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But in your hearts honor Christ the Lord as holy, always being prepared to make a defense
to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you; yet do it with gentleness
and respect, (1 Peter 3:15, ESV)
defense/Gk. Apologia – speech in defense of truth which one belives
For by the grace given to me I say to everyone among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought
to think, but to think with sober judgment, each according to the measure of faith that God has
assigned. (Romans 12:3, ESV)
But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, open to reason, full of mercy
and good fruits, impartial and sincere. (James 3:17, ESV)
Apollonius Persius
Appian Petronius
Arrian Phaedrus
Aulus Gellius Philo-Judaeus
Columella Phlegon
Damis Pliny the Elder
Dio Chrysostom Pliny the Younger
Dion Pruseus Plutarch
Epictetus Pompon Mela
Favorinus Ptolemy
Florus Lucius Quintilian
Hermogones Quintius Curtius
Josephus Seneca
Justus of Tiberius Silius Italicus
Juvenal Statius
Lucanus Suetonius
Lucian Tacitus
Lysias Theon of Smyran
Martial Valerius Flaccus
Paterculus Valerius Maximus
Pausanias
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Philosopher form the Roman
province of Cappadocia not a
historian. We have a partial
fragment of a writing he did on
sacrifice to his idea of god. The
information we do have about
him is from a historian named
Philostratus who wrote down
some of what he SAID
Appollonius said and wrote. In
short, he was no historian and we
only have it second hand that he
lived.
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Is the most important writer on agriculture of
the Roman empire. Little is known of his life. After a career in the army, he took up farming. His De
Re Rustica in twelve volumes has been
completely preserved and forms an important
source on Roman agriculture. Wikipedia
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
A student of Appollonius
and all we know about him
also comes from what
Philostratus said about him.
We have NO history from
him.
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Was a military who became a
historian/court annalist. He wrote
a history of Rome from the
dispersion of the Greeks up to
A.D.29. His account of history
stopped right when Jesus was
getting started.
His history is also described in this
way. ..The text of the work,
preserved in a single badly written
and mutilated manuscript
(discovered in 1515 and now lost),
is very corrupt.
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Born A.D.27 – Believed to
have written a satirical novel
for Nero. He was one that
reveled in debauchery and
extravagance. Just an
immoral Roman that wrote
a fictional novel..
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Lived in Rome, possibly in
Egypt from 16-31 A.D. This
man actually did a lot of
writing. (satire, essay,
meteorological, letters)
Finally someone who
actually wrote a bit, but was
possibly in Egypt for Jesus’
life, definitely not in
Palestine, and not an
historian.
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Professional public
speaker. Wrote books for
pupils of public speaking
and used Roman and
Greek stories In his
books.
-Not a historian.
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Recorded fables. He was
a fiction writer not a
historian
Appollonius,
Collumella
Damis
Paterculus,
Petronius
Seneca
Valerius Maximus
Phaedrus
Philo Judaeus
These are the
ones that actually
lived during the
time of Jesus
Others are just
added names that
actually are not
contemporaries
by any stretch.
Believed in God and
wrote a commentary on
the O.T. Represented
the Jews to Caligula. He
was a Philosopher of
Old Test. Scripture.
Apollonius Persius
Appian Petronius
Arrian Phaedrus
Aulus Gellius Philo-Judaeus
Columella Phlegon
Damis Pliny the Elder
Dio Chrysostom Pliny the Younger
Dion Pruseus Plutarch
Epictetus Pompon Mela
Favorinus Ptolemy
Florus Lucius Quintilian
Hermogones Quintius Curtius
Josephus Seneca
Justus of Tiberius Silius Italicus
Juvenal Statius
Lucanus Suetonius
Lucian Tacitus
Lysias Theon of Smyran
Martial Valerius Flaccus
Paterculus Valerius Maximus
Pausanias
1. Early history. recorded what gov’t/leaders wanted them to
record
2. History often spun in view of a bias or a ruler/politician.
a. Mostly, the historians were Roman propagandists
b. History was rewritten to view Rome favorably.
3. A history of a non-Roman citizen that was killed on the grounds
of Jewish law would hardly be something you would expect to
find recorded in the history of Rome.
1. Jesus was not a wealthy man.
2. Jesus associated with the lowly.
3. Jesus stayed over in Palestine (not cultural/political hub)
4. Jesus was not a Roman.
5. Jesus died in His early to mid 30’s. (not here very long)
6. Jesus only had a public ministry of about 3 to 4 years.
7. Jesus’ ministry was peaceful.
a. Others claiming to be Messiah raised armies/led rebel
8. Jesus died the death of a vile criminal.
Because of the miracles?
1. Supernatural acts weren’t some far fetched idea in this society. It was accepted
that some people did supernatural things.
2. There were many magicians, mediums, fortune tellers, sorcerers, and false
messiahs who claimed supernatural power.
3. It was a superstitious culture filled with false gods and all kinds of claims to
supernatural power.
4. Those who witnessed the miracles knew they were real miracles. But if they
heard second or third hand about some miraculous work of a prophet, it
probably wasn’t very unusual to hear.
Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful
to call him a man, for he was a doer of wonderful works, a
teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He
drew over to him both many of the Jews, and many of the
Gentiles. He was the Christ, and when Pilate, at the
suggestion of the principal men among us, had condemned
him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not
forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third
day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten
thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the
tribe of Christians so named from him are not extinct at this
day. Jewish Antiquities 18.3.3
That they were wont, on a stated day, to meet together before
it was light, and to sing a hymn to Christ, as to a god,
alternately; and to oblige themselves by a sacrament [or
oath], not to do anything that was ill: but that they would
commit no theft, or pilfering, or adultery; that they would
not break their promises, or deny what was deposited with
them, when it was required back again; after which it was
their custom to depart, and to meet again at a common but
innocent meal, which they had left off upon that edict which
I published at your command, and wherein I had forbidden
any such conventicles.
-exerpt from letter of Pliney the Younger to Tragen
“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and
inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their
abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom
the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign
of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a
most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again
broke out not only in Judæa, the first source of the evil, but even in
Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the
world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was
first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an
immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing
the city, as of hatred against mankind”.
- Tacitus, was a Senator and historian of the Roman Empire
So what do the facts of History tell us?
A. We have historically accurate documents from several
authors, the N.T., from Jesus time.
B. We can confirm that Christianity began in the 1st century.
C. We have at least three non Christian historians that
mention Christ and Christianity in the 1st and 2nd cent.
D. The Jews, the ones with the most reason too, never have
denied that He existed.
E. Starting from the 1st century, we see Christianity grow to
the 4th and 5th century as the largest religion in the world.
F. Considering the facts that we do have, it is unwise at best
to claim that Jesus never existed. It stands against reason.