kms north of Saundatti-Yellamma town, the river passes through a gorge known as ‘ PeacockGorge’ or ‘ Navilu Tirtha.’ Near this spot, a dam has been built across the river to form a largereservoir for storage of water for the purposes of irrigation & drinking. Before the river leaves thedistrict near Sangal it receives the waters of Bennihalla, Tuparinala and a few other streams. Inaddition to these three major rivers, the district has several small rivers and streams of considerableimportance. Markandeya river which rises near Bailur in Khanapur taluku is an important tributary ofthe Ghataprabha. Doodhaganga which originates in the Western Ghats in joined by Vedaganga andfinally flows into river Krishna near Yedur. The Sogal stream rises near Sogal in Parasgad talukupasses through a depression in quartzite ridge and forms what is popularly known as the Sogal fallsbefore it joins river Malaprabha. Mahadayi is the only west-flowing river of the district. It has itsorigin near Degaon village of Khanapur taluku, receives the waters of Bhandurnala before it enters theGoa territory, where it assumes the name Mandovi and finally flows into the Arabian Sea.

3.4 Geology

The rock formations of the district chiefly consist of the Dharwars, gneisses, Kaladagi series and theDeccan trap. The Dharwars are mostly seen in the western parts of Khanapur and also in the taluku ofBelagavi and Sampagaon of Bailhongal taluku. These rocks are represented by schists, phyllites,quartzites and banded ferrugenours quartzites. The gneissic system consists of different types ofgranite and gneisses which ultimately give rise to clay. Rock formations belonging to this system arefound in the southern parts of the district. The Kaladagi series are represented by sandstone, quartzite,conglomerates, hematite, dolomite and lime stone. Sandstone and quartzite are particularly noticeablein the taluks of Ramdurg, Parasgad, Gokak and Belagavi in the form of low ridges. The Deccan Trapsoccupy a major portion of the district, especially in the northern and eastern parts. The chief varietiesfound here are the basalt, amygdaloidal trap, vesicular trap and the clayey trap. The upper layers ofthe trap are generally capped by beds of late rite and clay. The economic minerals found in the districtinclude iron, manganese, bauxite, limestone and clay besides sand and stone which too are beingcommercially exploited.

3.4.1 Hydrogeology

Water table generally follows the topography of the area and is at greater depths in the water divides& topographic highs, but becomes shallower in the valleys & topographic lows & therefore,groundwater moves down & follows the gradient from the higher to lower elevations, i.e. fromrecharge area to discharge area. Therefore, local direction of flow is from higher elevations & istowards the rivers. Overall, the general flow direction of ground water in the district is generallytowards the east.


The district is underlain by gneisses, schist, limestone, sandstone, basalts, alluvium etc. of Archaeanto Recent age. Deccan basalts cover an area of 7,650 Sq. Kms. in the northern part of the district andhave a maximum thickness of around 256 m, which gradually thins out in the southern direction(Kindly refer to Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1. Hydrogeology of Belagavi district of Karnataka State

Hard rocks occupy a major part of the district; majority of which are basaltic lava flows. Most of theserocks have poor capacity of storing and transmitting water, except through favorable zones and atfavorable locations. Aquifer systems encountered are therefore limited in nature. Ground water occursboth in weathered and fractured zones. Ground water occurs in all weathered formations of the districtunder phreatic conditions and in fractured and jointed formations under semi-confined conditions.Deccan basalts act as multilayer aquifers having low to medium permeability. In Deccan basalts thatcomprise different flows, fractures and interstitial pore spaces of vesicular zones, are goodrepositories of ground water. Groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in weathered zone ofthese basalts and under semi-confined to confined conditions in inter-trapeans and also in joints andfractures at deeper levels. In limestone, solution cavities are considered to be more potential thanweathered and fractured ones. In gneisses and schist, weathered zone varies from 7 to 12 m and water-bearing zones extend down to 80m. The aquifers occurring within the shallow depth range of 0 to 20m below ground level (bgl) are mainly weathered and fractured formations. Groundwater occurs inthese formations under phreatic conditions and the average thickness of these aquifers ranges from 5to 15m. In general, 60% area of the district is having the weathered thickness in the range of 5 to 10m. About 25% of the district area has weathered thickness in the range of 10 to 15m and 15% in therange of 15 to 20m.


In the major parts of the district, the decadal mean of depth to water level generally ranged between 5to 20 m bgl. During pre-monsoon period 8%, 28%, 37%, and 27% of the wells had depth to waterlevel ranges between 0-2, 2-5, 5-10 and 10-20m bgl respectively (Kindly refer to Figure-3.2). Therewas a rise of water level in 30%, 20% and 30% of the wells during post monsoon period i.e. in therange of 0-2, 2-4 and more than 4m respectively.

Figure 3.2. Depth to Water level pre monsoon, Belagavi district of Karnataka State

On the other hand 12%, 5% and 3% of the wells showed a fall in water levels in the ranges of 0-2, 2-4and more than 4m respectively. Therefore, more than half of the district had depth to water levelbetween 2 to 5m bgl (below ground level) during post-monsoon period and the overall depth to waterlevel in the district was between 0 to 10m bgl, except in a small strip towards southern part ofRamdurg taluk where it is more than 10m bgl (Figure-3.3).

The long term premonsoon water level trend (1996 to 2010) shows a rise in 53% of the wells, whilethere is a fall in 47% of the wells. On the other hand during post monsoon period, 68% of the wellsshow falling trend, while there is a rising trend in 32% of the wells. Over all the annualised trendshows a fall in 61% of the wells and rise in 39% of the wells.

Based on the pumping test data of the dugwells, it is inferred that there is a progressive increase in thepermeability exceeding >100m/ day in the water table phreatic zones of basaltic aquifers towards theeast, even though the area falls in the northern dry and transitional zone having low to moderaterainfall. Similar is the case with other lithologic units. On the other hand in Khanapur taluk, though it


falls in high rainfall hill zone agro-climatically, the permeability of the principle water table aquifersof schists and gneisses range from < 25 to 50m/ day. Analyses of Pumping test data of exploratoryborewells show that wells have yielded discharges in the range of 0.02 to 7.58 liters per second (lps)and the draw down ranged between 0.068 to 32.44 m. The transmissivity (T) computed was between 1and 2220 m2/day.

Figure 3.3. Depth to Water level post monsoon, Belagavi district of Karnataka State

3.5. MICROMETEROLOGY:

3.5.1. Climate:

Belagavi is well known for its pleasant climate throughout the year, but the last few years, summers(April through June) have been warmer than usual. It is at its coldest in winter (November toFebruary), and experiences continuous monsoon of medium intensity during July to September. Theannual average rainfall is 50". The climate of Belagavi district is, by and large, quite healthy andagreeable. Within the district, the eastern zone has a dry climate characterized by a hot summer. TheKhanapur-Belagavi zone has a moister climate. The year is usually divided into four seasons. Theperiod from March to May is reckoned as the summer season and usually April happens to be thehottest month. During this month, the mean maximum temperature reaches 35.7 degrees Celsius andthe mean minimum touches 19.5 degrees Celsius. On individual days, at times the mercury touchesthe mark of 41 degrees Celsius. During May, the oppressive heat is relieved by sharp showers. The


rainy season starts during June and lasts till the end of September. During May and June, the nightsare warmer than in April. The months of October and November are regarded as the monthsconstituting the post-monsoon season which is noted for heavy fogs and misty mornings. Winter setsin during December and lasts till the end of February. December is the coldest month of the year andon individual days the minimum temperature would be as low as 7 degrees Celsius. This periodcoincides with the driest part of the year and the skies are usually bright and clear.

3.5.2. Wind Speed and Direction

A temporary auto weather monitoring station was installed to record meteorological parameters. Windspeed, Wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation on hourly basis continuouslyfor the post monsoon season 2015, covering the months of November 2015, December 2015 &January 2016 on hourly basis.

Wind speed & wind direction data recorded during the study period were used for computation ofrelative percentage frequencies of different wind directions. The meteorological data thus collectedhas been used for interpretation of the existing Ambient Air Quality status, & the same data has beenused for prediction of impacts of future scenario due to the proposed project.

Percentage frequencies of wind in all the sixteen directions have been computed from the recordeddata of post monsoon season 2015 for wind speed in the range of 1.01 -5.0, 5.01-10.0, 10.01-15.0 and> 15 Kmph. Wind speed of 0.0 to 1.0 Kmph was considered as calm condition During the studyperiod the wind roses were plotted at an interval for 8 hours (01 to 08hrs, 09 to16 hrs and 17 to 24 hrs)and 24 hrs (01 to 24hrs).

Figures 3.5(a) & 3.5(b) represent the wind pattern of the study period.

Wind Pattern during 01:00 to 08:00 hours

The predominant wind directions during these hours were from the NNE-NE-ENE-E-SE accountingto about 38.08 % of the time with calm winds of less than 1.0 kmph was about 37.24% of the time.Wind speed during this period was varying from 1 to 10 kmph and some part of the time it is morethan 10 kmph.

Wind Pattern during 09:00 to 16:00 hours

The predominant wind directions during these hours were from the N-NNE-NE-ENE-E accounting toabout 40.32 % of the time with calm winds of less than 1.0 kmph for about 11.76 % of the time. Windspeed during this period was varying from 1 to 10 kmph and some part of the time it is more than 15kmph.

Wind pattern during 17:00 to 24:00 hours

The predominant wind directions during these hours were from the NNE-NE-ENE-E-ESE accountingto about 37.54% of the time with calm winds of less than 1.0 kmph for about 26.36 % of the time.Wind speeds during this period were varying from 1 to 15 kmph.

Wind pattern during 01:00 to 24:00 hours (Post monsoon 2015)

The predominant wind directions during the season were from NNE-NE-ENE-E-ESE, accounting to34.27% of the time with calm winds of less than 1.0 kmph for 28.36% of the time. The average windspeed during this period varied between 1 and 15 kmph.


The summary of the wind pattern is given below:

SUMMARY OF WIND PATTERN:

Duration (Hrs) Predominant wind direction Wind rose enclosed as01:00 to 08:00 NNE-NE-ENE-E-SE Sector

Figures 3.5(a) & 3.5(b)09:00 to 16:00 N-NNE-NE-ENE-E Sector17:00 to 24:00 NNE-NE-ENE-E-ESE Sector01:00 to 24:00 NNE-NE-ENE-E-SE Sector

Figure 3.4. Wind rose plot for Belagavi IMD station


Figure – 3.5(a) WINDROSE DIAGRAM

PROJECT : M/s Doodhaganga Krishna S.S. K. Niyamit, Nanadi village, ChikodiLOCATION : PLANT SITE PERIOD : POST MONSOON – 2015


Figure - 3.5(b) WINDROSE DIAGRAM

PROJECT : M/s Doodhaganga Krishna S.S.K. Niyamit, Nanadi village, ChikodiLOCATION : PLANT SITE PERIOD : POST MONSOON – 2015


Figure 3.6. Average temperatures & precipitation

Temperature (in oC) monitored at site during the period October to December 2015

Months Maximum Minimum Relative Humidity %November 2015 34.1 19.3 77/41December 2015 33.8 19.2 78/35January 2016 37.1 16.1 87/43

3.5.3 Rainfall:

Belagavi district receives an average annual rainfall of 748.7 mm. The amount of rainfall decreases asone moves from west to east. At Khanapur in the west, the average rainfall is 1683.6 mm whereas atRaybag in the east, the average annual rainfall is 509.5 mm. The average numbers of rainy daysdecrease as one moves from west to east. About 68 per cent of the annual rainfall precipitates duringthe south-west monsoon season which lasts from June to September, July happens to be the monthwith the heaviest downpour. In the western portion of the district the rainfall is reliable and theseasonal conditions are fairly good and are helpful to agriculturists. In the eastern sector, however, therainfall is not only scarce but also capricious. A redeeming feature is that these tracts are endowedwith black soils which have a high moisture-retentive capacity. Furthermore, in these parts, under theGhataprabha and the Malaprabha projects, large tracts of lands have, in recent years, been providedwith assured canal irrigation facilities.

3.5.4. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY:

In order to identify the background air quality data and also to represent the interference from variouslocal activities, screening techniques have been used for identification of air quality stations in thestudy area. It is generally observed that SPM levels are higher in dry weather i.e. during summer andwinter seasons. Dust storms generally do not occur in the area. Hence SPM concentrations are withinpermissible limits.


Sulphur Dioxide in atmosphere result from burning of sulphur containing fuels viz. Bagasse, coal,various types of oils etc. Higher concentration of SO2 lead to acid rain affecting the flora whereas,they cause respiratory problems in human beings. Such incidences are not occurred in the past.Oxides of Nitrogen are emitted into the atmosphere by the processes involving high temperaturecombustion. Exhaust gases from motor vehicles are also major sources of NOX. NOX plays animportant role in formation of photochemical oxidants.

The scenario of the existing Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) in the study region has been assessedthrough a network of nine AAQ stations during the study period i.e. post monsoon season 2015[Covering the months of November 2015, December 2015 & January 2016] within an area of 10kms radius and around the project site.

[A] IDENTIFICATION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

The AAQ monitoring network has been designed keeping in view of the available climatologicalnorms of predominant wind direction & wind speed of this particular region.

The following points were also taken into consideration in designing the network of sampling station:

Topography / Terrain of the study area Populated areas within the study area Residential and sensitive areas within the study area. Representation of regional background levels Representation of cross sectional distribution in downward direction.

The existing AAQ status has been monitored for the parameters PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and CO.PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx at each station have been monitored on 24 hourly basis. CO was monitored on8 hourly basis.

Precalibrated Respirable and Fine dust samplers have been used for monitoring of the existing AAQstatus. Methodologies adopted for sampling and analysis were, as per the approved methods ofCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Maximum, minimum, average and percentile values havebeen computed from the raw data collected at all individual sampling stations to represent the ambientair quality status of the study area.

Figure 3.7 shows the locations of the air quality stations in the study area and Plant area. Thefollowing Table – 3.2 gives the details of ambient air quality locations:

TABLE – 3.2AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS

Sl.No.

Stations Distance fromplant site Kms

Direction w.r.tplant site

Stationrepresentation

A1 Plant Site - - -A2 Nanadi 2.402 NW UpwindA3 Ullegaddiwadi 1.427 N CrosswindA4 Kerur Kadapur road 3.473 NE DownwindA5 Roopnal 3.003 E DownwindA6 Nagral 6.017 SW UpwindA7 SH 78 2.552 NW UpwindA8 Malikwad 5.347 NW UpwindA9 Kadapur 4.90 EES Downwind


Figure3.7. Topographical Map showing Ambient Air Quality Locations

A1

Plant Site

A2

Nanadi

A3Ullegaddiwadi

A4Kerur KadapurRoad

A5Roopnal

A6

Nagral

A7A8

Malikwad

KadapurA9

[B] ANALYSIS OF BASELINE CONCENTRATIONS

PARTICULATE MATTER – PM10

Particulate matter- (PM10) monitored in the study area showed 98th percentile values in the range of42.4 to 62.3 µg/m3. The PM10 concentration in the study area was found to be well within the normsof NAAQ prescribed for Rural and residential areas.

PARTICULATE MATTER – PM2.5

Particulate matter- (PM2.5) monitored in the study area showed 98th percentile values in the range of14.8 to 26.7µg/m3. The PM2.5 concentration in the study area was found to be well within the normsof NAAQ prescribed for Rural and residential areas.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE - SO2

98th percentile value of Sulphur dioxide in the study area from the monitored data was in the range of7.9 to 15.3 g/m3. The values of SO2 monitored in the study area are well within the limits of NAAQstandards.

OXIDES OF NITROGEN - NOX

Ambient air quality status monitored for nitrogen oxides in the study area were in the range with 98thpercentile values between 11.8 to 20.3g/m3. The values of NOx monitored in the study area are wellwithin the limits of NAAQ standards.


Carbon Monoxide - CO

CO concentration at all the locations was found to be less than 1 ppm. Percentile values of ambient airquality in the study area are presented in Annexure -3A.

[C] OVERALL BASELINE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The values of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, & CO monitored at all locations are well within the limits ofNAAQ standards specified for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas. Concentrations of PM10,PM2.5, SO2, NOx & CO are mainly contributed due to vehicular traffic and local activities. The 98th

percentile values of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx at all the locations in the study area during post monsoonseason 2015 are given in Table - 3.3.

TABLE - 3.3Summary of Ambient Air Quality (g/m3)

Sl. No./Code

Names of locations 98TH PERCENTILE VALUESPM 10 PM 2.5 SO2 NOx

A1 Plant Site 50.68 15.07 11.71 18.60A2 Nanadi 61.06 19.12 14.98 20.30A3 Ullegaddiwadi 48.65 20.46 10.31 15.52A4 Kerur Kadapur road 51.39 24.39 7.90 13.28A5 Roopnal 41.85 21.38 7.90 13.28A6 Nagral 50.01 16.26 9.52 19.47A7 SH 78 56.45 26.47 7.90 13.28A8 Malikwad 58.92 19.04 9.71 11.80A9 Kadapur 58.92 19.04 9.71 11.80

Note: CO values are observed less than 1 ppm during study period.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF RPM

The following is the chemical characterization of the RPM collected in the study area

Values in %ageLoss on Ignition 15.95 -16.28Silica as SiO2 50.82 - 52.25Iron oxides as Fe2O3 7.92 - 10.13Aluminium Oxide as Al2O3 15.73- 21.34Calcium Oxide as CaO 10.10 - 11.33Magnesium Oxides as MgO 2.76 - 3.06Sodium Oxide as Na2O 0.23 - 0.55Potassium oxide as K2O 0.45 - 0.62Titanium Oxide as TiO2 0.28 - 0.31

3.5.5. NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The acoustical environment varies dynamically in magnitude and character throughout mostcommunities. The noise level variation can be temporal, spectral and spatial. The residential noiselevel is that level below which the ambient noise does not seem to dropdown during the given intervalof time and is generally characterized by unidentified sources. Ambient noise level is characterized bysignificant variations above a base or a residential noise level. The maximum impact of noise is felton urban areas, which is mostly due to the commercial activities and vehicular movement during peakhours of the day.


Measured noise level displayed as a function of time provides a useful scheme for describing theacoustical climate of a community. Noise levels recorded at each station with a time interval of about30 minutes are computed for equivalent noise levels. Equivalent noise level is a single numberdescriptor for describing time varying noise levels.

Noise level is measured in terms of loudness of sound. Sound is a form of energy thatpropagates through an elastic medium at a speed that is determined by the properties of that medium.Since loudness of sound is important to the effects of noise on people, dependence of loudness uponfrequency must be taken into account in environmental noise assessments. Several methods have beendeveloped by researchers using the frequency spectrum of sound arrive at the loudness index or thegiven sound. These methods are more complied and time consuming than required for most situations.Therefore simplified techniques have been developed to account for the dependence upon frequency.This is done by the use of weighting filters in noise measuring instruments, which give direct readingof approximate loudness.

Most common weighing filters are called A, B, C frequency weighings. ‘A weighing’ is mostcommonly used for environmental noise and measurement of sound pressure level. Thesemeasurements are reported in dBA (A weighted decibels). Sometimes these units are reported asdB(A) or dB - A) but dBA notation is most commonly used.

The equivalent noise level is defined mathematically as follows:

10Log1/T (10Ln/10)

Where L = sound pressure level a function of time dB (A)T = Time interval of observations

Noise levels during the night time generally drop, therefore to compute Equivalent noise levels for thenight time, noise levels are increased by 10 dB (A) as the night time high noise levels are judged moreannoying compared to the day time.

3.5.5.1. AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS

The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area was to establish the baseline noise level,which is needed for assessing impact of total noise which is expected to be generated in the proposedproject activities.

At DKSSKN, sugar cane crushers, compressors, pumps, mills, bagasse handling equipment,generators and various material handling equipments as well as process operations will produce noise.Noise produced by these equipments will be in the range of 100 to 120 dB(A), which is continuous inthe crushing season.

DKSSKN has significant noise level impact only on the operators of various machineries. This isbecause the site is located in remote and isolated area.

Residual noise level is that level below which the ambient noise does not seem to drop during a giventime interval and is due to more distant and generally unidentified sources. Median and Peak noiselevel are the averages and highest noise level during a given time interval.

Noise levels were measured near highways, residential areas, calm zones and other settlementslocated within 10 km radius around the Plant area. Noise levels were monitored at seven locations inthe study area of 10 km radius. Noise levels monitored at these locations were analysed in terms ofResidual, Medium, Peak, Equivalent, Daytime and Night Time Noise Levels

The noise recording stations in the study area are shown in Figure 3.8 and are given in the followingTable - 3.4.


N1

Plant Site

N2

Nanadi

N3Ullegaddiwadi

N4Kerur KadapurRoad

N5Roopnal

N6

Nagral

N7Malikwad

KadapurN8

Figure 3.8. Topographical Map Showing Noise Quality Monitoring Locations

Table - 3.4. NOISE MONITORING STATIONS

Sr.No.

MonitoringLocations

Distance fromplant site (in Kms)

Direction with respectto plant site

N1 Project Site - -N2 Nanadi 2.402 NWN3 Ullegaddiwadi 1.427 NN4 Kerur Kadapur road 3.473 NEN5 Roopanal 3.003 EN6 Nagral 6.017 SWN7 Malikwad 5.347 NWN8 Kadapur 4.90 EES

3.5.5.2. AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS - WITHIN 10 KM RADIUS

Noise levels recorded were found to be in the range of 49.2 to 61.0 dB (A) during daytime and in therange of 38.2 – 44.1 dB (A) during night time.


Table 3.5 NOISE LEVELS MONITORIED WITHIN BUFFER ZONE

Sr.No.

MonitoringLocations

Day time noise level in(Ld) in dB[A]

Night time noise levelin (Ln) in dB[A]

N1 Project Site 61.0 44.1N2 Nanadi 54.0 43.8N3 Ullegaddiwadi 52.2 40.2N4 Kerur Kadapur road 52.8 38.2N5 Roopanal 49.2 37.1N6 Nagral 50.2 41.2N7 Malikwad 51.7 40.1N8 Kadapur 52.8 41.0

3.5.6. WATER ENVIRONMENT & WATER QUALITY

The assessment of baseline data on water environment includes:

Identification of surface and ground water sources Collection of water samples Analyzing the collected water samples for physico-chemical & biological parameters

The study area has bore wells and dug wells as source of water. The water table is more than 40 mbelow the ground level.

The assessment of water quality in the study area includes, the quality assessment of the watersamples verified against the Indian Standards mentioned in the IS 10500 (Drinking Water Standards).

3.5.6.1. Ground Water

Six numbers of water samples were collected from different bore wells and surface water bodies fromvarious villages located within the 10kms radius of the plant site. Out of six samples, four sampleswere collected from bore wells/dug wells and two samples from surface bodies. The stationsidentified for sampling represent the relatively populated area. The locations of water samplingstations are shown in Figure 3.9 and Table-3.6.

One sample was collected from each well and analysed for parameters stated in Indian Standardsmentioned in the IS 10500 (Drinking Water Standards). Well water quality was compared with thedrinking water standards given. It is observed that during monitoring period levels of all theparameters in all well water samples were below their respective permissible limits.

3.5.6.2. Surface Water

River Krishna, a perennial river flows at a distance of 8.17Kms NE from the project site.Doodhaganga river flows at a distance of 6.56 kms NNW from the site. Sampling of water fromboth the rivers was undertaken. For Doodhaganga river sampling was done near Malikwad village andfor Krishna river sampling was done at village HosaYedur.

Since the rainfall is average, various types of irrigation projects have been commissioned in thedistrict to overcome scarcity and famine conditions.


Figure 3.9. Topographical Map Showing Water Quality Monitoring Locations

W1

Plant Site

W2

Nanadi

W3Ullegaddiwadi

Kerur KadapurRoad

W4Roopnal

SW1

Nagral

SW2

Malikwad

Kadapur

TABLE - 3.6. WATER QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS

SAMPLING STATIONS With respect to the plant siteCode Location Source Distance (kms) DirectionW -1 Plant Site

Bore wellWater

- -W -2 Nanadi 2.402 NWW -3 Ullegaddiwadi 1.427 NW -4 Roopnal 3.003 ESW -1 Doodhaganga river Surface

Water6.56 NNW

SW -2 Krishna River 8.35 NE


Table 3.7. Ground Water Quality Monitored Within Buffer Zone

Sr.No.

Parameters in mg/Lexcept pH, odour,taste, colour &coliform count

Groundwater quality monitoring locations IS 10500 [Drinking waterstandards limits]

Project Site W1 Nanadi W2 UllegaddiwadiW3 Desirable Permissible

1 Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable ------- -----2 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable ------- -----3 Colour (Hazen units) <5 <5 <5 5 254 pH 7.75 7.83 8.07 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.55 Turbidity, NTU <1 <1 <1 5 106 Total Hardness as

CaCo3

405 305 505 300 600

7 Iron as Fe 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.3 1.08 Chlorides as Cl 198 83 260 250 10009 Dissolved solids 845 735 1020 500 200010 Calcium as Ca 92 74 104 75 20011 Magnesium as Mg 43 29 60 30 10012 Copper as Cu BDL BDL BDL 0.05 1.513 Manganese as Mn BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.314 Sulphate as SO4 64 45 62 200 40015 Nitrate as NO3 17 36 43 45 10016 Fluoride as F 0.90 1..00 1.10 0.6-1.2 1.5017 Mercury as Hg BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.00118 Cadmium as Cd BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.0119 Selenium as Se BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.0120 Arsenic as As BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.0521 Cyanide as CN BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.0522 Lead as Pb BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.0523 Zinc as Zn BDL BDL BDL 5 1524 Chromium as Cr+6 BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.0525 Pesticides Absent Absent Absent Absent 0.00126 Alkalinity as CaCo3 275 365 290 200 60027 Boron as B <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1 528 Coliform count,

MPN/100 mlNil Nil Nil 10 (e-coli

absent)10 (e-coliabsent)

Note: BDL: Below Detectable limits (for Hg, 0.001 mg/l and for all other parameters, 0.01 mg/L)

Table 3.7 (Continued) Ground Water Quality Monitored Within Buffer Zone

Sr.No.

Parameters in mg/L exceptpH, odour, taste, colour &coliform count

Groundwater qualitymonitoring location

IS 10500 [Drinking Water Standards]

Roopnal W4 Desirable limits Permissible limits1 Odour Unobjectionable ------- -----2 Taste Agreeable ------- -----3 Colour (Hazen units) <5 5 254 pH 7.75 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.55 Turbidity, NTU <1 5 106 Total Hardness as CaCo3 405 300 6007 Iron as Fe 0.07 0.3 1.08 Chlorides as Cl 198 250 10009 Dissolved solids 845 500 200010 Calcium as Ca 92 75 20011 Magnesium as Mg 43 30 10012 Copper as Cu BDL 0.05 1.513 Manganese as Mn BDL 0.1 0.314 Sulphate as SO4 64 200 40015 Nitrate as NO3 17 45 10016 Fluoride as F 0.90 0.6-1.2 1.5017 Mercury as Hg BDL 0.001 0.00118 Cadmium as Cd BDL 0.01 0.01


19 Selenium as Se BDL 0.01 0.0120 Arsenic as As BDL 0.05 0.0521 Cyanide as CN BDL 0.05 0.0522 Lead as Pb BDL 0.05 0.0523 Zinc as Zn BDL 5 1524 Chromium as Cr+6 BDL 0.05 0.0525 Pesticides Absent Absent 0.00126 Alkalinity as CaCo3 275 200 60027 Boron as B <0.1 1 528 Coliform count, MPN/100 ml Nil 10 (e-coli absent) 10(e-coli absent)


Table 3.7 (Continued) Surface Water Quality Monitored Within Buffer Zone

Sr.No.

Parameters in mg/L exceptpH, odour, taste, colour &coliform count

Surface water qualitymonitoring locations

IS 10500 [Drinking waterstandards limits]

Doodhagangariver (SW1)

Krishna river(SW2)

Desirable Permissible

1 Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable ------- -----2 Taste Agreeable Agreeable ------- -----3 Colour (Hazen units) <5 <5 5 254 pH 7.84 8.20 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.55 Turbidity, NTU <1 <1 5 106 Total Hardness as CaCo3 305 175 300 6007 Iron as Fe 0.18 0.20 0.3 1.08 Chlorides as Cl 128 75 250 10009 Dissolved solids 650 425 500 200010 Calcium as Ca 58 42 75 20011 Magnesium as Mg 39 17 30 10012 Copper as Cu BDL BDL 0.05 1.513 Manganese as Mn BDL BDL 0.1 0.314 Sulphate as SO4 104 69 200 40015 Nitrate as NO3 10 7 45 10016 Fluoride as F 0.90 0.70 0.6-1.2 1.5017 Mercury as Hg BDL BDL 0.001 0.00118 Cadmium as Cd BDL BDL 0.01 0.0119 Selenium as Se BDL BDL 0.01 0.0120 Arsenic as As BDL BDL 0.05 0.0521 Cyanide as CN BDL BDL 0.05 0.0522 Lead as Pb BDL BDL 0.05 0.0523 Zinc as Zn BDL BDL 5 1524 Chromium as Cr+6 BDL BDL 0.05 0.0525 Pesticides Absent Absent Absent 0.00126 Alkalinity as CaCo3 190 135 200 60027 Boron as B <0.1 <0.1 1 528 Coliform count, MPN/100 ml Nil Nil 10(e-coli

absent)10 (e-coliabsent)


3.5.7. LAND USE PATTERN

3.5.7.1. Land use / land cover studies:

The scope of the study involves preparation of the land use/ land cover details of the buffer zonewithin the 10kms study area using topographical sheets & satellite imagery, delineating the featuresand calculating the areas.


