BUSINESS ENGLISH ISanja Jevti

019/ 430 804; 430 805sanja.jevtic@fmz.edu.rs

*Intelligent Business (Pre-Intermediate)

C. Johnson, Pearson Education Ltd., Essex, England, 2006

*PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVESSubject ObjectPossessivePossessiveReflexiveAdjectivesPronouns Pronouns

I me myminemyselfYou you youryoursyourselfHe him hishishimselfShe her herhersherselfIt it itsitsitselfWe us ouroursourselvesYou you youryoursyourselvesThey them theirtheirsthemselves

*SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS ____ telephoned yesterday. (she)We watched ____ for hours. (he)Hasnt ____ arrived yet? (he)___ dont understand. (I)Are you talking to ____? (I)Dont ask ____. ____ doesnt know. (she / she)This is Julia: ____ have known ____ for years. (we / she)Nobody told ____ the bus was leaving. (they)Why didnt ____ ask ____ to come? (she / they)Dont ask ____. Ask ____. (I/he)____ think ____ doesnt like ____. (I / he / I)____ asked ____ to invite ____. (they / he / we)

*POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS Whose camera is this? Is it ____? (you)Excuse me, those are ____ seats. (we)Is it ____ suitcase or ____? (you/he)Has the dog had ____ food? (it)Theyre not ____ keys theyre ____. (I / she)I dont think its ____ room; I think its ____. (you /they)The police asked me for ____ address. (I)The decision is ____. (they)You know its not ____ money. Its ____. (you / I)It isnt ____ car, its ____. (he / she)____ brother hasnt got a phone, so he uses ____. (I / we)____ house is smaller than ____. (we / they)

*POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE OR PRONOUN

You should mind _____ own business.Tom and I are bringing _____ friend Phil to see you.Thats _____; Father gave it to us.Are these Marys books? Yes, they are _____.We dont like the friends of _____ friends.This house is _____. You can see them in the garden.The car is _____. You can check _____ documents. (I)There was a storm last night and the house lost _____ roof.Everyone is working slowly this morning; _____ minds seem half frozen.Did John leave _____ papers on my desk yesterday?

*REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS I like to wake __________ up in the morning with a cup of coffee.Thanks for a great party we really enjoyed __________.I hate watching __________ on video.Im sorry, Tony, but I havent got enough money to pay for you. Can you pay for __________?After his accident, Philip drove __________ to the hospital.We dont need a babysitter the children can look after _______.Now, children, remember to give __________ enough time to answer all the exam questions.Should I apply for the job? she asked __________.Were planning to buy ________ a new television.He hurt ________ when he was playing football.You are my students and you will behave __________.

*THERE IS / THERE ARE Ove fraze koristimo da kaemo da neko ili neto postoji.esto ih koristimo ispred a/an, some i any:

Theres a dog in the garden.There are some letters for you.

Is there any milk in the fridge?There isnt much coffee.

Are there any phone calls?There arent many people in my family.

*THERE IS / THERE AREhow many people / in your family How many people are there in your family?any fruit juice in the fridgeany letters for mea doctor hereany trains to London this eveningmuch money in your bank accounthow many students / in your class

*THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSEThis i these koristimo da govorimo o stvarima koje se nalaze tu, pored nas.

That i those koristimo da govorimo o stvarima koje se nalaze tamo, ne pored nas.

Do you like this dress?Ann lives in that house over there.Do you like these shoes?Who are those people?

*THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSEThis i these moemo da koristimo da govorimo o stvarima koje se deavaju sada ili poinju sada.That i those moemo da koristimo da govorimo o stvarima koje su se zavrile.

I like this music.That lesson was boring.Listen to these sentences.Did you answer those letters?

*THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSEThis, these, that, those moemo da koristimo i bez imenica.I dont like this.Who said that?Look at these.Those are pretty.

This moemo da koristimo kada predstavljamo ljude i kada se predstavljamo preko telefona.This is my fried Doris.This is Alex. Can I speak to Fred?

*THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSEI don' like living in _____ country.Could you bring _____ box to me, please?Why did you say _____?Who are _____ people over there?_____ is Peter is Mary at home?Listen you will like _____ story.Wait I can't walk fast in _____ shoes.'_____ is my sister Helen.' 'How do you do?'_____ was a wonderful meal thanks.I'm not enjoying _____ conversation.Do you remember _____ people that we met in Greece?

*MODAL VERBScan, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to

Modals are always followed by an infinitive without to.They have just one form. They dont have s on the third person singular.They form questions by inversion.We use them to express certain meanings, e.g. permission, ability, possibility, certainty, etc.

*MODAL VERBSCORRECT OR NOT?

She cans play the piano.Can you to sing?I may not be here this evening.Must you go?When do you must to leave?Shall I make coffee?You should tell me everything so that I can help you.

*MODAL VERBSCIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

Can / should / mustnt I help you?If you travel to Greece, you can / should / must have a visa.You shouldnt / dont have to / couldnt laugh at old people.Passengers must / must not / should not smoke in the toilets.I think you should / must / may eat less and take more exercise.You may / have to / can drive on the left in Britain.

*Theyre / their / thereWhere are Mark and Sally? ___ over there.Theyve forgotten ___ bags.___ is no soap in my bathroom.___ are several mistakes in this document.Ive met them before but I dont know ___ names.I dont know who they are but I think ___ Germans.Look at the smiles on ___ faces.I dont think ___ coming.I wonder if ___ going to come.From the look on ___ faces, theyre not very happy.

*Theyre / their / thereThe employees say that ___ not very happy about ___ working conditions.Where are Fred and Steve? Over ___.I like visiting London but I wouldnt want to live ___.They cannot decide. They cant make up ___ minds.Do you think ___ going to accept our offer?___ are two reasons why I am against this idea.IBM have increased ___ profits by 20%.I know ___ considering buying a new computer system.___ is no reason for me to stay. My job is finished.The students are happy. Theyve finished ___ exams.

*Unit 1 Activities KeynotesCompanies have different activities and work in different ways. Some companies manufacture or produce goods, others provide services; retailers sell goods to the general public. Companies employ people to work for them in many kinds of jobs. Each person has responsibility for a specific area of work and a role within the team or group they work with.

*Unit 1 Activitiesmanufacture (n,v), manufacturer, manufacturingproduce, production, product, produceremploy, -ment, -ee, -er, unemploymentretail / wholesale manage, -ment, -er, managerial

Move over game boysLynn Robson is a co-founder of Frognation. The company creates soundtracks and designs and translates Japanese video games for the UK market. With her partners in Tokyo and her international team of designers and developers, Lynn creates the video games that thousands are playing today. Lynn runs the UK office of Frognation, while her two business partners run the Tokyo office. Her Japanese computer system, and, of course, email make it possible to work across borders and time zones. Frognation represents producers with great game ideas and helps them to sell their ideas to Sony or Nintendo in Tokyo. Once the games go into development, Lynn and her team provide advice on everything from the music soundtrack and graphics to the game programming and characters. The result is a new kind of video game, created by artists, which provides exciting game play.

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Move over game boysCultural understanding is important. When she is meetings in Japan, Lynn gives advice on what will work in both countries. In the West, Lynn becomes the Japan expert, giving clients information about Japanese culture. When her Japanese partners come to meetings in the UK, Lynn helps them to present their ideas in the best way, and tries to avoid any cultural misunderstandings. Video games sales are sky-rocketing at the moment. There are thousands of opportunities to build careers in the video game industry, but women dont often consider gaming as a career. Today most video games are created by men, and for men. So it is no surprise that almost all video games are either sports games or shoot-em-ups.With more women like Lynn joining the video game industry, however, things could change.*

*Roles and activitiesFounderSet upTeamPartnerRun (a business)To start a company or organisationOne of a number of people who own a business togetherTo be responsible forA group of people who work together to do a jobSbd who starts a company or organisation

*Word building jobs: How do you call someone who works in the following areas?

