The Respiratory System

By: Graham Perich, Camron Savarani, Connor Lafayette, and Noah Valdepenas

Image Source: Http://images.google.com/23_28u4_-_238_Exhale_Boy

Introduction

• Phyla:- Porifera- Cnidaria- Arthropods- Platyhelminthes- Annelids- Mollusks-Echinodermata- Chondrichthyes- Osteichthyes- Amphibians- Reptiles- Birds

What to take away from this presentation:

• Understanding the efficiency of an animal’s respiratory systembasedon the structures it develops.

• That there are three main levels of respiratory systems, and adaptations of these respiratory systems

Porifera• Answer to Question:

-Oxygen in water diffuses into cells as the water flows through the body-They do not develop advanced structures

Key Characteristics

Sponges are multicellular

Heterotrophic

Lack cell walls

Specialized cells

How does the animal obtain oxygen (O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

Sources: http://andiniwininda.blogspot.com/, http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Porifera/Porifera.htm

Porifera is the starting pointbecause it relies on diffusion for oxygen exchange. Sponges

do not have any specific structures to improve this process.

Cnidaria• Answer to question

– Oxygen and CO₂ diffuse through the body walls.

– Structures are not developed to improve efficiency

Key Characteristics

Aquatic

Carnivorous

Have specialized tissue

Radical symmetry

How does the animal obtain oxygen (O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

sources: http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Porifera_Cnidaria/Anemone_green.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/SimpleAnimals/cnidariaDiagram.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://

Cnidarians are at the same levelas Porifera because they also use diffusion to obtain oxygen. Cnidarians do not have any specific structures to improve this process.

Arthropods

• Answer to question:

-Terrestrial – they have tracheal tubes or book lungs

-Aquatic – they have gills or book lungs

Key Characteristics

Multicellular

Segmented bodies

Joined appendages

How does the animal obtain oxygen (O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

Arthropods are a step up from Cnidarians because they do not rely on diffusion for respiration. Arthropods develop more advanced structures such as book lungs and gills.

sources: http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/1235Arthropodsbasicfeatures.htmlhttp://www.troutnut.com/hatch/3352/Arthropod-Arachnida-Mites-and-Spiders

Porifera

Most advanced structure: none (diffusion)

Cnidaria

Most advanced structure: none (diffusion)

Arthropods

Most advanced structure: book lungs and gills

Stair Step Diagram

Platyhelminthes • Answer to question:

-Respiration occurs by diffusion

-Gases pass through the body

-No structures are developed

Key CharacteristicsSoft worms with tissues and internal organ systems Bilateral symmetryCephalization

How does the animal obtain oxygen (O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

Platyhelminthes are a step down from Arthropods because they do not develop advanced structures, such as lungs, that make respiration more efficient.

Image Source: http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/contest2551/science04/17/2/ThaiGoodView/platyhelminthes.htmlhttp://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa1.htmlhttp://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPlatyhel/Platyhel.html

Annelids• Answer to Question

– Aquatic annelids use gills

– Terrestrial annelids use blood vessels in skin

Key Characteristics

Coemate protostome

bodies composed of segments separated by internal portions

How does the animal obtain oxygen(O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

Sources: http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-annelid.jpg, http://www.eniscuola.net/FotoSezioni/SpecieS_9.jpghttp://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ftp/BIODIDAC/ZOO/ANNELIDA/DIAGCL/OLIG009C.GIF

Annelids are a step up from Platyhelminthes because aquatic annelids develop gills, which are more efficient than diffusion.

Mollusks• Answer to Question

– Aquatic mollusks use gills

– Land mollusks use a cavity lined with blood vessels

How does the animal obtain oxygen(O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)?

What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

Key CharacteristicsSoft bodies that have a muscular footPosses hard shellBilateral Symmetry

Sources: http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_07_img0379.jpg, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/sgifs/Slug_bw.GIFhttp://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/animal-kingdom/mollusks/univalve-shell.jpg, http://molluskman.com/images/giant_ramshorn.jpg

Mollusks are at the same level as Annelids because the aquatic Mollusks develop gills and the land Mollusks develop a cavity lined with blood vessels.

Platyhelminthes

Most advanced structure: none (diffusion)

Annelids

Most advanced structure: gills,

Annelids

Most advanced structure: gills

Echinodermata

• Answer to question:

-Respiration is carried out by surfaces of tube feet

-Skin gills make this more efficient

Key Characteristics:

endoskeleton

water vascular system

radial symmetry

coelomate deuterostomes

How does the animal obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

sources: http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image266.gif,,http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/adultseastar.gif

Echinodermata are at the same level as Mollusks because tube feet are not more efficient than a cavity lined with blood vessels. Both their most advanced structures are gills.

Chondrichthyes

• Answer to Question:

-Respiration is carried out by gills.