3.5.7.2. Tools and Resources:

In order to meet the project requirements, following satellite & topographical sheets data for the studyarea have been procured.

Source NRSCSatellite IRS Resource Sat 2Sensor LISS IVPath/ Row 096/061Spatial Resolution 5.8mDate of Pass May 02, 2016Survey of India 1:50,000 Scale topographical sheets E43U10 & E43U11

3.5.7.3. Software: The limitations of Remote Sensing Image Processing, Geographical informationSystem, Cartography, and GPS area applicable in this study.

3.5.7.4. Pre-Processing of Data;

The digital image processing has been performed using ERDAS imagine software. The groundtrouthing has been performed with Garmin E-traxs GPS.

The IRS R2 LISS IV Satellite data has been geometrically corrected with respect to survey of Indiatopographical sheets. To carry out the geo-referencing, ground control points (GCPs) were identifiedon the maps and raw satellite data. The coefficients for two co-ordinate transformation equations werecomputed based on polynomial regression between GCPs on the map and satellite data. AlternateGCPs were generated till the Root Mean Square (RMS) Error was less than 0.5 pixel and then boththe images were co-registered.

This IRS R2 LISS IV Satellite data has been used for the land use land cover analysis of buffer zone.The satellite image is analyzed digitally by the method of unsupervised classification with necessaryground trouthing using the reference map as well as GPS instruments.

3.5.7.5. Land use (LU) / Land cover (LC) Classification:

Digital image processing was carried out to delineate various land use/ land cover categories in 10Kms radius area, viz. built up area, crop areas with or without scrub, water bodies, by givingnecessary training sets were identified based on tone, texture, size, shape pattern and locationinformation. Necessary care has been taken to identify proper land use class, where there is conflictbetween signatures of various classes. The interpreted map was verified on Google earth at limitedpoints and final land use / land cover map was prepared.

3.5.7.6. Various land use classes considered:

The buffer zone can be broadly identified in to built-up areas, agriculture areas and other land with orwithout scrub, water logged area & barren rock area. The definition of various land use classes aregiven below.

Agriculture Area: The areas where farmers cultivate for two seasons (Rabi & Kharif) in a year.

Scrub Forest: Forest with tree canopy coverage between 1 to 10 %.

Waste Lands: Areas with/ without scrub: generally waste lands non agriculture, non forest areascovered with or without scrubs.


Barren lands: Land without any usage, without scrubs & sometimes they are rocky exposed areas.Built-up: the villages/ colonies/ Industries will be shown in this class

Water bodies: the oceans, rivers, streams, lakes tanks, reservoirs, canals etc will be identified in thisclass.

Land utilization pattern as per satellite imagery:

From the satellite imagery it can be seen that most of the land in the study area i.e. 76.84% falls underagricultural land. About 1.65% of the land is currently fallow. About 15.86 % of the land is wasteland (Forest Scrub, Barren & land with/without scrub & barren rocky land). Others like, built up area,river/ water body occupies 03.61% of the study area. Satellite imagery & land use [LU] / land cover[LC] map are enclosed as 3.10 & 3.11. Corresponding land usage details are attached as Table 3.8.

Table 3.8

Sl. No. Land Use Description Area in Hectares Percentage of total area1 Built up Area 1004.825 31.932 Industrial Land 45.17683 0.1403 Agricultural Land 24180.8 76.8404 Current Fallow Land 519.2079 1.6505 Plantation 37.49299 0.1206 Barren rocky 312.3533 0.9927 Others 317.5995 1.0098 Scrub Forest 45.29203 0.1449 Scrub With Land 4582.435 14.56310 Scrub Without Land 51.64659 0.16411 Water body 131.8994 0.41912 Rivers 237.0908 0.754

Total 31465.82

Satellite data was classified using supervised classification technique. Maximum likelihood algorithmclassifier was used for the analysis. The scenes were individually classified and then were integratedto get a composite classified output where information from Rabi season is available. A truth tablewas generated taking 0.95 as the conversion threshold. After aggregation, the final classified outputwas converted in raster format. The image was then converted in raster format, which is understoodby GIS.

Elevation :

Thematic manuscript for contour layer was generated from Survey of India toposheet of 1:50,000scales they have been rectified to the WGS84 datum and then projected to UTM-43 North zone alsoused for generation of contour map. After scanning, coverage was generated. Coverage was edited toremove all errors of dangle. Attribute value was given to each contour in the coverage.


Figure 3.10


Figure 3.11




3.5.8. Land Environment

3.5.8.1. Soil Quality

The soils of the district are essentially derived from the underlying basalt and under different climaticconditions how variations in texture and structure. They vary from deep black soil in the river valleysto shallow murum red or grey in the hilly area. Laterite soils occur on up ghats The Medium deepsoils occur in the area of the district where the rainfall is low. They are reddish brown in color andhave clayey texture and granular to blocky structure. This soil is quite fertile and good for crops likegroundnut and sugarcane.

Except in certain packers, the soils have good drainage. In general, the soils are good for sugarcanecultivation considering the yield of sugar cane and sugar content. The pH of the soil is 7.5 to 8.3 andfound to respond well to fertilizer application. The soils of Belagavi district can be broadly classifiedinto red soils and black soils. By & large, black soils predominate the Deccan trap terrain & the redsoils are formed in the south western & south eastern part of the district in the Gneissic terrain. Thesesoils can be grouped into seven categories.

[a] Shallow black soils: These soils occur in Deccan trap region and to some extent are alsodeveloped in schist, shale and lime stone terrains. They are greyish to dark greyish brown in colour,with clayey texture.

[b] Medium black soils: These soils are predominantly derived from the Deccan traps and occupylarge parts of the district. They are dark greyish brown to very dark greyish brown with clayeytexture.

[c] Deep to very deep Black soils: Occupy large tracts in Deccan trap terrain along the Krishna river& also in the gneissic terrain. These soils are dark greyish-brown to very dark greyish brown in colourand have clayey texture & occur in plains or lands having gentle slopes. These soils exhibit widecracks in summer.

[d] Mixed red and black soils: Occur in Northern parts of the district. They are reddish-brown todark greyish brown in colour with silty clay to clayey loam textures.

[e] Red loamy soils: These soils occur as small strips in the valleys adjacent to the Western Ghats.They are loamy to silty loam in texture.

[f] Lateritic soils: Occur at high levels as insitu in deccan terrain and at low levels as transported.They are red in colour.

[g] Alluvial soils: These are developed over the alluvium deposited by the Krishna river and itstributaries. These are very local in distribution. They are composed of coarse sand, Sandy loam andloams.

Four soil samples were collected within 10 kms radial distance of the study area and were analyzed tostudy the soil quality. Figure -3.12 and Table- 3.11 show the locations of soil sampling stations.

Soils in the region are red loamy, laterite and medium black cotton soil. 55 % is red loamy laterite and45 % is medium black cotton soil. Soil samples were collected from Nanadiwadi, Nanadi, andRoopanal in the study area and analyzed for different parameters. The guidelines of soil quality aregiven in Table. It is seen that soil has moderate organic matter with low nitrogen and potassiumcontent. The soil is non saline with electric conductivity. Soil samples collected from B zone ofagriculture land of Nanadiwadi were analysed for pH, moisture content, water holding capacity,organic matter, ammoniac nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, copper, Zinc, Iron, Manganese,


molybdenum lead, chromium and cadmium using standard methods of Association of OfficialAgricultural Chemist. Results of analysis are presented in Table 3.11.

The summary of soil quality is given below:

pH is slightly alkaline

Soluble salts were found to be in the range of 3000 -11000 mg/kg

Organic content is 0.6 to 0.9%

Soil is sandy loamy

High concentration of Soluble salts

Figure 3.12 Topographical Map Showing Soil Quality Monitoring Locations

S1

Plant Site

S2

Nanadi

S3Ullegaddiwadi

Kerur KadapurRoad

S4Roopnal

Nagral

Malikwad

Kadapur

Table 3.11. SOIL QUALITY MONITORED WITHIN BUFFER ZONESr. No. Parameters of Analysis Units Soil Sample Identity

S1 S2 S3 S41 pH of 10%suspension pH 7.5 7.2 7.6 7.22 Moisture content at 1050 C % 10.3 13.3 09.2 07.23 Water holding capacity % 42.1 45.2 28.3 24.94 Organic carbon % 0.5 0.44 0.61 0.355 Total Nitrogen mg/kg 17 20 14 086 Potassium as K mg/kg 68 80 48 597 Phosphorous as P mg/kg 10 13 15 148 Copper as Cu ppm 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.5


09 Particle size distributionSandSiltClay

%%%

25.134.740.2

28.340.331.4

28.134.637.3

32.428.639.0

LEGENDS1 Agriculture Land at SiteS2 Agriculture Land Nanadi villageS3 Agriculture Land Ullegaddiwadi villageS4 Agriculture Land in Roopnal village

Figure 3.13. Status of pH in the soils of Belagavi district


Figure 3.14. Electrical Conductivity of the soils of Belagavi district


Figure 3.15. Organic Carbon Status of the soils of Belagavi district


Figure 3.16. Status of P2O5 in the soils of Belagavi district


Figure 3.17. Status of K2O in the soils of Belagavi district

3.5.9 FLORA & FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA

3.5.9.1. INTRODUCTION

Vegetation-Environment complex based on the mature ecosystem having interaction withclimatological aspects on a particular edaphic system, leads to identification of certain patterns of theforest or vegetation composition. Whittaker has stressed that neither mono-climax nor poly climaxgovern either the distribution of vegetation units or their stability in space and time. For climaxvegetation, he asserts that the pattern of populations should correspond to the patterns ofenvironmental ingredients that occur as a partially stabilized steady state of climax forest orvegetation.


3.5.9.2 OBJECTIVES OF FLORA AND FAUNA STUDIES

The objectives of the present study were undertaken with a view to understand the biologicalresources. The details mainly consist of 10 kms radius study area around proposed project site.

The objectives of the study were to:

Generate baseline data from field observations; Compare the secondary data generated with authentic past records to understand

changes;

3.5.9.3. METHODOLOGY FOR THE SURVEY

The study for the ecological studies covers:

To assess the floristic and faunal composition in and around project site Identification of sensitive locations or protected areas as per Wildlife Protection act,

1972.To accomplish above objectives, a general ecological survey covering the study area was carried out.The survey includes:

Reconnaissance survey for the selection of sampling sites; Compilation of secondary data; Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status, important

floristic and faunal elements, sensitive habitats and rare species; Generation of data from local villagers about importance & status of plants &

animals.

3.5.9.4 SECONDARY DATA FROM PUBLISHED LITERATURE

The state of Karnataka is situated on the lower west-coast and on the Western edge of Deccan plateauwith an area of 1, 92,204 sq. kms. The state lies between 110 40’ and 180 27’north latitude and 740 and780 33’ east longitude which forms the centre of Western peninsular India. The state of Karnataka canbe divided into two different regions viz. Malnad and Maidan. The Malnad is hilly region comprisingmostly the districts like Belagavi, Chikamagaluru, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Hassan, Kodagu,Shivamogga and Uttar Kannada. Part of Dharwad district also comes under this.

A few notable peaks in the state are Mulaingiri in the Bababudan range (2150), Bababudangiri(2071m), Kalhattigiri (2052m) and Kudremukh (1827m) all in Chikamagaluru district andTadiandamol (1744m) Pushpagiri (1713m) and Brahmagiri (1608 m), all in Kodagu district.

The vegetation of Karnataka is of diverse type due to topography, soils and bio-climatic ranging fromtropical wet evergreen to thorny scrub jungles. Out of 1, 92204 sq.km of total area, the forest cover isabout 38,724 sq.kms (18% of the total area). The evergreen forest is seen at an altitude ranging from600 to1000 m on the windward side of the Western Ghats. The moist deciduous, dry deciduous andscrub jungles are seen from leeward side and at the lower slopes to the intermediate areas to the eastof Western Ghats and further north-east areas of the state.

Dry Deciduous Forest

This type of forest is seen towards the east of moist-deciduous forest occupying major remainingareas of the state like Ballari, Bidar, Bijapur, Chitradurga, Gulbarga, Bengaluru, Kolar, Raichuru,Tumkuru districts and eastern section of Chikamagaluru and Dharwad districts. The dry deciduousforest is found in small blocks almost throughout the above districts. The rainfall in this area rangesfrom 35 to 75 cm. The canopy of the forest is open. The trees are leafless during the dry months.


The common trees are Acacia chundra, Anogeissus latifolia, Buchanania lanzan, Boswellia serrata,Cochlospermum religiosum, Gmelina arborea, Hardwikia binata, Lannea coramandalica, Shorearoxburghiana, Sterculia urens and Tectona grandis etc. A few climbers like Celastrus paniculata,Combretum ovalifolium, Cryptolepis buchanani, Sarcostigma acidium and Ventilago denticulate etc.are present.

Scrub Forest

These are very open & are composed or widely scattered trees generally varying from 5 to 7 m andhave thorny and hard wood predominant species of which Acacia sp are very characteristic. Trees areshort boled, stunted and branched low. The forest comprises of few mixed species and do not formmarked plant communities. Shrubs & climbers are more in number. The main components are Acaciachundra, A.latronum, A.leucophloe, A.nilotica, Albizia amara, Chloroxylon sweitenia, Dichrostchyscineria, Diopyros melanoxylon, Euphorbia nivula, Givitea rottleformis, Prosopis cineraria, Soymidafabrifuga, Zizyphus oenoplia and Zizyphus xylophora etc. and climbers Cardiospermum halicacabum,Coccinia grandis, Cocculus hirsutus, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Hemidesmus indicus, Leptadeniareticulate, Rivea hypocrateriformis, & Wattakka volubilis etc are generally seen.

Floristic Diversity

In Karnataka state, approximately 3849 species under 1328 genera belonging to 199 families arereported. Out of these 2838 species and 94 infraspecific taxa are under 1025 genera and 161 familiesof dicots, while 1009 species and 60 infraspecific taxa are under 301 genera and 36 families ofmonocots. The gymnosperms of two families viz. Cycadaceae and Gnetaceae are represented by thegenera Cycas & Gnetum with one species each respectively.

Under Pteridophytes, ferns in Karnataka are represented by 152 species belonging to 67 genera under29 families besides, 21 species belonging to 5 genera under 5 families of fern allies. The ten largerfamilies in the state are as presented in Table-3.12 and comparison of genera and species inKarnataka state and India are presented in Table-3.13.

TABLE-3.12. TEN LARGEST FAMILIES IN THE STATE

Family Genera Species Infraspecific TaxaPoaceae 119 386 26Fabaceae 66 274 14Asteraceae 80 177 05Orchidaceae 52 175 03Euphorbiaceae 50 169 03Acanthaceae 48 166 09Cyperaceae 22 157 15Rubiaceae 43 137 03Lamiaceae 23 96 0Convolvulaceae 16 75 02


TABLE-3.13. COMPARISON OF GENERA AND SPECIES

Family Number of Genera/SpeciesKarnataka India

Leguminaceae 103 167Poaceae 119 264Asteraceae 80 166Orchidaceae 52 184Euphorbiaceae 50 84Acanthaceae 48 92Cyperaceae 22 38Rubiaceae 43 113Lamiaceae 23 72Convolvulaceae 16 28

3.5.9.5 OPEN SCRUB AREAS IN THE STUDY AREA

Open scrub areas within 10 Kms study area were studied. The common trees are Acacia chundra,Anogeissus latifolia, Buchanania lanzan, Boswellia serrata, Cochlospermum religiosum, Gmelinaarborea, Hardwikia binata, Lannea coramandalica,Ficus, Terminalia sp, Sterculia urens andTectona grandis etc. A few climbers like Celastrus paniculata, Combretum ovalifolium, Cryptolepissp Buchanania , Sarcostigma acidium and Ventilago denticulate etc. are present.

3.5.9.6. PRIMARY SURVEY

Based on the physical setting and the kind of distribution of flora and fauna, the study area can beclassified into cropland, open scrub land, terrestrial vegetational structure and aquatic eco systems.

CROPLAND ECOSYSTEM

This is also known as man-made ecosystem or artificial ecosystem because of man tries to controlbiotic community and physical environment. The common crops in crops land ecosystem in studyarea are Oryzha sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Eluceana coracona, Zea maze, Triticum vulgare,Pennesitum glaucam, Sorghum vulgare, which are mainly dependent on rainwater during monsoonseason, canal irrigation and also through ground water source, tubewells, open wells during non-monsoon season. In this crop land ecosystem in addition to the crop raised, a number of weeds likeCynodon dactylon, Euphorbia hirta, Cyperus rotundus, Digetaria sp and Alyscicarpus sp alsocontributing to the primary production. Apart from that commercial crops like ground nut, sunflowergossypium and several vegetable red chillies, Brinjal, Bhendi and leafy vegetable crops could alsogrown in this region. The details of staple crops and commercial crops in study area are presented inTable-3.9 of Annexure-3D.

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM

Natural vegetation is mostly restricted to herb layer having drought resistance. Other than herb layerthe area is almost devoid of major forest type tree except agroforestry types and commercialplantations such as Eucalyptus hybrid, Acacia leucophloe, Leucena leucophloe and Cocos nucifera.Phoenix aculis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus sp,Acacia sp and Zizyphus jujuba which are mainlyrestricted to waste and culturable waste lands and in case of near villages and in case of agricultururallands, Enterolobium sp, Dalbergia sissoo,Delonix regia, Peltoforrum ferrusinum, Albizia procera,Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo, Cocos nucifera, Terminalia catapa, Psidium guava, andTamarindus indica are predominant. About 340 plant species were recorded from 79 families duringstudy period in 10-km radius of from project boundary. The details of natural vegetation in study areaare presented in Table-3.9 of Annexure-3D.


FOREST AREAS

Two forest state blocks are present in study which are mainly dry decious forest type and open scrubarea mainly comprised Acacia sp and list of forest plants are presented in Table-3.9 of Annexure-3D

CRYPTOGAMIC VEGETATIONThe area shows many algae, fungi, bryophytes and ferns. Algae are present in aquatic bodies or in marshyplaces. Fungi, particularly from ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are located on ground or epiphytically.Lichens of crustose, foliose and fruticose types are present on different substrates (Lichens, Ascomycetesand Basidiomycetes could be observed near old building tops, old walls of the houses). Bryophytes occurin wet areas and occasionally on barks of trees and old walls of houses. The commonly observedbryophytes are given below. The identified list of bryophytes and pteridophytes in study area arepresented in Table-3.9 of Annexure-3D.

3.5.9.7 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES-PRIMARY SURVEY

The floristic composition assessment of the study area has been planned to evaluate by:Phytosociological studies were carried out by using least count quadrant method. Trees and shrubswere sampled by taking quadrates of 100m2 and in case of herbaceous vegetation of 1 m2 distributedrandomly. Their girths (GBH at 132 cm from the ground) were recorded. The data obtained wasfurther used to estimate Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative Basal area and calculatedImportance Value Index(IVI). Four locations were identified in study area and details are presented inTable-3.14.The location map of ecological studies is presented in Figure-3.18.

TABLE-3.14PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN STUDY AREA

S. No. LocationCode

Name of the location Distance fromplant site(in km )

Direction fromplant site

1 T-1 Nanadi 2.402 NW2 T-2 Ullegaddiwadi 1.427 N3 T-3 Roopnal 3.003 E4 T-4 Kadapur 4.90 EES

Note: At each sampling location the protocol adopted to collect primary data were trees-10quadrates of 10X10 m and herbs-10 quadrates of 1 mX1

3.5.9.8 IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX AND SPECIES DIVERSITY INDEX

The Importance Value Index (IVI) is a statistical quantity which gives an overall picture of theimportance of the species in the vegetative community. It considers the relative values of density,frequency and basal area of every species in given area. It thus incorporates three importantparameters which are measures of diversity and productivity of every species. In any communitystructure, the quantitative value of each of the frequency, density and basal area and basal cover hasits own importance. But the total picture of ecological importance cannot be obtained by one of thesevegetation structure in respect to varying environmental factors can also be studied through suchstudy of basal area, density and frequency of the community. The Importance value index as such,gives the total picture of sociological structure of species in a community but it does not give thedimension or share of relative values of frequency, density and dominance. The dominant plantspecies observed in all sampling locations are Tephrosia purpuria, Tridax procumbens, Calotropis sp,Eupatorium sp.


Figure-3.18. Location map of ecological studies

T1

Plant Site

T4Nanadi

T2Ullegaddiwadi

Kerur KadapurRoad

T3Roopnal

Nagral

Malikwad

Kadapur

Diversity means variety or variability. Species diversity therefore refers to the variation that exists amongthe different living forms. Species indicates the extent of biodiversity in the ecosystem. Species diversityis a statistical abstraction with two components. These are the number of species or richness and evennessor equitability. For better understanding of plant diversity, the Shannon-Weaver index of diversity wasused. The index considers two important characters of vegetation, i.e. floristic richness and proportionalabundance of the species. Diversity index is increases with the floral spectra ( more species means thatmore wide species diversity) that show that undisturbed scenario of ecosystem. The index is given as;

H' = - sum (Pi ln Pi)

Where Pi = Proportional abundance of the Ith (individual) speciesH’= Shannon-Weaver diversity index

The highest Importance value index of studied plants in study area recorded in location of T-3 (50.2)for studied population and lowest IVI recorded in location of T-4 (2.350) during study period. Thespecies diversity varies between 2.35 and 2.82 in studied population and highest was recorded in T-3(Near village Roopnal ) and lowest in T-4 (Village Kadapur). Importance value index and the speciesdiversity indices for four sampling locations are presented in Table-3.16.

TABLE-3.16. DETAILS OF IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX IN STUDY AREA

Code Location Range of IVI Diversity IndexT-1 Nanadi 3.5-42.4 2.45T-2 Ullegaddiwadi 5.2-48.6 2.65T-3 Roopnal 4.2-50.2 2.82T-4 Kadapur 6.5-43.4 2.35


3.5.9.9 RARE, ENDANGERED AND ENDEMIC PLANTS IN STUDY AREA

On the basis of literature survey, from Red data books of Indian plants, detailed list rare andendangered plant genera of Karnataka particularly with reference to Belagavi district reveals thatthere are no endangered, threatened, rare plant species observed or recorded during study periodand this plant species is quite commonly present in dry deciduous forest type.

3.5.9.10 TERRESTRIAL-FAUNAINTRODUCTION

Wildlife being an important strand in the complex food web in most of the forest ecosystems, itsstatus symbolises the functioning efficiency of the entire ecosystem. The forest managementtherefore, cannot be isolated from wood exploration and wild life conservation in the same vulnerablevegetation complex. Just as wild flora needs special treatment for preservation and growth, wildfauna as well deserves specific conservatory pursuits for posterity. Unfortunately, our past efforts hadbeen unscientific in rearing and preserving our valuable heritage resulting in dwindling of manyinteresting species, which the nature had bestowed on us. Wild animals move from one place toanother place in search of food, water and other basic need. During the period, wild animals may visitthe villages for search of food.

PRESENCE OF PROTECTED AREAS AS PER WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT1972 INSTUDY AREA

As per Ministry of Environment and forests and Forest department of Government of Karnataka statenotifications reveals that there are no biospheres, tiger reserves, elephant reserves, national parks,wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves and community reserves in 10-kms radius from projectsite boundary.

PRIMARY SURVEY-FAUNA

Primary field monitoring studies were carried out through physical observations and alsocollected data from elderly persons of the area and forest officials of Athani, Raibag & Chikodiforest departments.

MAMMALS

There are several minor carnivorous and herbivorous wild animals in the study area. The commonlyobserved or reported mammals during study period are presented in Table-3.18.

TABLE-3.18. LIST OF MAMMALS OBSERVED IN STUDY AREA

S.No. Technical Name Local name Distribution1. Herpestres edwardsinyula Common Mongoose Observed during study period2. Lapus nigricollis Indian Hare Observed during study period3. Rousettus leschenaultia Fruit Bat Observed during study period4. Bandicota benghalensis Bandicoot Observed during study period5. Bandicota indica Rat Observed during study period6. Funumbulus palmarum Squirrel Observed during study period7. Mus rattus Indian rat Observed during study period8. Hystrix indica Porcupine Observed during study period9. Mus musculus Common Mouse Observed during study period10. Macaca mulata Monkey Observed during study period11. Sus sucrofa Wildbear* Recorded from forest area


S.No. Technical Name Local name Distribution12. Presbytis entellus Langur Observed during study perid13. Vulpes bengahlensis Fox Observed during study period

* data collected through interactions with local elderly personnel and forest officials ofrespective forest ranges

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

Amphibians were noticed mainly in fresh water and marshy places. Frogs and toads were presentin this area. No tailed amphibians were cited in the survey. Table-3.20 gives the details ofdifferent amphibians and reptiles in the study area.

TABLE-3.20. LIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OBSERVED IN STUDY AREA

S.No Technical Name Local Name DistributionReptiles

1. Varanus sp* Tree monitored lizard Recorded in study area

2. Naja naja* Nagarahavu Recorded in study area3. Hemidactylus sp House Lizard Observed in study area4. Calotes versicolor Garden Lizard Observed in study area5. Chameleon zeylanicus Lizard Observed in study area6. Sitana ponticeriana Lizard Obsereved in study area

Amphibians7. Rana tigrina Common frog Observed during study period8. Bufo melanosticus Toad Observed during study period

* data collected through interactions with local elderly personnel and forest officials ofrespective forest ranges.

LOCAL/ MIGRATORY BIRDS IN STUDY AREA

The list of avifauna observed during study period are presented in Table-3.15 of ANNEXURE-3D.

BUTTERFLIES

The list of identified butterflies from study area are presented in Table-3.22.

TABLE-3.22. LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN STUDY AREASl.No. Technical Name Local name Distribution1 Euploca cora - Common2 Euploca crassa - Common3 0euploca dicciotianua - Common4 Graphium agamemnos Tailed jay Common5 Papilo polymnstor Blue mormon Common6 Junonia atlites Grey pansey Common7 Juninia almanac Peacock pansey Occasional8 Pelopides assemensis - Common9 Polytrema discreta - Rare

* data collected through interactions with local elderly personnel and forest officials ofrespective forest ranges


ENDANGERED ANIMALS

A comprehensive Central Legislation namely Wild Life (Protection) Act was enforced in 1972. This lawis enacted to provide protection to wild animals and for all matters related to their ancillary or incidentaldeath. Schedule-I of this Act contains the list of rare and endangered species, which are completelyprotected throughout the country. The recorded or observed list of wild animals and their conservationstatus as per Wild Life Act (1972) are presented in Table-3.17 of ANNEXURE-3D.

PRESENCE OF SPAWNING, BREEDING, NESTING OR NURSERY OF TURTLES & OROTHER AQUATIC ANIMALS IN STUDY AREA.

On the basis of field observations and interactions with elderly people of the area, literature surveyreveals that no aquatic animals have spawning, breeding, nesting or nursery of Turtles and otheraquatic animals in study area.

MANGROVES

On the basis of field observations and literatures reveals that no mangrove species are reported orobserved in study area.

3.5.9.11 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

Protecting the environment and making efficient use of natural resources are two of the most pressingdemands in the present stage of social development. The task of preserving the purity of theatmosphere and water basins is of both national and global significance since there are no boundariesto the propagation of anthropogenic contaminants in the water. An essential pre requisite for thesuccessful solution to these problems is to evaluate ecological impacts from the baseline informationand implement effective management plan.

PLANKTON STUDIES- PRIMARY SURVEYPLANKTON STUDY

Environmental bio-monitoring and associated assessment technique is a new and rapidly expandingfield. The biological species specific for a particular environmental conditions are the best indicatorsof environmental quality. This includes different biological species such as phytoplankton,zooplankton and bacteria.

Studies on biological aspects of certain ecosystems are important in environmental impact assessmentin view of the conservation of environmental quality and safety of natural flora and fauna includinghuman beings. Information on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure servesas inexpensive and efficient early warning and control system to check the effectiveness of themeasures to prevent damage to a particular ecosystem. Thus the quality and quantity of planktonobtained in any water body is an indicator of the physico-chemical quality of water as well as type ofwater body. The estimation of following parameters of plankton community structure in a water bodyis thus helpful as indicator of the quality of water.

