EFFLUENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE 2014

By DANIEL WANJUKI – Director BSc, Biochemistry Lead Expert; Ecosave Consultants

The Company

Ecosave Africa Ltd is a company registered in Kenya with a major interest in Effluent and Waste Water Management in Africa.

P.O Box 18187 -00100 Tel : (254), 0726536565, 0721279688. Email: dwanjuki@yahoo.com

ecosavetech@gmail.com Website: www.ecosavetech.co.ke www.ecosaveafrica.com Nairobi- Kenya.

Ecosave Africa Ltd. The firm was established in 2006 and has grown steadily

and forged a solid reputation in Africa. The firm has an excellent and successful reputation of collaborative networking with local and international firms with worldwide experience .

The firm provides a wide range of consultancy services in

the areas of: Environment management Engineering Biotechnology It is dedicated to building relationships based on mutual trust in order to bring the best services possible

to our clients

Our Role

We have offered companies and individuals, waste management solutions in a view to help them comply with environmental standards and achieve a cleaner environment.

Our System are highly focused on the laws of Kenya and NEMA Regulations.

ECOTREAT® WASTE DIGESTER

•ECOTREAT®–Is a micro-organism based product.

•It assists in managing sewage and other organic waste.

•Breaks down organic waste including fats & toilet paper resulting a by-product that’s predominantly water.

•It reduces SMELL, FLIES & MOSQUITOES in the Waste Water Treatment Plant.

Waste Water Management using biological material focused on:

Waste Water Treatment – Black water –waste from the toilets Grey water –waste from kitchen, bathrooms, laundry, sinks and wash basins. Effluent from Industries with high organic content Waste is treated to acceptable NEMA (K) standards

for: a) Discharge to the environment/storm-water drains b) Re-use for irrigation purposes

How It Works

Organic Waste Treatment Ecotreat ® acts on complex proteins, human solid

waste, animal waste, starches, fats, oils and grease as well as cellulose (tissue paper) and vegetable gums at an accelerated rate.

Ecotreat® Digest the waste leaving water that easily percolates into the ground leaving the Pit Latrines empty, Soakage pits clear of sludge and waste water treatment plant Cleaner.

How it works

Digest the waste leaving water that easily percolates into the ground leaving the Pit Latrines empty, Soakage pits clear of sludge and waste water treatment plant Cleaner.

Ecotreat® controls bad odors leaving a cleaner environment.

Ecotreat® is used in place of mothballs

Beneficiaries of this Biotechnology

Water and sewerage services providers in municipalities. Industrial waste water treatment plants connected to the main sewer, Institutional sewerage facilities. Slaughterhouses, Schools and residential and waste water treatment plant

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Features Aerobic treatment Compact design Multimedia Filtration Benefits Re-use water Save on space ( Low project footprint) NEMA compliance

Waste Water Treatment at a Vegetable Oil and Soap Factory

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Treated Water Quality

After the treatment process, water quality is important

Contaminants pose a risk to the environment. Serious contaminants are: - Heavy metals - Pesticides - PCBs - Naphthalene (rarely mentioned)

CONTAMINANTS IN TREATED WASTE WATER

Naphthalene and 1,2 Naphtha amine Used in urinals and as Air Fresheners Negative effect of Naphthalene mothballs ( Urinal

Balls) It causes greenhouse effect It causes ozone layer depletion. It is a chemical- based product. It is associated with high health risks

(Teratogenesis,carcinogenisis ) It is non-biodegradable [partially] It is not environmentally friendly.

Structure of Naphthalene

While naphthalene is both a volatile organic compound and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with negative health impacts. (A silent Killer) Concentrations and exposures are poorly characterized relative to many other pollutants. The major cause and effect is more rampant in Africa and some part of America

Mode of Action:

Naphthalene is used for the control of clothes moths and bats.

In its application, the naphthalene vapors fill the airtight container and kill the insects or repel bats.

Naphthalene is registered for use as a wildlife repellent in some products.

It is meant to be effective via inhalation and subsequent avoidance of the oduor in the treated area.

Health Effects

Cigarette smoking also releases small amounts of naphthalene into the air. May be the cancer causing agent in smoke! The major non-cancer endpoints are hyperplasia and metaplasia in respiratory and olfactory epithelium. The cancer endpoint of concern are nasal tumors and lung tumors. Naphthalene has a strong smell and touching it can trigger sensitivities to the substance

Toxicity

Absorption of naphthalene through the skin of an infants who wear diapers stored in naphthalene.

This can lead to development of acute hemolytic anemia. Once inhaled, naphthalene is thought to enter the body by passive diffusion

across the alveolar membranes. Naphthalene enters the body through intestinal membrane following oral

exposure. It can cause acute hemolytic anemia and haemoglobinuria. Haemolysis is more likely to occur in individuals with a hereditary

deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait.

The enzyme is inherited through a sex-linked gene so that males are more likely to express the deficiency.

