By AP Environmental Science and Sustainability

The amount of resources consumed over a period of time by a person, organization, community or nation

China - 6,538,367.00 USA - 5,838,381.00 India - 1,612,362.00 Japan - 1,254,543.00 Germany - 787,936.00 Canada - 557,340.00 Australia - 374,045.00 Earth - 29,321,302.00

Limited clothing owned by K-mart makes many, many types of garments worn by kids and adults.

To save money, they use heavy chemicals to keep the clothes wrinkle free and good looking.

Doctors have tested the clothing and found a deadly chemical called formaldehyde in children's pants.

The need to reduce water use

• 97% of earth’s water is salt water, 3% is freshwater, 2/3 of which is frozen

• Only 1% of Earth’s water is useful to humans

• It IS a renewable resource but we are using it up faster than it is being replenished

• “Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing stream flow.”(wiki)

• Water stress: “According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, it applies to situations where there is not enough water for all uses, whether agricultural, industrial or domestic” (wiki)

• Climate change may cause an increase in the amount of available freshwater

• the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters, mainly in underdeveloped countries

• Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water

• Agricultural runoff• Urban storm water runoff• Chemical wastes dumper by industries

and the government

Agriculture• 70% of freshwater worldwide is

used for agriculture• Poor drainage and irrigation

practices have led to waterlogging and salinization of approximately 10 percent of the world's irrigated lands (30 million hectares of the world's 255 million hectares of irrigated land) according to the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).

Global Uses of WaterAgriculture (mostly irrigation): 69% Industry: 23% Domestic use (household, drinking water, sanitation): 8%

Industry• “In developing countries, 70% of industrial

wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply.” (ozh2o)

Energy• Hydropower

2.5 Percent of the worlds water supply (there are 343,423,668,428,484,681,262 gallons of water) Less the 0.7 for human consumption, a considerable less is available of the worlds fresh water supply is available to industrializing nations

Cote D’Ivor, and Nigeria are famous for having parts of its water supply polluted to the point were human consumption is unrealistic (In the Ivory Coast they burn computers, and have had toxic sludge dumped on their drinking supplies)

Sudan Crisis Somalia Israel Palestine Conflict? According to the UN resource wars

are to be considered the epicenter of most third world conflicts

-Decrease of soil over time due to over farming-occurs when the components that contribute to fertility are removed and not replaced

-Organic farming is the process of producing food naturally-Encourages biodiversity-reduces the risk of humans consuming pesticides-reduces pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions-Organic foods are only more expensive because there isn't a huge demand for it by consumers yet; for it to be cheaper, more people need to buy it

-Excess nutrients can run off into water supply -Over 98% of pesticides reach more then their target species, and get into air, water and soil-Reduce biodiversity

-prevents soil depletion, and reduces soil erosion-maintains soil fertility-prevents diseases-helps control weeds

Often enter the water supply Examples Mainland China (yellow

river) polluted by industrial waste from textiles

Solutions would be to reuse materials for new dye’s

Are Often Acidic for example: sulfuric acid, acetic acid, sodium sulfate, and surfactants)

Also metallic's, and sulfurs that have a major destructive

•Sulfur or sulfide dyes: contain sulfur or are pre- cipitated from sodium sulfide bath; furnish dull shades with good fastness to light, wash- ing, and acids but susceptible to chlorine and light

C8

“California Proposition 65 requires that products sold in California which contain, in any amount, any chemical on what is called the "Prop 65 list" be labeled as follows: "Contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer." On that list are many chemicals including alcohol and cigarette smoke. Some products we sell bear that label because they contain alcohol. Some bear the warning because they contain trace amounts of Formaldehyde.”

“These dyes contain formaldehyde in about the same levels (under 100 parts per million) that are contained in the fruits and vegetables that you eat. Formaldehyde is generated by growing plants and is pretty much unavoidable. Many years ago, many dyes contained large amounts of added formaldehyde and because of this, could be considered an environmental or health concern. Our dyes are now made with only trace amounts of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is on California's list of chemicals that might cause cancer, but in the trace amounts contained in these dyes, should not cause problems.”

Dyes from Plants:• Red: Madder (Rubia

tinctorum), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), Brazilwood (Caesalpinaia echinata) and alkanet (Alkannna tinctoria)

• Yellow: onion skins, turmeric, cold tea, rhubarb, tansy, dyers chamomile and dyers greenweed.