Generally total biomass increases with the increase in nutrients and BOD content of water and viceversa and serves as a good indicator of eutrophic status of water. Organisms have been identified asindicator species in standard publication according to increasing trophic levels of an aquaticenvironment. Similarly many organisms have been listed to favour certain physico chemical andpresence of certain groups is also indicative of trophic conditions.


Diatoms, desmids and dinophyceaen members are indicative of clean water conditions. Increasingdominance of diatoms, ciliates, flagellates, chlorophycean and cyanophycean species indicatesprogressively increasing trophic conditions. Presence of Euglenophyceae indicates high eutrophicconditions. Planktonic rotifers are usually more abundant in fresh water than estuarine waters. It isbelieved that when crustacean and insect when out number other groups the situation reflects theenriched organic conditions of water. Thus, of certain organisms help in classifying water body introphic levels on knowing its physico chemical characteristics.

In general, fresh water planktonic waters mostly dominated by phytoplankton particularly byBacillariophycean members followed by Chlophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae species.Zooplankton contains Protozoa, Rotifera and Microcrustacea species. The main producers in a waterbody are algae. The composition of phytoplankton communities and the relative abundance ofcomponent species undergo spatial and temporal changes due to climatic conditions, nutrientavailability and biological interactions.

METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR COLLECTION OF PLANKTON

Biological assessment studies were conducted by collecting plankton samples from the surface watersto assess the primary productivity of the water ecosystem. The details of Planktonic samplinglocations are presented in Table-3.23. The plankton samples were collected from two samplinglocations by using plankton net. The filamentous algae and debris were avoided by filtering throughthe plankton net. The collected sample was condensed to 100 ml by filtration and the samples werepreserved using pinch of Rose Bengal and 80 ml of 4% formaldehyde solution. The aquatic ecologicallocations are depicted in Figure-3.19.

For the measurement of frequencies of various forms of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton, one drop ofthe sedimented plankton was mounted on a micro-slide and as many as 20 different microscopic fieldssituated at more or less even distances from each other were examined and number of individualorganisms are counted. The Plankton forms were identified up to species level and expressed asorganisms per milliliter of the sample and Shannon Weavers species diversity index was calculatedfor each sample.Diversity Index

Diversity of plankton depends on physico-chemical characteristics of water especially on trophiclevels in oligotrophic waters. With increasing levels of pollution such as mesotrophic or eutrophicconditions diversity of plankton decreases. Shannon Weaver index is a measure of diversity ofplankton, which takes into account the total count of individual species count in a water samples andis expressed as follows:

Where

n

n

n

nd 1

101 log

n1= number of individuals of each individual species in the sample.n= total number of individuals of all species in the sample.

It should also be noted that diversity is also susceptible to other parameters such as turbidity, colour,nutrients and flow rates etc., particularly in hilly rivers. A widely accepted ecological concept is thatcommunity with larger number of species i.e. with high diversity will have high stability that canresist adverse environmental factors. The maximum value of Shannon weaver index of phytoplanktonfor clean waters has been reported to have been by 6 though it may differ slightly indifferentlocations. Decrease in the value of index may thus be taken as indicator of pollution. The index valuesthree and above for zooplankton is generally considered as indicators of healthy conditions of waterbodies. The values between 1 and 3 and less than one are believed to be for mild and highly pollutedconditions respectively.


TABLE-3.23 AQUATIC ECOLOGICAL LOCATIONS IN STUDY AREA

S.No. Name of water body Distance & direction from plant site in KmsAS-1 Krishna River 8.35 flowing from N to NEAS-2 Savali Halla 2.72 in EAS-3 Arka Halla 8.808 in E

3.5.9.12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSPLANKTONPHYTOPLANKTONAbout 33 algal species were recorded from the sampling locations out which are mainly belong toChlorophyceae followed by Bacillariophycean meberes. Pennate diatoms comprise of Gomphonema sp,Fragillaria sp, Navicula sp, Pinnularia sp, Nitzschia sp, and Pleurosigma sp and etc.

About 16 zooplankton species are recorded from all the sampling locations. Chydorus reticulatus andCeriodaphnia are observed in all the sampling locations. Diversity of phytoplankton and zooplanktonvaries between 2.37- 2.98 and 2.32.-2.67 respectively. The highest diversity index for phytoplankton andzooplankton was reported in Arkahalla (AS-3) (2.98 and 2.2.67) and lowest in Savali halla (AS-2, 2.37and 2.32) Based on the diversity index and these water can be classified as Mesotrophic in nature andslightly enriched with nutrients due to inflow of nutrients from catchment area and recycling nutrientsfrom sediments. The list of recorded planktonic flora from study area is presented in Table-3.19 ofAnnexure-3D.

3.5.9.13 ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY OF STUDY AREA

Details of ecological sensitivity of study area are presented in Table-3.24. The data of grading schemeused for assessment of ecological sensitivity is presented in Table-3.21 of Annexure-3D.

TABLE-3.24. ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY OF STUDY AREAS.No. Parameters Grade1 Wildlife importance( endangered species*) 252 Floral endeminicity 253 Faunal endeminicity 254 State of terrestrial vegetation 05 State of wetland vegetation 106 Legal status 07 Conservation importance 25

Total(700) 110*Species included in Schedule-I & II of Wildlife protection Act,1972. Maximum possible score isgiven in parenthesis


Figure 3.19 Topographical Map Showing Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Locations

Plant Site

Nanadi

Ullegaddiwadi

Roopnal

AS3

Nagral

AS1

Malikwad

Kadapur

AS2

3.5.9.14. Summary

Flora and fauna studies were conducted during study period to assess the existing biological resourcesin and around the project site. Secondary data was collected from various departments like forest andirrigation department and published literature. Phytosociological studies were conducted in selectedlocations in and around project site, surrounding villages, open lands, waste lands and forest blocks instudy area. Acacia sp, Terminalia sp, Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica, Delonixregia, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus sp, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cassia occidentalis, Calotropisprocera, Ageratum conyzoides are predominant when compared to tree shrub and herb, populations.In addition to the above plants,

The wide variety of herbaceous members and presence of less number of woody members reflects thatthe study area is an un-disturbed agroclimatological ecosystem. Presence of large number oftherophytes and phanerophytes (shrubs and trees) indicates tropical vegetation structure. Theuniformity of herbaceous members and luxuriant growth of herbal population is due to southwestmonsoon rains and fertility of soil in study area.

Faunal assessment studies were also conducted during study by primary field surveys and collecteddata from various sources like forest department, universities and also from literature.

3.6. EarthquakesAs per the Revised Earthquake Hazard Mapping, 22.13% of the total geographical area is underModerate earthquake damage risk zone & remaining area of the state is under low damage risk zone.The state of Karnataka has reported more than 500 earthquake tremors in the last three decades withmost of them having low magnitude. It is found that the weak zones around the northern Karnatakabordering Maharashtra could cause heavy damages in future. The areas of southern part of Karnatakaare also not free from frequent tremors. The Karnataka state is categorized as moderate to low seismic


risk zone. The following Districts are falling in Zone III (Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII)viz. Bidar, Gulbarga, Vijayapur, Bagalkote, Belagavi, Dharwad, Uttar Kannada, Shivamogga, Udupi,Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu. All other Districts are falling under Zone II (Low Damage Risk zoneMSK VI).

Figure 3.20 Earthquake Zone of Karnataka


3.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE

As regards to base-line environmental data in respect of Demography, Occupational Structure,Community Services such as Post Offices, Post & Telegraph Offices, Telephone, Educational andHealth Care Facilities, Banks and Co – Operative institutes, social and Cultural Institutions, presentwithin buffer zones were collected from Department of CENSUS operations, Government of India,Department of Statistics and Economics of the Government of Karnataka Village Patwaries,Department of Post and Department of Health for preparation of existing environmental scenario inrespect of these parameters.

Demography

GeographicalArea Sq Km

Total Population

Total Male Female

1995 525722 26883 256839

Scheduled Cast Population Schedule Tribe PopulationTotal Urban Rural Total Urban Rural13473 1557 11916 11660 103 11557

Literacy % Literacy

Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural61.66 74.17 60.29 323623 35509 288114

Classification of Main WorkersRural Urban TOTALTotal Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female164721 116741 47980 12503 10462 2041 177224 127203 50021

Classification of Marginal WorkersRural Urban TOTALTotal Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female59205 12664 46541 741 365 376 59946 13029 46917

Classification of Non WorkersRural Urban TOTALTotal Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female196986 86656 110330 27706 9990 17716 224692 96646 1280463.8. INDUSTRIES

Belagavi district has always been at the forefront of industrial growth in India. With its inherentcapabilities coupled with its enterprising citizens, Belagavi provides the ideal choice for investmentopportunities. The Hydraulic industry (BEMCO Hydraulics) started here in 1930’s was first of itskind in Asia. Belagavi is one of the fastest growing cities with a very good industrial Scenario in thenorth western part of Karnataka. Belagavi has several large industries; important among them are theINDAL Aluminium Factory (Hindalco at present) Ashok Iron group, Jinabakul group,


Polyhydron group, numerous foundries & engineering industries. Belagavi is a trade centre forfood grains, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, oilseed, and milk products. Industries include leather, clay,pottery, soap, cotton, and precious metals. It is very famous for its power loom industries whichprovide employment for many weavers. Belagavi has provided excellent opportunities forbusinessmen from almost all sections of the society and thus is an important industrial and businessCentre.

Chikkodi taluk has 4 Sugar Factories in its belt viz. namely

1. Doodhaganga Krishna Sugar Factory, Chikkodi

2. Venkateshwara Power Project Ltd. Bedkihal

3. Om Sugars Ltd. Jainapur

4. Shri Halasidhanath SSK Ltd. Nipani

Chikkodi Wind Power Project (Doddanavar Global Energy Pvt Ltd (DGEPL): Chikkodi town issurrounded by hills so there are lot of wind plants on top of hills located around the town forsources of electrical energy.

Krishna, Dudhaganga, Vedganga rivers made the land fertile and precious foragriculture. Tobacco farming is one of the other major activity in Chikkodi taluk majorproduction is in from the villages namely Galataga, Shiragaonwadi, Khadaklat etc. Now a daystrend of Sericulture is booming in this area.

Lots of business and trading activities are developing in Chikkodi after it was declared as aproposed district place, along with automobile two wheeler dealerships like Bajaj, Yamaha, Hero,Honda, TVS, and four wheeler outlets like Maruti Suzuki, TATA, Hyundai have come. Propertyprices have gone up heavily.

The State government has initiated measures to Establish a Textile Cluster in Boragaon, Chikoditaluka.

Karnataka’s first Silver Industry Park to come-up in Mangur, Chikkodi taluk..

3.9. AESTHETIC ENVIRONMENT

Belagavi district has several places of historical importance and a few of which are identified withplaces mentioned in Hindu mythological accounts. Saundatti-Yellamma, for example, is identified asthe place where Lord Parashurama, the VIth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, beheaded his own mother atthe behest of his father, sage Jamadagni. The narrative further states that, when his immensely pleasedfather granted him with a boon, Lord Parashurama asked for and got his mother restored to life at thisplace. Legends associate Yedur and Godachi villages with the events mentioned in the Daksha Yagyaand the exploits of Lord Veerabhadra. About the early historical period, it may be mentioned thatHalashi (located in Khanapur taluk) was the capital of the early Kadambas. Saundatti was the capitalof the Rattas and some historians identify Kakati near Belgaum as the original abode of the famousKakatiyas of Warangal. There are as many as five Ramateerthas in the district, viz., (1) in theParasgad fort (2) at Mullur in Ramdurg taluk (3) near Kanbargi in Belagavi taluku (4) at Ramateerthain Athni taluku and (5) near Halashi in Khanapur taluku, which are described as visited by Lord Ramawho installed Ramalingas at these places. Ramdurg fort is ascribed to Rama and Shabarikolla nearSureban is described as the place where Shabari had lived and met Lord Rama. Sogal in Saundattitaluk is described as the place where one Sugalamuni performed penance and where the marriage ofShiva and Parvathi is described to have taken place. Jamboti in Khanapur taluk is associated withJambavati, Lord Krishna’s consort and Jambavanta’s daughter. Saptasagara, a pre-historic site isclaimed to be the place where the Saptarshis had lived and the ash mond there is ascribed to thesacrifices they had performed. Lord Narasimha temple situated at Mugutkhan Hubli, is claimed to beplace where Sage Chavan had performed a sacrifice.


Belagavi is famous for Belagavi Fort, Kamal basadi Jain temple, Safi Maszid and many historicalmonuments.Belagavi Fort which is in the heart of the city. The Kote lake is also a beautiful lake tovisit. Inside the fort we can find an ancient Kamala Basadi and Chikka Basadi Jain temples. Just fewmetres walk to this temple you can findRamkrishna Ashrama where you can relax. There is anancient Masjid also in the fort. Belgaum Cantonment with both Portuguese and Britishstyle buildings, churches and schools. Hooli is famous for Panchalingeshwara temple 13 km fromSavadatti, one of the oldest village in the district, it is famous for Panchaligeswara temple. Otherruined Chalukya temples await for conservation and restoration. Mugalakhod is located in rayabagtaluk and it is famous for shri yallalingeswar temple [mugalakhod math].

Gokak Falls Shedbal, Shedbal is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Athni

taluk of Belagavi district in Karnataka. There is a famous Jain Ashram.The Shanthinatha Jain temple of Shedbal was built in the year 1292 A.D. It is the birthplace of thewell known Jain ascetic Elacharya Paramapujya Muni Sri 108 Vidyananda Maharaj. Under theguidance of Paramapujya Muni Sri Shanthisagar Maharaj Shanthisagar Chatra Ashram was built. TheChaturvamshathi tirthankara mandir with the 24 tirthankaras was built in 1952. Varapoha Falls, where the Mandovi River plunges 60 meters, is a beautiful waterfall in Belagavi

district. Kittur is famous for Kittur fort, museum and other monuments Shirasangi is famous for Desai wade, Kalika Temple and other historical monuments. Turmari is about 7 km from Sangolli, is famous for B C Patil house (Goudaramane) more than

300 year old and two floor mansion, where the Girish Karnad movie Ondanondu Kaladalli shot. Kamala Narayana Temple, Degaon (Degamve / Devgram) is famous for Kamala Narayana

Temple is about 5 km fromKittur. Kasamalgi Parshwanatha is about 10 km from Kittur and 5 km from Kamala Narayana Temple,

Degaon (Degamve/ Devgram). Halasi is famous Kadamba temple of Bhuvaraha Narasimha. Navilateertha Stavanidhi Ghat Jain Temple Stavanidhi or Tavandi Ghat is situated near Nippani city there is

an ancient famous Jain math & Temple. Sangolli the village is named on freedom fighter of Kittur Rani Chennamma Right Hand Sangoli

Rayanna Nandagad is place where freedom fighter Sangoli Rayanna was hanged by British Govt. Panchalingeshwara temple at Munavalli Chandur,Yadur situated beside Krishna river Borgaon situated beside Dudhaganga river. A Jain Temple (Nishidhi) is situated in this village.


CHAPTER 4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTPREDICTION


4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION

Sugar cane crop & mills exist with lot of uncertainties such as water scarcity, uncertain monsoon,price of sugar cane, crop yield, hike in power rates, quality seeds etc. Indian agriculture relies solelyon the monsoon rains and irrigation facilities. Sugar cane crop production is subjected to changes ateach place each year with price changes for same quality cane. These facts yield sugar mills lowerreturns than predicted & make them vulnerable in the race of time. Sugar factories are mainlyestablished in rural areas for want of raw material as major agriculture crop sugarcane. All sugarproduction in India solely comes from sugar cane with a time proven well-established process to getsugar output.

EIA provides a mechanism to simultaneously consider base line data & probable future adverseeffects on the environment as a consequence of the action to create any processing unit, expressway,irrigation, canal, barrage, mining activity etc. before the commissioning of the desired project work. Asignificant component of EIA studies exists to predict, assess the potential of impacts of the project onthe surrounding environment. Environmental impact in the study area reflects in any changes ofenvironmental conditions, adverse or beneficial effects caused or induced by the impact of project ifimplemented. Superimposition of predicted impact over pre-project base line data shows final pictureof environmental conditions. Step of quantitative impact prediction leads to decide suitableenvironment management plan needed to implement before initiation of project & commissioningstage to mitigate adverse effects on environmental quality. Impact prediction in various areas of air,water, soil, noise, socio-economic for the proposed expansion of sugar & co-generation units aregiven in the following sections.

Proposed expansion involves activities to set up a plant, machinery, create infrastructure to transportraw materials, finished products as dominant activities in construction phase. In construction phaseexpansion has various impacts on air & water quality, noise levels, socio-economic environment etc.

4.1 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Project construction phase will be of one and half year whose activities will surely show effects onland environment, water, air, noise level, soil quality, socio-economic trend etc. As the expansionshall take place within the existing area, its impact on air, water quality, noise and soil will not benotable. This activity will have a positive impact in case of Socio-economic culture for the people inthe nearby villages. They will have a chance for local employment in foundation, fabrication, brickmasonry, painting and machinery erection works. Along with that tree plantation will be one of theactivities. As local workers are involved in the construction phase, impact at site will be negligible.

The construction phase of proposed expansion of sugar & power plants will include activitiesassociated with the site levelling, construction of civil structures, architectural works and buildingservices. The construction phase would bring in immediate but short term changes on variouscomponents of environment near the project site. The likely changes on starting the constructionalactivity would be in the following area.

4.1.1 Impact on Topography

The area of the proposed plant is more or less flat terrain. It is predominantly covered with fine tomedium grained clay loam as top soil with underlying compacted dense sand. During the constructionphase levelling would be required. Apart from the localized construction impacts confined to the plantsite, no significant long term adverse impact on topography is envisaged.

4.1.2 Impact on Air Environment

The main source of air emission during the construction phase is dust. It will be generated due tomovement of equipment at the site and during site levelling, earthwork, foundation work and other


constructional activities. Dust emissions are expected to result in increased particulate matter thusaffecting base line air quality, primarily in working area for a short duration. In order to amelioratethis, the area near the site and transport roads will be sprinkled with water to reduce dust.

4.1.3 Impact on Water Environment

The construction activities will be associated with mechanical fabrication, assembly and erection.These activities associated do not consume large quantities of water. Make shift sanitation facilityshall be provided by contractors for disposal of sanitary sewage generated by the work force. Thereshall be no disposal of construction waste outlet. The contractor will provide cooking fuel to the workforce as this will check cutting and felling of shrubs and trees. The overall impact on waterenvironment during construction phase due to the proposed expansion is considered short term andinsignificant.

4.1.4 Impact on Noise Environment

The noise produced during construction phase may not have significant impact on the existingambient noise levels. The activities like construction of foundation, infrastructure and plant areconsidered as the main source of noise generation. The major construction work will be carried outduring the daytime. The construction equipment may generate high noise which can affect thepersonnel operating the machines. The noise levels in the working environment are compared withstandards prescribed by OSHA/CPCB/ ISO 3746. The workers in general are likely to be exposed toequipment noise levels of 80-90 dB (A) in an 8 hrs shift for which all statutory precautions as per lawwill be taken into consideration. Use of proper personnel protective equipment will mitigate anyadverse impact of noise on the working population. All noise from the site is expected to be reducedsignificantly before reaching nearby habitation.

4.1.5 Occupational Safety

During the construction there are chances of minor or major accidents at the site.

Mitigation:

All the workers will be provided with helmets, goggles and safety instructions in the form of manualsand also first-aid will be made available.

4.2 Impacts during Operational Phase

The plant operational activities will have impact on physical environment (air & water quality, noiselevel, cropping pattern etc.) and on socio-economic environment. No land /topography alteration isenvisaged in the operation phase of the sugar & cogeneration power plants.

4.2.1 Impact on Physical Environment

The impacts on Air, Noise & Cropping Pattern are the dimensions of physical environment which arelikely to be affected on account of power generation activities.

4.2.2 Impact on Air Environment

Prediction of impacts on air environment is an important component in environmental impactassessment studies. Several techniques and methodologies are in vogue for predicting the impacts dueto proposed industrial development on physico-ecological and socio-economic components ofenvironment. Such predictions are superimposed over the baseline (pre-project) status ofenvironmental quality to derive the ultimate (post-project) scenario of environmental conditions. Thequantitative prediction of impacts lead to delineate suitable environmental management plan needed


for implementation during the commissioning of proposed activities and in its operational phase inorder to mitigate the adverse impacts on environmental quality.

Mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe the cause effect relationship betweensource of pollution and different components of environment. In case, mathematical models are notavailable or it is not possible to identify/validate model for a particular situation, predictions arearrived through available scientific knowledge and judgment.

4.2.2.1. Air Quality Prediction

The impact on air quality due to emissions from single source or group of sources is evaluated by useof mathematical models. When air pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, they are immediatelydiffused into surrounding atmosphere, transported and diluted due to winds. The air quality modelsare designed to simulate these processes mathematically and to relate emissions of primary pollutantsto the resulting downwind air quality. The inputs include emissions, meteorology and surroundingtopographic details to predict the impacts of conservative pollutants.

DKSSKN’s proposed increase in power generation from cogeneration unit from 15 MWhr to 50MWhr requires 2500 MT per day bagasse as fuel for both the boilers when operated on 100%bagasse. Imported washed coal shall be used as an auxiliary fuel along with bagasse during noncrushing season. This expansion of the cogen project meets the heat & power needs of DKSSKN afterexpansion and excess power shall be exported to the KPTCL grid.

Due to the existing state high-ways around the plant & reduced distances for bullock carts, tractors &trucks to reach the mill site, suspended particulate matter generation will be comparatively lesser.Bagasse & coal handling with belt drive provision & closed condition shall keep the levels of SPMgeneration under control. Use of captive Bagasse from sugarcane crushing as a fuel will be a solutionfor its safe disposal in co-generation plant. Complete combustion, ash silo system, hoppers, air sacscollection, electro static precipitators, effective ash handling, mixing of collected ash with press mudto sell to farmers/ brick producers will minimize the probable impacts of fuel handling & safe ashdisposal.

During the operational phase of proposed expansion assessment the mitigation of air pollutionemissions and control are outlined below:

Only major source of air pollution from the proposed expansion of DKSSKN shall bethe emission from the stack attached to boiler of 130 TPH used for steam generationand subsequently power. A chimney of 3.5 diameter & a height of 90 m shall beprovided, designed on the basis of CPCB guidelines to ensure proper disposal of gasemissions.

Fugitive emissions from raw material storage yards, loading and unloadingoperations, are controlled / will be controlled by water sprinkling system, ifapplicable.

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will be provided as an APC measure in addition to theboiler stack.

Use of bullock carts, which are environmental friendly, for transportation ofsugarcane from the villages to the plant site as far as possible.

Ensure that all vehicles (trucks / tractors / tankers / tippers) used in transportationhave PUC Certificate. Utility vehicles used would be buses, jeeps, cars andambulances. DKSSKN shall regularly carry out PUC checks of all motor drivenvehicles and carry out regular servicing and maintenance in order to keep theenvironmental impact on account of their exhaust emissions to its minimum level.

For reducing fugitive dust emissions DKSSKN has constructed metalled internalroads. Regular water sprinkling is done sugarcane storage yard and for ash quenchingin order to prevent fugitive dust emissions and to keep the same to its minimum level.


Construction of speed breakers on roads at regular intervals all over the plant area and/ or attachment of speed locking system to the accelerators of all vehicles used formaintaining a speed limit of 20 km/h. Construction of vehicle parking area having atleast brick on edge flooring.

No overloading of trucks / tractors / tankers / tippers used in transporting sugar/molasses/sugarcane/pressmud/rectified spirit/boiler ash/biocompost from the plant.

Tree plantation around the plant area has been carried out for minimizingenvironmental impacts of the proposed expansion over a period of time. Plantationprogram is designed and a budget is allocated for this purpose every year. 33% of thearea owned by DKSSKN is already developed as green belt. This is ensuring minimalimpact of fugitive dust emissions on the surroundings.

In addition to the above, DKSSKN is maintaining good house-keeping in all thedepartments of their sugar manufacturing and power generation departments in orderto keep the entire complex clean and free of dust. This shall be continued.

4.2.2.2. Impact due to ash from co-generation

During season fly ash collected from ESP hoppers, air heater hoppers, ash from boiler bottomhoppers, total quantity being less than 1 % (of bagasse as fuel consumption) shall be given to farmersas manure after mixing it with pressmud. During off season ash from coal burned shall can be used forbrick producers with press mud. Annually 6750 MT ash will be generated from burning of 675000ton MT Bagasse (based on 270 working days), and 481 MT when 801 tons imported washed coal[1% ash] is burnt (based on 60 days of operation of cogeneration on 100% imported coal).

Air Quality Modelling

Air quality modelling was carried out for the proposed expansion. The major pollutant from theactivity is SPM. In the present study the major source has been considered as the stack attached toboiler. The estimation of emission rates based on rate of fuel consumption and characteristics hasbeen calculated. Also, the meteorological data at the site has been collected during study period. Aftercalculation & collection of data, assessment of impact on ambient air quality using ISCST3 model ofUSEPA for emissions from the proposed expansion of existing 20.5MWhr power plant to 50 MWhrpower plant have been carried out. The stack details of the proposed boiler after the proposedexpansion are presented in the Table 4.1. The maximum ground level concentration (GLC) ispredicted for proposed scenario is 0.092μg/m3 E Direction. The isopleths are presented in the Figures4.1 to 4.3 for the proposed impact.

Table 4.1: Stack Details of Proposed Boiler

Sl.No.

Stackattachedto

Fuel inTPH

Emission Rate(g/s)

StackHeight inm AGL

Diameterof stackin (m)

Exit GasTemp. (K)

Velocity(m/s)

1 Boiler ofcapacity130 TPH

Bagasse55 to 60

0.651 (ESP shallbe of 99%efficiency)

90 3.0 to3.5

412 15

The incremental rise in SPM level does not exceed the CPCB limit and SO2 and NOx values rise isnegligible. Hence on air environment there is no adverse impact from the proposed expansion.

4.2.3. Noise EnvironmentNoise, an unwanted sound, affects human being. Excessive exposure to noise produces varying degreeof damage to hearing system. It leads to headache, fatigue etc. Road traffic will also result in rise innoise levels. Continuous exposure of increased level of noise will have an adverse impact on thehealth of workers as well as the people residing in surrounding area. Prolonged exposure can lead totemporary or even permanent deafness.


FIGURE 4.1: Isopleths of Predicted PM Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model


FIGURE 4.2: Isopleths of Predicted SO2 Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model


FIGURE 4.3: Isopleths of Predicted NOX Concentration in Ambient Air as per Gaussian Model


4.2.3.1. Impact on Noise Levels

The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicles and construction equipment likedozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, pumps, compressors, pneumatic tools, saws, vibrators etc.The operations of these equipment generate noise in the range of 85-90 dB (A) near the source. Noiselevels are confined within the plant boundary and temporary in nature.

4.2.3.2. Impact of machinery operations:

In the expansion of Sugar and Cogen Power Plant proposed by DKSSKN following equipment shallbe the sources of noise.Centrifugal Machine - 86-87 dB (A)Vacuum Release - 102-104 dB (A)Sugar dry units - 91-92 dB (A)Compressor for air supply - 90-92 dB (A)Milling - 88-91 dB(A)Mill Turbine - 92-94 dB(A)Juice clarification station - 88-89 dB(A)Juice evaporation station - 82-93 dB(A)Power house - turbine - 93-105 dB(A)Boilers - 83-109 dB(A)FD fans - 94-96 dB(A)Delivery pumps for sugar & molasses supply - 89-90.5 dB(A)

Considering all the machinery to be working at a time, which is the worst case from the point of viewof noise level impact at DKSSKN, the total noise level on account of all the equipment works out tobe 108 dB(A). Major part of this noise gets attenuated due to wave divergence.The noise attenuation due to wave divergence is calculated as follows:Sound pressure level Lp2 at a distance R2 from the source neglecting attenuation due to atmosphericeffects and interaction with objects is given byLp2 = Lp1 – 20 log R2 / R1

Where,Lp1is a sound pressure level at a distance of R1 from the source and Lp2 is a sound pressure level at adistance of R2 from the source.

Minimum distance of the receptor location from DKSSKN calculated by using above equation forachieving the noise level of 55 dB (A) during daytime is 135 m. This means, noise level at a distanceof 135 m from DKSSKN is 55 dB (A) or in other words the noise level impact of DKSSKNoperations is felt within a maximum area of 135m radius.

As the villages are located beyond 500 m from DKSSKN, increment in noise levels will not bedetected at these locations on account of DKSSKN activities.

4.2.3.3. NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURESCONSTRUCTION PHASE

There will be marginal increase in noise levels during construction phase which is temporary. Certainactivities like welding will be undertaken during night time. However, this phenomenon is temporaryin nature.