A technical job technicianAccounts accountantArt / Banking / Economics / Engineering / Music

*Job titles - someone whoanalyses the financial markets is . a financial analyst gives advice about financial services is a financial ____represents the company and sell the products is a sales ____assists the manager is an ____ manageroffers consultancy services to management is a management ____develops software is a ____ ____produces films is . a ____ ____

What word goes best with the given verbBooka factory/deal/room/businessSet up a room/customer/book/meetingMakea book/competition/room/dealOpena market/competitor/manager/branchBreak intoa market/competition/deal/TV show*

Which verb cannot be usedThey offer / take / provide good service at a reasonable rate.I give / purchase / buy products for my company.We create / design / imagine new products every season.When you invest / set up / found a company it is a good idea to get financial advice.Does Jill still run / close / manage the IT department?*

*Auxiliary verbs: be, do, haveAuxiliary

I am watching you.

Do you speak English?

I have never seen him. Main

I am happy. ()

I do my homework in the evening. (, )

I have a headache. ()

*Regular and irregular verbs

Full verb formsRegularIrregular1. InfinitiveTo wantTo go2. Third person singular presentWantsGoes3. Present participleWantingGoing4. Past tenseWantedWent5. Past participleWantedGone

*THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSETO BE

IYou / We / TheyHe / She / It+amareis?Am I?Are you?Is he?-I am not.You arent.(arent = are not)He isnt.(isnt = is not)

*THE PAST SIMPLE TENSETO BE

I / he / she / itwe / you / they+waswere?Was I?Were you?-I wasnt.(wasnt = was not)You werent.(werent=were not)

*THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

I/ you / we / theyhe / she / it+knowknows?Do you know?Does he know?-I dont know.(dont = do not)She doesnt know.(doesnt = does not)

The uses of the present simpleRepeated actions: He recruits new employees.Facts or generalisations:The company is situated in California.Scheduled events in the near future: The train leaves at 6pm.

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*THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Iyou / we / theyhe / she / it+Im going.Youre going.Hes going.?Am I going?Are you going?Is he going?-Im not going.You arent going.He isnt going.

The uses of the present continuousLiterally now:I am standing now.Longer actions in progress now:I am studying to become a manager.We are rewriting our plan this month.Near future:Im meeting some friends after work.Repetition and irritation:He is constantly/always interrupting people.*

*PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE1. The man who (walk) past the window (live) next door.2. You (remember) our excursion to the seaside?

3. Look, a man (run) after the bus, he (want) to catch it.

4. The computer (not recognise) your password, youcannot use it now.

5. Excuse me, but you (sit) in my place.

The man who is walking past the window lives next door.Do you remember our excursion to the seaside?Look, a man is running after the bus, he wants to catch it.The computer doesnt recognise your password, you cannot use it.Excuse me, but youre sitting in my place.

*Present simple or continuousWere all accountants and we work/are working for a telecommunication company in the finance department. We sit/are sitting at our PCs in the office every day and check/are checking the invoices and payments. But this week is different: we attend/are attending a training course. The company currently changes/is currently changing to a new accounting system, and this week, we learn/are learning all about it. So at the moment, we stay/are staying at a big hotel in the mountains. Its wonderful! When were at home, we usually spend/are spending the evenings cooking and cleaning for our families. But here, theres an excellent restaurant and we can relax and have a laugh together.

*Present simple or continuousMy working day ___ (start) with a long journey to the office usually over an hour on a crowded train. The first event of a typical day is the regular morning meeting. Our managers ___ (give) updates on the departments progress. After that, its a long, hard day of work. You can see me at work in this photo I ___ (give) a presentation to my colleagues. I often ___ (stay) in the office until 9 or 10pm. But this is the old way. Now, things ___ (begin) to change. Young people ___ (refuse) to work long hours. They ___ (demand) more leisure time and freedom.

*The Present Perfect Tense

I/ you / we / theyhe / she / it+Have workedHave seenHas workedHas seen?Have you worked?Have they seen?Has he worked?Has she seen?-I havent worked.We have not seen.He hasnt worked.She hasnt seen.

*Present perfect with time wordsPresent Perfect actions or states in a period of time which continues from the past to the present, with:

No time reference:Hes lived in lots of different countries.

Adverbs: never, already, just, recently, lately, yet, for, sinceIve never liked eggs. Hes already gone. Mums just made a cake.Shes recently got married. Theyve had a lot of problems lately. Have you finished yet? He has been my friend for 10 years / since 2002.ThisI havent seen Marco this morning. (the morning isnt finished)But: I didnt see Marco this morning. (its afternoon or evening)

TimesIve told him to clean his room three times.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense*

I/ you / we / theyhe / she / it+Have been workingHas been working?Have you been working?Has he been working?-I havent been working.He hasnt been working.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been waiting here for two hours.It has been snowing since this morning.*

*Present simple, continuous or perfectThe text, which we just (complete), (demonstrate) the importance of the present perfect tense.At present, a number of research teams (look) for new materials.The new machine, which (break down) several times recently, (run) smoothly now.He will come to see you after he (finish) his work.What you (do), Mary? I (look) for some documents, but I cant find them.How many times you (apply) for that job?When he (come) again, tell him to bring the book he (take) from the library.Since 1990 till now, we (pass) through many crises, and we still (suffer) from them.I (spend) thirty years in this trade.The heaviest rains usually (fall) in April.

*Unit 2: DataKeynotesInformation technology (IT) makes it easy to store huge amounts of data, or information, on computer databases. Companies and organisations collect information about people all the time. Companies conduct research into peoples buying habits so that they can improve their marketing. Organisations collect data for surveillance purposes: to help stop criminal activity and increase security. Someone somewhere is recording nearly everything we do.

*Unit 2: DataBrowse, enters, keeps, manages, uses, updatesAmy ___ customer data and ___ records of customers.She ___ data in the customer database.Bob ___ data about people who ___ the company websites.Carla ___ search engines to find new products and supplies.She ___ the files with new information.

*No hiding placecookie information that a website leaves in your computer so that the website will recognize you when you use it againCCTV cameras closed circuit television camerastracking chips microchips that use radio signals to find the exact location of someone or something

No hiding placeA cookie is a small file that a company can send to your computer when you visit the companys website. It tells them a lot about your browsing habits. Using the web without them is nearly impossible. DoubleClick, an advertising company, has agreements with over 11,000 websites and maintains cookies on 100 million users to get information about them for marketing.Offline, the story is the same. When you turn on a mobile phone, the phone company can monitor calls and also record the location of the phone. We use more and more electronic systems for tickets, and for access to buildings. It is becoming common for employers to monitor employees telephone calls, voicemail, email and computer use. *

No hiding placeThe use of video surveillance cameras is also growing. Britain has about 1.5 million cameras in public places (for example, airports, shopping malls and public buildings). The average Briton is recorded by CCTV cameras 300 times a day. With digital cameras we can collect, store and analyse millions of images. And this is only the beginning. Engineers are now developing cameras that can see through clothing, walls or cars. Satellites can recognise objects only one metre across. We can attach tracking chips to products or people.New technology offers substantial benefits more security against terrorists and criminals, higher productivity at work, a wider selection of products, more convenience. We are ready to give more personal information because we want the benefits.But all this monitoring generates a mountain of data about us. Surveillance is everywhere in our society, often without our knowledge. Most people hate the idea but they dont know how to stop it.*

*Using the internet website / online shopping / screen / keyword / search engine / password / click

When you want to find information on the web, it is helpful to use a ___ such as Google or AltaVista. You type in a ___ or phrase, ___ on GO and a list of ___ appears on your computer ___. Many people use the web for ___ or banking. This means they have to enter private information such as credit card numbers or bank details, so the website must be very secure. To enter a secure code, you usually need to enter your user name and a ___.

*PLURAL OF NOUNS Add s to a singular noun: book books, dog dogs.

If the noun ends in a vowel, ch, sh, x, s, z, add es:tomatoes, churches, bushes, boxes, buses, quizzes.

If the noun ends in consonant + y, y changes into i:baby babies, lady ladies. But, if the noun ends in vowel + y, just add s: boys, toys, days.

If the word ends in f(e), f changes into v: knife knives, wolf wolves. But, roofs, cliffs, chiefs.