The deficiency is also more prevalent in people of African or Mediterranean descent

Atmospheric Reactions of Naphthalene

where R1 R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 is the same or different and selected from hydrogen, C,-C6 alkyl, substituted C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hydroxyl, hydroxyl derivative, halogen, amine, alkylated amine, amine derivative, nitro, thiol, derivative, aldehyde, acid, salt, ester, sulfonate or phosphonate. -In the R-group another group attaches itself to the naphthalene reacting with it. -Hydroxyl radicals react with naphthalene in the atmosphere at a rate of 2.17 x 10-11 cm3/molecules sec. Based on this rate, the half-life of naphthalene in air is less than one day. - Nitrate may also react with naphthalene in the atmosphere.

Metabolite Reactions

The metabolite 1,2-naphthoquinone reacts with the ocular tissues in rabbits dosed with naphthalene

The aqueous humor and ciliary body of the eye affected, and the lenses were damaged from the reaction of 1,2-naphthoquinone with enzyme and structural proteins, as well as coenzymes.

In humans, cataracts and other ocular injury have been reported following acute and chronic occupational exposure to naphthalene.

Metabolite naphthalene oxide appears to be largely responsible for the toxicity of naphthalene in lung tissue,

Naphthalene degraded to form 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1-nitronaphthalene, and 2-nitronaphthalene in the presence of hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxides.

Naphthalene Toxicity in Humans

After ingestion, naphthalene causes: Abdominal cramps with nausea, Vomiting and diarrhoea. Patients may have headache, Profuse sweating, Listlessness and confusion. In severe poisoning there is coma with or without convulsions

Environmental Fate

Biodegradation will remove naphthalene from soil, with an estimated half-life of more than 80 days.

(NOTE: The "half-life" is the time required for half of the compound to break down in the environment)

Naphthalene is broken down by soil bacteria to naphthalene diol, salicylic acid, and catechol.

Some bacteria may utilize naphthalene as their sole carbon source.

Naphthalene concentrations in the wastewater declined 68-94% during movement across the settling basin.

Removal from Environment

• Naphthalene may be lost from soil via: -Evaporation, - Volatilization and - Biodegradation. • The relative importance of each pathway will vary

depending on: - Soil depth - Presence and composition of soil biota ( Bacteria, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, and Algae) • Soil and sediment bind naphthalene to a moderate extent

depending on soil type. • Naphthalene moves rapidly through sandy soil

The Alternative

•Odourex Urinal Blocks. •Contain an enzyme that detoxifies urine. •They are odourless •Made from Ceramic Materials •100% Recyclable •Last six times longer than naphthalene mothballs .Made in Kenya.

ODOUREX Toilet Blocks, The Solution! A Product of Ecosave Africa Ltd.

Thank You For Your Time

At A Clean-up Day

At a Presidential Function

With NEMA (K)Chairman

Working Together

Recognition for our Contribution

Lawn Watered Using Treated Water

Other Products

Contaminants in Treated Water

-PH, BOD (5 days at 20o C),COD Temperature -Suspended solids, n-hexane extracts -Oils(mineral, animal & vegetable) -Phenol, Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) Lead (pb) -Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg) -Alkyl mercury, PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl) Pesticides residues, Sulphates.

Contaminants Cont.

Dissolved manganese (Mn) Chromium (total) Chloride, Fluoride Coliform bacteria Free ammonia Sulphides (S) Cadmium (Cd) Cyanide (CN) Organic phosphorous Chromium six (Cr 6), Selenium (Se) Nickel (Ni) Barium (Ba)

Burning of wood or fossil fuels and industrial discharges adds these chemicals to the environment.

: .

Air Hydroxyl radicals react with naphthalene in the atmosphere at a rate of 2.17 x 10-11 cm3/molecules sec. Based on this rate, the half-life of naphthalene in air is less than one day. Nitrate may also react with naphthalene in the atmosphere. Naphthalene degraded to form 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1-nitronaphthalene, and 2-nitronaphthalene in the presence of hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxides. Researchers noted that other unidentified metabolites also were present. Indoor Naphthalene has been detected in indoor air. It is a product of combustion when organic materials are burned. Tobacco smoking, cooking, and moth repellents may all be sources of naphthalene indoors. Clothing stored with naphthalene mothballs may adsorb the naphthalene. The clothing itself then may act as a source of naphthalene in indoor air.

Discussion/Recommendations

People use mothballs in inappropriate sites and against incorrect pests only recommendation that accounts is the product label which is a legal document whose instructions must be followed. Moth balls should not be used inside urinary bowls instead they should be hanged higher out of reach of children and near ventilation because it may result in a persistent and noxious odour throughout the home. Mothballs must be used in an outright space such as a garment bag or well-sealed container never in an open closet or plastic bag. Cleaning the clothing according to manufacturer’s specifications and storing them in airtight containers. Control breeding ground of mothballs by keeping away vacuum furniture and other places that provide food sources such as lint, pet hair and human hair. For storing clothing that is not kept in airtight containers place the clothing in the dryer or in the sun once or twice a month to destroy larvae. Dry cleaning should be used as an effective method for removing eggs and larvae of insect pests.