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By: Brent Hardman, P.E.740 E. Monroe Road, St. Louis, MI 48880 www.powellfab.comHigh Strength Low Salt Hypo (HSLS Hypo)Improved Hypo Quality and Production1What is High Strength Low Salt Hypo?30% by wt. NaOCl with 8.5% by wt. NaCl13% by wt. NaOCl with 3.7% by wt. NaCl6% by wt. NaOCl with 1.7% by wt. NaCl

Traditional Hypo:13% by wt. NaOCl with 10.4% by wt. NaCl6% by wt. NaOCl with 4.7% by wt. NaCl2HSLS Hypo Process DiagramPowell HSLS Hypo GeneratorPowell HSLS Hypo Salt RemovalCl250% Caustic30% HSLS HypoSalt150-200 GPL Av. Cl23HSLS Hypo Solution

4Salt Removal System

5Traditional Hypo vs. HSLS HypoTraditional HypoHSLS HypoNaOClNaClSGNaOClNaClSGWt. %Wt. %Wt. %Wt. %30.0%XX30.0%8.5%1.345925.0%XX25.0%7.1%1.293620.0%XX20.0%5.7%1.239116.5%13.0%1.262216.5%4.7%1.199715.0%11.9%1.238215.0%4.3%1.182413.0%10.4%1.205213.0%3.7%1.159210.5%8.3%1.161010.5%3.0%1.12968.0%6.3%1.12108.0%2.3%1.09946.0%4.7%1.09206.0%1.7%1.07503.0%2.4%1.04903.0%0.9%1.03766Chemistry AdvantagesReduction in Ionic strength of the solution:Slower decomposition resulting in a longer half-lifeLess chlorate ion formationLess perchlorate ion formationLess oxygen formation

7Decomposition8Decomposition9Decomposition10Chlorate Formation11Chlorate Formation12Perchlorate Formation13Perchlorate Formation14Oxygen Formation15Oxygen Formation16What are the Production Advantages? Reduced chlorine and caustic consumption per gallon producedRecovery of salt for raw material savingsImproved stability and reduced weight allow more flexibility of logisticsLower specific gravity will reduced the overall weight load for shipment of same volumeIncreased volume per shipment for same load weight17Chlorine and Caustic for HSLS HypoWith lower decomposition rates, diluted HSLS hypo can be shipped at a lower strength than traditional hypo.Assuming a storage time of 3 days to ship no less than 12.0%Traditional Hypo is typically manufactured at 13.0%.HSLS Hypo could be diluted to 12.6%.Difference accounts for 3.0% savings in raw materials. 18Reduced Shipping Strength19Salt Savings for HSLS HypoApproximately 3,300-3,600 lbs. of NaCl consumed to produce 2,000 lbs. of chlorine2,000 lbs. of chlorine reacted to 30% NaOCl = 1230 lbs. of NaCl savings by reclaiming salt1230 lbs. of reclaimed salt = 34-37% needed for original electrolysisReclaimed salt is very pure; if returned back to chlor-alkali plant only requires secondary brine treatment20Salt PurityElement / Compoundmg/kgNaCl99.85%Insolubles