Business Research Mathod

7/23/2019 Business Research Mathod

1/95

In the name of Allah Kareem,Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,the Most Merciful !


2/95

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,Muhammad saeed Aas Meo


3/95

In simple words Re-search mean Search Again

OR

It is a process of gathering information to answer a

question Albert Szent- Gyorgyi

What is Research ?



4/95

What is Business Research ?

Business Research is a systematic and objective

process of gathering, recording and analyzing datafor making good business decisions



5/95

What is the best strategy to promote a particular product? (Marketing)

What is the main reasons for employee turnover? (HRM)

What is the rate of return on particular investment? (finance)

Examples of Business Research



6/95

WHY WE SHOULD STUDY RESEARCH METHOD?

The best reason for learning about research methods is that these methods are used

by the Managers to answer the questions regarding day to day business problems.

Following are some other implications of the research:

1- Management Is A Science: Management is a science togather and interpret information in order to make effective decisions.

2- Reduce Uncertainty:The prime managerial value of businessresearch is that it reduces uncertainty by providing required information

and improves the following four stages of decision making:

Identifying problems and opportunity.

Diagnosing and assessing problems or opportunities.

Selecting and implementing a course of action.

Evaluating the course of action.



7/95

3- Conducting A Study: Research method course is very usefulfor you as you have to do your mastersthesis in order to complete

your degree requirement and it is also helpful to you at some time in

future because being a professional everyone wants to read and

understand the most recent research in order to be up date in his

profession.

4- Reading And Evaluating Other PeoplesStudy:Agrasp of research terminology will allow you to read and understand

research articles and critically evaluate it. Rather than reading a

summary of someone elses research in a magazine, news paper, or

textbook, you can read the original article your self and draw your

own conclusion.

5- Understanding Brief Description Of Studies:Aresearch method course will help you understanding abbreviated

description of studies given as evidence supporting some conclusion

or theory.



8/95

7- Making Decisions In Our Daily Lives:Besides becoming a researcher, to be an effective, participating

member of 21stcentury one must understanding the research

process in order to evaluate and act on research results.

6- Thesis is based on Research :besides all thebusiness related benefits of the research studies, it is also useful for

your academic requirement of thesis as being compulsory for your

degree

8- Being A Better Thinker:The research methodology will also

improve your thinking as it is a logical and objective method offinding answer to a question which may apply to all aspects of life.

9- Secret Of Success: The secret of success is to knowsomething nobody else knows.



9/95

PURPOSE OF THEORY

Prediction and understanding are the two purpose of theory.

LEVELS OF THEORY

1. Abstract level

At the abstract level. Concepts and propositions are the

elements of theory

2. Empirical levelAt the empirical level theory is concerned with variables and

testable hypothesis, the empirical counterparts of concepts and

propositions.

THEORYTheory is a standardized principle on which basis we can

explain the relationship between two or more concepts or

variables.



10/95

Theory

Proposition Hypothesis

variableconcept

Abstract

level

Empirical

level

Motivation, thirst,

honesty,

satisfaction

Height, Weight,

Temperature,

Distance

Satisfaction & Motivation

hard work & thirst

Honesty and success

Temperature & Productivity

Height & Weight,

Distance & Speed

More Satisfaction increases the

Motivation level

Higher Temperature reduces the

Productivity



11/95

THEORY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Theory

All rosebushes have thorns

Deduction Induction

Predicted Observation Actual Observation

If I check my neighbors rose bushes,

I should find that they all have thorns

I notice that the five rosebushes

in my backyard all have thorns

1. Induction process

2. Deduction process



12/95

DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION

1. Theory

3. Data Collection

4. Findings

5. Hypothesis confirmed orrejected

2. Hypothesis

6. Revision of theory

2. Data Collection

3. Findings

4. Generation of Theory

1. General Research Questions

Deductio

n

In

duction



13/95

Discussion on Short Case Study

Deductive and Inductive Research

Sadie decided to conduct the research

project on violence at work and its effects on

the stress levels of staff. She considered the

different ways she would approach the work

were she to adopt:

The Deductive approach

The Inductive approachProf.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Muhammad saeed Aas Meo


14/95

If she decided to adopt the deductive

approachto her work, she would have

to:

Start with the hypothesis,

Decide to research a population,

Administer a questionnaire to large sample

Be particularly careful about how she defined violence;

Standardize the stress responses



15/95

On the other hand, if she decided to

adopt an inductive approachshe might

have: Decided to interview some staff,

Interested in their feelings about the

events that they had experienced, how they coped with problems they

experienced and,

Their views about the possible causes ofviolence.