OPERATIONAL PHASE

In the proposed expansion equipment in the sugar and cogeneration plants shall be designed for noiselevels not exceeding 90 dB (A). Proper encasement of noise generating sources will be done to controlthe noise levels below 75 dB (A) at plant boundary.

The steam turbine generator shall be provided with acoustic enclosures and silencers in the exhaust.The steam turbine is housed in a closed building which is considerably reducing the noise. In case ofmaintenance, the persons working near the steam turbine generator building are provided with earmuffs.

A scientifically designed thick greenbelt over an area of 33% [23.6 Hectares (58.292 acres)] is alreadydeveloped all around the plant which is acting as noise barrier.

In general the following methods shall be adopted to control the noise pollution from the proposedexpansion.

The use of concrete and masonry walls & barriers keeping in view the benefits ofstiffness weight & cavity construction & the need to provide well sealed soundattenuating doors & windows.

The use of complete or partial enclosures.

Attenuation by use of sound absorbents on walls and fixed or suspended ceilings

Introduction of control and monitoring rooms having good sound insulation properties.

The reduction or elimination of noise leakage paths

The use of vibration insulation techniques

The use of ducts and plenum chambers

The use of mufflers, sound attenuation and acoustic louvers in air flow paths, taking particular care todirect inlet and discharge an opening away from critical areas wherever possible, so as to takeadvantage of direct effects.

Impact of Vehicular traffic on noise:

As a matter of fact of Power Plant does not invite heavy vehicular traffic at the site. There will be anincrease in the traffic to and from the site. Vehicles used for transportation of coal would be a bullockcart, Tractors and Trucks whereas; utility vehicles used for various purposes would be buses, Jeeps,cars and ambulances. Assuming that no. of traffic on noise level at village calculated by usingfollowing equation is found to be 42 dB(A).Leq (h)i = LOE + 10log(Ni /Si *T) + 10log (15/d) (1+a) +S - 13

Where,Leq (h)1 is the Leq at hour h for the ith vehicle type i.e. autos, medium trucks or heavy trucks.LOE is the reference mean energy level for the ith vehicle type. This is the noise emission level for agiven vehicle type and is found out by measurement.Ni is the number of class I vehicles passing during the time T.Si is the average speed of the ith vehicle class in km/hour.D is the perpendicular distance in meters from the centre line of the traffic lane to the location wherenoise level is to be predicted.


a- is a factor, which relates to the absorption characteristics of the ground cover between the roadwayand the receptor location.S is the shielding factor such as provided by the noise barrier.

Impact of traffic noise after superimposing on background noise level, increase in the noise level isless than CPCB limits for rural and Residential areas. Hence noise level impact of the traffic isnegligible.

MitigationProper maintenance of blowers, pumps & noise generating equipment shall be ensured. All theworkers will be provided with ear plugs & PPE. All the contractors / transporters shall be advised tocarry out regular maintenance of their vehicles.

4.2.4. Impact on Land or soil

The solid waste generated from the proposed expansion of sugarcane crushing unit is mainly in theform of molasses, pressmud & bagasse. Boiler ash will be generated from cogen power plant. Thissolid waste in case dumped on land unscientifically may create soil degradation or underground waterpollution.

Mitigation:

Molasses produced from the sugar unit is used as a raw material in the existing 30 KLD distillery forproduction of rectified spirit. Excess molasses from the proposed expansion of sugarcane crushingcapacity shall be stored in molasses storage tanks/ sold to other distilleries. Press mud is sold / givento member farmers to use as compost after mixing it with boiler ash & spentwash. Bagasse is used /shall be used as fuel for power generation from cogeneration unit. Fly ash generated duringcombustion in boiler during non crushing season shall be sold as a raw material for brickmanufacturing.

4.2.5. Impact on water environment4.2.5.1. Impact on Water Resources and Quality

The water requirement for the proposed expansion will be met from the surface water for whichpermission is obtained. During construction, water is required for development of structures,sprinkling on pavements for dust suppression and domestic and non-domestic usages. Constructionworkers shall utilise washrooms and toilets available at site.

4.2.5.2. Water Pollution Mitigation Measures

The earth work includes cutting and filling. Excavation activities shall be done avoided during rainyseason and shall be completed during the winter and summer seasons. Stone pitching on the slopesand construction of concrete drains for storm water to minimize soil erosion in the area will beundertaken. Settling pond is existing for storage and recycling of surface water for use in the plantarea. The development of green belt in and around plant is more than 33%. In plant roads aremetalled. Toilets with septic tanks are available at site for construction workers. The overall impactson water environment during construction phase due to proposed expansion activity shall betemporary and marginal.

Water needed for sugar & cogeneration plant is / shall be drawn from Krishna river. Existing waterconsumption in the sugar plant including power generation is 4121m3/day. Of this total waterrequirement of 4121 m3/day, about 3850 m3/day is met from the cane juice of sugar plant and thebalance requirement of 271m3/day is drawn from River Krishna. Proposed water consumption in thesugar plant including power generation after expansion shall be 6269m3/day. Of this total waterrequirement of 6269 m3/day, about 5547 m3/day shall be met from the cane juice of sugar plant and


the balance requirement of 722m3/day shall be drawn from River Krishna. DKSSKN intends to intake722 m3 of water per day to fulfill the needs of mill, & co-generation plant, residential colony. In sugarmill maximum water conservation will be achieved with precise equipment selection. In co-generationalso precise design parameters will enhance target of water conservation & power production.Maximum attention shall be paid to recycle the water in each unit/equipment.

Waste water from the proposed expansion shall be collected in equalization tanks, neutralized prior totreatment in the existing ETP’s. Treated effluent water shall meet the discharge standards as perKSPCB norms & shall be reutilized for onland irrigation, ash quenching, cooling water makeup &gardening.

4.2.6. IMPACT DUE TO TRANSPORTATION

As a consequence of expansion of sugarcane crushing capacity & increase in power generation fromcogeneration unit, vehicle traffic to and fro for carrying sugar cane & imported coal, finished productsviz. sugar & by products like molasses, pressmud, rectified spirit etc. shall increase. Cane from localarea can be brought with bullock carts, tractors & trucks. Transport of other items shall be done bytrucks. Traffic with jeeps, buses, cars, ambulance etc. will also be there. Traffic on road shall increasein particulate matter. Metalled roads already exist in the site area which will keep the SPM levels atminimal.

4.2.6.1. Traffic Density Study

Plant is located at a distance of 1.8 Kms from State Highway connecting Examba to Chikodi. It isproposed to expand capacity of Sugarcane crushing from 5500 to 10,000 TCD. Therefore there will beaddition of traffic due to Trucks and tractor trolleys on the SH 78.

4.2.6.2. Monitoring locationsThe site is located at Nanadi village, with approach roads already existing form SH 78 &Sankeshwar Jewaragi road. Traffic density survey was conducted on the approach roads.

4.2.6.3. Methodology

Traffic density measurements were made continuously for 24 hours by visual observation andcounting of vehicles under four categories, viz., heavy motor vehicles, light motor vehicles, two/threewheelers and others. As traffic density on the road is low, one skilled person was deployedsimultaneously during each shift for counting the traffic. At the end of each hour, fresh counting andrecording was undertaken. Thus, the total number of vehicles per hour under the four categories wasdetermined.

Observations:Table 4.2. Summary of the movement of the various types of vehicles during the survey period.

The movement of heavy motor vehicles are almost uniform throughout the 24 hour period. Themovement of light motor vehicles is low during the night hours.

Type of Vehicle Total No. Per Hr duringcrushing season

Total No. Per Hr during noncrushing [off] Season

H.M.V 20 05L.M.V 15 07

Two/Three wheelers 25 11Others 12 04Total 72 27


Transportation:

As a matter of fact of Co-generation Power Plant does not invite heavy vehicular traffic at the site,however due to sugar production activities at DKSSKN, there will be an increase in the traffic to andfrom the site. Vehicles used for transportation of sugar cane as well as finished product would be abullock cart, Tractors and Trucks whereas, utility vehicles used for various purposes would be buses,Jeeps, cars and cycles from labour colony and staff movement. The transportation route will be thehighway and the connecting road from the highway to the plant for the purpose of the evacuation ofsugar while the bullock carts will bring raw material (cane). All trucks proposed to be used fortransportation will be covered with tarpaulin, maintained, optimally loaded and have PUC certificates.

TABLE 4.3. EXPECTED INCREMENTAL TRAFFIC DENSITY

Traffic Vehicle Existing traffic innumbers

Incremental trafficrise in numbers

Total Rise innumbers

H.M.V 20 22 42L.M.V 15 25 40

Two/Three wheeler 25 20 45Others 12 10 22Total 72 77 149

Mitigation

DKSSKN shall put a strategy to check regularly the PUC of all auto vehicles, servicing &maintenance, in order to have minimum environmental impact due to the vehicle exhaust emission /noise. Garden & tree plantation plans will ensure the target of minimum fugitive emissions. DKSSKNproposes better level of housekeeping in all departments of sugar mill, power generation, and colonyto keep the area cleaner.

4.2.7. IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Like other sugar factories DKSSKN is also located in an isolated area. DKSSKN managementthought that it would be advantageous to improve the living conditions of people in and around theplant site. It also proposes to employ local skilled and unskilled workers in the proposed expansion ofsugar & cogeneration plants. It will therefore generate employment in the local area. DKSSKN hasalready initiated process to select & employ key persons for the proposed expansion. In the nearbyfuture permanent employment & creation of additional residential facilities will give the surroundingpeople the space to reside & get settled in the area.

It will resolve power crisis and will enhance earnings for village people. In turn local people canavoid uncertainty of jobs, raise their living standards, do supplementary jobs of cane & other farming,cattle, poultry, brick making unit etc. thus to stabilize & prosper in life. This will surely make apositive impact.

The existing production of sugarcane is much more than the requirement of these sugar factories. Thebalance sugarcane is presently sold to different sugar units in Belgaum district. In view of moreavailability of sugarcane than the demand of existing sugar factories, there is no certainty of getting agood price for the can and the sale price keeps varying. Moreover farmers are also not very happyabout its timely harvesting, as they have to wait till their round of harvesting comes because of whichthey lose time and cannot take up another crop. The production of power will resolve power crisesand will enhance earning to village people. The consumption of bagasse for power generation willmake DKSSKN free from its disposal. The adjoining sugar factories marginal bagasse shall bediverted to DKSSKN, which will reduce the load of its proper disposal. Encouraging the farmers in


the DKSSKN vicinity to plant more and more of fuel wood by cogeneration unit will substantiallyincrease income level of the farmers.

4.3. Impact on cropping pattern

Belagavi District was earlier growing crops like, Jawar, Wheat, Bajara, Groundnut, Chillies. Due toavailability of irrigation facilities sugarcane growing area increased to a large extent. The surveyconducted in the project area indicated that there is no competing crop for sugarcane. High valuecrops like chillies, fruits and vegetables are grown in few villages. However, area under these crops isvery meager. Jawar, wheat, bajra, safflower, sunflower and groundnut are other important crops thatprovide a source of income. Farmers reported that they are not happy with private traders about thepayment received and the price offered to them for these products. Moreover, there is an uncertaintyof the payment from traders and is generally delayed. In case of sugarcane, the first installment isassured within the first 15 days from the date of sugar cane supplied to the sugar factory. Farmers alsofeel that soyabean, jawar, groundnut, sunflower and wheat fetch less income as compared tosugarcane. Soyabean and groundnut crops are also affected due to rains during September and lateAugust. Moreover, in spite of adopting recommended package of practices, the entire crop is lost mostof the time leading to loss of income. The agro- climatic conditions and soil type prevailing in theoperational area of DKSSKN are very much congenial for healthy growth of good quality sugarcane.Sufficient irrigation facilities are also available from irrigation schemes as well as tube wells existingin the area. Water level of existing wells are reportedly increased because of irrigation during past fewyears and hence there is considerable scope to improve the cultivation practices and shift over tosugarcane. It is also observed that cultivators in command area are progressive and are aware ofsugarcane cultivation practices. In view of above, local farmers other crops wish to switch over tosugarcane cultivation.

4.4. Impact on Land Use

Additional land is not required for the proposed expansion. Hence there shall be no impact.

The land breakup of the proposed expansion is given in Table 4.4.

TABLE 4.4.


CHAPTER 5

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTANALYSIS


5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

Environmental impact assessment is the first logical step in this process because it represents theopportunity for man to consider, in his decision making, the effects of actions that are not accountedfor, in the normal market exchange of goods and services. Adherence to pure economic exchangetheory and practice for decision making has possible adverse consequences for the proposed site atwhich the expansion project is going to be implemented. Environmental impact assessment can bedefined as the documentation of environmental analysis including identifications, interpretations,prediction and mitigation cost by the proposed action on the project. A properly prepared assessmentshould enable the planner to conclude whether the proposal should or should not be regarded as majoraction, or whether the environmental impact is or is not significant and if the action could not beenvironmentally controversial. Whenever it is concluded that significant environmental impact willresult from a proposed action, or it may become environmental controversial, that is when others learnof the action that a draft EIS must be prepared. The process of environmental impact analysis servesto meet the primary goal of parliament in enacting Environmental Policy Act 1986 to establishnational policy in favour of protecting and restoring the environment. The primary purpose to preparean environmental impact assessment is to disclose the environmental consequences of a proposedaction, thereby making the agency cautious, decision maker and the public to the environmental riskinvolved. Important and intended consequences of this disclosure are to build in to the agency’sdecision making process, a continuous consciousness of environmental consideration.

However, the spirit of the law is founded on the premises, that to utilize resources in anenvironmentally compatible way and to protect and enhance the environment. It is necessary to knowhow activities of the proposed project will affect the environment and to consider these effects earlyenough so that changes in plan can be made if the potential impacts warrant them.

Environmental impact assessment provides a vehicle to note impacts of activities so that knowledgeof what adverse changes may occur can be collected and maintained. The purpose of inventory is toensure discloser of the impacts on the proposed projects so that concerned institutions or individualswill be aware of possible repercussions of the subject activities. Another valuable use for theinventory of impact is to identify the potential cumulative effects of a group or series of activity in anarea. Any single activity might not be likely to cause serious changes in the environmental but whenits effects are added to those of other projects, the impacts of the environment might be severe. Thepotential for cumulative impacts must be identified and in some cases, this may be possible only at theintra agency level.

A preliminary assessment will indicate the possible impact areas on which detailed data has to becollected to present the results of the preliminary assessment will attempt to answer the impacts onphysical or health Hazard, economic interest of the existing communities, impact on infrastructure,and future growth pattern in the region for the next 20 years.

5.1 MATRIX METHOD

The major use of matrices is to indicate cause and effect by listing activities along horizontal axis andenvironmental parameters along the vertical axis. In this way the impacts of both individualcomponents of projects as well as major alternatives can be compared. The simplest matrix uses asingle mark to show whether an impact is predicted or not. However, it is easy to increase theinformation level by changing the size of the mark to indicate scale. The greatest drawbacks ofmatrices are that they can only effectively illustrate primary impact. A matrix having rows asenvironmental attributes or impact areas and columns having proposed project activities isconstructed. Each action having an impact on environmental attributes is given a weight or ParameterImportance Unit (PIU) viewed by experts. Weights given are on following conception.

Weight 1 is given for insignificant low impact, which is not injurious to environment in case of itsadverse nature.


Weight 3 is given in case of measurable impact, which is not injurious to environment with properplanning and building in case of its adverse nature.

Weight 7 is given in case of high impact on environment, which can be curbed by takingprecautionary measures in case of its adverse nature.

Weight 10 is given in case of very high impact on environment.

The predicted environmental impact rated on a scale of environmental scores multiplied by thecorresponding weight then gives the weighted impact. All weighted impacts added together give theoverall weighted impact of proposed project on environment. Negative sign in impact matrix indicatesthat the impact is of adverse nature. The environmental matrix for the proposed expansion of sugarcane crushing capacity & cogeneration power plant after and during its implementation is shown inthe following tables.

Table 5.1: Environmental impact matrix for proposed expansion of DKSSKN duringconstruction

Sr. No. Environmental Attributes Environmental Score Due to DKSSKN ActivitiesI (See Legend) II III

1 Air Quality -1 3 1 3 -1 32 Noise Levels -1 5 1 3 -1 33 Land Use 0 5 1 3 -1 34 Soil Chemistry -1 3 1 3 -1 35 Crop Yield -2 3 0 3 -1 36 Occupational Structure 3 5 1 5 2 57 Flora & Fauna 0 3 1 3 1 38 Social Interactions 2 3 2 3 3 59 Transportation 2 5 1 3 1 310 Economy 3 5 2 3 1 7

LEGENDI Erection of mechanical equipmentsII Plantation/landscapingIII Infrastructural activities

Table 5.2: Environmental Impact Matrix for proposed expansion of DKSSKN during operation

Sr.No.

Environmental Attributes Environmental Impact Due to DKSSKN ActivitiesI (See Legend) II

1 Air Quality -2 7 2 52 Noise Levels -2 5 2 33 Land Use - - 2 54 Soil Chemistry -1 5 1 55 Crop Yield -2 5 1 36 Occupational Structure 5 7 1 37 Flora & Fauna -1 3 2 58 Social Interactions 3 5 1 39 Transportation 3 5 1 310 Economy 3 7 1 3LEGENDI Sugar & Power GenerationII Plantation / Landscaping


5.2 CHECK LIST METHOD

The detailed impact analysis and from the course of the environmental impact assessment one has touse checklist method for identifying the possible impact during and after the completion of theproposed expansion of sugar & cogeneration power plants. The check list for assessment includesmodification of regime, land transformation and construction, resource extraction, processing, landalteration, resource renewal, changes in traffic, waste replacement and treatment, chemical treatmentand accidents. This comprehensive and user friendly checklist is invaluable aid for several activitiesof EIA, particularly scoping and defining baseline studies. The check list has been prepared for non-specialist and enables much time consuming work to be carried out in advance of expert input. Itincludes extensive data collection sheets. The collected data can then be used to answer a series ofquestions to identify major impacts and identify shortage of data. The result sheet from the checklist isreproduced in the following table.

Table 5.3: Result Sheet for Assessing ChecklistParameters Very

PositiveImpact

PositiveImpactPossible

NoImpact

NegativeImpactPossible

VeryNegativeImpact

NoJudgmentPossible

Comments

Alteration of groundwater hydrology

No No Yes No No -- --

Irrigation No No Yes No No -- --Noise & vibration No No Yes No No -- --Urbanization Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Highways No No Yes No No -- --Dams No No Yes No No -- --Surface Excavation No Yes No No -- -- --Well drilling Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Farming Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Sugar & PowerGeneration

Yes -- -- -- -- -- -

Erosion Control &Terracing

Yes -- -- -- -- -- --

Ground water Recharge No No Yes -- -- -- --

Table No.5.4: Result Sheet for Assessing ChecklistParameters Positive

ImpactVery

PositiveImpactPossible

NoImpact

NegativeImpactPossible

NegativeImpactVery

NoJudgmentPossible

Comments

Waste Recycling Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Fertilizer Application Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Trucking Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Communication Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Land Fill -- -- Yes -- - --Cooling waterDischarge

Yes -- -- -- -- -- --

Liquid EffluentDischarge

No -- Yes -- -- -- -

Stack & ExhaustEmission

No -- Yes -- -- -- --

Weed Control Yes -- -- -- -- -- --Insect Control No -- Yes -- -- -- --Explosion -- -- -- Yes -- -- --Operational Failure -- -- -- Yes -- -- --


The very simple layout of the table enables an overview of impacts to be presented clearly which isenormous value for the scoping of proposed expansion activities.

5.3 EXPERT ADVICE

Expert advice should be sought for predictions, which are inherently non-numeric and are particularlysuitable to estimate social and cultural impacts. It shall be preferably taken in the form of a consensusof expert opinion. For example, it is necessary to find out whether there is an impact on wetland ornot. The reduction in the wetland productivity may result into the fall of sugarcane crop yield. As aconsequence the quantity of sugarcane & bagasse required for producing sugar & power shall beseverally affected. Low sugarcane crushing during the production of crystal sugar may also add tonon-availability of bagasse, which may hamper production of power. In order to mitigate theseproblems it is utmost necessary to continuously monitor the production of sugarcane. It is alsonecessary to make available the other type of biomass / fuel for producing power for the use of boiler.

5.4 ECONOMIC TECHNIQUE

The most commonly used methods of project appraisal are the cost of benefit and cost effectiveanalysis. It has been found easy to incorporate environmental impacts into traditional cost benefitanalysis, principally because of the difficulties in quantifying and valuing environmental effects. Anenvironmental impact assessment can provide information on the expected effects and quantify, tosome extent their importance. Cost effective analysis can also be used to determine what is the mostefficient least cost method of meeting given environmental objectives, with costs including forgoneenvironmental benefits. Attempts have been made and the two most useful methods for expansion ofsugar & cogeneration power projects are ”Effect on Production (EOP) and preventive Expenditureand Replacement Cost” (PE/RC). The EOP method attempts to represent the value of change inoutput that results of the environmental impact. This method is very easy to carry out and easilyunderstood. E.g. the assessment of reduce bagasse for power reduction in production due to non-availability of sugarcane due to hydrological changes. The PE /RC method makes assessment of thevalue that people place on preserving their environment by estimating what they are prepared to payto prevent its degradation (preventive expenditure) or to restore its original state after it has beendamaged (replacement cost).


CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTPLAN


6.0. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

M/s Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Niyamit (DKSSKN) proposes to expandexisting sugarcane crushing capacity from 5500 to 10000 TCD, increase of power generation from20.5 MWhr to 50 MWhr from cogeneration plant at Nanadi village, Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi districtof Karnataka state.

Details of the proposed project were covered in Chapter-II, various baseline studies were presented inChapter –III. Deliberations and prediction of environmental impacts were made in Chapter IV and itsanalysis was presented in Chapter-V.

Environmental Impact Analysis carried out in Chapter-V indicated that the proposed expansion ofDKSSKN would not have any adverse impacts on any of the environmental attributes. On the otherhand, it will have beneficial impacts on cropping pattern, increase in sugarcane crop & yield, captivepower from Bagasse, export of surplus electricity to grid & consequent encashment to farmers ruralsocio-economic fabric, occupational structure and availability of electricity etc.. The main aim ofEnvironment Management Plan (EMP) is to conserve the resources, minimize the waste generation,ensure proper treatment of effluent & recycling of the same for reduction of consumption in freshwater, recovery of by products and reutilization of the same for power generation, for makingbiocompost & bricks along with solid wastes generated. DKSSKN has already developed adequategreenbelt. It also incorporates the post project monitoring of quality of water, effluent [Treated &untreated], stack emissions & ambient air quality during operational phase of the proposed expansion.

Water needs of the proposed expansion project may be reasonable, but generally this resource isdwindling. Thus, on one hand one should use it less and on the other hand the source should not beleft polluted for others. Air environment needs to be continuously managed, because man needsinhalation every moment. Apart from this flora and fauna is dependent on it. The biological aspects,soil and ground water are all interdependent. Environmental management is a crucial segment of anyindustrial project. Management of project, in view of the global concept of sustainable developmentwill do their best.

Thus there is a need of proper environmental management and a conscious plan for it. Therefore,preparation of Environmental Management Plan is a must to fulfill bifocal aspect of the statutorycompliance as well as that of social concern.

Objectives OF EMP

To define the components of environmental management. To prepare an environmental hierarchy. To prepare a checklist for statutory compliance. To form an environmental organization. To prepare a schedule for monitoring and compliance. To establish a watchdog committee voluntarily with an ultimate aim to get ISO 14001 & OHAS

certification.

6.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE6.1.1 Water Environment

During construction phase, water shall be needed mainly for cement concrete mixing purpose, slabwatering & tank preparation. The only construction work involved in the power plant is foundationwork. There shall be no generation of effluent during construction phase.


6.1.2 Air Environment

All approach roads are already metalled. All vehicles entering the factory premises will be maintained regularly. All the vehicles will follow the vehicular pollution regulation of PUC.

6.1.3. Noise

Construction equipment generating minimum noise level shall be used & they shall beregularly serviced & lubricated.

Ear plugs, ear muffs & personnel protective equipment [Helmets, goggles, welding shields,safety shoes, goggles] shall be provided to construction workers working near the noisegenerating activities like pneumatic excavation, concrete mixers & erection activities.

Plantation is already developed in the premises to absorb noise levels.

6.1.4. Socioeconomic & occupational impact

Local people will be employed for construction works. Providing facilities of sanitation, fuel, education to workers. Consistent & enough potable water supplies to construction workers will be arranged. Enough milk supply to workers on 2 cups 2 times per person per day basis will be provided. Safety measures for workers like provision of safety belts, helmets, goggles, aprons, hand gloves,

shoes will be provided.

6.2. DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

Generations of effluent, gaseous emissions, solid waste and other activities in the operational phase ofthe project are of main concern. Management of effluent, gaseous emissions, solid waste & mitigationmeasures are important.

6.2.1 Air Environment6.2.1.1 Air pollution control system

The major source of air pollution from the proposed expansion of sugar mill & co-generationprocess shall be the emissions from the stack attached to boiler of 130 TPH used for steam generationand subsequently power. A stack height of 90 m AGL with a diameter of 3.0 to 3.5 m diameter isdesigned on the basis of CPCB guidelines to ensure proper gaseous emission.

Vehicle exhaust emissions from the sugar cane transportation vehicles as well as fugitive dustemissions because of vehicle movement during operational phase shall lead to air pollution.

It is recommended to undertake following mitigation measures for air pollution control to fulfillKSPCB norms.

Air pollution control equipment like Electrostatic precipitator shall be implemented to reduceground level gaseous emission concentrations.

Maximum number of bullock carts will be used to transport sugarcane from the farms to the millsite as far as possible which is an environment friendly way out.

It will be ensured that all vehicles used in transportation have PUC Certificate. It is proposed tohave an auto exhaust emission monitoring equipment and trained manpower to carry out PUCchecks at regular intervals.

DKSSKN has laid all internal roads as tar roads and regular water sprinkling is carried out insugarcane yard & for ash quenching.


Tree plantation to the extent of 33% of area to lessen environmental impacts of the proposedactivities is already implemented. Plantation program was well designed and a budget formaintenance of the greenbelt is allocated every year.

Speed breakers on roads at regular intervals all over the plant area and / or attachment of speedlocking system to the accelerators of all vehicles are used / will be used to restrict a speed limit of20 Kms/hr.

Existing vehicle parking area is sufficient for the proposed expansion. No overloading of bullock carts, Trucks, tippers, tractor trailers used in transporting sugar cane

from the agriculture fields, pressmud, boiler ash, biocompost, tankers carrying molasses rectifiedspirit from the factory will be permitted.

6.2.1.2 Solid Waste Management

Sl.No.

Description ofby products /Solid Waste

Quantity per month in MT Mode of DisposalExisting After

Expansion01 Molasses 6600 12000 Used as raw material for manufacturing of

Rectified Spirit in the existing distillery &excess shall be sold to other distilleries.

02 Bagasse 52800 96000 Used as fuel for captive power generation03 Press mud 6600 12000 Shall be mixed with boiler ash and given

as manure to member farmers.04 Boiler ash 540.0 720.0 Shall be mixed with press mud and given

as manure to member farmers.05 ETP Sludge 54.0 108.0 Shall be used as manure within premises

6.2.1.2 Fly ash handling

Fly ash collected from the ESP hoppers, the air-heater hoppers and the ash collected from the furnacebottom hoppers can be used as landfill, during the seasonal operation of the plant, when Bagasse willbe the main and only fuel for burning. The ash content in Bagasse is less than 1 %. In cane trash andthe other biomass fuels proposed to be used the ash percentage will not exceed 10%. The total fly ashcollected during off season could be used in landfill. The high potash content in the Bagasse ash suitsits use as good manure. As the filter press mud from the sugar plant also has a good land nutrientvalue, it is proposed to mix the ash and the press mud and sell the same to the farmers to be used inthe cane fields. The maximum ash generated using Bagasse, biomass and cane trash as fuels will beabout 6750 MTPA. This generated ash if extra (i.e. not lifted by the farmers), will be given toentrepreneurs to convert to bio compost, brick manufacturing.

6.2.2. Water Environment

A network of planned storm water drainage is provided and maintained. Rain water harvesting iscarried out to reduce the load on fresh water uptake from river. It has also increased the ground watertable. Effluent generation will be nil during rainy season and thus its disposal will not be in thepicture.

6.2.2.1. Effluent Treatment Plant for Sugar and Co-generation

Effluent treatment Plant for Sugar & Cogen operations shall have the following distinct advantage:-The effluent shall be treated and the organic loading shall be polished to such an extent that thetreated water may be reused for Plant Floor washings, Make-up water for cooling tower, Development of Green Belt, Landscaping and


Captive Irrigation, etc.

Fresh water drawl is avoided to that extent and conservation of water in a broader perspective isachieved. This is particularly of economic significance as fresh water is being sourced from about adistance of 6.0 to 8.0 Kms.

