By: Jomar B. Pendaliday

Introduction basic unit of lifeComplex arrangement of chemicalsdiscovered by Robert HookeThe word cell comes from the Latin cellula,

meaning "a small room“a typical cell size is 10 µm and a typical cell

mass is 1 nanogramCytology-study of cell

The cell structure

Animal Cell Structures and Functions

Nucleus - Large Oval body near the centre of the cell. - The control centre for all activity. - Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Nucleoplasm - is the protoplasm in the nucleus. - contains genetic material ---> CHROMOSOMES (DNA)

Nucleolus - is found in the nucleus. - contains more genetic information (RNA)

Cell Membrane - the outer boundary of the cell. - it separates the cell from other cells. - it is porous ---> allows molecules to pass through.

Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only ) - non living structure that surrounds the plant cell. - protects + supports the cell. - made up of a tough fibre called cellulose.

Cyto Plasm - cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane. - clear thick fluid. - contains structures called organelles.

Vacuoles - are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste. - in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support. - in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.

Mitochondria - power house of the cell. - centre of respiration of the cell. - they release energy for cell functions.

Chloro Plasts ( Plant cells only ) - contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis.

Ribosomes - tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins. - found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum.

Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER ) - systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm. - it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. - passageway for material moving though the cell.

Golgi Bodies - tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends. - they help package protein.

Lysosomes - " suicide sacs " - small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion. - if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

Similarities

Plant cell Animal cell

Nucleus present present

Cytoplasm present present

Endoplasmic reticulum(smooth and rough)

present present

Ribosomes present present

Mitochondria present present

Golgi apparatus present present

Microtubules/ microfilaments

present present

flagella present present

Differences

Plant cell Animal cell

Cilla Present It is very rare

Shape Round( irregular shpe) Rectangular(fixed shape)

Chloroplast None Present

Vacuole One or more small vacuoles

One , large central vacuole taking up to 90% of cell volume

Centrioles Present Only in lower plants

Plastids None Present

Cell wall None Present

Plasma membrane Only cell membrane Cell wall and cell membrane

Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm

Lysosomes usually not evident

Eukaryotic cella. The nuclear body is bounded by a nuclear

membrane having pores connecting it with the endoplasmic reticulum .

It contains one or more paired, linear chromosomes (def) composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone proteins (def)).

A nucleolus (def) is present. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and assembled in the nucleolus.

The nuclear body is called a nucleus (def).

The cytoplasmic membrane  is a fluid phospholipid bilayer containing sterols (def).

The membrane is capable of endocytosis (def) (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis (def).

The nucleus divides by mitosis (def).Haploid (1N) sex cells in diploid (def) or 2N

organisms are produced through meiosis (def).Plant cells, algae, and fungi have cell walls,

usually composed of cellulose or chitin. Eukaryotic cell walls are never composed of peptidoglycan (def) 

Animal cells and protozoans lack cell walls 

Prokaryotic cell The nuclear body is not bounded by a nuclear

membrane It usually contains one circular

chromosome (def) composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone-like proteins.

There is no nucleolus.The nuclear body is called a nucleoid (def).

 The cell usually divides by binary fission (def). There is no mitosis.

Prokaryotic cells are haploid (def). Meiosis is not needed.Members of the domain Archae have cell walls composed

of protein, a complex carbohydrate, or unique molecules resembling but not the same as peptidoglycan.

The cytoplasmic membrane ; is a fluid phospholipid bilayer usually lacking sterols . Bacteria generally contain sterol-like molecules called hopanoids. 

The membrane is incapable of endocytosis and exocytosis.

 There are no chloroplasts. Photosynthesis usually takes place in infoldings or extensions derived from the cytoplasmic membrane.

There is no mitosis and no mitotic spindle.They contain actin-like proteins that, along

with the cell wall, contribute to cell shape.

The end

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