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AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS
By: Michael Teague
Terminology Evolution
Farm ShopAg. Shop
Ag. MechanicsAg. Mech Technical Systems
Mechanics in agriculture freed the American people from spending the bulk of the day in securing food. Which led to high quality of life, we enjoy from cheap and abundant
food supply.
The purpose of Agricultural MechanicsIs to serve another field of agriculture. Such AsMeat productionFiber productionForestryTurf & grass managementFruit production
Ag. Mechanics its self does not produce anything in its self.
Ag. Mech. is the most in depth subject in the ag. curriculum, covering
1) Electrical Motors, 2) Electrical Circuits3) Wood and Metal Structures, 4) Concrete5)Masonry, 6) Plumbing7) Welding and cutting, 8) Tractors9) Small Gas Engines, 10) Farm Machinery11)Cold Metal Work, 12) Electrical Sensing Controls and Devices 13) Soil Drainage and Irrigation, 14) Waste Management15)Differential and Profile Leveling,
What one topic or skill do you think of, when you think of Agricultural Mechanic?
Safety Colors1. Red= Danger, Fire extinguishers and exits are marked
red2. Orange= Warning, Moving parts on a machine are
marked orange.3. Yellow= Caution, Operating levers and conltrols are
marked yellow4. Green- marks safety equipment, such as first aid box.
Shop rules are made to protect Equipment
You
*A Clean shop is a safe shop*
Improper Shop BehaviorRunning
Being IdlePlaying with tool
Rushing on a project
Personal Protection1. Eyes- requires safety glasses and or shading
for welding and cutting.2. Clothing- *non-frayed cotton
*long pants*closed toed shoe
*gloves and long sleeved shirt for welding and cutting
3. Ventilation
Fire Safety
Gasoline is not a safe solvent for cleaning tools, equipment, or hands.
Fire Extinguisher TypesA= wood and paper firesB= liquids and greaseC= electrical
Fire Extinguishing1. Clear out- if needed2. Send for teacher3. Put Fire Out
Other Safety ConcernsReport all injuries
Compressed air can damage eyes and earsUnlplug before adjusting or changing blades on
power toolsPull, don’t push on a wrench
Support objects on jacks with stands or blocksCheater pipes can break tools and equipmentTouch steel lightly, don’t grab to prevent burnsProjects should be “user friendly” remove burrs
and rough edges
Plans
DimensionsLengthHeightWidth
View Dimesions*TopLengthWidth
*SideHeightLength
*EndHeightWidth
Wood Working Tools
Curved Claw Hammer= for driving and pulling nails. 13 to 20 oz. “ounce” weights. 16 oz most popular. Face may be rounded for finish work.
Straight Claw Hammer “Ripping Hammer= claw used for dismantling. 16 to 28 oz. weights
Mallet= has a rawhide, plastic, or rubber head to protect against damage to object
Wrecking Bar= used for pulling nails and prying boards.
Crow bar = used to pry timber, machinery. 4 to 5 feet long
Pry Bar= shorter than Crow bar, has curved end.
Wood Working Tools
Hand Plane= shaves wood. Jack plane (shown) most popular.
Hand Saws= may be cross cut (against the grain) held at 45 degrees to the work, or ripping (with the grain) held at 60 degrees to the work. Ripping will have fewer tpi than crosscut.
Teeth Per Inch “tpi”= the fewer tpi, the faster and rougher the cut.
Keyhole or Compass Saw= cuts holes in wood for electric boxes and such. Hole normally started with a drill bit.
Wood Working Tools
Coping Saw= used on thin wood. Cuts on the pull stroke
Wood Chisel= used for lap, dado, mortise&tenon joints.
Wood Working Tools
Wood Working Tools
Wood Working Tools
Wood Working Tools
Brace and Bit= used to drill holes. Will have a square tang on the shank
Auger bit= reverse bit when feed screw exits hole, to prevent splintering
Spade bit
Wood Working Tools
Lumber Classifications1. Soft Wood= pine, cedar, fir “white wood”, soft wood is used in
most all ag. projects.Grades of soft woodSelect Grades- A,B,C,D, few defectsCommon Grades- 1,2,3,4, with #2 most popular in the lumber yard. The lower the grade, the more defects.
2. Hard Wood= oak, walnut, hickory, mainly use in quality furniture.
Lumber Defects*Splits, *Knotts tight and loose, *Wane
Plywood Type Materials1) Plywood and Sheathing = veneers (layers) of wood glued at right
angles. Common size is 4’ X8’. 2) Oriented Strand Board (OSB) “Wafer Board”= flakes of wood
glued together. Can be used as sheathing.3) Particle Board= sawdust glued together. Will not bow or warp like
plywood. Easily water damaged.4) Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF)= Made of waste material,
heavy, used in cabinetry.