M/s DKSSKN is having two Effluent Treatment Plants [ETP’s] having a capacity of 1000m3/d each.The treatment scheme incorporated in the old ETP is two stage anaerobic treatment followed by singlestage Activated Sludge Process [ASP] with surface aerators as per the directions of KSPCB.

The treatment scheme incorporated in the new ETP is two stage aerobic treatment method for theeffluent with the state of the art of diffused Aeration Technology as per the directions of KSPCB.

a. DESIGN DATA & PERFORMANCE PROJECTIONS

Both the Effluent treatments were designed for following parameters & are performing as underupon reaching steady state of operations:

Sr. No PARAMETERS RAW WASTEWATER TREATED WASTEWATER1 pH 5 – 9 7.0 – 7.52 Flow (m3/d)3 BOD (mg/L) 1200 – 1500 < 304 COD (mg/L) 3000 – 3500 < 1005 O & G (mg/L) 20 – 30 < 56 Temperature(oC) Ambient Ambient7 TSS (mg/L) 600 – 700 < 100

6.2.2.2. Quantity of wastewater generation from Sugar & Cogen Units after expansion

Sl. No. UNIT m3/day SegregationA SUGAR PLANT1 Sugar Manufacturing Process 1000 Process WastewaterB COGENERATION PLANT1 Cooling tower blow down 480 Non Process Wastewater2 Boiler blow down 1153 Water Treatment Plant reject 85E DOMESTIC WASTEWATER 36 Septic Tank & Soak PitTOTAL WASTEWATER 1716

6.2.2.3. Details of Old ETP for sugar & cogen (Capacity 1000 m3/d)

Sl.No. Unit Size (L x B x D) Remarks01 Bar Screen Chamber 0.5m x 0.8m M.S. Bar screen02 Oil & Grease Trap 8m x 2m x 1.25m (2 Nos.)03 Monthly Wash Tank 54m x 21.5m x 2.0m (Volume 1782m3)

(46m x 13.5m) bottom dimensionsTrapezoidal shape

04 Anaerobic Lagoon I 65m x 22m x 2.0m (Volume 2198 m3)(57m x 14m) bottom dimensions

Trapezoidal shape

05 Anaerobic lagoon II(facultative)

85m x 65m x 1.5m (Volume 7630 m3 )(79m x 59m) bottom dimensions

Trapezoidal shape


06 Anaerobic Lagoon(facultative)

50m x 22m x 1m (Volume 1100 m3 )

07 Aeration Tank 23m x 23m x 3m 15HP x 04Nos. Aerators08 Secondary Clarifier 8m diameter x 3m SWD Sludge scraping

arrangement09 Sludge Drying Beds 10m x 5m X 1.2m (04 Nos.) Adequate filter media10 Polishing Pond 30m x 30m x 1.2m

6.2.2.4. Details of Existing (Modernised) ETP for sugar & cogeneration (Capacity 1000 m3/d)

Process & non process wastewater after the expansion of sugar & cogeneration units shall be treatedin fully fledged existing effluent treatment plants.

Bar Screens and Grit chamber Oil traps Monthly wash tank Aeration Tank - I Secondary clarifier - I Aeration Tank - II Secondary clarifier - II Polishing pond Sludge drying beds

The treated process wastewater shall be diluted with the non process wastewater from cogeneration inpolishing pond except for domestic wastewater which is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit.The outlet of the polishing pond confirming to the GSR 422 E on land discharge standards shall beutilized for greenbelt development and sugarcane cultivation within the premises. The project is basedon zero discharge.

I. CIVIL ITEMS:

Sl.No. Item Sizei) Screen chamber ( twin) 0.75m x 2.0m x 0.75mii) Oil chamber (twin) 6.0m x (1.5+1.5m)x1miii) Sludge removal facilities for oil chambers 1setiv) Neutralizer 3.0m x 3.0m x 3.0mv) Lime preparation vessel (MS) with provision to 1 HP

AgitationLime solution storage vesselNutrient storage vessel

1.2m x 1.2m x1.6m

800lit600lit

vi) Primary clarifier with sludge discharge to sludge drybed

8m ,2.5mt

vii) Aeration tank-1 with provision for platform andwalkway for installation of 3 nos., 30HP surfaceaerators.

36m x12m x 3.6m

viii) Secondary clarifier-1 with sludge recycle provision 10, 2.5 mt.ix) Aeration tank-2 with provision for platform and

walkway for installation of 1 no., 20HP surface aerator.15m x 15m x 3.6m

x) Secondary clarifier-2 with sludge recycle provision 10, 2.5 mt.xi) Sludge pits(3 Nos.) 2m x 2m x 3mxii) Polishing pond 20m x10m x 1.2m


xiii) Cleaning day effluent sump 12m x12m x5m x4.6mxiv) Sludge dewatering sand beds – 04 nos. 5m x4m x1.5mxv) ETP operator house (floor area)

It should have two parts with internal partition wall andindependent entry doors., one for ab cum electricalpanel (8m x 5m) and other for storage of chemicals (4mx 5m). Lab to be provided with glazed tiled plat forms,2 Nos. basins, shelves, lab water tank. Complete withpainting.

12m x5m

xvi) Hot water cooling tank with 15 nos. spray nozzles andpiping to cool 50 m3/hr. of water form 800C to 400C

20m x 12 m x 3m

II. MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ITEMS

1.0 Surface aerators20 HP, 50 Kgs/hr oxygenation capacity at standard conditions. Shaft is

independently supported with bearing housing.The unit should be suitable for installation on customers concrete platform of theaeration tank of size 36m x 12m x 3.6m.The gap between water level and top of concrete platform is 1.25mThe unit should be complete with motor gear, couplings, base plate, shaft, impelleretc.,

03 Nos.

2.0 Mechanical mixer : The units should be complete with shaft, impeller, bearinghousing to shaft, base plate motor and gear.a) For neutralizer size 3m x 3m x 3m, 2 H.P 01 No.b) For lime tank of size 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.0m. 2 Hp 01No.

3.0 Mechanical scraping machinery’s for clarifier :The supply should be complete withscraper arms, shaft, bearing housing shaft, motor, gear, base plate, m.s. inletcylinder wall, drain pipe, draught sluice wall. The unit should be suitable to theinstalled on the RCC platform of the clarifier.Clarifier size: 10 m dia and 2.5 m sidewall water depth.a) Primary clarifier 01 No.b) Secondary clarifier 02 Nos.

4.0 V. Notch for gutters 02Nos.V Notches are fabricated of M.S. plate to suite the gutter of cross section0.5m x 0.5m

5.0 Pump Sets : C.I. centrifuged pumps to handle waste water containing 0.1 % softsuspended solids of less than 1 mm size. The pumps are mono block complete withmotor and base plate.a) Effluent pumps : 20 m discharge head, 5m suction head, 80 m3/hr, 10 H.P 1+1 Nos.b) Sludge pump, 10m discharge head, 5m suction head, 40m3/hr, 5HP 2+1 No.c) Hot water pump, 20m discharge head, 5m suction head, 100 m3/hr, 15 H.P 2No.d) Cleaning day effluent pump, 10 m discharge head, 5m suction head, 5m3/hr, 1H.P 1 No.e) Sludge pump, 10 m discharge head, 5m suction head, 10m3/hr, 3 HP 1+1 No.

6.0 Sprayers and piping in cooling tank15 Nos. sprayer nozzles and piping for the cooling tank of size. 20m x 12m.Capacity of each nozzle: 10 m3/hr

1 set

7.0Piping in Effluent Treatment Planta) M.S. pipes with fittings such as joints, beds etc.,i. MS pipes (C-class ) of 80 mm from sludge pits of primary clarifier to sludge dewatering beds through sludge pumps ( 60 m length)

2 set

i. MS pipes (C-class ) of 80 mm from sludge pits of primary clarifier to sludge de 1 set


watering beds through sludge pumps ( 120 m length)b) Valves C.I sluice/gate/ball valve/ 300 Psi Pr. class

13mm 825mm 450mm 380mm 12

c) Foot valve 125mm80mm 650mm 2

c) m.s. piping of 25 mm from lab building over head tank to lime tank(50 m length)

1 set

d) RCC of 200 mm size from primary clarifier, from primary clarifier to aerationtank, from aeration tank to secondary clarifier, from secondary clarifier to polishingpond and 5 m length from polishing pond (80 m length)e) M.S. pipes (C- class) of 25 mm from cleaning day tank to neutralizer throughpump, ( length 40m)

8.0 ELECTRICAL ITEMSThe supply includes supports, installation and testing.Main supply distribution panel with following facilitiesi. Switch, fuses, voltmeter and ammeter for individual phases,indicator lamps,

energy metr, for 160 amp, 440 V supply . It should be complete with wiring,bus bars etc., for main supply

ii. Switch, s/d starter, fuse box, capacitor, indicator lamps, ammeter withwiring connectors etc., for following

20 HP 5 set15 H.P 2 set10 H.P 4 set5 H.P 4 set

iii. Switch assembly for power supply to lab house and for lighting5 H.P3 H.P

1set1set

b) Push button stations for pumps to be installed near pumps for following15 H.P 2 Nos.10 H.P 4 Nos5 H.P 4 Nos

c) Cables25mm2 300m10mm2 400m6mm2 400m4mm2 200m

d) Out door flood lighting with poles and fittings 4 Nose) Motor Covers 12 Nos.

III. LAB FACILITIES

S.No. ITEMS Qtyi. PH meter digital meter, 0 to 14 1 No.ii. Conductivity, TDS, Meter ( Digital)

Two ranges 10 to 1000, 100 to 10, 000 PPM1 No.

iii. Refrigerator ( 250 litres) 1 No.iv. COD instruments along with glass wares (4, samples at a time) 1 No.v Lab oven 24” x 24” x 24” of 3000 C 1 No.


vi. Hoffman Sludge Cone, 1 liter 1 No.vii. Spectrophotometer ( digital ), ( Micro Processor base with

computer controlled)1 No.

viii. Colorimeter 1 No.ix. BOD incubator 1 No.x. Distilled water Still, quartz, 3 liters per hour 1 No.xi. Glass and apparatus needed for testing of D.O, B.O.D, C.O.D.,

hardness, conductivity, TDS, pH, alkalinity, S.S. etc.,1 No.

xii. Miscellaneous 1 No.

DOMESTIC SEWAGE

The domestic sewage (36m3/day) generated from the industrial complex will be subjected to treatmentin Septic tank followed by soak pit.

6.3 NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL

Relevant noise emitters at DKSSKN are noise-making equipment such as Cutters, Crushers, Mixers,Compressors, Pumps, Centrifuges, Heat exchangers, Vacuum Filters, Boilers, and Turbines, D.G. Setsetc. All the equipment produce continuous noise. As deliberated in Chapter –IV, noise level impactsof DKSSKN operations are significant only on the operators of machinery and are negligible withinbuffer zone. This is because the noise produced by this machinery gets dissipated due to wavedivergence, atmospheric absorption and absorption by noise barriers before being even felt in thebuffer zone.

The continuous hammering of noise on the ears of the staff working in the factory premises may leadto some health problem, it can be circumvented by having small cabins with polycarbonate sheet orglass partition where in officers can carry out day-to-day work peacefully.

Following measures are already adopted / proposed for controlling noise level impacts on machineryoperators and within core and buffer zone of DKSSKN.

Proper lubrication and regular maintenance of all the machinery used.

Developed greenery / barriers / landscaping of trees/ bushes and shrubs.

Reduced noise exposure to the operators of machinery by work scheduling and by providing earprotective equipment.

Rubber packing in the foundations of machineries to prevent noise transmission to the surrounding.

6.4 COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT

Based on the survey carried out in the command area, it is recommended to undertake followingactivities in order to ensure uninterrupted sugarcane supply during the crushing season.

The availability of bagasse is entirely dependent on the quantity of sugarcane crop present in the areaallotted for DKSSKN. Most of the time the cogeneration project is operated on the bagasse which issourced from sugar unit. If there is a marginal reduction in rainfall, quantity of bagasse shall bereduced because of lower yield of sugarcane. As a consequence power plant may have shortage offuel during non crushing season. Having plan to plant fuel wood or other biomass plantation in thearea of the factory can cover this. This can be a stopgap arrangement for the fuel for boilers toproduce power for around 90 days in the year.

Development of Seed Nursery

DKSSN has developed seed nursery for sugar cane and fuel wood or other biomass varieties fordistribution of the same to the farmers in the command area.


Seed Distribution

DKSSKN has raised the quality seed material to meet the demand so that old seeds are replaced afterevery three years. Sufficient seeds of new high yielding varieties are being multiplied in the seedfarm. These varieties are systematically distributed to help the farmers to plan their cropping patternand cultivation of early / mid late / late varieties. This shall be continued after the proposed expansion.

Water Management

DKSSKN has taken due care for water management especially in the heavy soil region by providing aproper drainage system. The region has natural slope and the higher region is free from water logging.

The inputs like pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, micro – nutrient fertilizers, seeds of green manure,organic compost are easily available. There is no difficulty in procuring crop loans.

For implementing the above mentioned programs in the command area, training programs, Kisanmela[Ryatar Jatre] etc. are conducted in various parts of the operational area. Thus, the gap betweenpotential yield & actual yield is considerably reduced.

It is to be noted that due to the developmental activities already introduced by DKSSKN, sugarcanecultivation has improved. Many new cane varieties have been introduced and hence it can beconcluded that systematic as well as sustained efforts have helped to increase the yields of sugarcane.Farmers are anxious about DKSSKN expanding the sugarcane crushing capacity at the existingfactory site. Non-members of DKSSKN are attended properly better than the present SSKs. Farmersare of the view that the growing area of sugarcane has been increasing steadily for the last few yearsas more irrigation facilities have come up in the command area. However, following things shall betaken care of in the proposed expansion of DKSSKN.

1. Cane price is paid / shall be paid on par with the existing SSKs.2. Good quality seed material of sugarcane is / shall be provided by DKSSKN.3. At the time of plantation, crop loan and basal dose of fertilizer is linked / shall be linked so that

farmers apply the basal dose of fertilizer4. DKSSKN has made arrangement for soil testing and accordingly fertilizer doses are

recommended. It shall be done not only for members of SSK but also for all the farmers whosupply sugarcane to DKSSKN

5. DKSSKN is providing /shall provide the seeds with green manure. It is reported by a number offarmers that organic fertilizer coupled with chemical fertilizers if applied in balanced quantity,give a considerably higher yield of sugarcane particularly in medium and light soils.

6. Due to benefits accrued from the irrigation project, the number of electric pumps operating in thearea as well as new pump connections would increase and there would be a long waiting list forelectricity shortage and low voltage problems. DKSSKN would ensure constant and continuouselectricity supply for agricultural operations.

7. Farmers are imparted / shall be imparted training in sugarcane cultivation.8. Press mud and bio-compost are made available.9. Interest rates are uniform in case of non-members as well as members.10. Timely payment is made to farmers.

6.5 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

All organisations have an impact on the society and the environment through their operations,products or services, and through their interactions with key stakeholder groups including employees,customers/clients, suppliers, investors and the local community. Generally speaking, it can be statedthat Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was born as a response to a growing gap between twosocieties in terms of economic, social and environmental development. Because of that, CSR hasbecome a very important component of today’s business world, mainly because of its potential to


minimize the gap between those countries - thus creating true equality. This is demonstrated in thediagram given below.

DKSSKN has identified 6 key principles of CSR, as follows:

Must take care of their employees and investors

Must satisfy market demands and gain new customers

Must improve their relationships with providers

Must listen to community expectations

Must be concerned about the environment

Must promote and facilitate intercultural dialogue

In order to incorporate each of the above principles into their everyday activities, DKSSKN shallinclude them in every project activity as well.

6.5.1 IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Corporate social responsibility in business isn’t just a do-gooders’ charter or latest example ofregulatory overdrive. It is about creating sustainable businesses through the best possible relationshipswith their communities and stakeholders.The expectations of the traditional stakeholders – shareholders, customers, and employees areincreasing and so, too, is the list of groups wanting to know how an organization is run.As a result, more and more companies are working harder not only to make a positive impact onsociety and the environment through their operations, products or services, but also to demonstrate itto these groups.A comprehensive set of policies, practices and programs incorporated throughout a business canincrease productivity, contribute to competitiveness, improve staff recruitment and retention rates andcreate a more positive corporate image.Unfortunately, many companies only use the responsible business approach as a risk management

tool. This limits the benefits that could be achieved through focusing on opportunity rather than risk.Socially responsible business is not about restricting business growth; it’s about creating newopportunities, the better way of doing business.


6.5.2 Examining requirements of CSR

The main aim of the research was to examine how far the notion of Corporate Social Responsibilityhas permeated the DKSSKN organization in both attitudinal and behavioral sense.The essence of the research study was to explore the underlying attitudes, beliefs and assumptions ofDKSSKN with regard to social, ethical and environmental issues and to investigate what actions havebeen taken by the enterprise in pursuit of a more socially responsible approach.

The research was designed to focus specifically on a number of key areas. These include: Understanding of and attitude of CSR Actions taken in pursuit of a more socially responsible approach especially relating to, Human Resources, Environment Community, at local and national level Structural arrangements for CSR Barriers to involvement in social, ethical and environment

6.5.3 CSR provision by DKSSKN

DKSSKN is planning for develop nearby villages as per the identified requirement of the region underCSR activity. This will increase the social and economic sector of the region. DKSSKN has decidedto adopt three nearby villages to implement CSR. The identified villages are Nanadi, Ulegaddiwadi,Roopanal. These villages were selected on the basis of shortfall of basic amenities. Majorly thesevillages are depending on the agriculture. Following are the identified provision for the area: Capacity Building and Training for vocational Courses Village infrastructure Sustainable power development Drinking water facility Women Empowerment trough training and financial support Education Support through Extension of Building, Scholarship, Books Primary Health Centers through health camps, upgradation of Building, New Building etc Agriculture Development Program

6.5.4 Capacity Building and Training for vocational Courses

DKSSKN will provide the vocational training for youth as per their qualification and interest. Thiswill enable them to get employment at proposed power plant. It will increase their social andeconomic status.

DKSSKN will implement this by hiring the proper and renowned institute from nearby area (fromBelagavi) to arrange the trainings. DKSSKN will form a supervisory committee to inspect all theactivities and also take care of the requirement for the training program.

6.5.5 ACTION PLAN FOR IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL EMPLOYEEEmployee youth for training in skill relevant to the project for eventual employment in the projectitself shall be as under –

Identification of employable YouthDKSSKN will continuously have interactions with Schools, Junior Colleges, Industrial TrainingSchools located in Chikodi taluka.Training Division of DKSSKN will have campus interview in the Schools, Junior College, Industrialtraining Schools located in Chikodi taluka.


After selecting the youth they will be provided ITI training in the following areas1. Fitters2. Welders3. Carpenters4. bar bending5. Mason6. Maintenance of Pumps and other mechanical equipments7. Electrical Maintenance8. Environment Monitoring9. Green belt Development ( Gardner Training)10. Laboratory Chemist ( Water Testing)11. Brick Manufacturing12. Vehicle Driver

After successful training the youths will be appointed at appropriate position in DKSSKN.

6.5.6 Village infrastructure

DKSSKN shall support villagers in Road, sanitation facilities, shopping centers, solar lighting,community development, construct school building, primary health centers etc.

6.5.7 Drinking water facility

DKSSKN has made provision for drinking water at the said villages. DKSSKN will meet thisrequirement by constructing water storage tank, bore wells and hand pumps.

6.5.8 Women Empowerment trough training and financial support

DKSSKN has developed the training centers from handy craft making, household goods making,tailoring etc. It has increased the economic level of the region.

6.5.9 Education Support through Extension of Building, Scholarship, Books

DKSSKN has improved educational level of the region. It is implemented by helping school buildingsconstruction, providing books to poor students, scholarship to financially poor students per year as pertheir previous academic record.

6.5.10. Primary Health Centers, health camps, up-gradation of Buildings, New Buildings etc

DKSSKN has helped in setting up of primary health centers, running free checkup camps, help inbuilding hospitals and buying machineries, funding to health centers etc in collaboration with KLEsociety Belagavi.

6.5.11 Agriculture Development Program

Training on agriculture extension service e.g fertilizer application, paste management, agri clinic, andare regularly conducted by reputed agriculture institutes.


6.6 Budgetary Commitment of CSR6.6.1 Construction PhaseDetails of expenditure estimates during operation period are given below:

Sr. no Activity Rs, in lakhs1 Capacity Building Training for vocational Courses 20.02 Village infrastructure 25.03 Drinking water facility in villages nearby 5.04 Women Empowerment trough training and financial

support10.0

5 Education Support through Extension of Building,Scholarship, Books

10.0

6 Primary Health Centers through health camps,upgradation of Building, New Building etc

10.0

7 Agriculture Development Program 20.08 Total 100.009 Cost of implementation 5% of 1 to 7 5.010 Administrative and Misc. Expenses for monitoring and

evaluation 5% of 1 to 75.0

11 Contingency @5 % of 1 to 7 5.0Total 115.0

6.7 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION (CREP)GUIDELINES IMPLEMENTATION STATUSIndustrial development is an important constituent in our pursuits for economic growth, employmentgeneration and betterment in the quality of life. On the other hand, industrial activities, without properprecautionary measures for environmental protection are known to cause pollution and associatedproblems. Hence, it is necessary to comply with the regulatory norms for prevention and control ofpollution. Alongside, it is also imperative to go beyond compliance through adoption of cleantechnologies and improvement in management practices. Commitment and voluntary initiatives ofindustry for responsible care of the environment will help in building a partnership for pollutioncontrol.

SUGAR INDUSTRYSr. No. CREP Guidelines by CPCB Implementation & expansion by IndustryWaste Water Management

As per guidelines Operation of ETP shallbe started atleast one month beforestarting of cane crushing to achievedesired MLSS so as to meet theprescribed standards from day one of theoperation of mill.

ETP is already in operation for existingcapacity & the same shall meet requirementof the Expansion.

Reduce wastewater generation to 100litres per tonne of cane

Waste water generation is very less andwhatever the wastewater is generated will betreated and reused.

To achieve zero discharge in inlandsurface water bodies

Generated wastewater will be treated andreused in the industry / for irrigationpurpose/gardening

To provide 15 days storage capacity fortreated effluent to take care of no demandfor irrigation during monsoon

15 days storage is provided


Emission ControlTo install ESP/bag filter /high efficiencyscrubber to comply with standards forparticulate matter emission to< 150mg/Nm3

ESP is already installed and maintained forexisting plant. New ESP & stack shall beinstalled for the proposed expansion.

COGEN POWER PLANTSr. No. CREP Guidelines by CPCB Implementation and expansion by IndustryEmission minimization1 Authority to examine possibility to

reduce the particulate matteremissions to 100 mg/Nm3. Thestudies shall also suggest the roadmap to meet 100 mg/Nm3wherever found feasible.

Emission will be maintained well within thelimits, from stack by installing ESP with highefficiency of 99.99% and roads are alreadypaved roads, therefore there will not generationPM from vehicular traffic.

Development of SO2 & NOxemission standards

Bagasse contains very negligible amount ofSulphur & Nitrogen.

MaintenanceInstall/activate capacity meters/continuous monitoring system in allthe units with proper calibrationsystem

Already existing

Development of guidelines/standards for mercury and othertoxic heavy metals emissions.

Already exist

Review of stack height requirementand guidelines for power plantsbased on micro meteorologicaldata.

Stack height for proposed expansion is planned90m, which is calculated CPCB and MoEFapproved guidelines

Power plants will sign fuel supplyagreement (FSA)

Fuel shall be bagasse. Only in case of shortageimported washed coal may be used.

Dry ash to the users outside thepremises or uninterrupted access tothe users within six months

Dry ash will be collected and sent to brickmanufacturing units or for makingbiocompost.

DISTILLERIES

Sr. No. CREP Guidelines by CPCB Implementation andexpansion by Industry

Waste disposalCompost making with press mud/agricultural residue/Municipal Waste

Implemented (existingplant)

Utilization of spent wash by the distilleries to achieve zerodischarge of spent wash in inland surface water courses

Implemented inexisting plant

The 100% utilization of spentwash is achieved, controlledand restricted discharge of treated effluent form linedlagoons during rainy season will be allowed bySPCB/CPCB in such a way that the perceptible colouring ofriver water bodies does not occur.

Implemented inexisting plant

MaintenanceMonitoring Task Force consisting of CPCB, SPCB, Expertsand industry shall be constituted for monitoring theimplementation of action points.

Implemented inexisting plant, and willfollow at expansion


6.8 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) means collection and storage of rainwater. The collected rainwater canbe stored for direct use or can be recharged into the groundwater. The aim of Rainwater harvesting isto mitigate losses through evaporation and seepage from the surface. Rainwater harvesting aims atmaking optimum use of rain water at the place where it falls.

CRITERIA NEEDED TO BE CONSIDERED FOR R.W.H.:

Rainfall : Annual average frequency Nature of aquifer : Receptive or non receptive Water table : Depth Terrain : Alluvial soil or hard rock Soil Characteristics : Sandy or clay Nature of rocks : Massive or fractured/weathered

RAIN WATER HARVESTING:Rain water collected from the roof top is collected and connected to Storm water distribution system.All the run off from factory is collected in lagoon for reutilization / for recharging ground water.

6.9 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT:

Tree plantation is one of the effective remedial measures to control the Air pollution and noisepollution. It also causes aesthetics and climatologically improvement of area as well as sustains andsupports the biosphere. It is an established fact that trees and vegetation acts as a vast natural sink forthe gaseous as well as particulate air pollutants due to enormous surface area of leaves. It also helps toattenuate the ambient noise level. Plantation around the pollution sources control the air pollution byfiltering the air particulate and interacting with gaseous pollutant before it reaches to the ground. Treeplantation also acts as buffer and absorber against accidental release of pollutants. The plantationwork for green belt development was carried out as per CPCB guidelines, & local species werepreferred.For effective control of air pollutants in and around the proposed industry, a suitable green belt wasdeveloped by taking into consideration the following criteria. The green belt would; Mitigate gaseous emissions Have sufficient capability to arrest accidental release. Effective in wastewater reuse. Maintain the ecological balance. Control noise pollution to a considerable extent. Prevent soil erosion. Improve the Aesthetics.

The species that have history of good survival and growth under similar site conditions were planted.Around 9000f trees are existing which are more than 30 years old.

6.10. BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

The management will set aside adequate funds in its annual budget to fully meet the stated objectivesof the environmental policy. The capital equipment for environmental management includes ESP,pipelines and channels for wastewater discharge, green belt development, and the environmentlaboratory.


The estimated operating cost for environmental management is approximately shown below-

Sr.No.

Particulars Capital Costin Lakhs

Recurring Cost perAnnum in lakhs

1 Air pollution control ESP & stack 250.0 20.02 Noise pollution control 10.0 4.0

3 Occupational Health 35.0 -3 Environment Monitoring and management 10.0 5.04 Green Belt Development 1.0 6.05 Others-Consultation and Training - 2.06 Community Development - 50.07 Total in Rs. 306.0 87.0

6.11 Occupational Health & Safety

During operation Stage, health hazards shall be due to gas cutting, welding, noise and hightemperature and micro ambient conditions especially near the boiler and platforms, which may lead toadverse effects(heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stress reaction) leading to local and systematicdisorders. The precautionary measures, which are proposed to be followed to reduce the risk due todust on workers, engaged in and around the material handling areas.

Due care will be taken to maintain continuous water supply in the water spraying system andall efforts would be made to suppress the dust.

Almost all material handling systems shall be automatic i.e. unmanned. The workersengaged in material handling system will be provided with personal protective equipmentlike dust masks, respirators, helmets, face shields etc.

All workers engaged in material handling system will be regularly examined for lungdiseases such as PFT (Pulmonary Function Test) Test

Any worker found to develop symptoms of dust related diseases will be changed over toother jobs in cleaner areas.

Thermal insulation will be provided wherever necessary to minimize heat radiation from theequipment, piping, etc. to ensure protection of workers.

Insulation shall be done by adequate cleats, wire nets, jackets, etc to avoid loosening.Insulation thickness is so selected that the covering jacket surface temperature doses notexceed the surrounding ambient temperature by more than 15oc. the effect of thermalpollution of air will be negligible considering the atmosphere as the ultimate heat sink.


CHAPTER 7

ENVIRONMENT MONITORINGPROGRAM


7.1 MONITORING SYSTEM

7.1.1 Environmental Management Cell (EMC)

Monitoring and feedback becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned by way ofenvironmental protection function efficiently during the entire period of DKSSKN operation. Hence,an environmental management cell comprising senior officials is existing. EMC performs thefollowing functions:

Monthly review of environmental problems and monitoring of installation / performance /maintenance of pollution control measures.

Enforcement of latest rules and regulations under relevant Environmental protection Acts. Preparation of budgetary estimates to seek sanctions for new pollution control measures if

required and / or for up-gradation of existing ones based on new technologies. Emergency planning

EMC meets at least once a month and takes stock of progress of work relating to decisions taken andtargets set in the previous meeting.