16/95

Either approach would have yielded

valuable data about this problem (indeed,

both may be used in this project, at

different stages). Neither approachshould be thought of as better than the

other. They are better at different things.

It depends where her research emphasislies.



17/95

Application

Basic orPure

Research

AppliedResearch

Objective

Exploratoryresearch

Explanatoryresearch

Descriptiveresearch

TimeDimension

Cross-sectionalresearch

Longitudinalresearch

InquiryMode

Qualitativeresearch

Quantitativeresearch

MixedMethodsresearch

Classification of

Research



18/95

Prepare discussion points on the importance ofresearch in professional, academic, and

personal life of a student.



19/95

GuidelinesAccuracy of Document

Font Size(12)

Heading (14 + Bold)

Sub-Heading (12 + Bold)

Font Style(Times New Roman)Line Spacing(Single)

Alignment (Justified)

Spelling and GrammaticalAccuracy



20/95

SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES 20



21/95



22/95




23/95



24/95




25/95



26/95

Research Process

2.Literature review

3.Research design

4.Data Collection

5. Data Preparation

6.Data Analysis

7.Discussion and Conclusion

8.Report Writing

1.Select a Topic / Problem



27/95



28/95



29/95



30/95



31/95



32/95



33/95



34/95



35/95



36/95



37/95



38/95


Id tifi ti f T i


39/95

1

Chose Area for research

(Management Sciences)

2

Select field of research(Finance, HRM, Marketing)

3

Select topic of research(Advertising in Marketing)

4Refine topic of research

(Refining topic)

Identification of Topic


SOURCES OF LITERATURE


40/95

SOURCES OF LITERATURE

The literature sources available to help you to develop a good understanding of and

insight into previous research can be divided into three following categories:

ReportsThesesEmails

Conference reportsCompany reports

Unpublished

manuscriptsources

Newspapers

BooksJournalsInternet

Some government

publications

IndexesAbstracts

CataloguesEncyclopediaDictionnaires

Bibliographies

Citation indexesSearch Engines

Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary sources

Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)


TERTIARY SOURCES


41/95

TERTIARYSOURCES

Tertiary Resource available at Superior can be accessed via following address

http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html

Through Superior website www.superior.edu.pkby clicking onDigital Librarylink

Or

Name Type Internet address

Google Search engine www.google.com

Google Scholar Search engine for

scholarly material

www.scholar.google.com

Yahoo Search engine www.yahoo.com

Ebscohost Database

Springer link Database http://www.springerlink.com

Blackwell synergy http://www.blackwell-synergy.com

Oxford press Publisher http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.

html

University Of ChicagoPress

Publisher http://www.journals.uchicago.edu

Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,Muhammad saeed Aas Meo
http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.htmlhttp://www.superior.edu.pk/http://www.google.com/http://www.scholar.google.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.springerlink.com/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.htmlhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/http://www.springerlink.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.scholar.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.superior.edu.pk/http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html


42/95


43/95

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,



44/95




45/95




46/95




47/95




48/95



READING THE LITERATURE
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/To%20Adapt%20or%20Not%20to%20Adapt.pdf


49/95

READING THE LITERATURE

Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.53)

Read abstract of the article or preface andintroduction of book

Skim through the article/ book

Survey the main parts of the article/ book

Read in detail the selected important parts



ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS


50/95

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Analysisis the job of systematically breaking down something into itsconstituents parts and describing how they relate to each other it is not randomdissection but a methodological examination.

1. Systematic Analysis: Systematic Analysis is the kind of

analysis in which we systematically evaluate the literature

on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and

methodological assumptions and the overall structure

and format of the research work

2. Arguments Analysis: If a range of arguments is beinganalyzed, you will need to explicate the claim, data and

warrant for each argument. In this way, the identification

of the individual and similar elements in a range of items

can be compared and contrasted.

There are two types of analysis i.e. argument analysis and systematic analysis.



1 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS


51/95

Systematic Analysis is the kind of analysis in which we systematically evaluate

the literature on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and methodological

assumptions and the overall structure and format of the research work. In

systematic analysis we can do the analysis of single research work but

preferably we should go for comparative analysis of two or more studies on the

same topic

1. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS




52/95

A common practice in the social sciences is to make comparisons between

the works and ideas of different authors. This usually involves finding

common points of interest between, definitions of main concepts, kinds of

data collected and the interpretations of findings. The practice can be

useful in identifying common areas of interest and differing positions onsimilar topic areas.