*IRREGULAR PLURALman mentooth teethwoman womenfoot feetchild childrengoose geesemouse micelouse licedeer deerfish fishsheep sheep

*PLURAL OF NOUNSBrotherSister

MatchKey

CameraChurch

TeacherGarden

SandwichDoor

LadyGentleman

ToothRestaurant

HouseLife

SheepWoman

BoxBaby

PersonMan

ChildSecretary

StudentBus

CinemaFoot

BoyTable

WindowBanana

ChiefFish

*THE PLURAL OF NOUNSPUT THE NOUNS INTO THE CORRECT PLURAL FORM:He saw two (mouse) ______ running across the floor.The baby got three new (tooth) _________.I met some interesting (man) _________ at the meeting last night.I need some (match) _________.He cooked (potato) _________ for dinner.I visited some (city) ________ in Columbia.She photographed some beautiful (flower) _________ and (leaf) _________.All (child) _________ hid behind the (bush) ________.When we spoke in the cave we heard (echo) _______.Those (woman) ___ in the corner are my (friend) ____.

*THE PLURAL OF NOUNSPUT THE SENTENCES INTO PLURAL:

Dont touch this knife.There is a box on the shelf.A passer-by stopped to help the injured man.I am not satisfied with the information.The furniture in this shop is expensive.They caught a fish that afternoon.It was autumn, and a leaf was falling.A wolf chased a deer for several miles.There was one thousand boxes in the factory.

*POSSESSIVE FORMSIn the singular, add 's: Ann's bike, James's friend, the dog's food, John and Iris's flat.For plurals ending in s, just add ': the boys' mother, my parents' house, the ladies' hats.For other plurals, add 's: the children's friends, the women's cars, the people's voices.We usually use of before things or places: a picture of a car, the Queen of England, the Tower of London.

*POSSESSIVE FORMSmy mother... nosemy sisters... namesAlice and John... houseartists... ideasthose men... faceshis girlfriend... pianothier grandchild... birthdaytheir grandchildren... schoolmy aunt and uncle... shopthe thieves... car

*NUMERALSCARDINAL1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 tenORDINAL1st first2nd second3rd third4th fourth5th fifth6th sixth7th seventh8th eighth9th ninth10th tenth

*NUMERALS11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty21 twenty-one11th eleventh12th twelfth13th thirteenth14th fourteenth15th fifteenth16th sixteenth17th seventeenth18th eighteenth19th nineteenth20th twentieth21st twenty-first

*NUMERALS30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a/one hundred232 two hundred (and) thirty-two

1121 a/one thousand one hundred (and) twenty-one30th thirtieth 40th fortieth 50th fiftieth 60th sixtieth 70th seventieth 80th eightieth 90th ninetieth 100th hundredth 232nd two hundred (and) thirty-second

598,347 five hundred (and) ninety-eight thousand, three hundred (and) forty-seven

*NUMERALS1m a/one million3bn three billionDATES1624 sixteen twenty-four1903 nineteen-oh-three2005 two thousand and five17(th) March 2002 the seventeenth of March, two thousand and twoMarch 17(th) 2002 March the seventeenth, two thousand and two

17/03/(20)02 BrE3/17/02 AmE

NumbersCardinal and ordinal: 815 / 10,000 / 4,905 / 75th / 3m / 25bnDecimals: 3.2, 10.98 (ten point nine eight), 15.361Fractions: , , (five eights)Percentage: 2%, 48%, 91.3%Currency: 102, 4,000 USD, 9m*

*QUANTIFIERSsome, any, no, much, many, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of

With countable nouns: some, any, no, many, few, a few, a lot of

With uncountable nouns: some, any, no, much, little, a little, a lot of

*QUANTIFIERSSOME means an indefinite number of. Its usually used in positive sentences.There are some beautiful pictures in the museum.ANY is usually used in negative sentences and yes/no questions.Are there any shops near your house?NO means the same as NOT ANY.Theres no bread left.(A) FEW means a small number of.Ive got a few minutes if you want to speak to me.

*QUANTIFIERS(A) LITTLE means a small quantity of.Weve got little time, so hurry up!A LOT OF means a large number of and is usually used in positive sentences.There are a lot of nice places to eat round here.MANY and MUCH are usually used in negative sentences and in questions.I havent hot much money at the moment.Are there many tourists at this time of year?

*QUANTIFIERSBe careful on the road. Theres ____ traffic at this time of day.My flats got a nice view, but there really isnt ____ space.Unfortunately, there arent ____ young people around here.I cant go out tonight, Ive got ____ money.The citys mainly modern, but there are ____ old buildings.Were very lucky, there are ____ parks where we live.There arent ____ shops around here. You have to go into the town centre.There are ____ places for young people to go, but not enough, really.

Unit 3 EtiquetteKeynotesEtiquette is the name we give to the rules for being polite in a social group. Business etiquette is important for people who often have to make new contacts and build relationships in their work. Politeness can also help to improve the working environment for people in the same office. Some cultures and situations are formal, which means that we have to follow rules; other cultures and situations are informal.*

Which word does not belong in each group?Rude, stuffy, bad-mannered, impoliteCourtesy, politeness, etiquette, impactCommunicate, answer, reply, respondRegularly, commonly, rarely, often*

*Unit 4 Image Keynotes

Image is the general opinion most people have of a company or product. Brand image is the opinion people have of a brand. A brand usually has a name, a logo (a symbol) and a design which everyone can easily recognise and which helps to identify it. Marketing experts work hard to create brands and promote the brand image through advertising campaigns. This process of branding is an important part of marketing. Most customers feel happier buying a famous brand than a product they dont know. The image of the brand has to appeal to the target market.

Word buildingNOUN---Fashion---CreationCommerceEconomyFame---ADJECTIVELuxurious---Industrial------------Talented *

*COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

POSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVEtallnicebigthinhotfattallernicerbiggerthinnerhotterfatterthe tallestthe nicestthe biggestthe thinnestthe hottestthe fattesthappyluckyhappierluckierthe happiestthe luckiestorganisedbeautifulmore organisedmore beautifulthe most organisedthe most beautiful

*IRREGULAR COMPARISONolder thandifferent from similar tothe same aslook like

POSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVEgoodbadlittlemany/muchfarbetterworselessmorefarther/furtherthe bestthe worstthe leastthe mostthe farthest/the furthest

*COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESMount Everest is _________________ (high) mountain in the world.China has a __________________ (large) population than Japan.The KohiNoor is _________________ (big) diamond in the world.Travelling by motorbike is __________________ (dangerous) than travelling by car.He is ________________ (good) polo player in the team._____________ (big) animal that ever walked the planet was ____________ (tall) than a giraffe and _____________ (heavy) than five elephants.Which takes ____________ (much) time, sending an e-mail or sending a fax?

*COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESMany people think that Queen Elisabeth of Great Britain is ____________ (wealthy) female ruler.The baluchitherium lived in Asia between 25 and 40 million years ago, and was ___________ (big) than any other animal. Scientists who found the graves of twenty of the animals say that this is _____________ (important) discovery of its kind, and that they can now make a _____________ (accurate) picture of the ancient creature.Churchill said that democracy is _____________ (bad) form of government, apart from all the others.The film was ___________ (funny) than I expected.______________ (tall) US President was Abraham Lincoln, who was 1,93m and _____________ (old) was Ronald Reagan, who was 69 when he become President in 1981.

*COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESBeing funny is ____________ (difficult) than being clever, said a comedy magazine editor.Mauritius is ___________ (hot) and ____________ (dry) than Arizona.Which is ______________ (nice) room in your house?He has ______________ (little) brains than luck.Which is ______________ (big): your bedroom or the kitchen?What is ______________ (unusual) object in your house?Which is ______________ (useful) thing to own: a car or a computer?

*COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESAS, THAN, FROM, LIKE, IN, TO

1. Maries dress is very similar ___________ mine.2. She has the same taste in clothes ____________ me.3. Anna is older __________ she looks.4. Tom always seems to have more money __________ everyone else.5. Do you look ___________ your parents?6. Whos the youngest person ____________ your family?7. Our lives today are very different _______________ the way our grandparents lived.8. Whats your parents house ___________?

*COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESHe looks older than he is. -He isnt (so) as old as he looks.

Its warmer today than yesterday.You are taller than me.The hotel is cheaper than I expected.There were fewer people at this conference than at the last oneThe first joke was funnier than the second one.His photographs are better than ours.The city center was more crowded yesterday than it is today.This chair is more comfortable than that one.

Choose the best wordThe US has a bigger / more big domestic market than France.An off-the-peg dress is more cheap / cheaper than an haute couture dress.There arent as many designers in London than / as in Paris.This years designs are prettier / more pretty than last year.John Galliano is one of greatest / the greatest designers in the British fashion industry.I think Stella is most talented / more talented than Susan.Susan is less creative / the least creative of the group.The quality of the clothes in the stores is worse / worst than ever before.The price in France is the same as / than in the UK.The price in the US is lower / the lower than in the UK.*

Complete the text with comparative or superlativeGiorgio Armani, founder of the Armani Group agrees that the last year has been the (bad) for many years for fashion and luxury goods companies. When the economy is down, people dont want to spend money. Now, things are slowly getting (good), and customers are becoming (optimistic), but they are (careful) about what they buy than they were before. Quality and value for money are becoming (important) and it is (hard) for companies to sell something just because it has a designer label. People expect luxury goods to last (long) than other goods. Consumers are (interested) in fashion and design than ever before, but they expect to be able to buy the (new) styles for less.*

Complete the text with comparative or superlativeThe hotel industry is changing. The latest trend is for ___________ (small), __________ (stylish) hotels with no more than 100 rooms. These hotels are investing in ______________ (attractive) designs, ___________ (comfortable) furniture, and more personal service than _____________ (big) hotels. Some, targeting business customers, are offering ____________ (good) value for money and more up-to-date technology. Among the new hotels starting up in London, the one with _____________ (low) prices is the Orion, advertised at 59 per night. At the luxury end of the market, ______________ (expensive) is the Seven Stars Hotel with rooms priced at 195 per night. But with no swimming pools or large function rooms to maintain, these small hotels can expect to be ____________ (profitable) without charging ______________ (high) than average prices.*

*ADVERBSManner How?nicely, beautifullyPlace Where?at home, in the gardenTime When?yesterday, in a minuteFrequency How often? sometimes, usually

*ADVERBSREWRITE THE SENTENCES USING ALL THE ADVERBS:

He came. (last night, home, late)Henry hurt his right hand. (some weeks ago, badly, on a broken bottle)The strong man broke the chain. (under the eyes of the crowd, into pieces, quickly)Dr Johnson washes his hands. (with plenty of soap, well, always, before operating)He goes. (often, by taxi, to his office)Mrs Green spoke. (to her little boy, yesterday, angrily)

*WORD FUNCTIONSSVOMPTS subjectV verb (predicate)O objectM adverb of mannerP adverb of placeT adverb of time

*SVOMPTHe was playing the piano beautifully at the concert last night.he Swas playing Vthe piano Obeautifully Mat the concert Plast night T

*Unit 5 Success KeynotesA start-up is a new business. Many people decide to start up their own business because they have what they think is a good business idea and they want to become entrepreneurs. But it is important to prepare a good business plan before you start. You need to know if there is a demand for the products or services you want to offer. If you can finance the operation, find customers and beat the competition, you have a good chance of making a profit. Then you can call your business a success.

*Demand, grow, control, market share, profit, market leaderA successful company has to make a ___.There has to be a ___ for your products.The most successful companies ___ the market.Successful companies have a bigger percentage of sales than their competitors. They have a bigger ___.A company that has the biggest sales or the best selling product is the ___.Successful companies are always finding new markets and opportunities to ___.

Bankrupt, distribute, sold, cool, equipped, order, set upSnacks 2U was a small firm that produced fresh snack foods and ___ them to shops, cafes and bars in the region. To ___ the snacks, it used trucks which it ___ with refrigerators to keep the food ___. The business was a success until one day a new producer ___ in the same are. It supplied exciting new snack foods at a lower price. Shops and cafes started to ___ products from the new company. Snacks 2U wasnt able to compete, and six months later it went ___.*

Collocations (combine)HeadsRentMeetLosehaveDemandFunAn apartmentA companymoney*

Fill in with the phrases from the previous exerciseThe person who ___ usually has the title of CEO.Companies sometimes ___ when the economic situation is bad.More and more people wanted to buy the new snack food. The company had to increase production to ___.When Patrick moved away from home to start work, he had to ___.Running your own business is hard work, but you can ___ too.*

*THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

I / you / he / she / it / we / they+liked (regular)saw (irregular)the film?Did you likeDid he seethe film?-We didnt likeThey did not seethe film.

The use of the past simple tenseCompleted action in the past:I met him yesterday / last year / ten days ago/ in 2002.He graduated, found a job, but quit after a year.Duration in the past:I volunteered in the bank for two years.Habits/facts in the past (also: used to):Christine ate (used to eat) meat, but now shes a vegetarian.*

*Fill in the text with a suitable prepositionConrad Asher is an entrepreneur. When he was a boy he decided he didnt want a job where he worked __ 9am __ 5pm every day. When he finished college __ 1999, he worked as an events organiser __ two years. Then, __ 26 August 2001, he launched his own company to help organisations choose which sporting events to sponsor. The company made a loss for the first few years, but __ year, it made a good profit. Conrad likes to start work early. He is usually at his desk __ 7am. He often goes to sporting events __ the evenings. __ the weekend, Conrad plays rugby and hockey and goes to watch football matches. I enjoy my free time, but I always enjoy getting back to work __ Monday morning. Conrad says, Sport is my work and my life; Im very lucky.

*THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

I / you / he / she / it You / we / they+I was working.You were working.?Was I working?Were you working?-I wasnt working.You werent working.

The uses of the past continuous tenseHe was shouting at his colleague when their boss entered the office. The phone rang while they were negotiating.Were you listening while he was talking?When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, He was constantly / always interrupting people!*

*Past simple or continuousIt (rain) hard when I (leave) home this morning.John (fall) and (hurt) himself when he (ride) his bicycle yesterday.As Mary (get) off the bus, she (slip) and (break) her leg.Your telegram (come) just as I (leave) my home.John (talk) with his colleague when I last (see) him.While he (write) the report, the children (fight) and (scream) so he (shout) at them several times.The postman (come) while I (have) breakfast.We (meet) Joan at the party. She (wear) a red dress.What you (do) between 7 and 9 yesterday evening?I (get) up early this morning. I (wash), (dress) and then I (have) breakfast.

*Anita Roddick: A Business Woman with a VisionAnita Roddick, founder of the Body Shop, was born in England in 1942. In the 1960s, she ___ (train) as a teacher in England and ___ (work) for the United Nations in Geneva. She then ___ (decide) to adopt a hippie lifestyle and ___ (begin) to travel extensively.While she ___ (travel) around the world, she ___ (learn) many different customs and rituals from many different countries and ___ (become) interested in anthropology.In 1971, she married Gordon Roddick. They ran a small hotel and restaurant in Brighton, but after three years they decided they ___ (want) a different way of life for themselves and their two children.While her husband ___ (travel) in the USA in 1976, Anita ___ (open) the first Body Shop, selling natural, environment-conscious cosmetics packaged in recyclable bottles. The shop became very popular, and soon many customers ___ (enquire) how they could start their own branch of the Body Shop.

*Anita Roddick: A Business Woman with a VisionAnita and Gordon then ___ (develop) a new business philosophy: profits with principles. It was clear the Body Shop was a cosmetics company with a difference: they ___ (want) to see social and environmental changes. They ___ (launch) unusual advertising campaigns, and ___ (support) a number of environmental and human organisations.Anita was named Business Woman of the Year in London in 1985 and was awarded an Order of the British Empire in 1988.The Body Shop today has more then 1,000 stores all over the world.

*The Past Perfect Tense

I / you / he / she / it / we / they+Had workedHad seen?Had you worked?Had he seen?-We hadnt worked.They had not seen.