7.2. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

Company is aware that environmental management is not a job, which can be handled without acareful planning. The success lies if three components are simultaneously present viz. (1)management support, (2) efficiency of the environment management cell and (3) acceptability ofresulting environmental quality, both by SPCB and by public. A structure of this plan and hierarchyof process flow for environmental management is prepared and enclosed which is self-explanatory.DKSSKN has adopted this structure and hierarchy, which is akin to principles and practice.

Top Management

SP CB

Public

Environment

Management

Plan

In-plant

Control

Treatment

Disposal

Attenuation

Monitoring

Prevention ,Abatement

Waste minimization

Operation

Documentation

Operation

Awareness

Feedback

Internal Lab.

III- Party Lab.

Training


7.2.1. CHECKLIST OF STATUTORY OBLIGATIONS

Industry has prepared a checklist of these obligations, which facilitates the obedience of the laws ofland. These are as follows:

[1] The Consents, whether under the Water & Air Acts, are normally issued for a fixed validityperiod. The Consent shall be checked for its validity. If the same is expiring, application for a freshrenewal shall be made within the stipulated time, prior to the expiry date.

[2] The Consents normally describe the items of manufactured products with quantity. One should seethat, the described framework is not overstepped. In case, there is any likely hood of such increasebecause of farmer’s distress, Government orders a letter to that effect shall be posted to the relevantofficers.

[3] The Consents lay down conditions as to the volume and rate of discharge of effluents both fordomestic as well as the industrial activity. By daily and hourly checks at the measuring devices, thisshall be ascertained. A record of the same is made in the daily log-book.

[4] A condition laid down for the treatment and disposal of treated effluent is of extreme importance.For this purpose ETP’s are provided by the industry. There is a continuous performance evaluation ofthese gadgets, to ensure the tolerance limits. In case, industry is exceeding the limits in certainparameters, it is brought on the internal record. The exceedance is discussed with the consultant,production group and KSPCB authorities to seek guidance.

Solutions are found in any or all of the following steps:

Characterization of raw effluents/emissions. In-plant controls. Operation, maintenance, repairs in the ETP.

[5] Monitoring aspects are always very crucial. For operating the plant, certain parameters beconstantly checked. However, it will be a good practice to cross check all the parameters throughstandard and approved laboratories.

[6] The industry has devised a format of log book for daily recording of the running of their ETP. Thisformat is found to be satisfactory and is printed. This shows DKSSKN’s conscious efforts towardsthe goal of pollution control.

[7] Water Cess amount is paid as per assessment orders and records are maintained.Documentation is always a matter of evidential value. No job is complete unless paper work iscomplete. DKSSKN is carefully following this.

7.2.2. ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION

Environmental organization will have an environmental cell responsible for pollution control and alsofor self-examination through monitoring.

7.2.2.1. Environment Management Cell

Such massive work cannot be conceived unless a framework of men, material and money is speciallyearmarked. This is done by establishing a Environment Management Plan first and the anEnvironment Management Cell. The cell is backed by the highest person of the Organization.


The structure is as follows:Sr. No Designation Purpose1 Chairman Policy2 Project Managing Director Guide3 Watch Dog Committee Super-Check4 Civil Engineer Construction

Environment Manager O & M of ETP, Analysis of effluent, monitoring,Medical Officer Occupational health

Responsibility of Environment Management CellThe Cell working under CEE (Chief Environmental Engineer/ Manager) is as follows:SrNo. Responsibility Area Aspects

1 CivilEngineer

Job A

ConstructionPhase

Material waste minimization, labor camp sanitation,Noise, oil-grease and vibration nuisance control,accident prevention.

Post construction Remediation of ugly sites2 Environment

ManagerAir Car census, PUC control, ODS control, Noise & Odor

mitigation, Dust controlWater Water budget, O & M of Water Purification &

Wastewater Treatment Plants.Solid waste Segregation, Collection, Composting, CartingGreening Tree Census, Tree Planting, Lawn Development,

Storm water, Agri. Return water, Control on use ofpesticides, nursery

Monitoring Field observations, laboratory tests, interpretation &Reporting

Public relations& Press

Documentation, Updating, rehabilitation, training,Meetings, Rapport

3 MedicalOfficer

OccupationalHealth

Routine surveillance, prevention, accident relief, Snakebite remedies.

Bio-Medicalwaste

Prevention, Abatement, Control and Disposal.Training.

LevelSub Level Section DesignationsCEE Office Management Administrative officer AO

Chief Accounts Officer CAOPublic Relations Officer PRO

Technical Deputy CEETraining Officer TOStatistical Officer SO

Field Zonal Officers ZOWard Officers WOSanitary Inspectors

Horticultural HorticulturistAssistant HorticulturistsGardeners

Monitoring Laboratory Senior Scientific Officer SSOScientific assistants SALab Assistant

Field SamplersMobile Lab Operator

Plus other attendant staff like clerks, peons, driver, storekeeper etc.


7.2.3. CONSENT COMPLIANCEIndustry has undertaken / shall undertake necessary measures to comply with the conditionsprescribed in the EC/ CFO/CFE. In this direction, the following disciplines will be followed.

Condition Regarding Mode of ComplianceQuantity of Effluent To be measured daily and in-plant control. Not to exceed any timeQuantity of Sewage To be measured periodically. Not to exceedTotal water input To be measured daily. Repair meters. Not to exceed. Make break-up as per

usages. Fill monthly Cess returns. Pay as per assessmentQuality of Effluents By running ETP in correct fashion. Monitor &. ReportDisposal Not over application. No percolation, no spillages. Monitor.Ambient Keep monitoring.Noise levels Check foundation for vibrations, Tree plantationSolid Waste Quantity to be measured & record kept. To plan for agencies for segregation,

compost sites, compost hardware.Environment Audit To be complied every year before 30th Sept., as also the (ESR)

Environmental status reportInspections Inspection Book to be opened. Instructions given by KSPCB visiting officer

to be complied and reported.Service industries To forecast what type of industries may be required in Tourism Centre and

approach KSPCBBuilding material To forecast such requirement and apply

Watch-dog Committee

A high power watch dog committee will be set up which will have a power of sudden spotinspections, checking of documents and listening to complaints if any. This committee will superviseover the monitoring and environmental management cell as may be necessary, generally over thefollowing facets of works:

Treatment and emission control management Transport management Disposal management Monitoring Documentation Law enforcement

7.2.4 Formation of Task Force

A task force having organizational setup is constituted by including DKSSKN staff of various grade.The task force is ensuring/ shall ensure the following tasks: Monitoring activities within core and buffer zones of DKSSKN Monitoring of efficiency of pollution control schemes. Preparation of maintenances schedule of pollution control equipment and treatment plants and

see that it is followed strictly. Inspection and regular cleaning of setting tanks, drainage system etc. Water and energy conservation Good housekeeping Appraising EMC on regular basis


7.2.5 LABORATORY FACILITIES AND MONITORING PLANDKSSKN has acquired monitoring equipment namely High Volume Samplers, Stack Monitoring Kit,Automatic recording Weather Monitoring Station, etc. for carrying out the environmental monitoringwork. The in house monitoring shall be regularly carried out to cross check.Monitoring work of all the parameters is also being done from the laboratory recognized by NABET/Karnataka State Pollution Control Board.Laboratory is provided with man power and facilities for self monitoring of pollutants generated in theindustry and also it effects on the receiving soil, water body and atmosphere.The laboratory is equipped with instruments and chemicals required for monitoring followingpollution parameters.

a) For waterPH, Temp, BOD, C.O.D. T.D.S., CI, SO4, PO4 N,Na, K,D.O. etcb) For gasesVelocity, temperature, PM, SO2, Nox, CO and CO2 from the stacks. PM, SO2 Nox from Ambientair

Monitoring schedule given by KSPCB will be strictly followed to ensure the success of environmentalmanagement activities. In general, the monitoring schedule shall be as follows:

Ambient air monitoring

Monitoring of ambient air quality as per KSPCB guidelines. Pollutants monitored shall be Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen.

Monitoring shall be carried as per KSPCB guidelines. Metrology

Monitoring of meteorological data viz. maximum & minimum temperatures, Relative Humidity asper KSPCB guidelines.

Water monitoringSurface Water SourcesWater sampling of Doodhaganga & Krishna rivers located within the buffer zone of DKSSKN is/shall be carried out as per KSPCB guidelines.

Ground Water SourcesSampling of ground water is / shall be carried out by DKSSKN as per KSPCB guidelines.Analysis of samples collected from effluent, surface and ground water sources is / shall be carried outfor parameters stated in the consents issued by Karnataka State Pollution Control Board.

Soil testing

Soil samples from various agriculture fields in the command area are regularly collected and analysedin order to confirm optimum doses of fertilizers to be used by the farmers in order to ensure maximumsugarcane yield.

Noise monitoringHourly noise levels are / shall be monitored near all the noise making equipments for a period of 8hours.

RECORDS MAINTAINEDFollowing records are /shall be maintained by the environmental department in respect of operation ofpollution control facilities Log sheet for Recording ETP results for waste water. Log sheet for Operation of A.P.C. plant.


Instruction manual for operation and maintenance of ETP, APC etc. Log sheets for self-monitoring of ETP & APC etc. Manual for monitoring of Air, Water and Soil for Ambient conditions Instruction manual for monitoring of water, solid and gaseous parameter discharged from the

factory and also for various parameters of pollution control facilities. Statutory records as per the Environmental Acts. Monthly and annual progress reports.


CHAPTER 8

RISK ASSESSMENT AND

DISASTER CONTROL PLAN


8.0. RISK ASSESSMENT

Industrial accidents result in great personal and financial loss. Managing these accidental risks intoday’s environment is the concern of every industrial unit, because either real or perceived incidentscan quickly jeopardize the financial viability of a business. Many facilities involve variousmanufacturing processes that have the potential for accidents which may be catastrophic to theplant, work force, environment & public.

The main objective of the risk assessment study is to propose a comprehensive but simple approach tocarry out risk analysis and conducting feasibility studies for industries and planning and managementof industrial prototype hazard analysis study in Indian context.

Risk analysis and risk assessment should provide details on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)techniques used world over to determine risk posed to people who work inside or live near hazardousfacilities, and to aid in preparing effective emergency response plans by delineating a DisasterManagement Plan (DMP) to handle onsite and offsite emergencies. Hence, QRA is an invaluablemethod for making informed risk-based process safety and environmental impact planning decisions.This is fundamental to any facility-siting decision-making. QRA whether, site-specific or risk-specificfor any plant is complex and needs extensive study that involves process understanding, hazardidentification, consequence modelling, probability data, vulnerability models/data, local weatherand terrain conditions and local population data. QRA may be carried out to serve the followingobjectives.

1. Identification of safety areas2. Identification of hazard sources3. Generation of accidental release scenarios for escape of hazardous materials from the facility4. Identification of vulnerable units with recourse to hazard indices5. Estimation of damage distances for the accidental release scenarios with recourse to

Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis6. Hazard and Operability studies (HAZOP) in order to identify potential failure cases of

significant consequences7. Estimation of probability of occurrences of hazardous event through fault tree analysis

and computation of reliability of various control paths8. Assessment of risk on the basis of above evaluation against the risk acceptability

criteria relevant to the situation9. Suggest risk mitigation measures based on engineering judgement, reliability and risk

analysis approaches10. Delineation / up-gradation of Disaster Management Plan (DMP).11. Safety Reports: with respect to external safety report/ occupational safety report12. The risk assessment report may cover the following in terms of the extent of damage with

resource to MCA and delineation of risk mitigations measures with an approach to DMP. Hazard identification - identification of hazardous activities, hazardous materials,

past accident records, etc. Hazard quantification - consequence analysis to assess the impacts of Risk Presentation Risk Mitigation Measures Disaster Management Plans


Predictive methods for estimating risk should cover all the design intentions and operatingparameters to quantify risk in terms of probability of occurrence of hazardous events and magnitudeof its consequence.

8.1 Risk Assessment Process and Risk Analysis Methodologies

It is the process of identifying and analyzing inherent and residual risks to the achievement of anorganization’s objectives.

Risk Analysis Methodologies

Quantitative Method8.1.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)

QRA is a mathematical approach to engineers to predict the risks of accidents and give guidance onappropriate means of minimizing them. Nevertheless, while it uses scientific methods and verifiabledata, QRA is a rather immature and highly judgmental technique, and its results have a large degree ofuncertainty. Despite this, many branches of engineering have found that QRA can give usefulguidance. However, QRA should not be the only input to decision-making about safety, as othertechniques based on experience and judgment may be appropriate as well. Risk assessment does nothave to be quantitative, and adequate guidance on minor hazards can often be obtained using aqualitative approach.

The Key Components of QRA

It is a very flexible structure, and has been used to guide the application of risk assessment to manydifferent hazardous activities. With minor changes to the wording, the structure can be used forqualitative risk assessment as well as for QRA.The first stage is system definition, defining the installation or the activity whose risks are to beanalyzed. The scope of work for the QRA should define the boundaries for the study, identifyingwhich activities are to be included and excluded, and which phases of the installation's life are to beaddressed. Then hazard identification consists of a qualitative review of possible accidents that mayoccur, based on previous accident experience or judgment where necessary. There are several formaltechniques for this, which are useful in their own right to give a qualitative appreciation of the rangeand magnitude of hazards and indicate appropriate mitigation measures. This qualitative evaluation isdescribed in this guide as 'hazard assessment'. In QRA, hazard identification uses similar techniques,but has a more precise purpose - selecting a list of possible failure cases that are suitable forquantitative modelling.




















Once the hazards have been identified, frequency analysis estimates possibility of occurrence ofaccidents. The frequencies are usually obtained from analysis of previous accident experience, or bysome form of theoretical modelling.

In parallel with the frequency analysis, consequence modelling evaluates the resulting effects if theaccidents occur, and their impact on personnel, equipment and structures, the environment orbusiness. Estimation of the consequences of each possible event often requires some form ofcomputer modelling, but may be based on accident experience or judgments if appropriate. When thefrequencies and consequences of each modelled event have been estimated, they can be combined toform measures of overall risk. Various forms of risk presentation may be used. Risk to life is oftenexpressed in two complementary forms:

1. Individual risk - the risk experienced by an individual person.2. Group (or societal) risk - the risk experienced by the whole group of people exposed to the hazard.

The process explained as above is purely technical, and is known as risk analysis. The next stage is tointroduce criteria, which are yardsticks to indicate whether the risks are acceptable, or to make someother judgment about their significance. This step begins to introduce non-technical issues of riskacceptability and decision-making, and the process is then known as risk assessment.

In order to make the risks acceptable, risk reduction measures may be necessary. The benefits fromthese measures can be evaluated by repeating the QRA with them in place, thus introducing aniterative loop into the process. The economic costs of the measures can be compared with their riskbenefits using cost-benefit analysis.

The results of QRA are some form of input to the design or ongoing safety management of theinstallation, depending on the objectives of the study.

Qualitative Method Preliminary risk analysis Hazard and operability studies(HAZOP) Failure mode and effects analysis(FMEA/FMECA) Discussion and conclusion

8.1.2 Qualitative risk analysis methodologies

Qualitative methods used in risk analysis namely preliminary risk analysis (PRA), hazard andoperability study (HAZOP), and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA/FMECA) are dealt in thissection.

Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA)

Preliminary risk analysis or hazard analysis is a qualitative technique which involves a disciplinedanalysis of the event sequences which could transform a potential hazard into an accident. In thistechnique, the possible undesirable events are identified first and then analysed separately. For eachundesirable events or hazards, possible improvements, or preventive measures are then formulated.

The result from this methodology provides a basis for determining which categories of hazard shouldbe looked into more closely and which analysis methods are most suitable. Such an analysis helps inidentifying activities lacking safety measures. With the aid of a frequency/ consequence diagram, theidentified hazards can then be ranked according to risk, allowing measures to be prioritized to preventaccidents.


Mitigation Measures

The purpose of mitigation is to identify measures that safeguard the environment and the communityaffected by the proposal. Mitigation is both a creative and practical phase of the EIA process. It seeksto find the best ways and means of avoiding, minimizing and remedying impacts. Mitigation measuresmust be translated into action in the correct way and at the right time, if they are to be successful. Thisprocess is referred to as impact management and takes place during project implementation. Awritten plan should be prepared for this purpose, and includes a schedule of agreed actions.Opportunities for impact mitigation will occur throughout the project cycle.

Noise Exposure

High sound levels may be generated from the equipment used in the manufacturing and utilities (e.g.compressed air, vacuum sources, unit operations system, etc). Irrespective of the enclosed design andanti vibration control measures in the work place modules, the workers located close to the machinesduring manufacturing are exposed to noise.

Mitigation measures Good engineering practices. The rotation of employees in shift should be followed so as to reduce their exposure to noise

sources for longer period. Hearing protective devices in the form of ear muff and plug should be used to reduce employee’s

exposure to high noise levels. Comprehensive hearing conservation programs should be carried out to identify noise sources for

its prevention/control. Noise monitoring and medical surveillance should be carried out at regular intervals so as to assess

the workers exposures to noise and corrective measures.

8.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT (HIRA)

A core challenge faced by emergency managers is how to prevent, prepare, mitigate, respond andrecover from a myriad of hazards. Several questions arise when faced with this challenge:

What hazards exist in the project area? How frequently do they occur? How severe can their impact be on the community, infrastructure, property and

the environment? Which hazards pose the greatest threat to the community? Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) assists emergency managers in answering

these questions. It is a systematic risk assessment tool that can be used to assess the risks ofvarious hazards.

There are three reasons why a HIRA is useful to the emergency management profession: It helps emergency management professionals prepare for the worst and/or most likely risks. Allows for the creation of exercises, training programs, and plans based on the most likely

scenarios. Saves time and resources by isolating hazards that cannot occur in the designated area.

8.3. STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres create risks from the indoor storage of dangerousSubstances. This has to be controlled by elimination or by reducing the quantities of such substancesin the workplace to a minimum and providing mitigation to protect against foreseeable incidents.


These should be located in designated areas that are (wherever possible) away from the immediateprocessing area and do not jeopardise the means of escape from the workroom/working area. Theflammable liquids should be stored separately from other dangerous substances that may enhance therisk of fire or compromise the integrity of the container.

[I] Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only in a well-ventilated area. Use ground andbound containers during transfer of the material. Use spark-proof tools and explosion proofequipment. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Empty containers, retained product residue,(liquid and/or vapour), and can be dangerous. Keep containers tightly closed. Avoid contact with heat,sparks and flame. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill,grind or expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames.

[II] Storage: Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep away from sources of ignition. Store in atightly closed container. Keep away from contact with oxidizing materials. Store in a cool, dry, wellventilated area away from incompatible substances & flammable area. Do not store near perchlorates,peroxides, chromic acid or nitric acid.

(C) EMISSION MECHANISMS AND CONTROL CONSIDERING STORAGE TANKS

Emissions from organic liquids in storage occur because of evaporative loss of the liquid during itsstorage and as a result of changes in the liquid level. The emission sources vary with tank design, asdoes the relative contribution of each type of emission source. Emissions from fixed roof tanks are aresult of evaporative losses during storage (known as breathing losses or standing storage losses) andevaporative losses during filling and emptying operations (known as working losses). External andinternal floating roof tanks are emission sources because of evaporative losses that occur duringstanding storage and withdrawal of liquid from the tank. Standing storage losses are a result ofevaporative losses through rim seals, deck fittings, and/or deck seams. The loss mechanisms for fixedroof and external and internal floating roof tanks are described in more detail in this section. Variablevapour space tanks are also emission sources because of evaporative losses that result during fillingoperations.

[i] Fixed Roof Tanks

A typical vertical fixed roof tank is type of tank consists of a cylindrical steel shell with a permanentlyaffixed roof, which may vary in design from cone or dome shaped to flat. Losses from fixed rooftanks are caused by changes in temperature, pressure and liquid level.

Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent. The latter allowsthe tanks to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum to prevent the release of vapors during verysmall changes in temperature, pressure or liquid level. In the current tank designs, the fixed roof tankis the least expensive to construct and is generally considered the minimum acceptable equipment forstoring organic liquids.

[ii] Floating Roof Tanks

There are two types of floating roof tanks viz. external and internal. A typical external floating rooftank (EFRT) consists of an open topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on thesurface of the stored liquid. The floating roof consists of a deck, fittings, and rim seal system. Floatingdecks that are currently in use are constructed of welded steel plate and are of two general types:pontoon or double-deck.

An internal floating roof tank (IFRT) has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof inside.There are two basic types of internal floating roof tanks; tanks in which the fixed roof is supported byvertical columns within the tank, and tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no internal supportcolumns.


(D) ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as mentioned below: Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by

OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European StandardEN166.

Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure. Respirators: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI

Z88.2 requirements or European Standard EN 149 must be followed whenever workplaceconditions warrant a respirator's use.

Spills/Leaks: Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth), then place in suitablecontainer. Remove all sources of ignition. Use a spark-proof tool. Provide ventilation. A vapoursuppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

(E) FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

General Information: Containers can build up pressure if exposed to heat and/or fire. As in any fire,wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved orequivalent), and full protective gear. Vapors may form an explosive mixture with air. Vapors cantravel to a source of ignition and flash back. Will burn if involved in a fire.

Flammable Liquid can release vapors that form explosive mixtures at temperatures above theflashpoint. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Containers may explode in the heatof a fire.

Extinguishing Media: For small fires, use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or alcoholresistant foam. For large fires, use water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray to coolfire exposed containers. Water may be ineffective. Do NOT use straight streams of water.

Flash Point: 16.6oC (61.88oF)Auto ignition Temperature: 363o C (685.40 oF)Explosion Limits, Lower: 3.3% by volumeUpper: 19.0% by volume

8.4 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Occupational safety and health is very closely related to productivity and good employer employeerelationship. The main factors of occupational health in the proposed expansion are fugitive dust andnoise. To avoid any adverse effects on the health of workers due to dust, heat, noise sufficientmeasures have been provided in the proposed project. These include:

a) Provision of rest shelters for workers with amenities like drinking water, fans, toilets, etc.b) Provision of personal protection equipment (PPE) to the workers.

Existing toilets & rest shelters are sufficient to meet the requirement of the workers duringthe construction phase of the proposed expansion.

i. First aid facilities at the site. Ambulance will be provided for taking patients to the nearby hospital in case of medical

emergency.


ii. Occupational Health & Safety in sugar cane crushing and bagasse basedcogeneration

Status of hygiene and health problems of all men due to working conditions and suggestion toprevent the damage in future [British Standards Institutions created Occupational Safety &Health Agency], are described and successfully implemented by OSHA 18001:1999 series.

It provides OH&S policy OSHA guidelines give an ideal and chalked out routes to use & curtail the damage to health of

people in any cases and conditions. It helps the organization to mitigate occupational health and safety risks. It is an effective tool for the management, based on systematic control on practices, to identify

areas of health damage, assessment of extent of damage, effective treatment and if needed thereplacement of the job the person can do, also to identify threat areas for employees at their workplaces.

It suggests plans to improve the working places conditions. It has reduced substantially cases of persons suffering from health problems due to the type of

jobs they perform. It gives rectification measures in frequently occurring problems. It provides to check and get treatment from medical experts. Thus it minimizes risk of health of the employees. It provides assurance to employees. It creates awareness in employees for cleanliness. It also provides a way for continuous improvement It helps to assess & maintain the EMP of an organization.

iii. Brief about Occupational Health and Safety of employees

In normal working, people are exposed to many agents / compounds/ particles which can hamper theirhealth temporarily or permanently, finally resulting in notable damage to their health condition. Thismay result in reducing their ability to work & untimely initiation of other diseases can lead to death.

Normally four probable routes exist for entry in the body of a man, from respiratory track, GI track,skin contact or via any cut / wound caused. Due to consistent exposure, the ingoing materials maychemically react with body tissues, blood cells and/ or may remain for a longer time in the air sacks oflungs. They may assist growth of some micro organisms with their presence inside the body. Laterthey can create unwanted interactions, degrade to lead to metabolites, end products, to lead toimpairment to body organs or to deteriorate the working of the organ system. By careful, specific &precise operation the entry of such dangerous materials can be lowered and finally eliminated.Personal protective equipment, shielding of the body parts are the most common approaches in thesame. The extent of damage due to exposure of dangerous materials depend upon the followingfactors.

Sl.No. Description1 Absorption depend upon rate of absorption in human body i.e. exposure time.2 Time duration and concentration3 Distance from source4 Personal tolerance level5 Susceptibility6 Personal hygiene and behavior7 State of matter


8.4.1. Hazards associated with human body are of three types viz. physical, chemical & biological.[A] Physical hazards:

No Type Effects Remedy1 Lifting heavy

loadsTemporary or permanent bonedamage & fragments, Weakness ofbone & spinal cord, new RBC &WBC forming process

Maximum capacity for a man tolift a load fixed as 50 kg,Automation of carts, trolleys,Prefer sliding than lifting

2 UV, IRIonizationradiations

Vision damage, skindamage, skin cancer

Proper cover to source of glare,use of coloured glasses

3 Light glare Damage to vision, lens opacity,Myopia

-do-

4 Poorillumination

Less accuracy in work Provide proper light

5 Excesstemperature /Heat stress

Heat exhaustion, fatigue,cramps, stroke, musclecramps, fainting, dry skin,heat rash, [ prickly heat],loss of hair

Distance be more from heatsource, to give drinking water &milk, Limited exposure, cool restrooms, Asbestos lined clothing &gloves, adjustment of work & restperiod

6 Cold stress Cracks in skin Proper clothing, gloves, aprons,body lotion

7 Vibrations andshocks

Vibration induced jointimpairment, Arthritis,

Parkinson disease

Absorption of excess shock waves withclad medium, rubber pads, exactmaintenance, proper lubrication

8 Noise Temporary or permanent hearingdisability, loss of peace of mind

Minimum exposure, air plugs,muffs , reducing noise frequency

9 Dry air Lack of natural lubrication toskin, scaling, dermatitis, psoriasis

Proper skin lotion and skin nourishmentUse of proper gloves

10 Humid climate Skin damage due growth of somemicroorganisms due to wet nature,dermatitis

Correct draining of all water fromwork place, Proper aprons, rain

coat, gloves, Use of body lotions11 Cold weather Skin cracks & damage due to

exposure to severe cold climate,dermatitis

Proper clothes, Use of proper skincovers

12 Wind &storms

Skin damage, woundformation on exposed skin

-do-

13 SPM and dustmatter

Damage from nostrils to lungs part ,Pneumonia, Temporary or permanent

Avoid / lessen exposure, Use masks,screens, Minimize/ avoid source

14 Excesspressurearea conditions

Effect on O2 intake capacity& N2

associated with it may damage toheart & lung muscles

Stepwise change over to normalair pressure,Keep less exposure period

[B] Chemical hazards

Sl.No. Compound Effect Remedy1 Chemicals used in the manufacturing

process & laboratory analysisDamage body parts, cracks in skin,Dermatitis

Protectiveequipment


[C] Biological hazards

Special reference to cane sugar crushing, molasses based and bagasse based power generationsector for occupational health problems

Persons working in bagasse used power generation plant are always exposed to solids, particularlyfine dust of bagasse, trash and other fuel components. PM10 and PM2.5 enter air sacks after enteringrespiratory track where they settle. Due to precise size they are difficult to be removed from there.Moisture in fresh air and constant body temperature make them to build microbial colonies. Treatmentin such cases to curtail the infection in respiratory track is a hail of a job for medical experts. Microorganisms have short life span and have to adopt consistently for the survival. Thus they developcapability to resist the drugs / therapeutic agents / antibiotics etc. It is a battle at global level fordecades together. No correct curing agent / exact or permanent solution exist.

Persons working in bagasse based power generation area are exposed to

1 Excess air pressure zones and SPM prone area.2 Higher temperature to follow heat exhaustion, cramps, stress, stroke3 Moist / humid and dry weather area where skin damage may occur4 Lifting of excess load can lead to damage to bones & spinal cord5 Vibration induced bone joint damage & Arthritis, Parkinson’s disease can occur.6 To lessen SPM sprinkled water can lead to moist air. Such condition can lead to growth of

mosquito, insects, flies population to lead to Malaria & other epidemic diseases7 Electric shocks in case of short circuit

Various extents of the damages to different body parts can be:

1 Permanent or temporary deafness2 Slight or severe damage to bones & spinal cord, joints3 Anaemic condition due to less RBC, WBC & lacking of new blood formation4 Affect initial correct vision due to poor light as well as due to small particles5 Damage to skin due to humid climate & water sprinkling, dermatitis / psoriasis, cracks to

skin, dry skin6 Damage to respiratory track to lead to businosis, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia7 Heat exhaustion, fatigue, stroke, rash, cramps, damage to muscles8 Excess heat exposure may lead to damage to reproductive system9 Electric shocks can lead to partial paralysis10 Damage to eye due to incident light particles.