Grades of PlywoodA= best appearance, fewer defectsBCD= poor appearance, more and larger defects
A sheet of CD grade plywood has one exterior veneer of grade C and the other exerior veneer of grade D.
Dressed lumber will not measure to its nominal size.Examples: 1X4 measure ¾” thick by 3 ½” wide. 2X6 measures 1 ½” thick by 5 ½” wide.
Units of MeasurementRunning or Linear foot
Square footSquare= one hundred square feet
Cubic Yard= 27 cubic feetBoard foot= displaces 144 sq. inches
Board Foot Formula= #pieces X thickness X width X length in feet 12
Common ToolsOpen End Adjustable Wrench “Crescent Wrench”= pressure must not be made on moveable jaw.
Chain Wrench= for pipe or odd shapes.
Box Wrench
Combination End Wrench
Open End Wrench= each end is a different size.
Common Tools
Ratchet Handle
Extension
Deep Socket6 Point Socket
12 Point Socket= thin wall, may round bolt head.
Common Tools
Locking Pliers “Vise Grips”
“Vise Grip C Clamp”
Diagonal Pliers “a pair of dykes”= for electrical work
Slip Joint Pliers= can turn and cut.
Common Tools
Needle Nose Pliers
Linemans Pliers= electrical work
Pipe Cutter
Pipe Wrench
Common Tools
Tongue and Groove Pliers “Channel Locks”
Nut Driver
Slotted Screw Driver= not to be used as a chisel or a prying tool.
Phillips Screw Driver
Common Tools
Torx Screw Driver= has high torque capabilities.
Screw driver bit= Phillips sizes are 1,2, and 3.3 is the largest, but #2 is most common.
Pipe Clamp
C Clamp
FastenersNails are sized by the penny “d”, a term which came from England. A 2 penny nail is 1”, each penny through 10d adds ¼”. After 12d sizing
become irregular.
Common Nails
FastenersNail Types1. Common 2. Box= has a reduced diameter, to reduce splitting.3. Finishing= small heads, which can be recessed below the surface.4. Roofing= large head to hold roofing material.5. Duplex-Head “Concrete nail”= two heads, for ease of removal
from concrete forms.6. Pole Barn= may be ring shanked or spiral shanked. Once driven
they are difficult to remove.
Finishing Nail
Duplex Nails
Fasteners
FastenersTypes of Screws
1) Wood Screw
2) Deck Screw
3) R-Panel Scew
4) Lag Screw= used in concrete and lumber.
Lag Anchor= used with a lag screw in concrete.
Fasteners
Pilot Hole= a small hole made into the wood before a screw, to keep the wood from splitting out.
Bolts have nuts, screw do not.
Types of Bolts1. Machine= Normally referred to as “bolt”.2. Carriage= for wood work.3. Plow= smooth head, found on moldboards and other plows.
Bolt with lock nut
Fasteners
Carriage Bolts
Plow Bolts
Bolt Grades2= often called a “soft bolt” or “shear bolt”. Used in wood work. Found in lumber yards. Smooth head.
5= heat treated. Used to bolt metals. Three marks on the head. May be called a hard bolt.
8= strongest bolt. Six marks on the head. Metric grades= enough said.
Fasteners
Grade #2 Bolt
Grade #5 BoltsNote: Coarse Thread
Machinery such as PHD and mowers may have grade #2 shear bolts.
Fasteners
Grade #8 Bolt. Note: Fine Thread
Metric= note numbers on head
Fasteners
NutsHex= most commonCastle= has slots for a cotter pin.Wing= for hand tightening.Lock= keeps nut from backing off. May be a plastic insert type or of the deformed thread type
Hex Nut
Castle Nuts
Wing Nut
Fasteners
Types of WashersFlat= used to keep the nut from “digging in” or “falling in”.Lock= keeps the nut from backing off.
Installation order 1st flat washer, 2nd lock washer, 3rd nut.
Flat WasherLock Washer
Fasteners
Cotter Pin
Hair Pin
Lynch or Clip Pin
Nail used as a cotter pin
Measuring and Layout Tools
Types of SquaresI. Framing or Carpenter’s= 24” X 16” , may have tables on
the tongue and blade.II. TryIII. Speed= can mark rafters. Popular.IV. Combo= has a level.
Framing Square
Try Square
Speed Square
Combo Square
Measuring and Layout Tools
Types of LevelsTwo Foot and Four FootTorpedo= short and handyLine= attaches to string, used in fencing.
Level
Torpedo Level
Line Level
Used horizontally it is called Leveling, used vertically it is called Plumbing!
Measuring and Layout Tools
Chalk Box= used to pop a straight chaulk line.
Scratch Awl= used to mark metals
Plumb Bob= determines straight down.