The uses of the past perfect tenseCompleted action before something else in the past:

I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.After we had arrived, he left the room.She had moved to France before Christmas.*

Simple past or Past perfectAfter he (finish) his studies, he (live) in England for two years.Although I (ask) her to lend me the book, she (leave) it at home.I (not visit) England for seven years when I (go) there last year.My English teacher (give) me a good report last term.The artist (finish) the painting at exactly three oclock.The fire already (destroy) much of the building when the firemen (arrive).By two oclock he (read) most of the novel.*

*Simple past or Past perfectWhen, in 1926, a US court _____ (send) a man called Arthur Ferguson to prison for five years, it _____ (be) the end of an amazing criminal career. The police _____ (arrest) him several months earlier, when he was trying to sell the Statue of Liberty to an Australian tourist. After the arrest, the police soon _____ (find) that it _____ (not be) the first time that Ferguson _____ (try) to make money by selling famous buildings.Ferguson _____ (emigrate) to the United States from Scotland the previous year. Soon after his arrival, he found a luxurious house in Washington for a rich Texas farmer; but the farmer _____ (not know) that he _____ (buy) the White House, home of the President of the United States for hundreds of years!Before coming to America, Ferguson _____ (sell) Buckingham Palace home of the English royal family for 2,000, Big Ben for 1,000 and Nelsons Column for 6,000 all to rich American tourists who perhaps _____ (have) more money than intelligence!When Ferguson _____ (die), in 1938, he _____ (be) a rich man.

The past perfect continuous tense*

I / you / he / she / it / we / they+Had been working?Had you been working?-We hadnt been working.

*Used to + infinitiveTo be used to + gerundWe use used to + infinitive for finished habits and situations, things that were true, but are not now.I used to work at night. (= I often worked at night, but I dont now.)

We use to be used to + gerund, to show that we are in the habit of doing something, that we are accustomed to doing something:Im used to working at night. (= it is normal for me to do this.)

*Used to or be used toI ___ live in London, but I moved.They ___ cooking for themselves when they get home from school.Do you remember how we ___spend hours in front of the mirror when we were young?I not ___ eating this sort of food.This ___ be an industrial area.I ___ earn more when I was a teenager than I do now.The children not ___ going to bed so late.I not ___ driving on the left.I not ___ like classical music.

*Unit 6 Future KeynotesMan is constantly exploring new possibilities and making new discoveries. New technology will shape our future and open up new opportunities for business. But developing a new technology takes time and needs a huge amount of funding. People who want to finance new ventures need to borrow a lot of capital. But it may be difficult to persuade people to invest in a project that is very risky or doesnt have the potential to make much profit.

*An elevator to space To borrow money from sbdTo lend money to sbdReach / richStuff / staffNASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), US space agencyJoint ventureReturn on investment (ROI)

An elevator to space Wouldnt it be nice if you could take an elevator to space?In the future, you may be able to. Michael Laine hopes that his new business, LiftPort Group, will complete a space elevator by 2018. But we already have rockets and satellites, so why an elevator? Well, its not cheap to get satellites into orbit. To reach 35,793km up where about half of all satellites go costs above $100m. Add another 10% to 20% for insurance. And make sure you build that satellite right the first time because, once its up there, you cant fix it.The private space industry is expected to grow, but many of the new ventures like the space elevator seem extremely risky. Of course, Laine knows that things will not be easy. First of all, theres the start-up cost: He thinks that the construction of the elevator will cost between $7bn and 10bn over five years. Then theres the fact that the cable for the elevator needs to be stronger than anything in the industrial use today about 30 time the strength of steel. *

An elevator to space Laine runs the company on a tight budget and employs only five people. He says he plans to raise capital and set up joint ventures with other technology businesses. When it is finally completed, the elevator could compete with NASA and the Russian Space Agency. It wasnt long ago that Laine himself was skeptical of the potential for making money in space. Other space enthusiasts were saying, Lets go to the moon or Lets go to Mars, he remembers. I kept saying Whats your return on investment your ROI? Currently, the cost to deliver a kilo of stuff into space using rocket launch is $20,000. The elevator could carry loads of five thousand kilos per day. It could deliver over a million kilos of material per year resulting in billions of dollars in sales. But with so many problems to overcome, will it ever happen?*

*Collocationsto LAUNCHa satellite / rocket / budget / new productto SET UPa(n) satellite / company / joint venture / organisationto RAISEmoney / capital / the price / a rocketto MAKEmoney / profit / an investment / a costto TAKEa(n) elevator / risk / investment / decision

Financing venturesCapitalStart-up costA tight budgetPotentialReturn on investmentPayback periodCareful control of costs, necessary when you have very little moneyThe profit you make from an activity in relation to how much money you put inMoney you lend to someone so that they can start a business ventureThe time needed to get back the cost of an investmentThe expense of setting up a new business or new projectPossibility of future success*

*Modal verbsThere are nine modal verbs in English: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must

be able to / have to / need (to) / ought to / had better / dare (to)

Modal verbs*

AbilityI can swim/ I am not able to solve this.I could speak French when I was young.He wasnt able to (will be able to) solve this.PossibilityWe can / are able to go shopping today.It could /may / might rain tomorrow.DeductionThe lights are on. He must be at home.He cant be English. He has a strong French accent.PermissionCould/Can/May I smoke? You may/can smoke.RequestsWould/Could /Will/Can you follow me, please?Obligation/necessityI must go. He has to study. Does he need to go?Lack of obligationHe doesnt have to go to work. You neednt come.(didnt have to /wont have to go)ProhibitionYou mustnt / cant park here. Its forbidden.AdviceYou ought to study. You shouldnt smoke. OffersShall /Can / May I help you? (Might I BrE)SuggestionsWe can / could go to the cinema tonight.

*Modal verbsTeds flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ___ be exhausted after such a long flight.The loan is optional. A bank officer said we could apply for it. But we ___ if we dont want to.The chairman ___ hear me because everybody was shouting.The computer isnt working. It ___ be damaged during the move.You ____ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people havent got a penny to their name.You ___ do the job if you dont speak Japanese fluently.You ___ worry so much. Either you get the job, or you dont. If you dont, just apply for another one.You ___ be kidding! That ___ be true.

Modal verbsIm certain there will / may be space tourism in the future.Their flight is delayed so it cant / wont be a problem if you arrive at two.Some people might / will be interested in your proposal, but Im really not sure.The project manager is on the phone. He says he hopes to finish on time but that they may / will be late because there is a problem with some parts.Ted thinks the price of a ticket into space can / could be around $150,000 in the future.Thanks for calling. Ill / might give him your message.*

Gerunds after prepositionsJack really loves surfing the Internet. (crazy about)When I was young, collecting stamps interested me a lot. (interested in)Im very sorry: I just cant remember peoples names! (not good at)They left the restaurant; they didnt pay the bill. (without)Why dont you do something and not just sit there? (instead of)Does walking alone at night frighten you? (frightened of)Katrina doesnt think about anything except making money. (obsessed with)My father didnt have a problem with lending me the car. (OK about)My sister loves shopping for clothes. (mad about)*

Gerunds and InfinitivesWhat do you think George would like / likes for his birthday this year?Annette likes / would like Brad Pitt so much, shes got all his films on video.Hello. Id like to speak / I like speaking to Mr Sheen, please.Would you like to go / Do you like going for a coffee after class today?One day, I love going / would love to go to Florida for a holiday.Jenny always drives to college because she doesnt like walking / she wouldnt like to walk.I would love to be / love being a professional ballet dancer, but Im too tall.Its late and Id like to go / I like going home. Can you phone for a taxi?*

Participles: -ed or -ing1. What an ___ (interest) person he is! 2. I was really ___ (bore) because the journey wasnt ___ (excite) at all.3. The film was really ___ (scare) and the audience was ___ (horrify).4. I am on holiday and I am ___ (relax). Dont mention the word work to me!5. What you told me yesterday was really ___ (disgust)! I was totally ___ (disgust)!6. He is ___ (interest) in languages but so ___ (bore) with grammar.7. The ___ (amuse) thing about my neighbour is that he always goes jogging at 5 oclock in the morning.8. Everyone was ___ (surprise) to see him at the party.9. The most ___ (terrify) thing for me is getting cold feet when taking an exam.10. He is so ___________ (bore). I cannot stand him!*

Participles: -ed or -ingDriving for a long time can be tired / tiring.A long walk in the park can be relaxed / relaxing.If you have nothing to do, you may be bored / boring.A piece of news can be surprised / surprising.You can be interested / interesting in football.Going for a swim can be relaxed / relaxing.A film can be excited / exciting.People can be worried / worrying about losing their job.Hard work can make you tired / tiring.This exercise is really tired / tiring.Hes often boring / bored at work, because hes got a boring / bored job.Im very annoying / annoyed when somebody phones me late at night.Its frightening / frightened when you hear strange noises at night.*

*Unit 7: LocationKeynotesThe location of a business can be an important factor for its growth. If a company wants to set up an office in a new location to be near regional markets, for example it needs to be sure that the region has good infrastructure and a stable economy. Some governments offer low taxes to attract companies to set up in developing regions. After deciding on the region or city for the new office, the company then has to find a good site for its premises.

