7 SUPER SUBJECTS OF CHAPTER 16!!!!!!

By: David Chang&

Steven Tran

1- Bio-Diversity

Three Components: Genetic Diversity

Genetic Variety within all populations of a species (Uniqueness)

Ecosystem Diversity Variety of interactions within a community

(Number of niches and/or complex food web) Species Richness

Number of different species in an ecosystem (Wide range of species)

2- Factors of Bio-Diversity

3 Factors that hinder Bio-Diversity: Habitat Destruction

Clearing Forests near lakes/rivers Hunting

Ex: Fisheries or Keystone species Reproductive Failure

Bald Eagles and DDT Shells would break before the eagle is developed

3- Why We Need Organisms

5 Reasons: Ecosystem Services

Decomposition, Pollen Transfer, Soil Erosion Prevention (Mangrove Forests), etc.

Genetic Reserves Super Strains: Using genetically diverse reserves

to create pest resistance genes for plants. Corn Blight solved by Super Strands from Mexico

Scientific Uses of Genetic Diversity Genetic Engineering: incorporating genes of 1

organism to another. Ex: Bacteria that create insulin.

Why We Need Organisms Continued

Medicinal, Agricultural, and Industrial Usage Medicinal: Plant derivatives can help prevent

illness or disease. Ex: Turmeric, Herbal medicine, etc.

Agricultural: Substitutes for current crops. Ex: Quinoa tastes like rice but has more nutrients

Industrial: Organisms used in many products like: Oils, waxes, corks, wood, or transportation.

Aesthetic, Ethical, and Spiritual Value Provides recreation, inspiration, and spiritual

solace Artists, Poets, Musicians are influenced by other

organisms Ethics: How humans perceive themselves to

other organisms. Ex: Western and Deep Ecology Views

4- Human Causes of Species Endangerment

1 - Habitat destruction, fragmentation, degradation

The biggest Factor

2 - Invasive species

3 - Pollution

4 - Overexploitation

5- Conservation Laws and Policies

US Laws: Endangered Species Act 1973

Bans the trading of products made from an endangered or threatened species.

Habitat Conservation Plan 1982 Allows private land owners to ‘take’ a species

trespassing on their land. However, the owner must set aside land for the species to live in

Biological Resources Discipline 1993 An analysis on managing and conserving

biological resources Keeps tabs on biological resources

Conservation Laws and Policies Continued

International Policies: CITES 1975

Bans the international trade and killing of endangered or threatened organisms.

World Conservation Strategy 1980 Encourage the sustainable use of resources and

organisms internationally IUCN, WWF, UN are involved

Biological Diversity Treaty “World Summit” Mandated each nation to develop a conservation

strategy to preserve bio diversity.

6- Wildlife Management

Focuses on the continued productivity of plants and animals Conservation Biology v.s. Wildlife Management

WM focuses on population control by habitat manipulation.

Prescribed Burns Flyways Commercial Fishing & Whaling Restrictions

Wildlife Management Continued

Prescribed Burns Resets a land’s succession by burning down

trees and plants to return soil nutrients. Flyways

Strategic conservation of flyways involves protecting wetlands, rivers, etc. which are important resting, feeding, and breeding spots for migratory birds.

Commercial Fishing & Whaling 1946- International Whaling Commission set

annual limit on whaling (Didn’t work) Moratorium in 1986 strictly limited whaling

(It’s working)

7- What Can We Do?

Increase Awareness

Support Research

Support Establishment of Parks

Limit Pollution

Provide Economic Incentives

A.P.R.E.P.

THE END