Mordants (to get dye to stick to fabric)• Vinegar• Salt• Alum (shorthand for

aluminum potassium sulphate)

TENCEL® is the brand name owned by Lenzing Fibers of Austria for a recently improved fabric from a fiber generically called lyocell

• "the blend composition of a fabric must be a minimum of 30% TENCEL® to be able to use the brand name.“

Lyocell fiber is eco-friendly since products made from it can be recycled and lyocell is biodegradable because it is a cellulosic fiber.

Lyocell falls somewhere in-between natural and artificial fibers

• 35% to 45% percent of the waste stream comes from institutions and commercial sources

• containers and packaging materials represent nearly one-third of what we throw away.

• Non-durable goods—defined as stuff that generally lasts less than three years— includes most non-packaging paper materials (like newspapers, magazines and office paper), as well as clothing and other textile products. These non-durable goods make up another quarter or so of Municipal Solid Waste.

• Durable goods—or the longer-lasting stuff we get inside of all that packaging—represent another 16%.

• Paper and paperboard alone make up over one-third of the American waste stream, with yard trimmings and food scraps running a distant second and third place at around 12% to 13% percent each.

• Plastics account for 11.7% of American waste, and the list is rounded off—in order—by metals (7.6%), rubber, leather and textiles (7.3%), wood (5.5%), glass (5.3%), and other (3.3%)

the largest components of the waste stream—paper, food, and yard trimmings—are all easily recovered through recycling or composting

Ways to reduce waste stream:• Reducing Waste Production• Reusing Waste Material • Recycling

Order merchandise with minimal packaging, in concentrated form, or in bulk.

Ask suppliers not to over-package orders. Request that materials you order be shipped in returnable

containers. Reuse foam packaging pellets ("peanuts") and cardboard boxes or

find someone who will. Set up a system for returning cardboard boxes and foam pellets to

distributors for reuse. Return, reuse, and repair wooden pallets. Replace cardboard boxes with durable, reusable boxes for

shipments to your branch offices, stores, and warehouses.

• Fossil fuels used to make plastic: most plastic bags are made from a type of plastic called polyethylene. 80% of polyethylene is produced from natural gas – an abundant, yet non-renewable resource

• Trees to paper: How Much Paper is in One Tree?It depends on the size of the tree. A cord of wood (wood

stacked 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet, or 128 cubic feet) produces nearly 90,000 sheets of paper

• The paper making process is not a clean one. According to the U.S. Toxic Release Inventory report published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pulp and paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water and land of any industry in the country.

• Each year millions of pounds of highly toxic chemicals such as toluene, methanol, chlorine dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and formaldehyde are released into the air and water from paper making plants around the world.

• E-waste: Electronic waste (e-waste) now makes up five percent of all municipal solid waste worldwide, nearly the same amount as all plastic packaging, but it is much more hazardous, While it’s not a large part of the waste stream, e‐waste shows a higher growth rate than any other category of municipal waste in the EPA’s report

• Heavy metals in e-waste: lead, zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium

• Most construction waste currently goes into landfills. Nationally, construction waste contributes a large portion to the waste stream. It is estimated that 2.5 to 4 tons of waste is created during the construction of a typical home.

• Construction waste consists mainly of lumber and manufactured wood products. With the implementation of an effective construction waste minimization effort, a high percentage of all waste materials listed above can be diverted from the landfill and recycled into new products.

• The total acreage devoted to landfill use in the United States is about 560,000 acres. That is about 0.02 percent of all the land in the nation

• Growing cotton uses 22.5 percent of all the insecticides used globally. Growing enough cotton for one t-shirt requires 257 gallons of water.

• The use of rayon for clothing is contributing to the rapid depletion of the world's forests.

• Petroleum-based products are detrimental to the environment on many levels.

• There are a variety of materials considered "environmentally-friendly" for a variety of reasons. • First and foremost, the renewability of the product. • The second factor is the ecological footprint of the

resource - how much land (usually measured in acres) it takes to bring one of the individuals (plants or animals) to full growth and support it.

• The third thing to consider in determining the eco-friendliness of a particular product is how many chemicals it requires to grow/process it to make it ready for market.

Sustainable fabrics HEMP WOOL ORGANIC COTTON SOY SILK INGEO™ CORN FIBER BAMBOO FORTREL EcoSpun™

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