Butterfly Diversity in Two Selected Fringe Area of ...jakraya.com/journal/pdf/11-jwrArticle_1.pdf · butterflies (126 species belonging to 82 genera) and site-2 contain 119 species

Journal of Wildlife Research | April-June, 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 | Pages 17-25 © 2016 Jakraya Publications (P) Ltd

JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH Journal homepage: www.jakraya.com/journal/jwr

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Butterfly Diversity in Two Selected Fringe Area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India, With Notes on Some Important Sightings A Payra1*, G N Das1, B Boruah1, S K Dash1, U P Das2 and J Sethy2

1Department of Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation, 2Department of Zoology, North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada-757003, Odisha, India *Corresponding Author: Arajush Payra Email: [email protected] Received: 11/02/2016 Revised: 27/03/2016 Accepted: 02/04/2016

Abstract Among the insects, butterflies are the most taxonomically studied

group and play key role in ecosystem as pollinators and bio-indicator species. A total of 136 species of butterflies belonging to 87 genera representing 5 families were recorded from two selected study sites in the fringe area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve during January 2014 to November 2015. Family Nymphalidae was dominant with 44 species, followed by Lycaenidae (42 species), Hesperiidae (22 species), Papilionidae (14 species) and Pieridae (14 species). Out of these 136 species, 15 species are protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972). The paper also shows some rare and important sightings of butterflies during the study period.

Keywords: Butterfly, Diversity, Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Species.

1. Introduction The Similipal Biosphere Reserve (Latitude

20⁰17′to 22⁰34′ N and Longitude 85⁰40′ to 87⁰10′ E) with an area of 5569 km2 located in the central part of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. This Biosphere Reserve is surrounded by the states West Bengal and Jharkhand at the North-East and North-West respectively, and at its East and South-West border placed Balasor and Keonjhar district. It falls under the biotic province of Chhotanagpur plateau. The altitude of the Biosphere Reserve varies from 40 m to 1200 m. Humidity also varies from 70% to 100%. It experience tropical climate with temperatures ranging from 2⁰-15⁰C in winter and 30⁰-45⁰C in summer. The annual rainfall is about 2200mm. Similipal with its unique and diverse forest type such as dry deciduous, moist deciduous and semi evergreen forest harbours rich and endemic faunal diversity. The faunal composition including 55 species of mammals, 304 species of birds, 60 species of reptiles, 21 species of amphibians and 38 species fishes (Dutta et al., 2009). The floral and faunal diversity of Similipal represent some similarities with the elements from the Himalayan, Western Ghats and Northeast India (Saxena and Brahmam, 1989; Nair, 2011).

In Similipal Biosphere Reserve, only a few studies have been carried out on butterfly fauna by different workers. The ZSI (1995) first reported only 5 species of butterflies belonging to two families. Sahu et al. (2006) reported 21 species from Chahala Range,

106 species of butterflies reported by Nair (2007). Sethy and Jana (2009) reported 50 species of butterflies from Gudgudia range, Nair (2011) mentioned that 188 species of butterflies found in Similipal Tiger Reserve. Hence an attempt has been made to update and document the butterfly fauna in the fringe area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve. 2. Methodology

To accomplish the present study following two study sites were selected in the fringe area of SBR, these are Site 1- Sitakund (Lat 21⁰55′ N and Long 86⁰34′ E) and Site 2- Lulung (Lat 21⁰57′ N and 86⁰34′E). Sitakund and Lulung both are located in the Pithabata Range of SBR. Vegetation of these area mainly dominated by Shorea robusta, Michelia champaka, Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia tomentosa, Bauhinia vahlii etc. The Palpala River at Lulng and the streams of Sitakund Waterfall provides suitable habitats for butterflies. These two sites are also well known tourist place of the State Odisha. The magnificent Waterfall and the scenic beauty of Palpala River, enchanting hills attract many tourists and naturalist from all over the country.