*Collocations capital market / investment bank / multi-national company / service sector / shopping mall / regional office

The companies in an economy that dont manufacture anything, but provide services such as banking, insurance and tourismA companys local office in a different country or city from their main officeA place where people and businesses can deal in stocks and shares, raise finance and make investmentsA financial institution that specisalises in buying stocks and shares, and also gives financial advice to businessesA large area, often inside a huge building, with a lot of shopsA large corporation with activities in many different countries

*Multi-part verbs The sun set / set up at 6:30 yesterday.Im planning to set / set up a new business, selling holidays abroad.If you run / run out of money, you may have to ask the bank for a loan.Many people leave their jobs to run / run out their own business.We sold / sold out 50 tickets for the cruise tomorrow night.I wanted a ticket for the cruise, but they were sold / sold out.The market for luxury cruises is growing / growing up.Toms children are growing / growing up. They are now 12 and 14.It took 20 years to build / build up the business to a chain of supermarkets.It took 6 months to build / build up the new block for our regional offices.

*Expressing the futurePresent simpleSchedules, timetables, programmes. Only a few verbs are used in this way: to be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, return.The train leaves London at 9pm tonight.Joanna starts work next week.Tomorrow is Saturday.

Present continuousThings that have already been arranged.Mike is taking his English exam next year.They cant play tennis tomorrow. They are working.Were going to the cinema on Friday.

*Expressing the futureBe going toWhen the speaker is making a prediction based on evidence.Theres a cloud in the sky. Its going to rain.When the speaker already has an intention or plan.Were going to paint the house tomorrow.Hes going to buy a house in London.WillWhen the speaker is making a prediction.Tomorrow will be hot and sunny.People will go to Mars in the next decade.When the speaker decides to do sth at the time of speaking. He had no previous plan.Hold on. Ill get the pencil.We will see what we can do to help you.

*Present simple or present continuous I (see) Jessica tonight.Im afraid I cant come to dinner on Saturday I (meet) Tim.Your plane (leave) London at 8.30 and (arrive) in Cairo at 12.00.I always (travel) by the 8.30 train because it (get) to London before ten oclock.You (stay) at home this weekend?The Prime Minister (arrive) in India on Tuesday, (spend) a couple of days in Delhi, then (go) on to Malaysia.Kate phoned up. She (come) round to see us this afternoon.Please look after my cat while I (be) on holiday.Wait until the scandal (be) forgotten.I (go) to London to look for an old friend.Phil and Monica (go) to Toms wedding on Sunday.Ill phone you when I (get) home.

*Present continuous, Going to or WillWeve moved into a new house, so we (have) a party soon.Im afraid I cant come to dinner on Saturday I (meet) Tim.Its raining we (have to) take an umbrella.My cousins (come) to stay with us at the weekend.Look at that car! It (hit) that tree!I promise I (not do) that again.Did you hear that the company (open) a new factory?You look tired. Sit down and I (make) you a cup of tea.Kates really unhappy at work so she (look for) a new job soon.She looks really unhappy. I think she (cry).

Word families1. Steel __________ (produce) has decreased by 34%.2. I'm allergic to dairy __________ (produce).3. The committe is unsure regarding the issue of unhealthy and __________ (productivity) workplaces.4. Pizza Mondo offers free __________ (deliver).5. The company is now one of the major __________ (supply) of educational software to schools.6. More donors are needed as blood __________ (supply) run low.*

Underline the correct verb1. When you set / pay the price, its important to have a strategy.2. A lower price may increase sales but it will also reduce / slow the profit margin.3. The company may have to cut / borrow its costs to survive this recession.4. When people tell / stretch the truth they may commit insurance fraud.5. The governments policy has pushed up / risen the cost of living.6. Weve decided to go up / put up our prices.7. Id like to make / say a complaint about one of your staff.*

*QUESTIONS I Yes/No Questions:

All Yes/No questions begin with a verb.The verb is either auxiliary or modal:

Are you ready?Has she arrived?Do I need a visa?Can you swim?II WH Questions:

They begin with a question word: who, what, where, when, why, how

WH Questions normally have the same word order as Yes/No questions:

When did you arrive?How does he like his job?Whos that?Whats this?

*Put the words in the correct order

mean / does / What / launch/?like / Manager / our / talk / you / to / to / Would / Marketing /?a / advertising / Do / lot / on / spend / they/?advertise / did / range / their / they / Where / new/?targets / meet / Did / your / you / sales /?expecting / figures / sales / Were / better / you /?for / Have / my / quarter / read / report / sales / the / you /?a / How / do / often / report / write / you /?

*Make questions for the underlined wordsThe President and his wife live in Madrid.Tim travels to the USA once a month. The goods will arrive in 10 days. A ticket for the Saturdays concert costs 15. Ann teaches French.John and Tom are going to set up a company.John checked his mail.Weve seen a child playing in the park.I used to go to the cinema once a week.They have been waiting for me for hours.

*Unit 8 Job-seeking KeynotesJob-seekers look for work in the job market; employers offer jobs to people with the right qualifications and experience. People who know what kind of job they want can look at job advertisements for a suitable position. Others may go to career advisers to ask for help in starting or managing their careers. Large companies have a Human Resources Department, which deals with recruitment and hiring employees, and also manages career development within the company.

Types of workFull-timePart-timeFlexi-timeJob-shareContract workTele-workingShift workSkilled workWork from home using a computerWork that needs special trainingStart and finish work at convenient timesWork shorter hours or fewer days a weekSometimes work at night and sometimes in the dayGo to a place of work five full days a weekWork for a co. for a fixed time until a project is finishedDivide a job between you and another person*

Accepts, attend, apply, advertisement, candidates, invites, offersEmployer posts a job ___ on a website or in a newspaper.Job-seekers ___ for the post. The employer selects suitable ___.The employer ___ the selected candidates for interview.Candidates ___ their interview.The employer ___ the job to the best candidate.The candidate ___ or declines the offer.*

Accept, applications, interview, job ads, recruit, selected, resume, offeredEsther Garcia graduated from university with a degree in telecommunications. But finding her first job was very hard. She searched all the ___ in the newspapers and on the internet. She made lots of ___ to different companies. She also sent her ___ to all the big telecommunications companies. But most companies didnt even invite her for ___. It seemed that they only wanted to ___ people with job experience. After several months, a finance company in Madrid ___ Esther a place on a three-month graduate trainee scheme. At the end of the three months, Esther was the only person out of the ten trainees to be ___ for a permanent job. Of course, Esther was very happy to ___.*

ArticlesIndefinite article a manager / an engineer

to denote one: He has a car.to introduce something for the first time: There is a report on your desk.professions / nationalities: He is a bank manager / an Italian.an example of a class of things: A cheetah is an animal.expressions of measure (price / speed / frequency): $20 a kilo / 60km an hour / once a year*

