Interpretation of a case of Calcium and Phosphorus.

By Dr. Sana FatimaInstructor , Biochemistry Department.

CALCIUM

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body

Human body contain about 1-1.5 kg of calcium

SOURCES OF CALCIUM

DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF CALCIUM

Human body contain

about 1-1.5 kg of calcium

99% present in bone and teeth

1% in soft tissue and extracellular fluid

Plasma calcium : 9-11mg/100ml

FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM

Formation of bone and teeth

Nerve conduction

Muscle contraction

Activation of enzymes

Blood coagulation Secretion of hormones

As a second messenger

Action on myocardium

Hypoalbuminemia .Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition where levels of albumin in blood serum are abnormally low.Many hormones ,molecules are mostly bound to albumin in the bloodstream and must be released before becoming biologically active.Ca is bound to albumin.So, hypoalbuminemia leads to increased calcium.

REGULATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM

3 Organs

Gut

Bone

Kidney

3 Hormones

Calcitriol

PTH

Calcitonin

PTH ,Calcitonin• PTH : It is secreted by the parathyroid gland.• Calcitonin :It is secreted by the thyroid gland.

DISORDERS OF CALCIUM METABOLISM

HypocalcemiaHypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia.• It is defined as presence of low serum calcium

levels in the blood.

• Causes : Hypoparathyroidism : Absent active Vitamin D : Renal failure.

Symptoms-Tetany :characterised by numbness and paraes -thesia,tingling of hands,feet and spasm of hand and feet.-Fatigue -Anxiety.-Severe hypocalcemia can cause seizures.

Hypercalcemia• It is defined as presence of high serum calcium

levels in the blood.Causes : -Hyperparathyroidism

SYMPTOMS-Renal : renal stones – because of precipitation of calcium ions in the kidney.-Abdomen : pain,nausea ,vomitting-Bone pain.-Depression.

PHOSPHORUS

PHOSPHORUS

FUNCTIONSFormation of bone and teeth

Production of high energy compounds

DNA and RNA synthesis

Synthesis of coenzymes

POSPHORUS - DISTRIBUTION

Human body contain about 840gm of phosphorus

80% present in bone and teeth

20% in other tissue

Plasma phosphorus : 3 – 4mg/100ml

PLASMA PHOSPHORUS

3 -4mg/dlADULT

REGULATION OF PLASMA PHOSPHORUS

3 HORMONES

1,25(OH)2D3

PTHCalcitonin

REGULATION OF PLASMA PHOSPHORUS

1,25(OH)2D3

Increases absorption from intestine

Increases the mobilization from

bone

Increases the renal reabsorption

Increases plasma phosphorus

REGULATION OF PLASMA PHOSPHORUS

PTH

Decreases the renal reabsorption

Decreases plasma phosphorus

REGULATION OF PLASMA PHOSPHORUSCalcitonin

Inhibits bone resorption Decreases the renal reabsorption

Decreases plasma phosphorus

DISORDERS OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM

Hypophosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia

Hypophosphetemia • Cause : - Alcoholism

Hyperphosphotemia• Causes :-Hypoparathyrodism.