Samplings of butterflies were conducted from January 2014 to November 2015. Butterflies were observed during day times from 09.00 am to 03.00 pm by using variation of the pollard method (Pollard, 1997; Pollard and Yates, 1993). Entomological net also used -

Payra et al…Butterfly Diversity in Two Selected Fringe Area of Notes on Some Important Sightings

Journal of Wildlife Research | April© 2016 Jakraya Publications (P) Ltd

Fig 1: Location map of the selected study areas

Fig 2: Number of observed butterfly species in different families

without harming any specimen and specimen collection was not adopted in this present study. Photographs were taken in the wild by using Nikon D3200 and Nikon D5200 camera. Butterflies were identified using available literature of Moore (1850(1932), Antram (1924) and photographic guide book of Kehimkar (2008) and Haribal (1992).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

No

. O

f sp

eci

es

Payra et al…Butterfly Diversity in Two Selected Fringe Area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India, With Notes on Some Important Sightings

April -June, 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 | Pages 17-25 Jakraya Publications (P) Ltd

18

Fig 1: Location map of the selected study areas

Fig 2: Number of observed butterfly species in different families

harming any specimen and specimen collection not adopted in this present study. Photographs

were taken in the wild by using Nikon D3200 and Butterflies were identified using

Moore (1850-1905), Evans (1932), Antram (1924) and photographic guide book of Kehimkar (2008) and Haribal (1992).

3. Results In the present study a total of 136

butterfly belonging to 87 families were recorded during the study period from the two selected study sites (Tableabundant family was Nymphalidae (with 44 species) followed by Lycaenidae (with 42

Family

Papilionidae

Pieridae

Lycaenidae

Nymphalidae

Hesperiidae

Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India, With

the present study a total of 136 species of genera representing five

families were recorded during the study period from the two selected study sites (Table 1). The most abundant family was Nymphalidae (with 44 species)

Lycaenidae (with 42 species), Hesperiidae

Papilionidae

Pieridae

Lycaenidae

Nymphalidae

Hesperiidae



19

(with 22 species), Papilionidae (with 14 species) and Pieridae (with 14 species) (Table 1-2). Out of the two study sites, site-1 supported maximum number of butterflies (126 species belonging to 82 genera) and site-2 contain 119 species belonging to 82 genera of five families. In this present study we also find out that, of the total recorded butterfly species 110 species were found in both sites. There are 17 species of butterflies (Graphium eurypylus, Curetis acuta, Atrophaneura hector, Prosotas noreia, Zizeeria karsandra, Spindasis lohita, Rapala iarbus, Hypolimnas misippus, Cyrestis cocles, Neptis clinia, Phaedyma columella, Euripus consimilis, Polyura eudamippus, Badamia exclamationis, Bibasis sena, Tagiades gana, Cupitha purreea) only confined to site-1 and on the other hand 10 species (Belenois aurota, Spalgis epeus, Poritia hewitsoni, Anthene lycaenina, Rapala varuna, Euploea klugii, Orsotriaena medus, Lasippaviraja, Euthalia monina, Euthalia lubentina) were found in site-2 during the study period. Such butterflies may be regarded as the site specific species due to their microclimate preference (Erhardt, 1985). Diversity and distribution of butterflies is greatly influenced by the availability of larval food plants, nectering plants, vegetation cover of herbs and shrubs (Thomas 1995; Kunte, 2000).

In the study area, none of the butterfly species are found to be globally threatened. However, 15 of the recorded 135 butterfly species are legally protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Anonymus, 1997). Of these two (Atrophaneura hector, Prosotas noreia) are schedule I, ten species (Lampides boeticus, Poritia hewitsoni, Anthene lycaenina, Spindasis lohita, Rapala varuna, Hypolimnas misippus, Cyrestis cocles, Euripus consimilis, Tanaecia lepidea, Bibasis sena) are schedule II, three (Appias libythea, Euthalia lubentina, Baoris farri) are schedule IV species (Table 1). 3.1 Notes on Some Important Sightings Graphium eurypylus, Great Jay (Fig 3 A): Two individuals were recorded on 18th august, 2014, while they were mud puddling with Graphium doson, Graphium sarpedon, Graphium antiphates. This species distributed from Sikkim to Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India, Burma, and Andaman (Kehimkar, 2008; Evans, 1932). According to Evans (1932) and Kehimkar (2008) this species is not rare. Belenois aurota, Pioneer (Fig 3 B):During July 2015, three individuals were encountered near Lulung (site-2). Except Northeast part, the species distributed from all India to Himalaya. It also found in Sri Lanka,

Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. It is known as a common species (Kehimkar, 2008). Gandaca harina, Tree Yellow (Fig 3 C): This species was encountered many times during the study period. But according to Evans (1932) this species is rare and to Kehimkar (2008) it is not rare. In India this species distributed from Sikkim to Arunachal, Odisha, and Northeast India. Poritia hewitsoni, Common Gem (Fig 3 D): Only a single male was sighted on 25thNovember, 2015, near the Palpala River of Lulung (site-2). It treated as not rare by Evans (1932). This species distributed from Odisha, Uttaranchal to Arunachal Pradesh, Nepal and Burma. Curetis acuta, Toothed Sunbeam (Fig 3 E): This is also a very rare species in our study area, as we had encountered a single male from Sitakund Waterfall on 11th May, 2015. This species is ranges from South-West India to South Gujarat, Odisha, Jharkhand, NE India, Bangladesh and Burma. As per Evans (1932) it is common. Nacaduba berenice, Rounded Sixlineblue (Fig 3 F): It was recorded many times from the study area. It seems to be common in the month of November in study sites. As per Kehimkar (2008) it is not rare. The distribution of this species is SW India to South Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Island, NE India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Prosotas noreia, White-tipped Lineblue (Fig 3 G): A single individual was recorded Sitakund Waterfall on 4th April, 2015. It was mud puddling along with the Prosotas nora butterflies. According to Evans (1932) and Kehimkar (2008) it is a rare species. This butterfly distributed from South-West India to North Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Kumaon, Arunachal Pradesh, NE India and Burma to N Shan states and North Tavoy Hypolimnas misippus, Danaid Eggfly: One male individual was encountered on 8th November, 2014, from site-1. According to Kehimkar (2008) it is a common species and it is distributed in all India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Cyrestis cocles, Marbled Map (Fig 3 H): This is a very rare species in the study area. A single individual was sighted on 5th September, 2014. It is distributed from Odisha, Jharkhand, Sikkim to Arunachal and NE India. As per Evans (1932) it considered as a rare species.



20

Table 1: Checklist of Butterflies in two selected study area

Sl. No Family/Scientific Name/Common Name IWPA

Status Site1

Site 2

Family Papilionidae 1. Graphium sarpedon (Common Bluebottle) + + 2. Graphium doson (Common Jay) + + 3. Graphium eurypylus (Great Jay) + - 4. Graphium agamemnon (Tailed Jay) + + 5. Graphium nomius (Spot Swordtail) + + 6. Graphium antiphates (Fivebar Swordtail) + + 7. Papilio polymnestor (Blue Mormon) + + 8. Papilio crino (Common Banded Peacock) + + 9. Papilio nephelus (Yellow Helen) + + 10. Papilio polytes (Common Mormon) + + 11. Papilio demoleus (Lime Butterfly) + + 12. Papilio clytia (Common Mime) + + 13. Atrophaneura hector (Crimson Rose) Sch I (PartIV) + - 14. Atrophaneura aristolochiae (Common Rose) + +

Family Pieridae 15. Cepora nerissa (Common Gull) + + 16. Belenois aurota (Pioneer) - + 17. Delias eucharis (Common Jezebel) + + 18. Appias libythea (Striped Albatross) Sch IV + + 19. Leptosia nina (Psyche) + + 20. Pareronia hippia (Common Wanderer) + + 21. Catopsilia pomona (Common/Lemon Emigrant) + + 22. Catopsilia pyranthe (Mottled Emigrant) + + 23. Gandaca harina (Tree Yellow) + + 24. Eurema brigitta (Small Grass Yellow) + + 25. Eurema laeta (Spotless Grass Yellow) + + 26. Eurema andersonii (Onespot Grass Yellow) + + 27. Eurema blanda (Threespot Grass Yellow) + + 28. Eurema hecabe (Common Grass Yellow) + +

