By Kanikkinee Smith. * Vertebrates, animals with backbones and spinal columns, have central and...
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By Kanikkinee Smith * The Nervous System
By Kanikkinee Smith. * Vertebrates, animals with backbones and spinal columns, have central and peripheral nervous systems. * The central nervous system
* Vertebrates, animals with backbones and spinal columns, have
central and peripheral nervous systems. * The central nervous
system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and retina. * The
peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia
(clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to
the central nervous system.
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* The nervous system is a set of nerves cells that work
together to receive impulses to get the body to respond to
something. * Function: is to send signals from one cell to others,
or from one part of the body to others.
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* Neurons are nerve cells that are able to respond to stimuli,
conduct impulses and communicate with each other. * The neurons
have fibers branching out like a tree on one side of the neuron
called dendrites * The dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell.
* On the other end of the neuron is a long fiber that is called the
Axon which carry impulses away * The Myelin is a dielectric
(electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin
sheath that wraps around the Axon
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* When the impulse travels through parts of the neuron it goes
from dendrite to the cell body to the axon to the synapse
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connects with the spinal cord. * Medulla Oblongata is part of
the brain that connects with the spinal cord. keep your balance,
and move around * Cerebellum-It controls balance, movement, and
coordination (how your muscles work together). Because of your
cerebellum, you can stand upright, keep your balance, and move
around. * Cerebrum-The biggest part of the brain. The cerebrum
makes up 85% of the brain's weight, and it's easy to see why. The
cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain and it controls your
voluntary muscles - the ones that move when you want them to.
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* The cerebrum is divided into left and right cerebral
hemispheres Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital
lobe
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meninges dura mater * The CNS is enclosed and protected by
meninges, a three-layered system of membranes, including a tough,
leathery outer layer called the dura mater which lies between the
skull and arachnoid. ventricles * The ventricles are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which bathes and cushions the brain and
spinal cord within their bony confines.
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* The autonomic nervous system (ANS) (visceral nervous system
or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral
nervous system that acts as a control system. Functioning largely
below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.
The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate,
salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition
(urination), and sexual arousal.
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* The nervous system can also experience functional
difficulties, which result in conditions such as epilepsy,
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's chorea, and Alzheimer's disease. *
Infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, polio, and epidural
abscess can also affect the nervous system. * Structural disorders
such as brain or spinal cord injury, Bell's palsy, cervical
spondylosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, brain or spinal cord tumors,
peripheral neuropathy, and Guillain-Barr syndrome also strike the
nervous system.
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* Epilepsy - is a brain disorder in which a person has repeated
seizures (convulsions) over time. The doctor will perform a
physical exam, which will include a detailed look at the brain and
nervous system. An EEG (electroencephalogram) will be done to check
the electrical activity in the brain * Multiple sclerosis -Multiple
sclerosis (or MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that
attacks the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the
brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Symptoms may be mild, such as
numbness in the limbs, or severe, such as paralysis or loss of
vision. The progress, severity, and specific symptoms of MS are
unpredictable and vary from one person to another. Today, new
treatments and advances in research are giving new hope to people
affected by the disease Relapsing-Remitting MS * People with this
type of MS experience clearly defined attacks of worsening
neurologic function. These attackswhich are called relapses,
flare-ups, or exacerbations are followed by partial or complete
recovery periods (remissions), during which no disease progression
occurs. Approximately 85% of people are initially diagnosed with
relapsing- remitting MS.
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* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- is a debilitating disease with
varied etiology characterized by rapidly progressive weakness,
muscle atrophy and fasciculations (twitching), muscle spasticity,
difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty
breathing. * Meningitis-is inflammation of the protective membranes
covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the
meninges. Can be cured with antibiotics! * Carpal tunnel syndrome-
is a condition in which there is excessive pressure on the median
nerve. This is the nerve in the wrist that allows feeling and
movement to parts of the hand. Carpal tunnel syndrome can lead to
numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle damage in the hand and
fingers.
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* Bells palsy- A form of Neuritis that involves paralysis of
the facial nerve causing weakness of the muscles of one side of the
face and an inability to close the eye. * Cerebral palsy- A
non-progressive disorder of movement resulting from damage to the
brain before, during, or immediately after birth. * Sciatica- A
common condition arising from compression of, or damage to, a nerve
or nerve root. * Parkinsons disease-degenerative disease
process(associated with aging) that affects the basal ganglia of
the brain. * Shingles- is a painful skin rash. Common in older
adults and is involved with the integumentary(deals with skin, hair
and nails) System
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By Breanna Davis
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The orbits, eye lashes, and lacrimal glands all serve as
protection for the eye. When you cry the fluid that comes through
your nose is actually tears The retina is inside the eye so you
cannot see it. The two functions of the eye a refract and
accommodate light. The mucus membrane also known as conjuctivia the
conjunctiva is the thin, transparent tissue that covers the outer
surface of the eye. If you look at a picture light rays pass
through the retina
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Cont. Eye conditions A person with a normally shaped eye ball
can get a condition called presbyopia which is farsightedness
caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring
typically in middle and old age. Glaucoma- is the slow loss of ones
vision, which is usually treated by medication Strabismus- is a
disorder in which the two eyes do not line up in the same
direction, and therefore do not look at the same object at the same
time. The condition is more commonly known as "crossed eyes.
Myopia- or nearsightedness can be corrected by
radialkeratomomy
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The Ear
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The largest structure of the ear is called the pinna. Ear wax
also known as cerumen is found in the External Auditory canal.
Ossicles are the three tiniest bones in the body form the coupling
between the vibration of the eardrum and the forces exerted on the
oval window of the inner ear if removed you would not be able to
transmit sound waves into your inner ear. When sound is heard the
first to transmit sound would be the tympanic membrane The only
organ of the inner ear that is no involved in hearing is the
semicircular canals.
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The nose
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Olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of
odor molecules. Activated olfactory receptors are the initial
player in a signal transduction cascade which ultimately produces a
nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain.(found in the
nose.)