ArticlesDefinite article the bank manager / the engineer

when the listener knows what person/thing you are talking about: Have you finished writing the report?when something has already been mentioned: He works in a bank. The bank is in the centre of the city.when there is only one of a particular thing: the sun, the world, the President, the Poperivers, oceans, seas: the Danube, the Pacific, the Adriatic Seachains of mountains, groups of islands: the Alps, the Philippinessuperlatives, ordinal numbers, decades: the tallest boy, the third man, the 1960s before adjectives used as nouns: the poor, the black nationalities and family names: the Italians, the Simpsons

*

ArticlesNo article ( article)

talking generally: Books are expensive. Inflation is rising.sports: Tennis is popular in Serbia.names of countries that are not unions or republics: Italy, England, America But: The UK, the USA, the Irish Republic, The Netherlands, the Vatican*

ArticlesWheres coffee/the coffee? Its in the cupboard on the left.I always drink coffee/the coffee at breakfast time.Swiss people/The Swiss people all learn two languages at school.Swiss people/The Swiss people in my class all speak German.These days, its easy to buy books/the books over the Internet.Where are books/the books you borrowed from the library?Whats the weather/weather like today?Some people think that people work harder in cold weather/the cold weather.Can you pass me salt/the salt, please?Salt/The salt is bad for you if you eat too much of it.This river is so polluted that all fish/the fish have died.Eating fish/the fish is very good for your heart.I went to see Chicago last night: music/the music was great.I sometimes listen to music/the music when Im working.

*

A, AN, THE or :I used to live in ___ Budapest, ___ capital of ___ Hungary. ___ city is on ___ River Danube and it is in two parts. I lived in ___ north of Budapest on ___ hill in ___ very attractive apartment.I remember, at ___ night I often used to walk along ___ river and look at all ___ beautiful buildings. I often think about it.I think ___ Hungarian people are very intelligent; they have produced ___ lot of famous musicians and mathematicians. I also think ___ Hungarian is ___ most difficult language I have ever tried to learn, because it is so different from ___ English.*

A, AN, THE or :___ my sister lives in ___ big flat.Wheres ___ phone? In ___ kitchen.Most ___ people like ___ animals.Do you play ___ tennis?___ musics too loud please turn it down.Have you ever seen ___ Eiffel Tower?My brother is ___ doctor.___ Andy works at ___ Apollo Theatre.___ River Rhone runs into ___ Mediterranean Sea.All our furniture is made of ___ wood.*

A, AN, THE or :In ___ 1969, in ___ Portland, ___ Oregon, ___ man went to rob ___ bank. He didnt want ___ people in ___ bank to know what was happening, so he walked up to one of ___ cashiers, wrote on ___ piece of ___ paper This is ___ robbery and Ive got ___ gun, and showed ___ paper to ___ cashier. Then he wrote Take all ___ money out of your drawer and put it in ___ paper bag. ___ cashier read ___ message, wrote at ___ bottom of ___ paper I havent got ___ paper bag and gave ___ paper back to ___ robber. ___ robber ran out of ___ bank.

*

A, AN, THE or :Does he speak __ English? Of course he does. He is __ Englishman. He is from __ Brighton.Do you take __ milk and __ sugar in your coffee?My brother goes to __ school in __ afternoon.__ ugliest man I have ever seen was also __ finest singer I have ever heard.__ sugar you bought yesterday got wet.__ your wife phoned and left __ message for you.What __ interesting story! Is it from __ same book?He was in __ bed with flue for 10 days.Your bag is under __ bed.__ Japanese admire the traditions of __ Chinese.We have English classes twice __ week.He drove at __ speed of 50 miles __ hour.*

*Unit 9: Selling Keynotes

Many manufacturers sell their products through retailers, but they may also sell direct to the consumer by telephone or on the internet, or they may employ sales representatives. A lot of companies sell products and services business to business, B2B. Product information is created in the form of flyers or catalogues and some companies send this information to large numbers of potential customers through the post. This method of selling is called direct mail. Marketers are always looking for ways to promote their products to new kinds of customer.

*Boost, debt, discount, estimate, high-earning, method, pay off, spending power, worthThe market for new cars is ___ about 200m a year.We ___ that our share of the market will be 28 per cent.We are targeting ___ consumers with salaries above 100,000 a year, who have enormous ___.Many of our customers have a ___ of 5,000 or more.It will take them several years to ___ these loans. We have a special offer this month: a 5% ___ on all products.Were trying a new ___ of selling: sending special offers by text message.The company hopes that its new strategy will give sales a ___.

Word building*

Noun PersonVerb________SponsorConsumption________marketing________________organiseanalysis____________agentno verb

*Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the word given in brackets The tobacco industry's ___ (sponsor) of sporting events is controversial.___ (consume) will soon be paying higher air fares.3. We're keeping an eye on gangsters and black ___ (market). Greenpeace is an ___ (organise) that works to protect the environment.Political ___ (analyse) expect the Conservatives to win.The government is urging people to reduce their water ___ (consume).The sales improved following a $2 million ___ (market) campaign.He had proved himself an excellent ___ (organise) and effective leader.The article provides a detailed ___ (analyse) of various designs.

Word familiesWith an exciting new machine, you can now make the perfect espresso coffee at home. Nespresso has combined an excellent product design with clever _____________ (market) to completely change coffee _____________ (consume) at home. A recent ______________ (analyse) of the espresso market, carried out by the market research _____________ (agent) Adpro, shows that the potential for sales of Nespresso machines is huge. E.g. 70% of the French ______________ (consumer) espresso, but only 10% have a machine at home. Nespresso sells coffee capsules for its machines through the Nespresso Club, which allows _______________ (consumption) to order online. The company is a ________________ (sponsorship) of the sailing team, Ainghi, in its campaign to win the Americas Cup. This _______________ (sponsor) deal is a perfect match between two dynamic world teams*

*Unit 10 Price KeynotesIt is difficult for companies to set the price of a product. A lower price may help to increase sales, but it also reduces the profit margins. As a result, the company may have to cut costs to keep prices down. We often use graphs to show trends in prices over months or years. Studying the trends can help companies to choose the right pricing strategy for their products.

Match AdvancesMarginWorkforceMinorPortionTrend The difference between the cost of production and the price of the productLess importantAn amount of food for one personChanges that bring improvementThe way a situation changes and developsAll the people who work in a particular company or factory*

Synonyms INCREASEDECREASECut, drop, fall, lower, put up, raise, rise, reduce, push down, rocket*

Relative clausesRelative pronouns: that, which, who, whose, where, when

1. We use which or that for things:Have you read the report which/that I left on your desk?2. We use who or that for people:The people who/that we employ are very highly qualified.3. We can leave out who, which or that when it is the object of the sentence, but not when it is the subject:The people we employ are very highly qualified. but: A counterfeiter is a person who copies goods.Have you read the report I left on your desk. but: Organisations that are flexible can respond to change.

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Relative clauses4. We use whose for possession:Theres the man whose wallet was stolen.5. We use where for place:We visited the town where I was born.6. We use when for time:I think that was the time when I lost all my money.7. Non-defining relative clauses provide extra information about the subject or object of a sentence. The extra information is separated by commas:Philip Condit, who is chairman of Boeing, wants the airline to become a global company.The Dorfmann hotel, which is situated 30 km outside Vienna, charges US$ 1400 per person.It is not possible to use that in a non-defining clause.

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Relative clausesA plumber is a person. He mends pipes.A calculator is a small machine. It does arithmetic for you.A kettle is a machine. It heats water.A scarf is a thing. You wear it round your neck.Sun cream is stuff. You put it on your skin when its very sunny.

A car dealer is a person/buy and sell/cars.A jeweler is a person/make and sell/rings and necklaces.An antique dealer is a person/buy and sell/old furniture.A newsagent is a person/sell/newspapers, cigarettes, etc.A chef is a person/cook/meals in a restaurant or hotel.*

INSERT A RELATIVE PRONOUN TO JOIN THE SENTENCES:A sunhat is a hat ____ protects your head from the sun.A designer is a person ____ designs clothes.Soap is stuff ____ you use to wash your hands.A florist is a person ____ sells flowers.A belt is a long leather thing ____ stops your trousers from falling down.An answering machine is a machine ____ answers the phone for you when youre busy.Lipstick is make-up ____ women wear on their mouths.Sandals are a special kind of shoes ___ you wear in the summer.A butcher ____ is a person ____ sells meat.Earrings are gold or silver things ____ people wear in their ears.I met him in the caf ____ he was working as a waiter.The woman ____ I spoke to wasnt very polite.*

JOIN THE SENTENCES WITH A RELATIVE PRONOUN:Ive got a brother. He lives in Scotland.Henrys got a hat. Its red, green and blue.Claire is a writer. She is very famous.Hes the person. Hes going to be promoted.Its a salad. It tastes delicious.This is a picture. It was painted by Monet.Theyre the people. Their shop burned down last week.Hes a teacher. He is very popular.Its a machine. It makes pasta.This is a mobile phone. It can send e-mails.*

JOIN THE SENTENCES WITH A RELATIVE PRONOUN:John S. Pemberton was the pharmacist _____ gave America Coca Cola.Where are the apples _____ were on the table?A unicorn is an imaginary horse-like animal _____ appears only in stories.Did you hear _____ I said?We saw some people _____ car had broken down.The motel _____ we stayed wasnt very clean.He is the doctor _____ you recommended to me.The woman _____ lives next door is very friendly.Do you know the girl _____ Jim is talking to?The weather, _____ we expected to be quite cold, was very warm.*

*Unit 12 Service KeynotesCustomer satisfaction is an important part of a companys sales strategy, so companies try to provide good customer service. That means offering high quality products and services, answering queries, making it easy for customers to order and pay for goods, and delivering on time. Companies also need to have a system for handling complaints, so that if they make a mistake or offer poor service, they can deal with the problem. Most companies train their customer service staff to deal politely with customers.

Cross out the noun which does not go with the verbMake a complaint / a customer / an apologyDeal witha service / a customer / a problemHandlea query / a need / a complaintOffera refund / an apology / a complaintSatisfya need / a customer / a complaint*

Choose the correct verbIf a company doesnt satisfy / offer a customers needs and he or she makes / offers a complaint, the company should respond immediately and deal with / satisfy the customers problem. Businesses that dont try to satisfy / handle their customers usually receive more complaints. If the company offers / deals with a refund, the complaining customer will often come back. But if the company fails to even make / handle an apology, the customer will not only change to another company, but may also tell other people about their bad experience.*

Unit 13 - ProductivityKeynotesIn manufacturing, productivity means the amount of goods produced in relation to the work, time and money needed to produce them. There are many ways for companies to improve productivity: by installing new equipment with more up-to-date technology, for example. Many manufacturers and suppliers have a system of just-in-time delivery, which reduces the cost of carrying large quantities of stock. More generally, productivity means doing something efficiently: not wasting time and resources.*

Revolution in the car industryThe car business has a serious problem: it is producing too many cars. This over-capacity is resulting in fierce competition. Each manufacturer is competing in every segment of the market, with a huge range of models to attract different consumers. And models are frequently updated to keep interest fresh. This is making the business complex and expensive. So how can companies cut costs and increase their profit margins?To offer so many different models, car companies need factories that are completely flexible. They need to switch quickly from making one model to another to meet changing demands. Honda was first to do this, organising its factories so that any one of them could make any model of car. They can switch to a new model overnight, simply by changing the software in the robots.*

Revolution in the car industryDelivery is another issue that affects margins. For years, companies have tried to cut the time between a customer placing an order for a car and taking delivery. Manufacturers now operate a just-in-time production system. The components for each car arrive at precisely the right moment when they are needed on the assembly line. Such production methods have cut the cost of holding components in stock, and have resulted in high productivity. Most makers are now able to assemble a car in just 18-20 man-hours.But once the car is finished, it usually stays in a distribution centre for 40-80 days. A shorter order-to-delivery cycle would lower the costs of holding stocks of finished cars. Moreover, most of these vehicles need to be discounted to get people to buy them. With big discounts on sale price, there is no guarantee of profits even when the factories are busy.*

Revolution in the car industryThe magic answer to all this could be build to order (BTO). Instead of following the sales departments forecasts, cars could be quickly assembled to the customers orders. Nissan has calculated they could increase profit by as much as $3,600 a vehicle in this way.But some people in the industry predict that the shape of car manufacturing will change even more radically. One view is that todays manufacturers will disappear. In their place will be vehicle brand owners (or VBOs). They will do only the designing, engineering and marketing of vehicles. Everything else, including even final assembly, will be done by the parts suppliers.Such changes to the way the industry is organised may be necessary if companies are to survive.*

Design to deliveryDelayDemandForecastModelRangeStockSwitchUpdate Change from one thing to anotherA set of similar products made by a particular companyA situation where sth is lateA prediction about a future situationPeoples need or wish to buy particular goodsMake sth more modern, using the latest technologyA type or design of car or machineA supply of items that a company keeps to use when it needs them*

Just-in-time productionAssembly, components, finished goods, order, supplierManufacturers ___ supplies electronically according to need.___ delivers parts to the manufacturer several times a day.___ are taken to the assembly line at the moment they are needed.___ of parts to build the finished products.Stocks of ___ wait for delivery to the customer.*

Word building*

nounpersonverbproduction, product---------/deliversupply------manufacturing------

nounAdjectiveproductivity------efficient

Efficient stock controlManufacturing businesses hold stocks of ___ to be used in the assembly process. If a ___ fails to deliver parts on time, the company can use its stocks to avoid a ___ in production. Companies also hold stocks of ___ that are waiting to be sold. Without these, the company could lose sales if customer ___ unexpectedly increases. But holding ___ costs money so thats why companies ___ the minimum quantity for their needs, and arrange ___ just in time.*

Unit 15 - MotivationKeynotesPeople work hard because they are motivated to achieve something. Many companies encourage hard work by offering higher pay and bonuses for good performance. In the past, companies rewarded long-term service and loyalty to the company. Staff were motivated by the chance of promotion to senior positions. Nowadays, companies are less hierarchical, and people change jobs more often. This means that companies have to find new ways to attract and keep talented workers for example by creating a more exciting working environment.*

The kids are all rightYouth is a time for fun. In one American playground in Florida, there are basketball courts and volleyball nets. Inside, there are bright colours, Nerf guns and a games room with pingpong. This is not a school, but the offices of CapitalOne, one of Americas largest credit-card firms. The firm gives each department a monthly fun budget. The same sort of thing can be found across corporate America these days. The kids have taken over. It is technology that drives business today, and dot.com culture is everywhere. The young are now the rising power in the workplace.Take Microsoft, a business with 40, 000 mostly young employees: the dress code is anything goes as long as youre clean. People wear shorts and have blue hair sometimes even in management. The typical workplace scene features mid-afternoon hockey, video games and techno music on headphones.*

The kids are all rightCompanies want to attract and keep a younger workforce because of its technical skills and enthusiasm for change. So young culture is becoming part of office culture. This may be no bad thing. Along with the company fun budget come things that matter more deeply to young people: opportunity, responsibility, respect.In the past, it was the middle-aged who ruled. At work, grey hair, years of loyal service and seniority counted most. Now things are changing. Older workers will not disappear, but they will have to share power with the young. In the old days companies grew slowly; with success came conservative corporate values. Now the worlds largest firms can crash at any moment. The pace of change is increasing. And change favours the young: they learn and relearn faster and will risk more to try new things.*

The kids are all rightMany companies no longer have seniority-based hierarchies. People can get to the top faster. They dont have to spend years showing respect for their superiors. It is more important that they are able to understand e-business and have the courage to ask why?. Loyalty to the company is less important than talent. Employees stay only when there are challenges and rewards. Changing jobs frequently is now a sign of ambition and initiative.All this is a good thing. Young people are at their most creative stage in life. Now they have more opportunity to put their ideas and energy into practice.*

Hierarchy, level, reward, senior, superiors, subordinates, responsibility, senioritySome companies have a complex ___ with many levels of management; ___ managers are very powerful, so it is important to show them great respect and ___ are generally afraid to question the decisions of their ___. Other companies are less hierarchical. People respect each other because of their skills, not because of their ___. These companies give younger employees more ___. They ___ good ideas from every ___ in the organisation.*