Family Lycaenidae 29. Abisara echerius (Plum Judy) + + 30. Spalgis epeus (Apefly) - + 31. Poritia hewitsoni (Common Gem) Sch II (Part II) - + 32. Curetis thetis (Indian Sunbeam) + + 33. Curetis acuta (Toothed Sunbeam) + - 34. Petrelaea dana (Dingy Lineblue) + + 35. Prosotas nora (Common Lineblue) + + 36. Prosotas dubiosa (Tailless Lineblue) + + 37. Nacaduba berenice (Rounded Sixlineblue) + + 38. Prosotas noreia (White-tipped Lineblue) Sch I (Part IV) + - 39. Caleta decidia (Angled Pierrot) + + 40. Caleta elna (Elbowed Pierrot) + + 41. Jamides bochus (Dark Cerulean) + + 42. Jamides celeno (Common Cerulean) + + 43. Catochrysops strabo (Forgetmenot) + + 44. Lampides boeticus (Pea Blue) Sch II (Part II) + + 45. Leptotes plinius (Zebra Blue) + + 46. Castalius rosimon (Common Pierrot) + + 47. Zizeeria karsandra (Dark Grass Blue) + -



21

48. Zizeeria maha (Pale Grass Blue) + + 49. Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue) + + 50. Zizula hylax (Tiny Grass Blue) + + 51. Everes lacturnus (Indian Cupid) + + 52. Neopithecops zalmora (Quaker) + + 53. Megisba malaya (Malayan) + + 54. Acytolepis puspa (Common Hedge Blue) + + 55. Chilades lajus (Lime Blue) + + 56. Chilades pandava (Plains Cupid) + + 57. Freyeria trochylus (Grass Jewel) + + 58. Anthene emolus (Ciliate Blue) + + 59. Anthene lycaenina (Pointed Ciliate Blue) Sch II (Part II) - + 60. Spindasis vulcanus (Common Silverline) + + 61. Spindasis lohita (Long-banded Silverline) Sch II (Part II) + - 62. Arhopala atrax (Indian Oakblue) + + 63. Arhopala amantes (Large Oakblue) + + 64. Amblypodia anita (Purple Leaf Blue) + + 65. Loxura atymnus (Yamfly) + + 66. Rathinda amor (Monkeypuzzle) + + 67. Zeltus amasa (Fluffy Tit) + + 68. Rapala varuna (Indigo Flash) Sch II (Part II) - + 69. Rapala manea (Slate Flash) + + 70. Rapala iarbus (Indian Red Flash) + -

Family Nymphalidae 71. Tirumala limniace (Blue Tiger) + + 72. Danaus genutia (Common Tiger) + + 73. Danaus chrysippus (Plain Tiger) + + 74. Euploea core (Common Indian Crow) + + 75. Euploea klugii (King Crow) - + 76. Melanitis leda (Common Evening Brown) + + 77. Elymnias hypermnestra (Common Palmfly) + + 78. Mycalesis perseus (Common Bushbrown) + + 79. Orsotriaena medus (Nigger) - + 80. Ypthima huebneri (Common Fourring) + + 81. Ariadne ariadne (Angled Castor) + + 82. Ariadne merione (Common Castor) + + 83. Phalanta phalantha (Common Leopard) + + 84. Vagrans egista (Vagrant) + + 85. Junonia hierta (Yellow Pansy) + + 86. Junonia orithya (Blue Pansy) + + 87. Junonia lemonias (Lemon Pansy) + + 88. Junonia almana (Peacock Pansy) + + 89. Junonia atlites (Grey Pansy) + + 90. Junonia iphita(Chocolate Soldier) + + 91. Kallima inachus (Orange Oakleaf) + + 92. Hypolimnas bolina (Great Eggfly) + + 93. Hypolimnas misippus (Danaid Eggfly) Sch II (Part II) + - 94. Cyrestis cocles (Marbled Map) Sch II (Part II) + - 95. Cyrestis thyodamas (Common Map) + + 96. Neptis clinia (Clear Sailer) + - 97. Neptis hylas (Common Sailer) + + 98. Phaedyma columella (Short-banded Sailer) + - 99. Neptis jumbah (Chestnut-streaked Sailer) + + 100. Pantoporia hordonia (Common Lascar) + + 101. Lasippaviraja (Yellowjack Sailer) - +



22

102. Athyma perius (Common Sergeant) + + 103. Moduza procris (Commander) + + 104. Euthalia nais (Baronet) + + 105. Euripus consimilis (Painted Courtesan) Sch II (Part II) + - 106. Euthalia monina (Powdered Baron) - + 107. Euthalia aconthea (Baron) + + 108. Euthalia lubentina (Gaudy Baron) Sch IV - + 109. Polyura athamas (Common Nawab) + + 110. Polyura eudamippus (Great Nawab) + - 111. Charaxes psaphon (Plain Tawny Rajah) + + 112. Charaxes solon (Black Rajah) + + 113. Acraea violae (Tawny Coster) + + 114. Tanaecia lepidea (Grey Count) Sch II (Part II) + +

