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By Abitha.R,
Research Scholar,Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore.
Conducted under the guidance of Dr.R.Sharada,
Scientist,Central Food Technological Research Institute,
Mysore. 1
Contents
Introduction1
Objective of the Study2
Methodologies3
Results and Conclusion4
2
3
4
I) Need13 TW/year today26 TW/year by 205039 TW/year by 2100
II) Resources (C neutral)1) Fossil Fuel/Carbon Capture
-25 billion metric tons of CO2/year-Volume of Lake Superior
2) Nuclear-10 TW/year requires 1 new GW fission plant every day for 50 years-Terrestrial uranium would be exhausted in 10 years-Fusion – no sooner than 2040
3) Renewable-Hydroelectric 0.5 TW maximum (UN
estimates)-Tides and oceans <2 TW/year maximum-Geothermal 12 TW/year (but only
fraction extractable)-Wind 2-4 TW/year maximum-Sun 120,000 TW/year (biomass + electricity
<2% today)
More energy from the sun strikes the earth in 1
hour than all of the energy currently
consumed on the planet in 1 year!
Source : Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005, DOE
5
Third Generation Renewable Fuels
Source : Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005, DOE
6
Carbon dioxide Mitigation
Energy from
Waste
Using B.braunii
7
Easily available
Easy to culture and grow
Limited area required
Fallow land can be used
Hydrocarbon production
8
Botryococcus braunii was isolated from the fresh water ponds in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, and was maintained in modified Chu13 media.
9
Experiments – An Overview
10
11
•The spent wash was collected from Mandya Sugar Factory, Mandya (in Jan 2009)
•The Dairy Waste was collected from Mysore- Chamarajnagar Dist. Corporation, Milk Producer’s Society Union Ltd ( Nandini milk processing industry, Mysore) (in Jan 2009)
12
Before Treatment After Treatment 13
Culture Conditions
•Control
• 0.5%
• 1%
• 2%
• 3%
• Control• Media sugar and dairy waste • Concentrated sugar and dairy waste• Dilute Sugar and Dairy waste• Centrifuged Sugar waste
•4
•4.5
•5
•5.5
•6
Wastewater CO2 pH
14
•6.5
•7
•7.5
•8
•8.5
15
16
Retained and Observed for 30 days
17
Collection of samples after every three days
Tests conducted:1.Biomass test (Lichtenthaler (1987))
2.Carbohydrates Test (By Phenol-Sulphuric acid method(Dubois et al., 1956))
3.Protein Test (By Lowry’s Method (Lowry et al., 1951) )
4.Chlorophyll Test (Davies (1976)) 18
19
Initial and Final CODs were estimated20
Harvesting and Lipid Extraction
21
22
Growth of Algae in Spent Wash and Dairy Wastewater
• Centrifuged concentrated sugar waste has the highest cell density of 0.97g/L
• The Media sugar waste has the second highest cell density of 0.7915 g/L 23
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 3 9 12 15 18 21 24
No. of Days
Bio
ma
ss
in g
/L
control
mdw
ddw
cdw
ccdw
msw
dsw
csw
ccsw
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Samples
Per
cent
age
of L
ipid
s
Influence of the culture with different concentrations of wastewater on lipid production
• The percentage of lipid is highest (65.56%) in control
•Dairy waste has shown a considerable amount of lipid production (about 58.2%) 24
0200400600800
1000120014001600
Dairy
wast
ewat
er(In
itial
)Sp
ent w
ash
(Initi
al)
Cont
rol
med
ium
(Fin
al)
Dilu
te s
ugar
wast
e (1
:1)
(Fin
al)
Dilu
te s
ugar
wast
e (2
:1)
(Fin
al)
Med
ia s
ugar
wast
e (F
inal
)Co
ncen
trate
ddi
ary
wast
e(F
inal
)Di
lute
dia
rywa
ste
(Fin
al)
Med
ia d
iary
wast
e (F
inal
)
COD
valu
es in
mg/
L
Initial and Final COD values of the Wastewater before and after Treatment
• COD has reduced from 1185 mg/L to an average of 20 mg/L in Dairy waste
• There is a considerable amount of reduction of COD from 1560 mg/L to an average of 650 mg/L in spent wash 25
Growth of Algae in Different Partial Pressures of CO2
• The biomass density is observed to be the highest in control
• 3% Carbon-dioxide has the second highest biomass density (about 2.56 mg/L)
26
00.5
11.5
2
2.53
3.54
4.5
0 3 6 12 18 21 24 27 30
Number of days
To
tal C
hlo
rop
hyl
l in
mg
/LControl
0.50%
1%
2%
3%
Influence of the culture with different partial pressures of CO2 on lipid production
• 2% CO2 has lead to the maximum lipid production (58%) when compared to control (62%).
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control 0.5% (v/v) 1% (v/v) 2% (v/v) 3% (v/v)
Lipi
ds in
per
cent
age
Influence of the culture with pH on the lipid production
• pH of 5.5 and 8 are seen to be optimum pH for the maximum lipid production
28
05
101520253035404550
pH 4 pH 4.5 pH 5 pH 5.5 pH 6.0 pH 6.5 pH 7 pH 7.5 pH 8 pH 8.5
Lipi
d in
Per
cent
age
•The final pH of all the samples after 30 days was found to be 6.3 – 7.2 after the inoculation period
29
• The sugar industries and dairy industries discharge their wastewater directly in the river and municipal sewers respectively. The usage of the wastewater for the production of hydrocarbon can open up new opportunities of generating energy from waste.
• The growth of algae has proved to improve with the increase in the partial pressure of CO2 on the culture media which shows that the algae has high CO2 mitigation capacity. Converting a 100-MW thermal power plant from using coal to using liquid fuel derived from B.braunii can reduce CO2
emissions by 1.5 X 105 tons/yr (Sawayama et al., 1999).
• The algae has , further, been able to grow in various pH and has successfully neutralized a wide range of pH.
30
Source: http://www.freewebs.com/renata17/Biodiesel%20oil.JPG
CO2
Was
tewat
er
Biofuel
32
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