Soapstone= used to mark metals
Metal WorkingTypes of Metals1. Cast Iron= brittle, wear resistant. Found in engine blocks, and
cookware.2. Wrought Iron= soft, malleable. Found in horse shoes and burglar
bars.3. Mild Steel “low carbon steel”= Easy to cut, weld, grind. The
majority of the steel in the shop.4. Medium Carbon Steel= Stronger than mild steel. More dificult to
work with. Found in hammer heads, machinery parts.5. Tool Steel “high carbon steel”= Very hard. Used in tools to cut
metal.6. Alloy Steel= Chromium, nickel or tungsten is added to add certain
characteristics, like rust resistance.
There is an inverse relationship between strength and malleability in steels. As strength goes up malleability goes down.
Non-Ferrous Metals1) Aluminum2) Copper3) Brass
Metal WorkingHammers1) Ball Pein= the “curved claw hammer” of the metal
brotherhood.2) Cross Pein Sledge or Blacksmith’s Hammer= used in forming
hot metal.3) Dead Blow= has no rebound when struck.4) Engineer’s= resembles a short little sledge hammer.5) Sledge
Ball Pein Hammer
Cross Pein Sledge
Dead Blow Hammer
Metal Working
Engineer’s Hammer
Sledge Hammer
File CutsSingle= rows of teeth set at one angle.Double= two rows of teeth set at two angles.
Grades of File CoarsenessBastard= large teeth, coarse cut, fast working.Second= medium teeth.Smooth= small teeth, fine cut, slow working.
The pointy end on a file is called a tang, it should have a handle on it.
Metal Working
File Handle
Rasp
Center Punch= used to indent metal, to keep a drill bit from walking.
Metal Working
Metal Working
Twist Drill BitsAre used to drill steel and other materials.A lack of oil, too much speed, and too much down pressure are 3 things that can dull a drill bit. The larger the bit, the slower it should turn.The cutting part of a drill is called the Lip.
Twist Drill
Modern twist drill bit are stamped “HS” for high speed and are designed to travel at 60 ft. per minute.
? How many rpms revolutions per minute should a ½” bit turn?
C=3.1416xdiameter circumference = 1.5708”
60 fpm and C=1.5708”, must make both either ft. or inches. Lets do inches.
Metal Working60 fpm X 12 = 720 ipm,
Now we have inches and inches: 720 ipm and C=1.5708”
If one revolution =1.5708”, divide 1.5708 into 720 for rpm.
720 by 1.5708= 458 rpm. The drill press should be set to this speed.
Structural Steel Shapes1) Angle Iron= L shaped. Example size: 1X1-1/82) Channel Iron= C shaped. Ex. Size: 6X2, 8.20 pound per ft.3) I Beam Wide Flange= I shaped. Ex. Size: 8X4, 10# per ft.4) Rod= can be cold roll or hot roll, shape. Ex. Size: 9/165) Flate Iron, Strip, Bar, Strapping= shape. Ex. Size 1/4X26) Plate= thicker than sheet, measured by the fractional inch. Ex.
Size ¼”-4’x8’7) Sheet= thinner than plate, measured by the gauge size. Ex. Size
16 ga. 4’X8’8) Pipe= shaped. Measured by its nominal “ID” inside dimesion.
Comes in 21’ lengths. Has different wall thickness, “schedule 40” is popular. Ex. Size: ½”.
Metal Working 9) Drill Stem= is oil field pipe, about 31’ long, measured by its O.D. Ex. Size: 2 3/8”.10) Square Tubing= shape. Length is 24’. Thickness may be
fractional or gauge. Ex. Size: 16ga. 1”
Tapping is cutting female threads in a hole, threading is cutting male threads on rod or pipe. Both are examples of cold metal work.
oDie= tool to cut male threads. Die stock holds the die for turning.oTap= tool to cut female threads. Tap wrench hold the tap for turning
Three Common ThreadsNational Coarse “NC”= most common in ag. situations.National Fine “NF”= Can handle more torque, threads more easily stripped.National Pipe Thread “NPT”= used on pipe, thread taper for a tight fit.
Metal WorkingPlug Tap
Die
3 Kinds of TapsPlug= for daylight holesTaper= follows plug in blind holesBottoming= follows taper in blind holes. Blind holes do not go through.
Ease Out= used to remove broken bolts.
Cold Chisel= used with a ball pein hammer to cut metal.
Metal Working
Hacksaw= teeth face forward, cutting is done on forward stroke. The thicker the material the fewer TPI. Also used to cut PVC pipe.
Aviation Snips
Tin Snips
Both are use to cut thin gauge metal.
Hardware
Types of SpringsTension= extendedCompression= compressedTorsion= twisted
Torsion
Compression
Tension
Grease Zert, Alemite Fitting, Grease Nipple
Paint
Paint Bases1. Oil= cleans up with thinner
2. Water= cleans up with water
Paints may be interior or exterior.
The most expensive paint is the cheapest.
Paint