Family Hesperiidae 115. Hasora chromus (Common Banded Awl) + + 116. Badamia exclamationis (Brown Awl) + - 117. Bibasis sena (Orangetail Awl) Sch II (Part II) + - 118. Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Common Spotted Flat) + + 119. Sarangesa dasahara (Common Small Flat) + + 120. Coladenia indrani (Tricolour Pied Flat) + + 121. Tagiades japetus (Common Snow Flat) + + 122. Tagiades gana (Suffused Snow Flat) + - 123. Caprona ransonnetii (Golden Angle) + + 124. Tagiades litigiosa (Water Snow Flat) + + 125. Iambrix salsala (Chestnut Bob) + + 126. Notocrypta paralysos (Common Banded Demon) + + 127. Suastus gremius (Indian Palm Bob) + + 128. Matapa aria (Common Redeye) + + 129. Oriens goloides (Ceylon Dartlet) + + 130. Telicota bambusae (Dark Palm Dart) + + 131. Parnara guttata (Straight Swift) + + 132. Pelopidas sp + - 133. Pelopidas mathias (Small Branded Swift) + + 134. Baoris farri (Paintbrush Swift) Sch IV + + 135. Caltoris kumara (Blank Swift) + + 136. Cupitha purreea (Wax Dart) + - + = presence, - = absence

Lasippaviraja,Yellowjack Sailer (Fig 3 I): Near the streams of Sitakund Waterfall (site-1) a single individual was recorded on 21st November, 2014. This species ranges from SW India to N Kanara, Odisha, NE India, and Andaman. It is regarded as not rare by Kehimkar (2008). Euripus consimilis, Painted Courtesan (Fig 3 J): A female was Sighted only once near Sitakund Waterfall (site-1) on 5th September, 2014. According to Evans (1932) and Kehimkar (2008) it is a rare species. It is distributed from SW India to Goa, NE India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar.

Euthalia monina, Powdered Baron (Fig 3 K): We recorded this species two times from Lulung region (site-2). First we encountered a female on 9th September and on the other hand a male was spotted on 8th November, 2015. It is found in NE India, Sikkim to Arunachal Pradesh, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. As per Evans (1932) and Kehimkar (2008) it is common. Polyura eudamippus, Great Nawab (Fig 3 L):A single individual was recorded on 25th March, 2015, near the Sitakund Waterfall (site-1). This species found in Odisha, Uttaranchal to Arunachal Pradesh, NE India and Burma. It treated as not rare by Evans (1932).



23

Fig 3: Photographs of some selected butterfly species observed during the study period. A- Graphium eurypylus, B-Belenois aurota, C- Gandaca harina, D- Poritia hewitsoni, E- Curetis acuta, F- Nacaduba berenice, G- Prosotas noreia,H- Cyrestis cocles, I- Lasippaviraja, J- Euripus consimilis, K- Euthalia monina, L- Polyura eudamippus, M- Celaenorrhinus leucocera, N- Cupitha purreea



24

Bibasis sena, Orangetail Awl: One individual was sighted on 16th August, 2015, from Sitakund Waterfall (site-1). As per Evans (1932) and Kehimkar (2008) it is a rare species. It is distributed from SW India to North Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Shimla to Arunachal Pradesh, NE India and Burma. Celaenorrhinus leucocera, Common Spotted Flat (Fig 3 M): Two times this species was encountered from both study sites. First time spotted it from Sitakund Waterfall (site-1) on 25th August, 2014 and Second sighting was occurred from Lulung (site-2) on 8th November, 2015. This species is ranges from S India to S Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, NE India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. According to Evans (1932) and Kehimkar (2008) it is common species. Cupitha purreea, Wax Dart (Fig 3 N): This species was encountered for three times from Sitakund Waterfall. First sighting was occurred on 4th August, second was on 7th September and third sighting was on 8th November of 2014. This species is distributed from SW India to S Karnataka, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Andaman and NE India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. It is a rare species (Kehimkar, 2008). 4. Conclusion

