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By Jason Naulty
History of Jews in Europe
Ferdinand and Isabella established the Spanish Inquisition in 1478
Meant for the discovery and punishment of heresy
13,000 Spanish Jews were put to trial over a 12 year period
Spanish aggression coalesced into an expulsion of 200,000 Jews from Spain
Spanish Inquisition
A new inquisition began in 1531 in Portugal
Targeted many of the Jews that had been driven out of Spain in 1492
Many of those who fled went to Amsterdam
Portuguese Inquisition
The first Ghetto was established in Venice in 1516
In 1555, a ghetto in Rome was created, which began a widespread trend of confining Jews into enclaves within cities
These ghettos often had only one or two entries and exits, and no Jews were allowed to leave after sundown
Early Ghettos
Following the Spanish Inquisition, a massive amount of Jews flocked to Poland as the Polish monarchy began Jewish toleration
Approximately 80% of Jews were living in Poland by the mid 16th century
Jewish Immigration to Poland
Upon immigration to Poland, Jews gained good status with Polish nobility
Many became business partners with the nobility
Many Jews became involved in the wheat export industry
They ran their own mills, exported wheat to the West, and traded luxury goods they had received as payment to the Polish nobles
Economic Success in Poland
Martin Luther initially did not take a stance on Judaism
After creating Lutheranism, Luther turned against the Jews
Luther claimed that Jews no longer had an excuse not to convert, because they no longer faced the oppression of the Catholic Church
Luther’s outspoken hatred for Jews became notable works of anti-semitism
Martin Luther and Anti-Semitism
Oliver Cromwell readmitted Jews to England in 1655
English Parliament passed a law stating that Jews can be naturalized in English colonies in 1740
Jews finally received full emancipation in 1858
England
The French Revolution brought about Jewish citizenship in France
The Reign of Terror, however, caused the closing of many synagogues and Jewish organizations
Napoleon eventually established anti-Jewish laws that forced Jews into poverty and attempted to assimilate them into French society
The French Revolution
The Inquisition was abolished in Portugal in 1765 and in Spain in 1808
By the end of the Inquisition, over 31,000 Jews were estimated to have been burned at the stake
Nearly 300,000 Jews had been forced to make “reconciliations” in the Inquisition
The end of the Inquisition can be attributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideals
End of the Inquisition
The second half of the 19th century brought several countries emancipating the Jews
England – 1858Hungary – 1867Italy – 1870Germany - 1871
Mass Emancipation
Government organized Russian attacks on the Jewish population
Tens of thousands of Jews were killed in the series of attacks
Over 2 million Jews emigrated from Russia as a result of the Pogroms
Pogroms
A Jewish movement dedicated to returning the Jews to their homeland
Many Zionists portrayed themselves as greater than other non-Zionist Jews as well as non-Jewish people
This movement caused a trend in emigration from Europe, especially after the Russian Pogroms
Zionism
A Jewish socialist labor group in Russia
An attempted Russian revolution in 1905 by the Bund failed
Backlash occurred against the Jews, more pogroms resulted
The 1917 Russian Revolution was more successful for the Bund, allowing Jews to gain equal rights
The Russian Civil War led to more pogroms
The Bund
Hitler was in prison when he wrote his manifesto, Mein Kampf
In the book, Hitler outlined many of his anti-Semitic ideals
Hitler claimed that Germans were of the perfect Aryan race, and Jews were not
Hitler also claimed that Jews were conspiring to conquer the Aryans and rule the world
This led to many of his anti-Semitic policies in the future
Hitler and Anti-Semitism
The Nazis rose to power during the inter-war period in Germany
Jews had been acculturated into German society
Nazis began to create policies that stripped Jews of their rights and property while simultaneously promoting terror and violence against them
Their main effort before the Holocaust was to make the Jews leave Germany
Nazism and German Subjugation
The Nazis required Jews to wear identification badges
Jews were isolated; even schoolchildren were kept apart from their peers
This was done in an effort to dehumanize the Jews of Europe
Forced Jewish Identification
With the oppression of Jews came the re-establishment of ghettos in European cities
These ghettos were in worse condition than any others in history
Jews were cramped, starving, and dirty
Jews were kept there as though they were imprisoned
Epidemics and starvation within ghettos claimed many lives
20th Century Ghettos
Hitler’s ethnic cleansing effort was made within the walls of concentration camps and death camps
Concentration camps forced Jews to undergo hard labor; Jews were starved, mistreated, and many died
Those who did not die were usually sent to death camps
These camps were specifically designed for murdering Jews; most were suffocated in “showers,” and some were shot
Concentration Camps
The most widely accepted death toll approximation is 6 million Jews
Jews were afraid to return to their homes
Many anti-Semitic movements still persisted
Impact of the Holocaust
Because many Jews could not return to their homes after the Holocaust, they attempted to migrate westward
With nowhere to go, the Jews were placed in Allied refugee camps
Tens of thousands of survivors were held in refugee camps with nowhere to go
Immigration restrictions in Palestine, England, and the United States caused many Jews to become permanent refugees
Post-WWII Refugee Crisis
Great Britain first opposed the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine
Britain did not support unlimited immigration of Jews to the region
The US and other UN powers supported the idea and promised autonomy to the Jewish Agency
Israel was established as a sovereign country in 1947
United Nations and Israel
The Diaspora had been an anti-Jewish movement since before the Common Era
Jews had been kept away from their homeland for centuries
The creation of Israel as a Jewish state began the end of this movement
This caused the beginning of mass Jewish emigration from Europe and helped resolve the refugee crisis
Ending the Diaspora
Jews were being held essentially as prisoners within their own country in the Soviet Union
In 1990, the Soviet Union opened its borders to Jewish emigration
Hundreds of thousands of Jews left the Soviet Union as a result
Most of these Jews emigrated to Israel
Soviet Mass Exodus
There are only approximately 1.5 million Jews left in Europe today
France – 600,000Britain – 275,000Russia – 275,000Ukraine – 112,000Germany – 98,000Hungary – 55,000
Jews Today
"The Aftermath of the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.
Braun, Hanna. "A Basic History of Zionism and Its Relation to Judaism." A Basic History of Zionism and Its Relation to Judaism. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
"Creation of Israel, 1948 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian." Creation of Israel, 1948 - 1945–1952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.
"The Czars and the Jews." The Czars and the Jews. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Falk, Gerhard. "History of the Ghetto." History of the Ghetto. N.p., n.d. Web. 24
Mar. 2014. "History Wing | Jewish Virtual Library." History Wing | Jewish Virtual Library.
N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "Holocaust Badges." Holocaust Memorial Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. "The Holocaust." Holocaust History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "Jewish Life during the Holocaust." Jewish Life during the Holocaust. N.p., n.d.
Web. 22 Mar. 2014. LeElef, Ner. "World Jewish Population." World Jewish Population. N.p., n.d. Web.
24 Mar. 2014. "Timeline of Jewish History." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 Mar.
2014
Bibliography
"Anti-semitism and National Socialism - Moishe Postone." Anti-semitism and National Socialism - Moishe Postone. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
"History of the Jews in Europe." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
"Inquisition." Inquisition. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "Jewish Badge and Armbands 1939-1945." Jewish Badge and
Armbands 1939-1945. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "Jewish Emancipation." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Mar.
2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "Kiev Pogroms (1919)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar.
2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "Prisons and Dungeons of an Inquisition. Old Drawings and
Engravings. Gallery 2."Prisons and Dungeons of an Inquisition. Old Drawings and Engravings. Gallery 2. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
Pictures Bibliography