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Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and

Organizational Psychology(4th Edition)

by Frank J. Landy &Jeffrey M. Conte

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Work in the 21st CenturyChapter 1

What is Industrial and Organizational

Psychology?

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Module 1.1:Fundamentals of I-O Psychology

• Importance of I-O psychology– Importance of work in people’s lives

• What is I-O psychology?– The application of psychological principles,

theory, and research to the work setting.

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Fundamentals ofI-O Psychology (cont’d)

– SIOP (Division 14 of APA)

– Fields of I-O Psychology• Personnel psychology• Organizational psychology• Human engineering

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Relatively New Topics ofInterest to I-O Psychology

• Building sustainable and environmentally conscious organizations– I-O psychologists can guide organizations in measuring their eco-benefits and

in promoting these benefits along with individual, team, and organizational performance.

• Humanitarian work psychology (HWP): the application of I-O psychology to humanitarian arena, especially poverty reduction and promotion of decent work, aligned with local stakeholders’ needs, and in partnership with global aid/development groups.– Led by New Zealand I-O psychologist Stuart Carr, initial work in this field

shows that I-O psychologists can make a difference in some of the major global problems of the 21st century.

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SIOP as a Resource

• www.siop.org– History of I-O psychology– Membership information (including students)– Quarterly newsletter: TIP– JobNet– SIOP Journal – I-O Psychology: Perspectives on

Science and Practice– Graduate training programs in I-O psychology– List of SIOP publications

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Common Areas ofConcentration for I-O Psychologists

Table 1.1

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Common Job Titles forI-O Psychologists

Table 1.2

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Evidence-BasedI-O Psychology

• I-O psychologists have become increasingly focused on making evidence-based decisions in their work in organizations

• This includes using a decision-making process that combines critical thinking with use of best available scientific evidence.

• I-O psychologists are well positioned to develop and utilize evidence-based practices as they have adopted the scientist-practitioner model to guide the field.

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How This Course Can Help You

• Knowledge about 21st century workplace– Course will address issues

such as work stress, work-family balance, workplace discrimination, & leadership

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Module 1.2: The past, present,and future of I-O Psychology

• The Past – Important Dates/Events in I-O Psychology

• The Present – Demographics and Career Paths

• Future Challenges to I-O Psychology

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Titles of Research Articlesin JAP (1917)

Table 1.3

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Titles of Research Articlesin JAP (2008)

Table 1.4

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Brief History of I-O Psychology

• 1876-1930– Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill

Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham

– World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests

– 1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to Lillian Gilbreth

• Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering

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• 1930-1964– Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations– Human relations movement

• Theories of motivation• Emotional world of the worker• Studies of job satisfaction

– WWII– Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII

Brief History of I-O Psychology (cont'd)

Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII

• Groups named in 1964– Race– Color– Gender– National origin– Religion

Title VII specified demographic groups to be protected from employment discrimination

• 2 additional protected groups added later– ADEA (age) 1967– ADA (disability) 1990

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Important Dates in theEvolution of I-O Psychology

Figure 1.1

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Demographics of I-O Psychologists

• In 2000, I-O psychologists represented about 6% of all APA members

• In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA were women

• Average salaries:– Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000– Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000

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Figure 1.2: Where I-O Psychologists are Employed

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Preparing for a Careerin I-O Psychology

• Education & training

• Getting into a graduate program– Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s)– Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics)

• More emphasis on coursework than major

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Challenges to I-O in 21st Century

• I-O psychology needs to be:

– Relevant

– Useful

– Grounded in scientific method

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Changes in the Workplace Since 1980

• Personal computing• Telecommuting &

virtual teams• Videoconferencing• Providing a service vs.

manufacturing “goods”

• Nature of work more fluid

• Teams vs. the individual

• Little stability• Family-friendly

workplaces• Greater diversity• Global workplace

Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

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Module 1.3: Multicultural & Cross-Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology

• Multiculturalism– Culture defined

• System in which individuals share meaning & common ways of viewing events & objects

• Sharing of meanings & interpretations

Royalty-Free/CORBIS

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Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis)

Figure 1.3The Dynamic of Top-Down-Bottom-Up Processes across levels of culture

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Multicultural Nature of Work in the 21st Century

• Why should multiculturalism be important to you?

• Why is multiculturalism important for I-O psychology?– Issues surrounding the global economy,

expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality

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Theory of Cultural Influence (Hofstede)

Table 1.5 The Five Dimensions of Hofstede’s Theory of Culture

Figure 1.4: Cultural Differences among Countries (Hofstede, 1993)

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Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence

• Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension of individualism/collectivism

– Horizontal cultures – those that minimize distances between individuals

– Vertical cultures – accept & depend on distances between individuals

Implications of Cultural Dimensions for HRM

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Table 1.6 The implications of Cultural Dimensions for HRM

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Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis)

Figure 1.5Triandis’s View ofCultural Determinantsin the Workplace

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Module 1.4:Themes & Course Structure

• Themes: A) Unified Science B) Holistic Approach

• Parts of the book: 1)Introduction2)Industrial Psychology3)Organizational Psychology4)Work Environment

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Module 1.4 (cont’d)

• Resources– Paper (I-O Journals/Books)– Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org)

• Case study– Provides example of complexity of work

behavior

Table 1.7: Scientific Journals in I-O Psychology

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Table 1.8: Practical Textsin I-O Psychology

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