- Some fish develop lungs or other adaptations that make oxygen exchange more efficient

Key Characteristics

Aquatic

Vertebrates

Have paired fins, scales, and gills

How does the animal obtain oxygen & release carbon dioxide? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient

sources: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/ClassesFish/ClassChondricthyes/Chondrichthyes/hammer1.jpghttp://classes.dma.ucla.edu/Winter06/161B/projects/eric/ps2/fish-school.jpghttp://worldresources.tripod.com/puffer-fish.jpg

Chondrichthyes are a step up from Echinodermata because, although both their main structures are gills, fish develop adaptations that improve respiration.

Picture on Next Slide ->

Osteichthyes• Answer to Question

-Respiration is carried out by gills

-Some fish develop lungs or other adaptations to increase efficiency

Key Characteristics

Bony Fish

Skeletons made of true bone

Ancestors of Vertebrate group

How does the animal obtain oxygen & release carbon dioxide? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient

Sources: http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/eohp/fish/images/Fish-poster-550.jpg

Osteichthyes are at the same level as Chondrichthyes because they also use gills and other advanced structures.

Echinodermata

Most advanced structure: gills

ChondrichthyesMost advanced structure: gills, adaptations

OsteichthyesMost advanced structure: gills, adaptations

Amphibians

• Answer to Question-Larvae breathe with skin and gills.

-Adults develop lungs to make this process more efficient

-Some amphibians never develop lungs

Key Characteristics

Spend half their lives in water

Spend other half on land

Do not have scales

Possess mucous glands

How does the animal obtain oxygen & release carbon dioxide? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient

sources: http://z.about.com/d/animals/1/0/W/5/shutterstock_716539.jpg ,http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/primary/tiger-salamander.jpghttp://www.planestupid.com/files/images/newt.jpg

Amphibians are a step up from Osteichthyes because they develop lungs, which are more efficient than gills.

Reptiles• Answer to question:

-All reptiles are born with lungs

-The lungs are spongy and provide a large surface area for gas exchange

Key characteristics:

ectothermic vertebrates

dry skin with scales

lay amniotic eggs

How does the animal obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

sources: http://www.thelevisalazer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/pet_reptiles_front.jpg

Reptiles are at the same level as amphibians because their most advanced structures are lungs. Although amphibians do not have lungs from birth, they eventually develop them.

Birds• Answer to question:

-Air flows in one direction through lungs and air sacs

-Air sacs have evolved to support their metabolic rate

Key characteristics:

Descended from dinosaurs

endothermic reptiles

feathers and amniotic eggs

two scaly legs and two wings

How does the animal obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide? What structures evolve to make this process more efficient?

sources: http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/images/v16/i3/bird%20dia.jpg,http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/GasExchCirc/BirdResp.JPG

Birds are a step up from reptiles because their respiratory system is more efficient. Although the most advanced structure of both animals is lungs, the air sacs improve oxygen exchange.

AmphibiansMost advanced structure: lungs

ReptilesMost advanced structure: lungs

BirdsMost advanced structure: lungs with air sacs

Conclusion

• There are three main levels of respiration based on efficiency:

-Lowest: diffusion

-Middle: gills or book lungs

-Highest: lungs

• Porifera is at the lowest level because it uses diffusion.

• Birds are at the highest level because they use lungs with air sacs.

Works Cited

• http://andiniwininda.blogspot.com/• http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Porifera/Porifera.htm• http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Porifera_Cnidaria/Anemone_green.jpg• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_• http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/1235Arthropodsbasicfeatures.html• http://www.troutnut.com/hatch/3352/Arthropod-Arachnida-Mites-and-Spiders• http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/contest2551/science04/17/2/ThaiGoodView/platyhelminthes.html• http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa1.htmlhttp://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPlatyhel/Platyhel.html• http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-annelid.jpg, http://www.eniscuola.net/FotoSezioni/SpecieS_9.jpg• http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ftp/BIODIDAC/ZOO/ANNELIDA/DIAGCL/OLIG009C.GIF• http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_07_img0379.jpg, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/sgifs/Slug_bw.GIF• http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/animal-kingdom/mollusks/univalve-shell.jpg,

http://molluskman.com/images/giant_ramshorn.jpg• http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image266.gif• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/adultseastar.gif• :http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/ClassesFish/ClassChondricthyes/Chondrichthyes/hammer1.jpg• http://classes.dma.ucla.edu/Winter06/161B/projects/eric/ps2/fish-school.jpg• http://worldresources.tripod.com/puffer-fish.jpg• : http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/eohp/fish/images/Fish-poster-550.jpg• http://z.about.com/d/animals/1/0/W/5/shutterstock_716539.jpg ,• http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/primary/tiger-salamander.jpg• http://www.planestupid.com/files/images/newt.jpg • http://www.thelevisalazer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/pet_reptiles_front.jpg• :http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/images/v16/i3/bird%20dia.jpg• http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/GasExchCirc/BirdResp.JPG