The present study revealed the existence of good diversity of butterflies in the selected study sites. In general both the study sites were more or less similar in butterfly diversity. However, Sitakund waterfall (site-1) was found to be rich in diversity as compared to the Lulung area (site-2). But these beautifully coloured wings insects need immediate protection. As Sitakund Waterfall (site-1) and Lulung (site-2) areas are well known tourist place of the state. Due to the tourist’s activities such as picnics, releases of plastics and other non-degradable materials at the study sites, the microhabitats of butterflies are being destroyed. Beside this, cutting trees also a major disturbance for butterflies. Therefore public awareness is required to conserve and protect these butterflies and their habitats within two study sites. Moreover, the presence of 14 protected (IWPA) butterfly species in the study area makes it an important butterfly habitat in the state. Therefore, there is an immediate need to implement proper conservation strategies and management programmes for butterflies. Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to Isaac Kehimkar, Peter Smetacek and Monsoon Jyoti Gogoi for their valuable suggestion and reconfirmation of species during the study period. We are also thankful to Sandip Mondal for the preparation of map.

References Anonymous (1997). The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.

Natraj Publishers, Dehradun, pp 235. Antram CB (1924). Butterflies of India. Mittal Publication,

New Delhi, India, pp 226. Dutta SK, Nair MV, Mohapatra PP and Mahapatra AK

(2009).Amphibians and Reptiles of Similipal Biosphere Reserve. Regional Plant Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, pp 174.

Erhardt A (1985). Diurnal Lepidoptera: sensitive indicators of cultivated and abandoned grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22: 849-862.

Evans WH (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (Revised II Edition). Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, pp 454.

Haribal M (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History, Sikkim. Nature Conservation Foundation, Gangtok, Sikkim, pp 217.

Kehimkar I (2008). The Book of Indian Butterflies. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, pp 497.

Kunte K (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences (Bangalore) and Universities Press (Hyderabad), pp 254.

Moore F (1890-1892). Lepidoptera Indica. Part -I. Lovell, Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, pp 317.

Moore F (1893-1896). Lepidoptera Indica. Part-II. Lovell, Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, pp 274.

Moore F (1896-1899). Lepidoptera Indica. Part-III. Lovell, Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, pp 254.

Moore F (1899-1900). Lepidoptera Indica. Part-IV. Lovell, Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, pp 260.

Moore F (1901-1903). Lepidoptera Indica. Part-V. Lovell, Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, pp 248.

Moore F (1903-1905). Lepidoptera Indica. Part-VI. Lovell, Reeve and Co. Ltd., London, pp 240.

Nair MV (2007). Butterflies of Similipal Tiger Reserve: A preliminary study on species diversity, species composition and habitat preference. e-planet, 5(1):76-81.

Nair MV (2011). Three new butterfly records for peninsular India: Dusky Yellow-breasted Flat Gerosis phisara (Moore) (Hesperiidae), Common Gem Poritia hewitsoni Moore (Lycaenidae) and Great Nawab Polyura eudamippus (Doubleday) (Nymphalidae) from Similipal Hills, Odisha, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 3(3): 1624-1628.

Pollard E (1977). A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biological Conservation, 12: 115-153.



25

Pollard E and Yates TJ (1993). Monitoring Butterflies for Ecology and Conservation. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 274.

Sahu HK, Jena J, Dutta SK and Rout SD (2006). Common butterflies of Chahala Range of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Orissa, India. Indian Forester, 132(10): 1363-1366.

Saxena HO and Brahmam M (1989). The Flora of Similipal Hills, Orissa. Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar, pp 231.

Sethy J and Jena J (2009). Notes on Butterflies of Gudgudia range of Similipal Tiger Reseve, Orissa, India. Indian Forester, 135(10): 1442-1445.

Thomas JA (1995). The ecology and conservation of Maculineaarion and other European species of large blue butterfly. In Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies (Ed. A.S. Pullin). Chapman and Hall, London, pp 180-210.

ZSI (1995). Fauna of Conservation Areas, No. 8: Fauna of Similipal Tiger Reserve: Zoological Survey of India, pp 105-127.

Documents

Butterfly Diversity in Two Selected Fringe Area of ...jakraya.com/journal/pdf/11-jwrArticle_1.pdf · butterflies (126 species belonging to 82 genera) and site-2 contain 119 species