Thus probable routes to mitigate such damages can be:

1 Precise man power selection2 Adequate pre employment training3 Optimum supervision at all levels4 Precise equipment selection5 Periodic and exact lubrication of the equipment, machines.6 Advance planning of substitution of equipment7 Prevention of solids to enter in respiratory track.8 As far as possible closed condition operation.9 Use of natural and forced fresh air supply at work place10 Adequate natural and forced air circulation as per needs11 Proper bonding and earthing of the machinery12 Proper insulation & core cover for power supply cables13 Proper selection for material movement14 Provision for cages, trolleys, carts, forklifts, cranes, shuttles for movement of material & men


15 Automation of material handling16 Sprinkling of enough water to mitigate SPM17 Sufficient enlightening in work area when persons are inside18 Provision to keep shop floor dry19 Provision of fresh milk at least 2 full cups / person / 4 hours20 Provision of enough drinking water when needed.21 Provision of rest rooms / shelters to working staff22 Prevention of fly, mosquito, insects in spread water to mitigate SPM23 Provision of primary health centre / first aid booths with adequate drugs, Lotions, eye washers

etc. and attendants.24 Strict control to follow use of personal protective equipment like goggles, ear plugs, air

muffs, aprons, helmets, rain coats, respiratory kits / air pipes, safety belts etc.25 Periodic replacement of new / fresh teams to complete time scheduled task

Considering the observed facts a systematic approach and management plan of OSHA canprofoundly avoid damage fully to any person in cane sugar crushing, and bagasse based powergeneration sector.

8.4.2.Mitigation for all occupational hazardsMitigation measures cover notes on various operations in the processes. They are

[A] During concept, design and policy stage Precise selection of the process, raw materials Use of best equipment Optimum layout of vessels, tanks, pumps Correct location of ladders, platforms, pipe support and fittings Proper design of equipment to avoid any sort of solids to escape in air during operations. Proper design of equipment to avoid any contact of solvents and chemicals to working staff

during operations

[B] During erection and full commissioning stage Precise selection of persons in operation ( trained or skilled ) Pre-employment and periodic medical check up of all staff of factory Availability of the same record to each person concerned to understand his status of health. Thorough training of the operations, handling, dangers, safety, hazards and remedies for

various chemicals involved. At each stage proper and strict supervisory control for negligence. Use of wooden support, rubbers sheets, foams, shock absorbing materials, dampeners to

vibrating and noise making machines Proper guarding & painting to guard to all moving parts of all equipment as per IS standard. Proper bonding and earthing of machines, equipment. Automation and proper instrument appliances Prevention of all types of direct and indirect exposure of chemicals to staff Performance checking of all equipment before full commissioning Precise use of instruments in process Fixation of limit switches, isolators for equipment wherever needed / necessary. Proper gauge and selection of power supply cables and their effective insulation As per needs enough natural and forced draft air supply at work place Proper testing, X ray diffraction study etc. for tanks, vessels and availability of record of the

same for reference


Proper selection of tanks, vessels, pumps and their material of construction Strict follow up for Oil industry safety directives for solvent tanks and pumps

[C] During operational phase

As far as possible provide closed conditions in all processes. A properly laid down standard operation procedure for all operation in plant Strict vigilance in process operation and control Proper rigid support to stand, ladders in operation for all valves on lines Provision of return lines for solvents from plant to avoid spillage and solvent loss Proper, exact and timely use of personal protective equipment like gloves, goggles, masks,

breathing apparatus, aprons, shoes, helmets, rain coat, eye washers, body showers, bodylotions, etc.

Flame proof fittings to all solvent storage areas and in plant Proper bonding and earthing to all equipment and vessels, tanks. Proper colour code to all pipe lines used Proper training to all staff to use the above personal protective equipment Strict use of cotton ware only to all staff in plant area Strict prohibition of any naked flame, match box, gas lighter, ignition source, any synthetic

clothes in plant area Display of material safety data sheets for all chemicals handled and present in plant

operations Proper scrubbing arrangement for vent gases Implementation of green belt or tree plantation near solvent storage area in tank farm to avoid

rise in temperature in summer. Storage of chemicals, solvents in an underground state to avoid solvent losses

[D] Regarding storage of raw materials, solvent, fuels etc.

Enough space between tanks in tank farm Proper illumination on street and in plant Proper colour code to tanks and pipe lines, gas lines Proper bonding and earthing to all metal flange joints of tanks to conduct and remove all

static charges Fixation of rigid and permanent lightening conductors to tanks Fixation of flame arresters to needed vessels Fixation of visible and correct gauges to bulk storage vessels Proper quality of gaskets and their fastening at right place Calibration of all tanks and their display Proper and timely labelling of all material during process and handling Proper loading and unloading system to solvents, fuels, bonding and earthing Proper rigid shade for gas cylinders to avoid direct sun light, storm, rain etc. Strict follow up for Gas Cylinder Rules No fuel / liquid / solvents transfer / loading / unloading during 18.00 to 06.00 hours from bulk

store and tank farm area to process area


[E] Maintenance Strict permit to work system for maintenance and other operations A well arranged periodic and preventive maintenance of all equipment Proper and exact lubrication to all machines, pumps, compressors, valves, lifts etc. Proper shut down operation plan Checking and replacement of worn out and faulty electrical cable in time Insertion of proper power isolators, circuit brakers, limit switches A well planned and adequate inventory of consumables needed

[F] Fire and fire fighting Follow up of BIS 2190 and NFPA code for all fires Proper selection of staff to handle fire extinguishers Periodic training to all concerned staff Proper selection of fire extinguishers Fixation of fire hydrant system Daily at least one trial of the fire hydrant system for its performance Reserved separate water stock for fire fighting and prevention program as per

Factory Act 1948 and MFR 1963. Generator back up for fire equipment Preparation of disaster control plan for all unit Periodic mock drills at least twice in a year and report to Joint Director, SHE.

G. Testing and certification of equipment and check up Proper testing and certification of all equipment as per DISH norms Periodic checking of meagre value of the earthing and its record Periodic testing of gases and solvent storage vessels as per Chief Controller of Explosives,

Nagpur after each 5 years Availability of the record of the same to concerned authorities After completion of 5 years for the structures, testing and stability certification from structural

engineer for all structuresIndustrial Fire causes

No. Description Quantity %1 Electricity 232 Smoking 183 Friction 104 Material over heating 85 Hot surfaces 76 Burner flames 77 Combustible sparks 58 Spontaneous combustion 49 Welding and cutting 410 Interaction of Chemical 211 Static spark 212 Lightening 113 Miscellaneous 1

Timely good housekeeping, use of correct personal protective equipment, permit to work system,proper selection of man power, prevention of any negligence, overlooking, over confidence and astitch in time saves further nine attitudes can prevent 90 % of the causes to occur. It is better thancure.


Conditions leading for any fire and explosion to occur Any lacunae in design, fabrication, testing of tanks, vessels can create troubles during operations

and can initiate fire and explosion. Any hot object, hot metal parts due to sliding metal surface, lightening can cause a fire. Chief Controller of Explosives, Nagpur specified three classes of solvents as per their flash

points. They have also fixed criteria for safe and restricted storage of flammable liquids.Violation of such norms can definitely lead to fire and probable explosion.

Mixing of solvents, leaking of solvents and any heat or ignition source will lead to a fireincidence

Improper operations & dry running of pumps in any process operations will surely make a roomfor fire / explosion to occur.

Successive variations in incoming power supply, incorrect power supply, worse or deterioratedstatus of insulation of supply cables, worn out rubber / PVC insulation of power cables,overload on machinery, pumps etc. may lead to short circuiting and source of ignition to initiateany fire and make the situation worse or worst.

High temperature stresses during operation and pumping can lead to heat stress on metal parts oftanks, vessels & thus welding joints may weaken. Such conditions can lead to deterioration ofvessels, to initiate leakage and a fire incidence.

Improper gaskets, faulty pipe fittings can lead to leakage of solvents, dissolution of gasketmaterial or damage to gaskets. Thus they can be a source for a fire to start.

Improper, faulty and leaking valves will add to materials available for fire to consume if itinitiates.

Lack of metal bonding and earthling to all flange joints will assist storage of static charges andthus lead to sparking and heat source to exist.

Improper supports for working persons to reach safely to tank / valve / line etc can lead to smallor big accidents

All above conditions surely lead to fires and consequent explosions. If an explosion occurs then worn parts of civil structure, metal containers may eject out & reach

distances upto 3 miles away.

Considering these observations and consequent probability we have to implement strict preventiveand mitigation measures. They will surely reduce probability of fire and explosion to great extent andassist fire prevention and protection program.

Information about classes of fire, burning materials concerned, types of extinguishers and mediumand their Indian Standards can be described as follows:

Class ofFire

Description ExtinguishingMedium

Varieties IndianStandards

A Fire involving ordinarycombustible materials like wood,paper, cloth, textile etc. where thecooling effect of water is essentialto extinguish fire

Water Water type[ Gas pressure]Water type[Constant airpressure]

940

6234

B Fire with flammable liquid,petroleum product, oils, solvents,varnishes, thinner, paint whereblanketing Is essential

Mechanical foam/ AFFFCarbon dioxideDry chemicalpowder

10204

28782171[4308]

C Fire involving gases, gaseousmaterials, LPG where it is neededto dilute the burning gas at a veryfast rate with an inert gas or apowder

Carbon dioxideDry chemicalpowder

28782171[4308]


D Fires involving metals likeMagnesium, Sodium, Potassium,Aluminium, Zinc etc. where theburning metal is reactive to waterand which needs specialextinguishing medium / technique

Special drypowder

2171[4861]

Also types of fire extinguishers, extinguishing medium and suitability for class of fire with ISI numbersin tabulated form are:

Sl.No.

TYPE OFEXTINGUISHER

EXTINGUISHING MEDIUM

EFFECT OFEXTINGUISGHINGMEDIUM

A B C D

1 Water Type [ GasCartridge ]IS 940

Water Cooling S* NS**

NS NS

2 Water Type[Stored Pressure]OS 6234

Water Cooling S NS NS NS

3 Mechanical FoamTypeIS 10204

MechanicalFoam

Blanketing /Smothering

NS S NS NS

4 Dry PowderIS 2171 / 10658

Dry Powder Smothering, reducing theoxygen content andretarding the chain reaction

NS S S NS

5 Dry Powder[Special]OS 11833

Dry Powder[Special]

Smothering, reducing theoxygen content andretarding the chain reaction

NS NS NS S

6 Carbon DioxideIS 2878 / 8149

Gas Smothering, reducing theoxygen content andretarding the chain reaction

NS S S NS

7 AFFF Mech. -do- S S NS NS

* S denotes suitable** NS denotes not suitable

Thus salient features to implement the OSHA regulation are:

i) Careful selection of personsii) Proper job training to all cadre personsiii) Adequate supervision in all areaiv) Well serviced & lubricated machineryv) Proper bonding and earthing of the equipment & electrical gadgets

Advance plan for work environment monitoring & mitigation Pre-employment & periodic check up of all employees & record of the

same Setting primary medical centre at work place and first aid Provision of personal protective equipment, apron, gloves, goggles,

helmets, ear plugs, air muffs Use of carts, cranes, fork lift, trolley, conveyor belting to handle

materials Periodic rest in daily working Provision of water, milk , nourished food for working period If needed timely medical treatment at any cost


Provision of primary health centre / first aid booth on campus Payment of compensation as per extent of damage to any body part /

system / Organ in part / fully Family insurance scheme Other Govt. benefits

8.5. HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES:

The safety considerations in the design of the proposed project would be provided to contain andcontrol emergency.

8.5.1 Health and safety measures:

Regular inspection and maintenance of pollution control systems. Statutory approvals, waste treatment and disposal including stack emissions etc. Fully fledged fire protection system. Gloves and protective equipment to prevent health hazards. Use of splash proof safety goggles and shoes. To impart training at various levels including contractors and transport personnel for observing

safe work practices. Clearly define the procedures for inspection, operation and emergency shutdown of the process

operations. To device systematic accident prevention program to ensure safe and healthy working

environment. Compliance of all statutory regulations. Environment monitoring and control of process parameters at various unit operations by

providing control measures in the plant. Eliminate unreasonable, research and where appropriate, implement advance technology in the

design, production services and to prevent pollution as well as conserve, recover and recycle rawmaterials.

The workers exposed to noisy sources will be provided with ear muffs/plugs. Preventive maintenance activities so as to have smooth operations. Audit programs must be carried out to review the management system for identifying, evaluating

and controlling environmental, health and safety hazards. The health of the workers will be regularly checked by a well qualified doctor and proper

records will be kept for each worker.

8.5.2 POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS

Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. May cause painful sensitization to light. May cause chemicalconjunctivitis and corneal damage.

Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause cyanosis of the extremities.

Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May causesystemic toxicity with acidosis. May cause central nervous system depression, characterized byexcitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea. Advanced stages may causecollapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death due to respiratory failure.

Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause central nervous system effectscharacterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness and coma. Causes respiratory tractirritation. May cause narcotic effects in high concentration. Vapors may cause dizziness orsuffocation.


Chronic: May cause reproductive and fetal effects. Laboratory experiments have resulted inmutagenic effects. Animal studies have reported the development of tumors. Prolonged exposuremay cause liver, kidney, and heart damage.

8.6 DISASTER OR EMERGENCY CONTROL PLAN

When the full fledged activity of sugar & co-generation will gear up after expansion it will have tofollow Factories Act 1948 & with all amendments till date. Any directives from Director Safety,Health & Environment [SHE] will automatically be binding on DKSSKN. In such condition toappoint a qualified Safety Officer is a must & will be an adequate, wise step in such direction. On siteand off site disaster control plans and their perfect implementation will be part and parcel of themanagement & safety officer. To lessen the probability of hazard that may occur & avoid theconsequent damage, a disaster management and control plan has to be worked out for the wholecomplex in anticipation to the threat.

8.7 TYPE OF DISASTER AT DKSSKN COMPLEX

Disaster can occur as on site or off site variety i.e. disaster on campus or disaster in nearby areacausing indirect damage to site area & the complex.Disaster may occur due to two categories, natural and manmade calamities:

Natural calamities cover Flood, Storm / typhoon, Earthquake, Tsunami, Heavy mist, fog, hail storm,Land slide.

Man made calamities involve Fire & Explosion, All types of leakages & spillage, Electrocution,excavation, construction, erection, Sabotage, rail & road accidents, mass agitation, Looting, Morcha,war etc.

The identified hazardous areas in the complex are1. Boiler area - Explosion2. Oil tanks - Fire and spillage3. Turbine section - Explosion4. Electrical rooms - Fire and electrocution5. Transformer area - Fire and electrocution6. Cable - Fire and electrocution7. Storage facilities – Fire / spillage for fuel and molasses

Considering various probabilities the management & safety department has to create safety awareness& preparedness in all employees and people in the vicinity. In case of any sort of emergency& achalked out plan shall attempt to overcome the disaster in time. This includes preparation of onsiteand offsite disaster control plans, their mock drills at least 2 times in a calendar year, reports for thesame to DISH & due amendments for the perfect implementation.

8.8. LEVEL OF ACCIDENT

If there is any disaster in any part of plant/work place due to any reason, the level of accidents fromdamage point of view may vary. Accordingly accident prevention program will have to be initiated bysafety department simultaneously.

CRITICAL TARGETS DURING EMERGENCY

Level I Accidents

Under this level disaster may happen due to electrocution, fire explosion, oil spillage and spontaneousignition of combustible material. This level has probability of occurrence affecting persons inside the


plant. Various hazardous areas identified in section 6.3 are the potential areas which may be affecteddue to level – I accidents.

Level II Accidents

Disaster of this level can occur in case of sabotage and complete failure of all automaticcontrol/warning systems, and also if the fuel oil stored in tank and covered by tank bunds leaks out.However, probability of occurrence of this is very low due to the proposed adequate security training,and education level of plant personnel for the captive power plant.

8.9. SITE EMERGENCY CONTROL ROOM (SECR) & SITE MAIN CONTROLLER

In each segment of work from domestic level to war fighting team level approach always helps. Ifconcerned man is aware of his duty at his place & need of the time he can complement to huge task oflessening the damage of the disaster. To overcome the emergency in its occurrence it is the strategyto get prepared in advance, plan for the team effort, educate others and reduce all effects of disaster.In case of any disaster main responsibility lies with the Chairman and Board of Directors, where theycan nominate one fellow to be responsible person who will be Chief incidence controller. In case ofdisaster key person like Chief engineer & Chief chemist, will be the site main incidence controller andwill commence respective duties in that capacity to curtail the emergency & minimize the losses thatmay be occur.

People in all departments can assist to contact external persons, district, state & central authorities,hospital & ambulance contact, evacuation if needed for people in the vicinity with assistance of statetransport buses. People from maintenance department can help to rectify the fault in system. Securitypersons assist in fire fighting & material movement operation to avoid losses. It is utmost necessary toplan the control plan & to involve all staff in factory to get any sort of external help / assistance intime to lessen all sorts of damage.

To assist the disaster control more effectively a site emergency control room (SECR) will beestablished at the plant site. The SECR shall be provided with the following.

Hazard identification chart, maximum number of people working at a time, assembly points etc List of village and their population in the vicinity of proposed captive power plant Public address system like loud speaker, battery operated speaker, sirens, Whistles, batteries, signalling flags etc. Rechargeable and battery operated torch lights and invertors. Tie up with nearest hospital for medical assistance and facility for stretchers, chairs etc. List of registered medical practitioners in vicinity. Study map showing various villages and towns in the vicinity of captive power plant. Muster Roll of all present employees. Note pads and ball pens to record message received and instructions to be passed to concerned

persons The blown up copy of layout plan showing areas where accident could occur. Accident mock drill for at least 2 times in a calendar year is to be a part of routine exercise. The

reports of such drill have to be submitted to DISH for his information & approval.

8.10. DISASTER PREVENTIVE MEASURES

The proposed plant will have following preventive measures to avoid occurrence of disasters:i. Specification & marking of safe area to gather in emergency.

ii. Design, manufacture and construction of plant, machineries and buildings will be as pernational and international codes as applicable in specific cases and laid down by statutoryauthorities.


iii. Provision of adequate access ways for movement of equipment and personnel shall be kept.iv. Minimum two numbers of gates to escape during disaster shall be provided.v. Fuel oil storage shall be in protected area and fenced. The tank will be housed in a dyke wall.

As per regulations of CCOE it’s testing & certification will be performed every five yearsregularly.

vi. Proper colour coding for all process water, air & steam lines will be done.vii. Proper insulation for all steam & condensate, hot water lines will be done.

viii. Provision of circuit brakers, isolation switches, signals will be provided as per electricity act &rules.

ix. Proper & rigid bonding and earthing to all equipment will be arranged.x. Meagre value of earthing connections will be checked each 6 months and the records will be

kept.xi. System of fire hydrants comprising, of electrical motor driven fire pumps is planned. The fire

hydrant system will have electrical motor and a generator driven jockey pump to keep the firehydrant system properly pressurized.

xii. Automatic water sprinkling system is planned for all transformers.

8.11 FIRE FIGHTING ARRANGEMENTS

BIS 2190 provides Indian standards for firefighting equipment. All firefighting equipment andextinguishers have to be planned according to this standard.There are 4 classes of a fire to occur:

Class Materials ExtinguisherA Cotton, Cloth, paper, wood Water typeB Oils, Hydrocarbons, Alcohol, Greases CO2 typeC Gases, CNG, LPG, Acetylene, Foam typeD Electrical & metals Foam

RecommendationThe fire tender, which will be a part of the project with following minimum fire fightingarrangements, shall be procured:

Water tank - 500 litres CO2 - 2700 litres Foam tank - 45 litres CO2 type fire extinguishers - 6 nos. of 4.5 kgs each

LOCATION TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Turbo-generator area CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Cable galleries CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder High voltage panel CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Control rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder MCC rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Pump houses CO2 Type, Foam type dry chemical powder Fuel tank Area CO2 type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Sand Basket Offices & Godowns Foam or Dry chemical powder Type Crushers house CO2 Type, Foam Type dry chemical powder

8.12 ALARM SYSTEM TO BE FOLLOWED DURING DISASTER

On receiving the message of ‘Disaster’ from Site Main Controller, fire station control room attendantwill sound Siren ‘WAVING TYPE’ for 5 minutes. Incident controller will arrange to broad castdisaster message through public address system. On receiving the message of “Emergency Over”


from incident Controller the fire station control room attendant will give “All Clear Signal” bysounding alarm straight for two minutes. The features of alarm system will be explained to one and allto avoid panic or misunderstanding during disaster. It is necessary to take one trial for perfectfunctioning of the siren at least once in one week with prior intimation to Belagavi DeputyCommissioner.

8.13 PLANNING

Storage of hazardous materials poses threat of Hazard. The proposed expansion of sugar &cogeneration plants poses fire, electrocution and explosion hazards. To control the hazard propagationand minimize the damage, a disaster control and management plan has to be worked.

Types of Disasters

At any thermal power plant disaster may occur due to the following hazards: Fire Explosion Oil spillage Acid spillage Spillage of toxic chemicals Electrocution Flood Storm/typhoon Sabotage; and War

The Identified Hazardous areas are1. Boiler area - Explosion2. Oil tanks - Fire and spillage3. Turbine hall - Explosion4. Electrical rooms - Fire and electrocution5. Transformer area - Fire and electrocution6. Cable - Fire and electrocution7. Storage facilities - Fire/spillage for fuel

8.14 COORDINATION AMONG KEY PERSONNEL OF CAPTIVE POWER PLANT

LEADER IN EMERGENCYPlant Manager / Head of OperationsEngineering/Maintenance

COMMUNICATION TEAM COORDINATOR1. Administrative Head/Personnel2. Personnel Officer3. Telephone Operator4. Time Office Staff

ADVISORY TEAM1. Head of Operation2. Head of Maintenance3. Head of Engineering4. Head of Administration


EMERGENCYAdministrative ManagerACTION TEAM “A”ACTION TEAM “D”1. Shift Supervisor of Affected Section2. Plant Operators / Technicians of Affected section workers and3. Shift security supervisors / Supervisor on Duty

ACTION TEAM “C”1. Security Supervisor2. Ware House Staff3. Safety Officer / Supervisor / Environmental Engineer4. In charge of First Aid Centre5. Other Staff not listed in Emergency Team including Contractors

ACTION TEAM “B”1. Head of Maintenance2. Warehouse / Spare parts Supervisor /Maintenance Supervisor/ Supervisor incharge3. Mechanics /Electricians

Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency TeamA. Site Main Controller (SMC)

The SMC or emergency leader shall assume absolute control of site and shall belocated at SECR.

B. Incident controller (IC)Incident controller shall be a person who shall go to the scene of emergency and supervise the actionplan to overcome of contain the emergency. Shift supervisor shall assume the charge of IC.

C. Communication and Advisory TeamThe advisory and communication team shall consist of heads of various departments.

D. Roll Call CoordinatorA senior person from administration or personnel department shall be roll Call Coordinator. The rollcall coordinator will conduct the roll call and will evacuate the plant personnel from assemble point.His prime function shall be to account for all personnel on duty.

E. Roll Call LeadersSMC shall appoint roll call leaders from action team B after consultation with advisory team. The rollcall leaders shall carryout roll call at evacuation point.

F. Search and Rescue TeamThere shall be a group of people trained and equipped to carryout rescue operation of trappedpersonnel. The people trained in first aid and fire fighting will be included in search and rescue team.All the security guards and safety department personnel shall be trained in first aid and fire fighting.

G. Emergency Security ControllerEmergency Security Controller shall be senior most security person located at main gate office anddirecting the outside agencies (e.g. fire brigade, police, District Magistrate, Civil / Defencerepresentatives, media men, etc.

H. Shift Medical Officer

He shall be a doctor/trained compounder at the first aid centre/medial centre of plant.


I. Personnel ManagerJ.

The Personnel Manager on arrival at site will handle all media men, contact public and handle thevisits by political/statutory authorities and thus take sufficient load and burden of the EmergencySecurity Controller.

Outside Organizations Involved In Control of DisasterIn the event of massive spillage of toxic chemicals, (such as sodium hydroxide or Hydrochloric acid atDM plant), fuel oil or occurrence of fire, population and property inside and outside plant boundary,vegetation, animal etc. may be affected. In such circumstances secondary fire may also take place. Insuch an event help shall be taken from outside agencies also. The organizations that shall be involvedare as follows:

(a) State and local authorities: district Collector, Revenue Divisional Officer(b) Factory Inspectorate, chief Inspector of factories, Joint Chief Inspector of factories, Inspector

of factories.(c) Environmental agencies: Member Secretary of State Pollution control Board, District

Environmental Engineer.(d) Fire Department: District Fire Officer(e) Police Department : District Superintendent of Police, SHOs of nearby Police stations(f) Public Health Department• District Medical Officer• Residential medical officers of PHCs in a radius of 5 kms around plant site(g) Local Community Resources:• Regional Transport Officer• Divisional Engineer Telephones

The outside organizations shall directly interact with district magistrate who in consultation with SMCshall direct to interact with plant authorities to control the emergencies.

8.15 Hazard Emergency Control Procedure

The onset of emergency will in all probability commence with a major fire or explosion and shall bedetected by various safety devices and also by members of operational staff on duty. If located by astaff member on duty, he (as per site emergency procedure of which he is adequately briefed) will goto the nearest fire alarm call point, break glass and trigger off the fire alarms. He will also try his bestto inform about location and nature of fire to the fire fighting department. In accordance with workemergency procedure the following key activities will immediately take place to intercept and takecontrol of emergency.

1. On site fire crew led by a fireman will arrive at the site of incident with fire foam tenders andnecessary equipment.

2. Emergency security controller will commence his role from main gate office.3. Incident controller shall rush to the site of emergency and with the help of fire crew and will start

handling the emergency.4. Site main controller will arrive at SECR with members of his advisory and communication team

and will assume absolute control of the site. He will receive information continuously fromincident controller and give decisions and directions to;

• Incident controller• Plant control rooms• Emergency security controller• Site or shift medical officer


After all key emergency personnel have taken up positions the Incident Controller will usecommunication system to convey and receive the messages. At the site of incident, the incidentcontroller will directly handle the emergency with the help of specific support group such as Team‘C’ and fire fighting personnel, etc. At the main gate Emergency Security Controller and PersonnelManager will contact external agencies. Site Main Controller will be directing and deciding a widerange of desperate issues. In particular SMC has to decide and direct:

• Whether incident controller requires reinforcement of manpower and facilities?• Whether plant is to be shut down or more importantly kept running?• Whether plant is to be shut down or more importantly kept running?• Whether staffs in different locations are to remain indoors or to be evacuated and assembled at

designated collection centre?• Whether missing staff members are to be searched or rescued?• Whether offsite emergency plan to be activated and a message to that effect is to be sent to district

head quarters?• Whether and when district emergency services are to be called?• Respond to any large size complaints from outside public and to assess an offsite impact arising

out of the onsite emergency.

When the incident has eventually been brought under control as declared by the Incident Controller,the SMC shall send two members of his advisory team as inspectors to incident site for:

• An assessment of total damage and prevailing conditions with particular attention to possibility ofre escalation of emergency which might be currently under control.

• Inspection of other parts of site which might have been affected by impact of incident.• Inspection of personnel collection and roll call centres to check if all persons on duty have been

accounted for.• Inspection of all control rooms of plant to assess and record the status of respective plants and any

residual action deemed necessary.

Post emergency inspectors will return to SECR with their observations and report of findings and willsubmit the same to SMC.

Based on these reports, SMC will communicate further directives to all emergency management sub-centres and will finally declare and communicate termination of emergency and authorize step by steprestoration of normal operation of the plant. The fire siren will be sounded with all CLEAR-SIGNAL.

During entire period of emergency the site will remain out of bounds to external visitors except:• District Fire Personnel• District hospital ambulance staff• Civil/defence personnel• District administration• Factory inspectorate and Labour commissioner• Officers of State Pollution Control Board• Insurance authorities

All the members of public, political parties, gram panchayat etc. will be dealt with from the main gateoffice by Emergency Security Controller and Personnel Manager.

Proposed Fire Extinguishers at Different Locations

Fire Fighting SystemThe system recommended comprises ofa. Internal Appliancesb. Water Hydrant Service Ring


The Internal appliances shall consist of portable hand appliances, comprising sand buckets andextinguishers.The water hydrant service rings consist of installation of underground water mains, which encompassthe various sections and buildings of the factory; and installation of vertical hydrant stand postscontaining suitable types of valves for different applications on the water mains. The hydrant valvesare provided with instantaneous type of couplings to which fire hoses can be quickly attached, todirect the water flow to area under fire. This is the main fire fighting arrangement covering the entirefactory.

The details of different systems are as below.

Internal appliances

Installation of Internal Hand Appliances as per the fire protection manual issued by Tariff AdvisoryCommittee (TAC) of Government is a prerequisite of any fire fighting system. Fires are classified intofive classes. And all these five classes are relevant to the Sugar industry & cogeneration of power andthe same are reproduced.

