The Excretory System

By: Kaiden, Matthew, Sjoerd, Brandon

ExcretorySystem

Part Kidney Liver LargeIntestine

Ureter Skin Urethra Bladder

Bile

Table of Contents

The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions. The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney, these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste, the needed materials go back into the bloodstream, and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of. In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become a painful irritant that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra.

Function: ◦ Take Out Waste◦ Balancing Water Levels◦ Blood Pressure Regulation◦ Red Blood Cell Regulation◦ Acid Regulation

The Kidneys

Nephritis:◦ Nephritis is the inflammation of one or both kidneys.

Kidney Stones:◦ These are smaller sized deposits of calcium and can

be seen in the nephrons. Chronic Kidney Disease:

◦ CKD means that your kidneys are damaged and can’t filter blood as they should. This damage can cause waste build up in your body. It can also cause other problems that can harm your health. Diabetes and high blood sugar are the most common causes of CKD.

Kidney Diseases

To bladder can hold 400 to 600mL of urine for up to 5 hours. It’s a bit like a floppy balloon, it expands and contracts according to the amount of urine inside.

Functions:◦ Holds Urine Until It Is Taken Out of The Body

The Bladder

Overactive Bladder:◦ A condition in which the bladder squeezes urine

out at the wrong time. Urinary Incontinence:

◦ Loss of bladder control. Bladder Cancer:

◦ When there is uncontrolled growth of cells present in bladder, it is known as bladder cancer. The end result is a tumor in the bladder.

Cystitis:◦ The inflammation of the bladder.

Bladder Diseases

The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body and performs many vital functions to keep the body pure of toxins and harmful substances. An average adult liver weighs about three pounds. It receives about 1.5 quarts of blood every minute.

Functions:◦ Detoxifies the blood to rid it of harmful substances such

as alcohol and drugs◦ Stores vitamins and iron◦ Stores simple sugar glucose◦ Breaks down hemoglobin as well as insulin and other

hormones◦ Destroys old red blood cells

The Liver

Hepatitis A,B,C: ◦ A Symptoms

Fatigue Fever Nausea Appetite Loss Jaundice Diarrhea

◦ B Symptoms Inflammation of Liver

◦ C Symptoms Decreased Appetite Fatigue Nausea Muscle Or Joint Pains, Weight Loss

Liver Diseases

The common bile duct is a small, tube-like structure formed where the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join. Its function is to carry bile from the gallbladder and conducts it into the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum).

Functions:◦ Carry bile from the gallbladder and conducts it into the upper part

of the small intestine

The Bile

Biliary Obstruction:◦ A biliary obstruction is a blockage of the bile ducts.

Bile Diseases

The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body

Functions:◦Transportation of Waste Throughout The Body

The Large Intestine

Intestinal Gas Diarrhea Constipation

Large Intestine Diseases

The Ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans there are two Ureters, one attached to each kidney. The Ureter is approximately 12 inches long.

Functions:◦ Transports Urine From The Kidney to The Bladder

The Ureter

Sometimes the Ureters can become blocked or injured. This can block the flow of urine to the bladder.

Ureter Diseases

The skin is your body’s largest organ. An average adult’s skin spans 21 square feet, weighs 9 pounds, and contains more than 11 miles of blood vessels. Yum! The odor is caused by bacteria on the skin eating and digesting those fatty compounds. The Eccrine is a sweat gland.

Functions:◦ Keep Harmful Bacteria Out of The Body◦ Eccrine Transports Sweat Out of The Body.

The Skin

Acne Eczema Skin Cancer Psoriasis Seborrheic Dermatitis

Skin Diseases

The male urethra connects the urinary bladder to the penis, and it functions as an exit from the body. Once the bladder becomes full, urine flows through the urethra and leaves the body at the meatus located at tip of the penis. The urethra is more than just a urinary duct; it also serves as a conduit for semen and sperm during sexual acts.

Functions:◦Carries Urine Out of Body

The Urethra

Urethral problems may cause pain or difficulty passing urine. You may also have bleeding or discharge from the urethra.

Doctors diagnose urethral problems using different tests. These include urine tests, x-rays and an examination of the urethra with a scope called a cyst scope. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. It may include medicines and, in severe cases, surgery.

Urethra Diseases