Following figure points out the levels of comparison and contrast. The

point to note, however, is that comparing theorists has inherent

difficulties, mainly to do with the selection of criteria or points of reference

that are valid and comparable

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING





53/95


Ontology

EpistemologyMoralityPolitics

InterpretationData

MethodologyAxiologyRhetoric

Ontology

EpistemologyMoralityPolitics

InterpretationData

MethodologyAxiologyRhetoric

Points of reference formaking a comparison

between theorists

Theorist A Theorist B

Area ofsimilarity

Area ofdifference

Area ofdifference




2 ARGUMENT ANALYSIS


54/95

2. ARGUMENT ANALYSIS

An argument involves putting forward reasons to influence someonesbeliefthat you are proposing in the case (Hinderer, 1992). Whichever way someonemakes an argument they are attempting to convince others of the validity (orlogic) of how they see the world and convince us that we should see it the waythey do.

An argument has at least two components: a pointand a reason:

Making a point (or statement/ conclusion)

Providing sufficient reason (or evidence) for the point to be accepted byothers




55/95

METHODS OF ANALYZING ARGUMENTS

1. Fishersmethod of critical reading

2. Toulminsmethod of argumentation analysis

There are basically two method to analyze and evaluate argumentsintelligently and fairly:



Fishers Method of critical reading:


56/95

Fisher s Method of critical reading:

Fisher (1993) provides a method for a systematic reading of texts. This initial readingtechnique enables the reader to systematically extracts the main elements (words) ofany arguments for the purposes of evaluation.

R = CR1 + R2 = (Therefore) C1 (Interim conclusion)C1 or R3 = (Therefore) C2 (Main conclusion)

SKIM THROUGH THE TEXT

CONSTRUCT AN ARGUMENTSDIAGRAM

UNDERLINE CONCLUSION ( C ) & PLACE REASONS ( R ) INBRACKETS < >

INDICATED BY WORDS LIKE BECAUSE, SINCE etc.

CIRCLE ANY INFERENCE INDICATORS (THUS,THEREFORE etc.)





57/95




58/95

Toulmin developed an approach to argumentation analysis that was rooted inthe practice rather than the theory of logic.

He proposes that an argument can be broken up into a number of basicelements that are as follow

Claim an arguable statement

Evidence Data used to supports the claim

Warrant (or permit) an expectation that provides the linkbetween the evidence and claim

Backing Context and assumption used to support the validityor the warrant and evidence

Toulmins Method Of Argumentation Analysis:




59/95

Example:

Following is an example from everyday life. In dry summers consumers are asked andexpected to save water through careful and limited use. This is normally taken to mean

water should only be used for essential things-watering lawns, filling swimming poolsand washing cars are prohibited. The argument for this could have the followingstructure

Data Claimso

WarrantSince

Backingbecause

Car washes can use upto

250,000 gallons of waterin the main summerweeks. This quantitydepletes water reservoirsby 20% during a seasonwhen there is heavy

water usage.

Car owners should

restrict washing theircars in areas of thecountry where there isa water shortage

(Restriction).

Water is essentialand people shouldnot waste it in

times of shortage

Water shortage cause inconvenience, are a danger topeople and can be costly to consumers.

Adopted from Doing a literature review by Chris Hart p.87)Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,



60/95




61/95


http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/ANNOTATED%20BIBLIOGRAPHY.docxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/ANNOTATED%20BIBLIOGRAPHY.docx


62/95




63/95




64/95




65/95




66/95

Referencing

Referencing means systematically

showing what information or ideas you are

quoting or paraphrasing, and where theycome from.


http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTM


67/95

Why Reference?

Referencing is necessary to

Authenticate your research with evidence from literature

Acknowledge the original author

to enable readers follow-up the source

avoid plagiarism,




68/95

PLAGIARISM

This means using someone else's words,

ideas or information without referencing

them - in other words, presenting themas your own.

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence

and can result in penalties, includingdismissal from the Institute.

To avoid it, use quotations and

paraphrases with proper referencing.Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,



69/95

There are number of soft wares availableto check plagiarism i.e.

Turnitin Plagiarism detector

Check for plagiarism

Superior University is currently using Check for

plagiarismsoftware for plagiarism checking

How do we check

plagiarism




70/95

WHAT MUST I REFERENCE?

All work done by other researchers

Other writers' words




71/95

WHAT DO I NOT NEED TO

REFERENCE?

1. General knowledge

2. common knowledge in your field

3. Ideas that are definitely your own

4. findings or insights from your own research.




72/95

DIFFERENT REFERENCING

SYSTEMS

APA Referencing

Harvard Referencing

Oxford-Cambridge Referencing

MLA AMA

APA (American Psychological Association) Style:

This system is primarily used by those writing in the social sciences.




73/95

Basic components of

Referencing

1) In text referencing (citation)

2) End list Referencing




74/95

In text Reference

An in-text referenceto show that a piece

of information, idea, quotation, etc. It is

always designed to be short because it is

interrupting the text.

Example:

Much of this research has demonstrated that there is relationships betweenHR practices and firm profitability (Allen, 1996).

Author Name Year




75/95

End list Referencing

An End list reference to show the

detailed information of source. It includesfollowing contents

Example: Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment

and turnover,Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.

Contents Example

Author Name Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996)

Year 1996

Title Affective, continuance and normativecommitment and turnover

Journal Academy of Management Journal

Volume no 37

Page no 670-87




76/95

Examples

Source In-text Example End-List Example

Article Wharton (1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity

centers. Journal of Adventure Education and outdoor

Leadership, 12(4), 8-9

Book Comfort (1997, p. 58) Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: MitchellBeazley.

Website Dawson & Smith, (2002) Dawson, J., Smith, L., (2002). Retrieved october 31,

2002, from

http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/




77/95

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING

A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A

quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it mustbe put in quotation marks and referenced.

ORIGINAL"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a

secondary activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical

attention nor of general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).

SHORTENED

"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered

a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of

general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).




78/95

Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information

into your own words:

ORIGINAL

"This has led to the conclusion that, out of the US population

at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Wu, 1994).

PARAPHRASED "In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu (1994) argues that

90% of Americans watch too much television ".




79/95

Referencing

Referencing means systematically

showing what information or ideas you are

quoting or paraphrasing, and where theycome from.


http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21REFP.HTM


80/95

Why Reference?

Referencing is necessary to

Authenticate your research with evidence from literature

Acknowledge the original author

to enable readers follow-up the source

avoid plagiarism,




81/95

PLAGIARISM

This means using someone else's words,

ideas or information without referencing

them - in other words, presenting themas your own.

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence

and can result in penalties, includingdismissal from the Institute.

To avoid it, use quotations and

paraphrases with proper referencing.Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,



82/95

There are number of soft wares availableto check plagiarism i.e.

Turnitin Plagiarism detector

Check for plagiarism

Superior University is currently using Check for

plagiarismsoftware for plagiarism checking

How do we check

plagiarism




83/95

WHAT MUST I REFERENCE?

All work done by other researchers

Other writers' words




84/95

WHAT DO I NOT NEED TO

REFERENCE?

1. General knowledge

2. common knowledge in your field

3. Ideas that are definitely your own

4. findings or insights from your own research.




85/95

DIFFERENT REFERENCING

SYSTEMS

APA Referencing

Harvard Referencing

Oxford-Cambridge Referencing

MLA

AMA

APA (American Psychological Association) Style:

This system is primarily used by those writing in the social sciences.




86/95

Basic components of

Referencing

1) In text referencing (citation)

2) End list Referencing




87/95

In text Reference

An in-text referenceto show that a pieceof information, idea, quotation, etc. It is

always designed to be short because it is

interrupting the text.

Example:

Much of this research has demonstrated that there is relationships betweenHR practices and firm profitability (Allen, 1996).

Author Name Year




88/95

End list Referencing

An End list reference to show the

detailed information of source. It includesfollowing contents

Example: Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment

and turnover,Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.

Contents Example

Author Name Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996)

Year 1996

Title Affective, continuance and normativecommitment and turnover

Journal Academy of Management Journal

Volume no 37

Page no 670-87




89/95

Examples

Source In-text Example End-List Example

Article Wharton (1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity

centers. Journal of Adventure Education and outdoor

Leadership, 12(4), 8-9

Book Comfort (1997, p. 58) Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: MitchellBeazley.

Website Dawson & Smith, (2002) Dawson, J., Smith, L., (2002). Retrieved october 31,

2002, from

http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/




90/95

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING

A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A

quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it mustbe put in quotation marks and referenced.

ORIGINAL"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a

secondary activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical

attention nor of general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).

SHORTENED

"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered

a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of

general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).




91/95

Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information

into your own words:

ORIGINAL

"This has led to the conclusion that, out of the US population

at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Wu, 1994).

PARAPHRASED "In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu (1994) argues that

90% of Americans watch too much television ".




92/95




93/95

Please find out at least 15 to 20 articles related to yourselected topic, read those articles thoroughly, and write

down a literature review on the basis of selected

articles of at least 3000 words

Guidelines

Your literature review should contain:A comprehensive discussionincluding

Discussion on selected variables

Contextualization

Critical reviewHypotheses development

Effective organization of literature




94/95

94Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,



95/95

Documents

Business Research Mathod