Class of fire & Suitable type of appliances

A] Fires in ordinary Chemical extinguishers of combustibles (wood, Soda Acid, Gas/expelledwater and vegetable fibres water anti freeze types, and water buckets paper and the like).B] Fires in flammable Chemical extinguishers of liquids, paints, foam, Carbon Dioxide and DryPowder grease, solvents and types and sand buckets.C] Fires in gaseous Chemical extinguishers of substances under pressure. Carbon Dioxide andDry Powder types.D] Fires in Reactive Special type of Dry Powder Chemicals, active metals extinguishers and sandbuckets and the like.E] Fires in Chemical extinguishers of electrical equipment. Carbon dioxide and Dry powdertype and sand buckets.

According to above classification:

Class A category : OfficesClass B category : General and sub stores, Workshop and extraction plantClass C category : Area of General stores where Oxygen and Acetylene gas cylinders are keptClass D category : Sulphur store & Parts of different factory sections in which electricalequipment are installed viz. extraction plant, Power house, Work shop, Clarification house, Boilinghouse, Sugarhouse, Effluent treatment plant, area in which Transformer is situated.

The quantity of appliances is decided, on the basis as stipulated in the fire safety manual. Theirlocation is to be fixed in such a way that at least one set of appliances is placed at the entrance ofrespective building/floor; and that a person is not required to travel more than 15 m to reach theseappliances.

Under the clauses (a) to (e) below all the buckets and water type extinguishers are of 9 litres, and allthe dry powder extinguishers are of 5 kgs capacity (except those installed to protect electrically drivenequipment installed at a height on platforms/ pedestals which should be of 2 kgs capacity); CO2

extinguishers are of 4.5 kgs capacity unless stated otherwise.

For protection of equipment installed on platforms/pedestals extinguishers shall have to be placednear the platforms/pedestals so that the same shall have quickest access from the ground floor.

(a) Offices (Class A)Each floor of the office building shall be provided with three numbers of water type extinguishers.


(b) General and sub stores (Class B & C)General store is where equipment spares, tools, consumables; hardware, paints, stationery, lubricants,grease, etc. shall be kept. This shall be provided with eight numbers of sand buckets and two numbersof dry powder extinguishers. There shall be an open storage area adjoining the General store. Theopen area shall store structural steel, refractory bricks, lubricants, industrial gasses etc. An openstorage space of 30 m length & 24 m width shall be provided. The open storage space shall beinstalled with eight numbers of sand buckets and two numbers of dry powder extinguishers.The sub store is meant to store small quantities of items as mentioned above, for usage during theshifts, which shall be round the clock. For sub store area of about 100 sqm shall be provided. Onesand bucket & one dry powder extinguisher shall be installed.

(c)Transformers (Class E)Transformer will be installed in an area measuring 10 x 10 m & shall be protected by one sand bucket,one dry powder extinguisher and one CO2 extinguisher.

(d)Motors at isolated areas (Class E)Certain motors shall be installed in isolated areas on ground floor in fuel handling system. Protectionshall be provided for these motors which is included in co-generation report.(e) Specifications

Specifications for the internal appliances are presented below. All the appliances shall be as per latestversions of respective Indian Standard, and the equipment shall bear the ISI Mark.

Sand buckets

Buckets should be of round bottom type and shall confirm to IS 2546 -1964. Capacity of the bucketshould be 9 litres.

Water extinguishers

Water extinguishers shall confirm to ISS 940 and should be with Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC)approval. The capacity of water extinguisher should be 9 litres. The material used shall be plain waterand a Carbon Dioxide cartridge to provide the pressure.

Dry chemical powder fire extinguisher - 5/2 kgs capacityDry chemical powder extinguisher shall confirm to IS 2171 and shall be installed with TAC approval.The capacity of the extinguisher shall be 5 kgs / 2 kgs capacity as applicable; and with ISI Mark.

CO2 ExtinguisherCO2 extinguisher shall confirm to IS 2878, TAC approved and must have test certificate from theExplosive Department. Capacity shall be 4.5 kgs.

8.15. 1 Water hydrant serviceWater hydrant service ring (WHSR) shall be provided to encompass the cogeneration plant, bagassehandling system and allied buildings.

(a) One Water storage tankA separate RCC underground water storage tank shall be constructed for water requirement of firefighting. As per TAC rules the tank size of 11.5 m long, 11.5 m wide and 2.5 m deep is required.Ground water/ underground service water storage tank may also be used for this purpose.

(b) Two Electric driven pumpsElectrically operated horizontal, centrifugal pump shall be installed. The pumps shall be exclusivelyfor firefighting usage and no other connections shall be tapped. Capacity of the pump shall be 273


m3/hr, and delivery pressure shall be at 7 kg/cm2(g).The pump shall be directly coupled to an electricmotor. Belt drive shall not be accepted. The drive motor shall be totally enclosed. Motor shall bewound to Class E insulation, and windings shall be vacuum impregnated with heat and moistureresisting varnish and shall be suitable to operate at 50oC ambient temperature.

Material of construction for impeller, shaft sleeve and wearing ring shall be bronze. The pump designshall be such that it shall be capable of furnishing not less than 150 % of the rated capacity at a headof not less than 65% of the rated head. Pump shall be provided with pressure gauge on delivery sidebetween the pump and the non-return valve; and shall be provided with independent suction pipewithout any sluice or cut off valve.The suction line shall be 250 mm diameter and shall be fitted with a foot valve. A vacuum gauge shallbe fitted on the suction pipe. For priming the pumps (pump under reference and other Diesel enginedriven unit described later), a steel fabricated tank shall be installed above the pumps at about 8 mheight. Capacity of the tank shall be one cum (1 m3). A tapping shall be taken from the deliverypiping of the pumps to the priming tank. Diameter of the tapping pipe shall be 100 mm. Suitablesluice valve and non return valve shall be provided between the tank and tapping points. Power supplyto the pump shall be from the main power control centre in power house. The power supply cableshall be underground and shall not pass under any building or permanent structure. The electricalinstallation shall confirm to Clause 7.4.3 and its sub clauses 7.4.3.1 to 7.4.3.20 of TAC Manual Part I.

(c) One Diesel engine driven pump

Diesel engine driven horizontal, centrifugal pump similar to electrically driven unit shall be providedas standby pump. The pump shall be exclusively for fire fighting usage and no other connections shallbe tapped. Alternatively, a separate power connection can be given from the Diesel Generator set tothe electrically driven pump. In this case the Diesel Generator set is to be installed in a separatebuilding, or the Diesel engine room should be segregated from adjoining area in a manner indicated inClause 7.4.3.1 of the TAC Manual Part I.

(d) One Pump room

The Pump shall be located in a room. The pump room shall be located at a distance, which shall bemore than 6 m away from any adjoining building. The roof of the pump room shall be minimum 100mm thick and access to the room shall be from the outside. The pump room shall have brick walls andnon-combustible roof. Adequate lighting, ventilation and drainage arrangement shall be provided.

8.15.2 Hydrant service(a) Hydrant mains

The hydrant mains shall be laid underground and shall be out of Wrought or Mild steel pipes, ofMedium grade conforming to IS : 1239 or IS : 3589. The pipeline shall be of welded construction.Qualified welders shall carry out the welding. At least 10% of all welded joints shall be radio-graphically tested and 50% of the joints radio-graphed shall be field joints. Underground mains shallbe laid 1100 mm below ground level. The distance between the main factory building wall & hydrantvalve shall be minimum 2 m. Suitable supports below the mains shall be provided if the soil conditiondemands. The system shall be capable of withstanding for two hours a pressure of 10.5 kg/ cm2(g)without fall in the pressure. The pipeline shall have to be hydraulically tested in the presence of theinspectors from the regional committee at least twice during erection.

The underground piping shall have to be coated and wrapped as per IS: 10221. Wherever fitted,flanges shall have machined face, drilled holes and have jointing of rubber insertion or equivalent.Suitable cut off valves are to be provided in the piping mains to enable isolation of selected sectionsas per requirement. These valves shall be encased in suitable valve chambers. These valves shall beright hand, screw down, non-rising spindle type.


Fittings installed underground shall be of Cast Iron heavy grade conforming to IS: 1538 whereas thosefitted above ground shall be of medium grade wrought or mild steel conforming to IS: 1239 Part II ormalleable iron fittings conforming to IS: 1879 Part I to X. Mains shall be laid surrounding the bagasseyard. Indicative ratios of different sizes of pipes for mains are tabulated below. For the purpose ofestimating the number of hydrants, method given in Clause 7.5.10 of the above said manual isfollowed.

No. of hydrants Size of mains mm NB PercentageAbout 50 150 28

125 40100 32

The percentage furnished above is with respect to total length of pipeline of the hydrant system.

(b) Hydrants and fixed monitors

All hydrant outlets shall be 1 m above ground level. The stand posts shall be 80 mm NB for singlehydrant. For double headed hydrants & monitors of 63 & 75 mm stand posts shall be 100 mm NB.Single hydrants are used where the hydrant main passes around the buildings. Double hydrants andfixed monitors are used near bagasse storage space. For the single and double headed hydrants thehydrant valve shall be oblique with outlet angled towards ground. The hydrant couplings shall be ofinstantaneous spring lock female type of 63 mm diameter. The hydrant valves shall be screw downtype.

(c) Hosepipes and nozzlesThe hoses shall be kept in glass-fronted boxes near the hydrants. Each hose box shall contain twohoses of length 15 m each. All hoses shall be either unlined canvas as per IS : 4927; or Rubber linedwoven jacketed complying with type II reinforced rubber lined as per IS:636. Total number of hosesrequired shall be 82.0%. Additional quantity shall be kept as spare. All couplings shall be ofinstantaneous spring lock type of 63 mm dia size and the nozzles shall be of 32 mm. Couplings,branch pipes, and nozzles shall be as per IS : 903. Couplings shall be attached to the nozzles asstipulated in the Manual. The total number of nozzles shall be half the total quantity of hoses.

(d) One Fire alarmA fire alarm unit shall have to be installed so that factory and colony can be alerted in case of a fire.The system consists of an electrically operated siren of effective audibility over an area of 5 kmsradius. Sound pattern of the siren should be different from the factory shift siren. The siren should beinstalled on highest structure in the factory. Areas of maximum fire susceptibility are bagasse yard,molasses and oil storage, sugar godowns, power house and power control centre. The starters for thesiren should be located in these areas; and at about nine different places including security office inthe factory; so that it shall be easy for anyone to operate the siren quickly on noticing a fire.

The following types of fire extinguishers have been proposed at strategic locations in the plant:Location Type of Fire extinguishers Turbogenerator area CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Cable galleries CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder High voltage panel CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Control rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder MCC rooms CO2 Type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Pump houses CO2 Type, Foam type dry chemical powder Fuel tank Area CO2 type, Foam Type Dry chemical powder Sand Basket Offices & Godowns Foam Type Dry chemical powder Crushers house CO2 Type, Foam Type dry chemical powder


Rescue and Repair ServicesEffective working of rescue team is an essence during the disaster. In order to make the services ofrescue team more effective following equipment/items shall be provided to the team:• Gas mask respirators• Fire proximity suits• Resuscitators• Petromax lamp/Torches• Axes/hand saw• Fire blankets• Ropes• Ladders• Rubber glove (Tested upto 25,000 volts)• Blankets• Rubber shoes or industrial shoes

Alarm System to be followed during disasterOn receiving the message of ‘Disaster from Site Main Controller’, fire station control room attendantwill sound SIREN ‘WAILING TYPE’ for 5 minutes. Incident controller will arrange to broad castdisaster message through public address system. On receiving the message of “Emergency Over”from incident Controller the fire station control room attendant will give “All Clear Signal” bysounding alarm straight for two minutes. The features of alarm system will be explained to one and allto avoid panic or misunderstanding during disaster.

Actions to be taken on hearing the warning signalOn receiving the disaster message following actions will be taken: All the members of advisory committee, personnel manager, security controller, etc shall reach

the SECR. The plant personnel of different sections persons will remain ready in their respective sections for

crash shutdown on the instruction form SECR. The persons from other sections will report to their respective officer. The concerned section will take immediate action to remove contractor’s personnel outside the

plant gate. Residents of township will remain alert.

Names of major Hospitals1 District Hospital Belagavi 0831-24269392 KLE’s Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital, Belagavi 0831- 2473777

Ambulance Service 108District Fire Office- 0831-2429441 / 101


PROJECT BENEFIT


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DKSSKN proposes to expand the sugarcane crushing capacity from 5500 TCD to 10000 TCD andincrease the power generation from 20.5 to 50 MWhr within the existing premises at Nanadi village,Chikodi Taluku, Belagavi district. This project will have long run benefits in the Chikodi taluka ofBelagavi district. The important advantages of the project are as under –

Proposed expansion is agro based as Sugarcane is the main raw material

Hence byproduct of sugar industry like bagasse can be used as raw material for power generationand molasses will be sale to. Hence waste is reduced which is great advantage. The use ofbyproduct shall provide DKSSKN an opportunity to pay higher price for the sugarcane to thefarmers.

In India cooperative sugar factories have proved beneficial for the rural areas as regards todevelopment is concerned.

Public oil sector companies are buying fuel ethanol for blending from Sugar industries for whichmolasses (byproduct from sugarcane crushing) is used as raw material. This shall also benefit thesugarcane growers.

Power shortage has become a major concern in the country. Hence DKSSKN’s decision to generatepower using bagasse will provide power for self consumption and also other parts of villages.

Proposed expansion shall provide more revenue to State and Central Governments.

As the industry located at a remote village of Belagavi district, there is a good scope to providevarious facilities like quality roads, power, health care centers and educational institutes in the area.For this DKSSKN is committed as it will add to socioeconomic development of the villages.

Employment is another important aspect of the development. Due to the proposed expansion projectof DKSSKN many youths will get placements & hence the migration from villages to cities will bereduced.


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Annexures


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ANNEXURE A


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ANNEXURE 3AAMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Project Site (A-1)

SampleNo.

Dates of Monitoring 24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 3-4/11/2015 50.2 13.6 10.1 17.62 7-8/11/2015 48.3 14.2 10.2 16.63 10-11/11/2015 46.1 13.6 11.2 14.44 14-15/11/2015 47.6 12.3 7.6 15.85 17-18/11/2015 45.8 14.3 6.2 14.86 21-22/11/2015 43.3 11.3 5.6 18.27 24-25/11/2015 43.8 10.9 6.4 18.48 28-29/11/2015 50.1 10.6 6.8 14.89 1-2/12/2015 50.3 11.4 8.0 16.6

10 5-6/12/2015 51.0 14.8 11.8 14.211 8-9/12/2015 47.6 13.6 11.6 18.612 11-12/12/2015 48.1 13.2 11.6 18.413 14-15/12/2015 46.8 14.2 9.3 18.614 18-19/12/2015 46.3 13.7 8.1 18.215 21-22/12/2015 43.6 15.3 7.6 14.616 25-26/12/2015 44.5 14.3 10.8 17.817 1-2/1/2016 44.8 12.6 10.3 18.318 3-4/1/2016 46.7 13.2 11.3 18.319 7-8/1/2016 46.2 13.6 10.9 14.620 10-11/1/2016 45.8 14.3 10.6 17.021 14-15/1/2016 44.8 12.8 11.4 18.322 18-19/1/2016 47.6 13.5 11.6 16.823 22-23/1/2016 48.2 14.1 10.2 14.624 24-25/1/2016 46.3 13.5 10.8 15.2

98th percentile 50.68 15.07 11.71 18.60


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Annexure 3A (Contd..)Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Nanadi (A-2)

Sample No. Date of Monitoring 24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 3-4/11/2015 58.8 18.9 14.2 16.82 7-8/11/2015 57.6 17.5 13.2 15.33 10-11/11/2015 62.3 15.9 13.4 13.74 14-15/11/2015 59.6 16.2 14.6 13.25 17-18/11/2015 56.0 15.8 13.2 16.16 21-22/11/2015 53.3 14.9 12.3 17.97 24-25/11/2015 52.3 17.2 12.5 10.28 28-29/11/2015 53.3 17.6 11.3 9.59 1-2/12/2015 54.1 17.8 14.3 11.6

10 5-6/12/2015 56.6 15.5 13.0 9.411 8-9/12/2015 53.6 15.9 14.1 14.412 11-12/12/2015 50.2 16.1 15.3 15.713 14-15/12/2015 52.0 16.1 13.2 17.714 18-19/12/2015 58.6 14.8 13.2 18.615 21-22/12/2015 50.3 16.3 13.4 17.216 25-26/12/2015 56.4 18.9 14.6 20.317 1-2/1/2016 53.6 19.3 14.2 17.818 3-4/1/2016 56.3 18.1 12.3 16.819 7-8/1/2016 53.1 16.5 12.5 16.520 10-11/1/2016 56.3 16.1 12.3 17.921 14-15/1/2016 57.6 16.9. 14.3 18.622 18-19/1/2016 55.8 15.1 13.0 20.323 22-23/1/2016 51.0 15.7 13.1 18.724 24-25/1/2016 56.6 17.8 14.3 19.6

98th percentile 61.06 19.12 14.98 20.30


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Annexure 3A (Contd..)Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Ullegaddiwadi (A-3)

Sample No. Dates of Monitoring 24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 3-4/11/2015 40.2 11.9 8.5 12.82 7-8/11/2015 32.4 7.6 9.9 15.33 10-11/11/2015 39.9 12.3 7.4 10.74 14-15/11/2015 35.2 7.3 7.9 13.25 17-18/11/2015 44.2 13.6 7.4 12.16 21-22/11/2015 49.2 15.3 5.2 7.97 24-25/11/2015 45.5 14.6 7.7 10.28 28-29/11/2015 46.7 15.3 6.2 9.59 1-2/12/2015 45.3 19.6 8.4 11.6

10 5-6/12/2015 46.9 17.3 9.7 9.411 8-9/12/2015 47.2 18 5.9 12.212 11-12/12/2015 42.2 13.3 10.2 15.713 14-15/12/2015 48.0 15.6 8.9 10.914 18-19/12/2015 42.2 12.3 6.4 10.215 21-22/12/2015 40.2 10.3 6.9 12.916 25-26/12/2015 42.4 13.3 7.6 15.217 1-2/1/2016 47.2 20.6 5.9 12.118 3-4/1/2016 47.2 20.3 6.7 11.519 7-8/1/2016 48.0 19.6 7.5 10.520 10-11/1/2016 42.2 12.3 7.2 11.221 14-15/1/2016 40.2 12.6 10.4 7.622 18-19/1/2016 42.4 13.3 6.5 10.923 22-23/1/2016 45.3 15 7.2 11.424 24-25/1/2016 45.9 15.3 6.7 13.9

98th percentile 48.65 20.46 10.31 15.52


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Annexure 3A (Contd..)Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Kerur Kadapur Road (A-4)

SampleNo.

Dates of Monitoring 24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 3-4/11/2015 50.2 13.1 4.7 9.22 7-8/11/2015 52.4 13.9 7.2 12.53 10-11/11/2015 49.9 14.9 7.4 12.64 14-15/11/2015 45.2 12.8 4.7 9.75 17-18/11/2015 44.2 12.5 6.9 12.26 21-22/11/2015 42.2 13 4.2 12.77 24-25/11/2015 45.5 13 7.9 12.98 28-29/11/2015 46.7 13.8 7.4 10.89 1-2/12/2015 45.3 12.6 7.9 12.2

10 5-6/12/2015 46.9 13.8 6.9 12.211 8-9/12/2015 47.2 14.1 4.2 12.712 11-12/12/2015 42.2 13.6 7.9 12.913 14-15/12/2015 48.0 16.8 7.4 10.814 18-19/12/2015 42.2 12.7 7.9 12.215 21-22/12/2015 40.2 13.8 7.2 13.616 25-26/12/2015 42.4 14.1 4.9 12.917 1-2/1/2016 47.2 15.8 4.9 12.918 3-4/1/2016 47.4 15.7 5.7 10.519 7-8/1/2016 48.0 15.9 7.5 12.520 10-11/1/2016 42.2 14.8 7.2 12.221 14-15/1/2016 40.2 13.6 4.9 8.622 18-19/1/2016 42.4 14.6 5.5 12.923 22-23/1/2016 45.3 14.4 7.2 10.424 24-25/1/2016 44.9 15.4 4.7 12.9

98th percentile 51.39 24.39 7.90 13.28


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Annexure 3A (Contd..) Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Roopanal (A-5)

SampleNo.

Dates ofMonitoring

24 Hour Average Concentration in μg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 1-2/11/2015 40.6 17.8 4.7 9.22 5-6/11/2015 40.1 18.8 7.2 12.53 9-10/11/2015 40.2 18.9 7.4 12.64 12-13/11/2015 34.8 16.7 4.7 9.75 15-16/11/2015 37.2 17.8 6.9 12.26 19-20/11/2015 37.8 16.8 4.2 12.77 23-24/11/2015 38.0 17.9 7.9 12.98 26-27/11/2015 32.2 16.1 7.4 10.89 3-4/12/2015 35.2 17.1 7.9 12.2

10 6-7/12/2015 37.2 18.9 6.9 12.211 13-14/12/2015 37.6 19.2 4.2 12.712 16-17/12/2015 38.0 19.8 7.9 12.913 20-21/12/2015 40.8 21.0 7.4 10.814 23-24/12/2015 40.2 20.5 7.9 12.215 27-28/12/2015 42.4 21.7 7.2 13.616 29-30/12/2015 41.2 20.9 4.9 12.917 5-6/1/2016 39.9 19.1 4.9 12.918 7-8/1/2016 35.2 17.2 5.7 10.519 12-13/1/2016 30.2 16.8 7.5 12.520 16-17/1/2016 30.2 15.5 7.2 12.221 20-21/1/2016 38.5 18.9 4.9 8.622 23-24/1/2016 36.7 18.7 5.5 12.923 25-26/1/2016 35.3 17.0 7.2 10.424 27-28/1/2016 36.9 18.1 4.7 12.9

98th percentile 41.85 21.38 7.90 13.28


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Annexure 3A (Contd..) Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Nagral (A-6)

SampleNo.

Dates ofMonitoring


PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 1-2/11/2015 43.2 13.1 8.7 19.22 5-6/11/2015 41.5 14.8 7.2 12.53 9-10/11/2015 42.3 16.3 7.4 12.64 12-13/11/2015 40.3 12.9 9.7 19.75 15-16/11/2015 43.8 13.3 6.9 17.26 19-20/11/2015 47.3 15.1 9.3 15.77 23-24/11/2015 50.1 12.5 7.9 16.98 26-27/11/2015 48.6 16.1 7.4 16.89 3-4/12/2015 46.8 16.9. 7.9 12.2

10 6-7/12/2015 48.3 12.1 6.9 12.211 13-14/12/2015 43.2 15.7 4.2 12.712 16-17/12/2015 41.6 13.8 7.9 12.913 20-21/12/2015 42.2 13.9 7.4 10.814 23-24/12/2015 40.2 15.5 7.9 12.215 27-28/12/2015 42.4 12.9 7.2 13.616 29-30/12/2015 49.9 16.2 4.9 12.917 5-6/1/2016 39.9 11.8 4.9 12.918 7-8/1/2016 45.2 11.9 5.7 10.519 12-13/1/2016 44.2 12.2 7.5 12.520 16-17/1/2016 40.2 12.6 7.2 12.221 20-21/1/2016 48.5 12.8 8.9 18.622 23-24/1/2016 46.7 15.5 5.5 12.923 25-26/1/2016 45.3 15.9 7.2 10.424 27-28/1/2016 46.9 16.1 7.7 12.9

98th percentile 50.01 16.26 9.52 19.47


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Ambient Air Quality Monitored at SH No. 78 (A-7)

SampleNo.

Dates ofMonitoring


PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 1-2/11/2015 48.3 17.3 4.7 9.22 5-6/11/2015 45.2 18.1 7.2 12.53 9-10/11/2015 46.2 16.9 7.4 12.64 12-13/11/2015 44.8 17.4 4.7 9.75 15-16/11/2015 47.2 7.5 6.9 12.26 19-20/11/2015 47.2 18.8 4.2 12.77 23-24/11/2015 48.0 19.1 7.9 12.98 26-27/11/2015 42.2 18.2 7.4 10.89 3-4/12/2015 50.2 17.5 7.9 12.2

10 6-7/12/2015 47.2 16.9 6.9 12.211 13-14/12/2015 47.4 17.8 4.2 12.712 16-17/12/2015 48.0 18.9 7.9 12.913 20-21/12/2015 52.2 22.0 7.4 10.814 23-24/12/2015 50.2 20.2 7.9 12.215 27-28/12/2015 52.4 26.7 7.2 13.616 29-30/12/2015 59.9 26.2 4.9 12.917 5-6/1/2016 49.9 22.5 4.9 12.918 7-8/1/2016 45.2 20.8 5.7 10.519 12-13/1/2016 50.2 24.7 7.5 12.520 16-17/1/2016 50.2 25.8 7.2 12.221 20-21/1/2016 48.5 23.9 4.9 8.622 23-24/1/2016 46.7 24.0 5.5 12.923 25-26/1/2016 45.3 21.2 7.2 10.424 27-28/1/2016 46.9 22.5 4.7 12.9

98th percentile 56.45 26.47 7.90 13.28


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Annexure 3A (Contd..)Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Malikwad (A-8)

SampleNo.

Dates ofMonitoring


PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 1-2/11/2015 55.8 15.4 7.6 10.12 5-6/11/2015 52.6 14.4 9.6 10.03 9-10/11/2015 49.3 14.4 9.8 11.84 12-13/11/2015 59.2 19.5 6.6 10.25 15-16/11/2015 56.0 14.4 7.4 11.26 19-20/11/2015 47.3 12.8 5.8 7.67 23-24/11/2015 52.3 14.8 7.8 6.28 26-27/11/2015 47.3 17.2 8.2 5.69 3-4/12/2015 54.1 17.4 8.4 6.4

10 6-7/12/2015 56.6 13.7 4.8 6.811 13-14/12/2015 53.6 15.5 3.6 8.012 16-17/12/2015 50.2 14.2 4.2 11.813 20-21/12/2015 52.0 17.5 8.6 11.614 23-24/12/2015 58.6 18.4 8.4 11.615 27-28/12/2015 50.3 18.5 8.6 9.316 29-30/12/2015 56.4 17.2 8.2 8.117 5-6/1/2016 53.6 17.2 4.6 7.618 7-8/1/2016 56.3 15.7 7.8 10.819 12-13/1/2016 53.1 18.5 8.3 10.320 16-17/1/2016 46.3 17.5 8.3 11.321 20-21/1/2016 56.6 14.5 4.6 10.922 23-24/1/2016 45.8 15.0 7.0 10.623 25-26/1/2016 51.0 18.3 8.3 11.424 27-28/1/2016 56.6 14.7 4.8 11.6

98th percentile 58.92 19.04 9.71 11.80


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Ambient Air Quality Monitored at Kadapur (A - 9)

SampleNo.

Dates ofMonitoring


PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX

1 1-2/11/2015 55.8 15.4 7.6 10.12 5-6/11/2015 52.6 14.4 9.6 10.03 9-10/11/2015 49.3 14.4 9.8 11.84 12-13/11/2015 59.2 19.5 6.6 10.25 15-16/11/2015 56.0 14.4 7.4 11.26 19-20/11/2015 47.3 12.8 5.8 7.67 23-24/11/2015 52.3 14.8 7.8 6.28 26-27/11/2015 47.3 17.2 8.2 5.69 3-4/12/2015 54.1 17.4 8.4 6.4

10 6-7/12/2015 56.6 13.7 4.8 6.811 13-14/12/2015 53.6 15.5 3.6 8.012 16-17/12/2015 50.2 14.2 4.2 11.813 20-21/12/2015 52.0 17.5 8.6 11.614 23-24/12/2015 58.6 18.4 8.4 11.615 27-28/12/2015 50.3 18.5 8.6 9.316 29-30/12/2015 56.4 17.2 8.2 8.117 5-6/1/2016 53.6 17.2 4.6 7.618 7-8/1/2016 56.3 15.7 7.8 10.819 12-13/1/2016 53.1 18.5 8.3 10.320 16-17/1/2016 46.3 17.5 8.3 11.321 20-21/1/2016 56.6 14.5 4.6 10.922 23-24/1/2016 45.8 15.0 7.0 10.623 25-26/1/2016 51.0 18.3 8.3 11.424 27-28/1/2016 56.6 14.7 4.8 11.6

98th percentile 58.92 19.04 9.71 11.80


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Annexure 3B- Contour Map


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Documents

BY M/s SHRI DOODHAGANGA KRISHNA SAHAKARI SAKKARE KARKHANE ...kspcb.kar.nic.in/PH/EIA_Report_Shri_Doodhaganga_Karkane_DKSSKN... · Draft EIA Report M/s Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari