BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Meaning of communication:-Communication is the nervous system of an organization. Its keeps the members of an organization informed about the internal and external happenings relevant to the task and of entrust to the organization. The word communication has been derived from the Latin word communicare’ which meaning is To Share. It may therefore be define as sharing information

Definition of communication:-According to Newman and summer, Communication is the process of sharing opinions, facts, figures, ideas between two or more persons.

Importance of communication:-1. Smooth working of Business Form:-Communication is the necessary

for the successful, smooth and unexpected working of an enterprise. All organization interaction depends upon communication.

2. Basis of Managerial Function:- Communication plays an important role in Starting the various function of management. No function can not be possible without communication.

It is important in performing various function of management is as follows :-

(a) Planning (b) Organizing (c) Directing (d) Stuffing (e) Controlling.3. Sound Industrial Relation:- Communication creates a meeting of minds

and Meeting of hearts. It can bring people to each other.4. Corporate Image:- Communication is indispensable for any

organization to develop and maintain reputation to goodwill in society.5. Maximum production at minimum Cost:- Every organization aims to get

a maximum output at minimum cost and for this purpose it requires an effective internal and external communication system.

6. Job Satisfaction & Moral:- Moral is the human element that motivates a man to work in a right spirit.

Process of communication:-1. Sender:-The person who sends his idea,opinion,massage and select the channel and decide about the receiver is called sender.2. Massage:-The person who sends the massage .It is the main theme expressed by person.3. Encoding:-When the sender transfer any massage is to be encoded with suitable word, chart or other symbol for transmission.4. Channel:-It is the medium by which the massage is transfer from the sender to the receiver The channel may be the phone, fax, internet.5. Barrier:-It create the problem in communication 6. Receiver:-The receiver is that person who receives the massage.7. Decoding:-Even if the massage is received it is not possible understand in same sense then, receivers decode the massage and read it.8. Feedback:-It is necessary for sender that receiver the massage and replied him.

Principles of communication:- 1. Principal of celerity:-The message to be conveyed should be clearly and carefully worded so that it dispels all doubts to the mind of receiver.2. Principal of adequacy:-Communication should focus upon reinforcing people to take action as agreed upon .3. Principal of consistency:-According to this principle communication should always be consisted with the policies, program of the organization .4. Principal of timeliness:- The message should not reach behind the time .5. Principal of feedback:-Feedback serves an important purpose in the communication systems it’s complete the circle of communication .6. Principal of communication network:-Communication network implies that track through which the communication travels destination that is the person for whom it is send .7. Principal of attention:-The message can be made effective by drawings the receiver attention towards it .

Function of communication:-1. Transmission of information:- The main purpose of communication is to transmit information from a source to target individuals or groups.Various types of information are transmitted in the organization. Policies, rules, change and development in the organization.2. Control:-The management information system is well known as acontrol mechanism. Information is transmitted to ensure that plans arebeing carried out according to the original design.3. Feedback:-there is need to give feedback to the employees on their achievement to the department on their performance and to the higher management fulfilled of goals and difficulties encountered in the communication of feedback helps in taking corrective measures and making necessary adjustment and it motivates people in developing challenging and realistic plans.4. Decision making:-For arriving at a decision several kinds of communication needed, exchange of information, views and available alternatives etc.5. Problem solving:-6. Build relationship:-

Classification of communication:- 1. On the basis of direction :-

1. Downward communication:-The communication by top hierarchy to their ordinate is called downward communication. The superior take decision in the enterprises and give order and direction to implement them.

Advantage of downward:- 1. Subordinate gets useful kindly information which helps them in their work performance. 3. It help employee understands their liabilities. Objective of downward:- 1. To give specific infraction in direction about the job. 2. To trend employed. 3. Provide technical education to the employee. Limitation of downward:-

1. It is very time consuming. 2.To much or less information. 3. Keep it simple. 4. Filtering

Make it effective:- 1. Plan your communication. 2. Used right channel. 3. Decentralized

2. Upward communication:-Upward communication refers to the information from lower level to the higher level. It is the quit reverse to the downward communication. The subject matter of this communication includes suggestion, reaction, complaints reports etc.

Important of upward:- 1. The short of information help the superior to taking decision. 2.Get alert before coming the denser. 3. Feedback 4. coordination 5.change

Limitation of upward:- 1. Status 2. In proper channel 3.Agitation 4.In attention

Make it effective:-1. Social gathering2. Counseling3. Suggestion

3. Horizontal communication:- Horizontal communication takes place when two individual of the same legal exchange information. The Subject matters in to information, suggestion it is essential for smooth working an any organization.

Advantage of horizontal:-1. To create usual understanding for solving problem.2. It is generally effective there is no status barrier.

limitation of horizontal:- 1. Different in approach 2. Productivity 3. Efficiency of the organization is adversity.

4. Diagonal or crosswise:-Diagonal communication take place when two individual of different level exchange information suchas communication between a worker of a department and manager of other department.

Advantage of diagonal:-1. Boasting moral communication2. Speed action3. Coordination

Classification of communicationClassification of communication

Types of communication

On the basis of direction On the basis of expression On the basis of orgnisation

Diagonal

verbal Downward

Nonverbal

Upward

Informal

Formal

Horizontal

On the basis of expressionOn the basis of expression

There are two types of communication. These There are two types of communication. These are as follows-are as follows-

(1)(1) VerbalVerbal

(2)(2) Non-verbalNon-verbal

Verbal communicationVerbal communication

Verbal communication also divided into two Verbal communication also divided into two parts-parts-

(1)(1) Oral Oral

(2)(2) Written Written

Oral communicationOral communication

It occurs through words the spoken words. In It occurs through words the spoken words. In oral communication , the two parties to oral communication , the two parties to communication , the sender and the receiver , communication , the sender and the receiver , exchange their views through speech ,either in exchange their views through speech ,either in face to face communication between face to face communication between individual and individual ,or between an individual and individual ,or between an individual and the group, or any mechanicals individual and the group, or any mechanicals or electrical device.or electrical device.

Advantages of oral communication Advantages of oral communication

1.Immediate feedback-the biggest advantage of oral 1.Immediate feedback-the biggest advantage of oral communication is that it provides immediate communication is that it provides immediate feedback to both the sender and the receiver.feedback to both the sender and the receiver.

2.Time saving- oral communication is very fast. It saves 2.Time saving- oral communication is very fast. It saves the time involved in writing the message.the time involved in writing the message.

3.Economical – oral communication save the money 3.Economical – oral communication save the money spent on stationery in any organization.spent on stationery in any organization.

4.Personal touch-oral communication build upon 4.Personal touch-oral communication build upon healthy climate in the organization by bringing healthy climate in the organization by bringing superiors and subordinates.superiors and subordinates.

5.flexibility- oral communication provides an 5.flexibility- oral communication provides an opportunity to the speaker to correct himself opportunity to the speaker to correct himself and make himself clear by changing his voice, and make himself clear by changing his voice, pitch, tone,etc.pitch, tone,etc.

6.Secrecy – oral message can be more easily 6.Secrecy – oral message can be more easily kept confidential than written messages.kept confidential than written messages.

7.Group communication- oral communication is 7.Group communication- oral communication is extremely useful for communicating with extremely useful for communicating with groups in meetings, conferences,etc.groups in meetings, conferences,etc.

Limitations of oral communicationLimitations of oral communication

1.Poor retention-the listner cannot retain oral 1.Poor retention-the listner cannot retain oral message in his memory for a long period of message in his memory for a long period of time . The speaker himself may not recall what time . The speaker himself may not recall what he actually said.he actually said.

2.No record- oral communication provides no 2.No record- oral communication provides no record for future reference.record for future reference.

3.Time consuming-oral communication may not 3.Time consuming-oral communication may not always time saving. always time saving.

4.Misunderstanding – oral communication are 4.Misunderstanding – oral communication are likely to be misunderstood due to poor vocal likely to be misunderstood due to poor vocal expression and noise.expression and noise.

5.Lengthy messages- it is not suitable for lengthy 5.Lengthy messages- it is not suitable for lengthy messages.messages.

6.Lack of responsibility-oral message are not 6.Lack of responsibility-oral message are not recorded .therefore, it becomes difficult to recorded .therefore, it becomes difficult to hold persons responsible for hold persons responsible for mistakes,inaccuracy. mistakes,inaccuracy.

Make oral communication effectiveMake oral communication effective

1.Clarity1.Clarity

2.Brevity 2.Brevity

3.Right words3.Right words

4.Understand the listner4.Understand the listner

5.Natural voice5.Natural voice

6.Logical sequence6.Logical sequence

Written communicationWritten communication

Written communication is often resorted to by Written communication is often resorted to by the management for messages that are lengthy the management for messages that are lengthy and have to be made permanent. written and have to be made permanent. written communication involves transmission of communication involves transmission of information through letters, notices, circulars, information through letters, notices, circulars, memos,reports, etc.memos,reports, etc.

Advantages of written Advantages of written communicationcommunication

1.Wide acces- written communication is the 1.Wide acces- written communication is the most economical and probably the only means most economical and probably the only means of communication when the sender and of communication when the sender and receiver of the message are separated by long receiver of the message are separated by long distances.distances.

2.Precision and accuracy- written messages are 2.Precision and accuracy- written messages are prepared with due thought and care.prepared with due thought and care.

3.Repetition – written messages can be read 3.Repetition – written messages can be read again and again.again and again.

4.Permanent record-written communication provides 4.Permanent record-written communication provides permanent record for future reference. Such written permanent record for future reference. Such written message records of policy decisions and performance message records of policy decisions and performance in the past serve as a good guide for decision making in the past serve as a good guide for decision making and planning in future.and planning in future.

5.Lengthy message-written communication is very 5.Lengthy message-written communication is very suitable for transmitting lengthy messages.suitable for transmitting lengthy messages.

6.Convenience –the personal presence of neither the 6.Convenience –the personal presence of neither the sender nor the receiver of message at a certain place sender nor the receiver of message at a certain place at the same time is necessary.at the same time is necessary.

Limitations of written Limitations of written communication communication

1.Time consuming- in addition to the time 1.Time consuming- in addition to the time involved in sending written messages, time has involved in sending written messages, time has to be spent in putting the message in writing.to be spent in putting the message in writing.

2.Costly –written communication is very costly 2.Costly –written communication is very costly than oral communication.than oral communication.

3.Lack of secrecy- it is difficult to keep written 3.Lack of secrecy- it is difficult to keep written messages completely secret.messages completely secret.

4.Rigidity – written communication lacks 4.Rigidity – written communication lacks flexibility. On the spot clarifications and flexibility. On the spot clarifications and adjustments cannot be made.adjustments cannot be made.

5.Impersonal –written communication tend to be 5.Impersonal –written communication tend to be formal and there is lack of personal touch.formal and there is lack of personal touch.

6.Delayed feedback-immediate feedback is not 6.Delayed feedback-immediate feedback is not possible in case of written communication.possible in case of written communication.

Non –verbal communicationNon –verbal communication

Human beings communicates in many ways Human beings communicates in many ways other than words. Words often fail to convey other than words. Words often fail to convey the exact meaning. Therefore, the exact meaning. Therefore, pictures ,drawings, sounds , are often used to pictures ,drawings, sounds , are often used to convey messages. all these means used in convey messages. all these means used in communication are known as non-verbal communication are known as non-verbal communication.communication.

Types of non-verbal communicationTypes of non-verbal communication

There are four types of non-verbal There are four types of non-verbal communication .communication .

1.1. Sign language Sign language

2.2. Body languageBody language

3.3. Para languagePara language

4.4. Space, surrounding and timeSpace, surrounding and time

Sign languageSign language

Sign language involves-Sign language involves-

1.Audio 1.Audio

2.Visuals signals2.Visuals signals

Audio signals Audio signals

Drum beating is to make important Drum beating is to make important announcements and to tell people to assemble announcements and to tell people to assemble at a specified place. Several types of alarm at a specified place. Several types of alarm signals are used to caution people. Fire alarm, signals are used to caution people. Fire alarm, accident alarm, VIP motorcade alarm etc. A accident alarm, VIP motorcade alarm etc. A clock alarm is used to make us aware of our clock alarm is used to make us aware of our time.time.

Advantages of audio signalsAdvantages of audio signals

1.Very fast- sound signals convey the message 1.Very fast- sound signals convey the message very quickly.very quickly.

2.Managing time- sound signals are very useful 2.Managing time- sound signals are very useful for managing time.for managing time.

3.Helps in smooth working-the working of an 3.Helps in smooth working-the working of an organization can be streamlined with the help organization can be streamlined with the help of buzzers and such other sounds signals. of buzzers and such other sounds signals.

Visual signsVisual signs

Visual signals such as pictures, posters, Visual signals such as pictures, posters, drawings, cartoons, photographs, etc are used drawings, cartoons, photographs, etc are used to convey messages for general information to convey messages for general information and education. Traffic lights and lights at and education. Traffic lights and lights at railway stations and airports convey relevant railway stations and airports convey relevant information to people.information to people.

Advantages of visual signalAdvantages of visual signal

1.Easy-visuals signals like pictures and posters convey 1.Easy-visuals signals like pictures and posters convey the message very easily and economically.the message very easily and economically.

2.Intresting and motivating-colourful photograph and 2.Intresting and motivating-colourful photograph and paintings make communication interesting and paintings make communication interesting and motivating.motivating.

3.Educating people-posters and painting are useful for 3.Educating people-posters and painting are useful for informing and educating people.informing and educating people.

4.Advertising –posters are an effective means of 4.Advertising –posters are an effective means of advertising.advertising.

Body language Body language

Human body and its various parts play an Human body and its various parts play an important role in communication.important role in communication.

the study of message conveyed by body the study of message conveyed by body movements is known as body language or movements is known as body language or kinesics.kinesics.

Role of different parts of bodyRole of different parts of body

(1)(1) Head –there is an old saying ‘hold your head high’. Head –there is an old saying ‘hold your head high’. It is a sign of honour ,self respect, and self It is a sign of honour ,self respect, and self confidence. A head bent low, on the other hand confidence. A head bent low, on the other hand shows modesty, politeness and guilt.shows modesty, politeness and guilt.

(2)(2) Face –face has been called the mirror of the mind Face –face has been called the mirror of the mind because whatever a person feels deep inside is because whatever a person feels deep inside is reflected on his face.reflected on his face.

(3)(3) Eyes – eyes communicate our deepest feelings.Eyes – eyes communicate our deepest feelings.

(4) Gestures – gestures refer to the movements (4) Gestures – gestures refer to the movements of our arms, legs, hands, etc.of our arms, legs, hands, etc.

(5) Body shape and posture- standing or sitting (5) Body shape and posture- standing or sitting erect, learning forward or backward, stretching erect, learning forward or backward, stretching or bending sideways all convey meanings. or bending sideways all convey meanings.

Para languagePara language

It is non verbal because it does not involve use of It is non verbal because it does not involve use of words. But it is like verbal communication because it words. But it is like verbal communication because it is related to the way words are spoken.is related to the way words are spoken.

1.Voice – voice can be clear or unclear, pleasant or 1.Voice – voice can be clear or unclear, pleasant or unpleasant, cultivated or musical and so on.unpleasant, cultivated or musical and so on.

2.Speaking speed- a speaker may speak at different 2.Speaking speed- a speaker may speak at different occasions or during different parts of his speech.occasions or during different parts of his speech.

3.Pitch variation- speaking at length on the same level 3.Pitch variation- speaking at length on the same level of pitch variation in pitch are made during a speech. of pitch variation in pitch are made during a speech. these variations in pitch are helpful in catching the these variations in pitch are helpful in catching the attention of the listen and in maintaining his interest attention of the listen and in maintaining his interest in the speech.in the speech.

4.Volume variation-it means loudness of the makes the 4.Volume variation-it means loudness of the makes the speech monotonous or boring.Therefore,wide speech monotonous or boring.Therefore,wide speech.volume variation puts life into our speech.speech.volume variation puts life into our speech.

Advantages of Para languageAdvantages of Para language

1.No oral communication is complete without Para 1.No oral communication is complete without Para language.language.

2.A speaker’s educational background can be judged 2.A speaker’s educational background can be judged from his way of speaking.from his way of speaking.

3.knowlege of a person’s Para language is helpful in 3.knowlege of a person’s Para language is helpful in dealing with him.dealing with him.

4.one can improve his Para language by listening to 4.one can improve his Para language by listening to good speaker.good speaker.

Space, surrounding and timeSpace, surrounding and time

Nonverbal signals which are mutually Nonverbal signals which are mutually understood by the sender and receiver understood by the sender and receiver originate from many sources. One such originate from many sources. One such important source is the space around us which important source is the space around us which communicates in its own way. Communication communicates in its own way. Communication experts call this dimension of communication experts call this dimension of communication ‘proximics’.‘proximics’.

space Languagespace Language

1.intimate-physical contact to 18 inches.1.intimate-physical contact to 18 inches. 2.personal-18 inches to 4 feet.2.personal-18 inches to 4 feet. 3.social-4 to 12 feet.3.social-4 to 12 feet. 4.public-12 feet to as far as one can see or hear4.public-12 feet to as far as one can see or hear

Intimate space language: here very close contact is maintained Intimate space language: here very close contact is maintained within the space of 18 inches. It is the most suitable distance within the space of 18 inches. It is the most suitable distance for use of body language because most of our body for use of body language because most of our body movements originate within this area.movements originate within this area.

personal space language: personal space extends to 18 inches personal space language: personal space extends to 18 inches to 4 feet. Here we use above the close circle of intimacy to 4 feet. Here we use above the close circle of intimacy around us.around us.

Social space language: social space extends to 4 feet to 12 Social space language: social space extends to 4 feet to 12 feet. This space is mostly used for formal official relationship.feet. This space is mostly used for formal official relationship.

Public space language: This larger area extends beyond 12 Public space language: This larger area extends beyond 12 feet. Communication in this space is highly formal and feet. Communication in this space is highly formal and objective.objective.

surroundingsurrounding

The physical environment around us speak The physical environment around us speak their own non-verbal language. Surrounding their own non-verbal language. Surrounding consists of a large number of objects. Two consists of a large number of objects. Two important parts of surrounding are colour and important parts of surrounding are colour and layout. We get meaning from our layout. We get meaning from our surroundings. Similarly, our choice of colour surroundings. Similarly, our choice of colour and design give signals to others.and design give signals to others.

Colours:colours have been used to convey meaning Colours:colours have been used to convey meaning since time immemorial. Different colour are since time immemorial. Different colour are associated with different attitude, behaviour patterns associated with different attitude, behaviour patterns and cultural backgrounds. White is generally and cultural backgrounds. White is generally associated with peace and chastity. Pink, yellow, associated with peace and chastity. Pink, yellow, green and blue represent cheerfulness and pleasant green and blue represent cheerfulness and pleasant conditions.conditions.

Layout and design: the space arrangement of an Layout and design: the space arrangement of an office, the furniture and its design, are important in office, the furniture and its design, are important in communication.communication.

Time LanguageTime Language

There is a saying" Time is money”. Under There is a saying" Time is money”. Under time language we send out signals indicating time language we send out signals indicating the importance of time to us. Time the importance of time to us. Time management has become a very important part management has become a very important part of business management.of business management.

On the basis of organizationOn the basis of organization

There are two types of communication-There are two types of communication-

1.Formal1.Formal

2.Informal 2.Informal

FORMAL COMMUNICATIONFORMAL COMMUNICATION

Formal communication means that exchange Formal communication means that exchange of ideas and information which is done under of ideas and information which is done under the planned organisational structure . It means the planned organisational structure . It means an exchange of idea which passes through a an exchange of idea which passes through a definite channel. Formal communication are definite channel. Formal communication are deliberately designed and represent authority deliberately designed and represent authority responsibility relationships between different responsibility relationships between different position in the organisation.position in the organisation.

Characteristics of formal Characteristics of formal communicationcommunication

1.written or oral1.written or oral

2.formal relation2.formal relation

3.prescribed path 3.prescribed path

4.organisational message4.organisational message

5.deliberate effort5.deliberate effort

Advantages of formal Advantages of formal communication communication

1.Maintenance of authority of the officers-formal 1.Maintenance of authority of the officers-formal communication maintain constant relations communication maintain constant relations among the superiors and the subordinates.among the superiors and the subordinates.

2.Clear and effective communication-with the 2.Clear and effective communication-with the help of formal communication superiors and help of formal communication superiors and subordinates understand the capability, habits, subordinates understand the capability, habits, feelings, etc.feelings, etc.

3.Orderly flow of information- the information 3.Orderly flow of information- the information has to pass through a definite route from one has to pass through a definite route from one person to another.person to another.

4.Satisfy all the people-all the member of an 4.Satisfy all the people-all the member of an organisation become satisfy.organisation become satisfy.

Limitations of formal Limitations of formal communicationcommunication

1.Overload of work 1.Overload of work

2.Rigid and slow2.Rigid and slow

3.Overlooking by the officers3.Overlooking by the officers

4.Distortion of information4.Distortion of information

Informal communicationInformal communication

This communication is based on informal This communication is based on informal relations .it is free from all the organisational relations .it is free from all the organisational formalities. The exchange of information formalities. The exchange of information usually takes place on the occasions of usually takes place on the occasions of community meals, social occasions, community meals, social occasions, parties ,etc. parties ,etc.

informal communication is also called informal communication is also called “grapevine communication”.“grapevine communication”.

Types of informal Types of informal communicationcommunication

Informal communication

clusterGossip wheel probabilitySingle stand

Single stand Single stand

In this type, information flows through a long In this type, information flows through a long line of person to the ultimate receiver. line of person to the ultimate receiver.

w

p

s

h

r

q

Gossip wheel Gossip wheel

It involves passing of information from a It involves passing of information from a person in the centre to all other around him.person in the centre to all other around him.

S

P

UB

A

wH

x

Probability chainProbability chain

Here p communicates randomly with others Here p communicates randomly with others according to the low of probability.according to the low of probability.

p l

o

a

ur

c wq

s

ClusterCluster

It involve selective communication in a group.It involve selective communication in a group.

tr

n

ml

k

q

w

j

p e

Advantages of informal Advantages of informal communicationcommunication

1.Speady transmission1.Speady transmission

2.Valuable feedback2.Valuable feedback

3.Support of formal channel3.Support of formal channel

4.Psychological satisfaction4.Psychological satisfaction

Limitations of informal Limitations of informal communicationcommunication

1.Misunderstanding 1.Misunderstanding

2.Incredible2.Incredible

3.Damage to the organisation3.Damage to the organisation

4.Unreliable information4.Unreliable information

5.Unsystematic communication5.Unsystematic communication

BUSINESS BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

BARRIERS TO BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

BARRIERS TO BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Communication is one of the most common Communication is one of the most common and essential human activities. Perfect and essential human activities. Perfect communication takes place when the receiver communication takes place when the receiver understands the message exactly in the way understands the message exactly in the way the sender intends. Quite often the sender intends. Quite often miscommunication arises due to one barrier or miscommunication arises due to one barrier or the other. Barrier or problems can arise at any the other. Barrier or problems can arise at any stage of the communicationstage of the communication

TYPES OF BARRIERS TO TYPES OF BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

1.SEMANTIC BARRIERS1.SEMANTIC BARRIERS

2.PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL 2.PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL BARRIERSBARRIERS

3.ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS3.ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS

4.SOCIO-PSYCOLOGICAL BARRIERS4.SOCIO-PSYCOLOGICAL BARRIERS

1.SEMANTIC BARRIERS1.SEMANTIC BARRIERS

Semantic barriers arise due to problems in Semantic barriers arise due to problems in language. Language is the most important tool language. Language is the most important tool of communication but its careless use can be of communication but its careless use can be dangerous.dangerous.

Language barriers Language barriers

Language barriers are as follows-Language barriers are as follows-

(a)(a) Words with different meaningWords with different meaning

(b)(b) Denotation and connotationsDenotation and connotations

(c)(c) Bad expressionBad expression

(d)(d) Faulty translationFaulty translation

(e)(e) Unclarified assumptionUnclarified assumption

Words with different meaningWords with different meaning

Communication is mainly carried through Communication is mainly carried through spoken and written words but some words spoken and written words but some words convey different meanings to different people.convey different meanings to different people.

Exp- the word ’tube’ may mean a fluarescent Exp- the word ’tube’ may mean a fluarescent tube ,a cycle tube, a water tube.tube ,a cycle tube, a water tube.

Denotation and connotationsDenotation and connotations

words have two meaning denotative and words have two meaning denotative and connotative. The lateral meaning of a word is connotative. The lateral meaning of a word is known by its denotative meaning it is just known by its denotative meaning it is just names objects without suggesting positive and names objects without suggesting positive and negative qualities. book, chair, computer are negative qualities. book, chair, computer are example of denotative words. On the other example of denotative words. On the other hand connotative words like honest, punctual, hand connotative words like honest, punctual, cheap arose qualitative judgments and cheap arose qualitative judgments and personal reactions.personal reactions.

Bad expression Bad expression

When the message is not formulated and When the message is not formulated and presented in the proper manner, the receiver presented in the proper manner, the receiver fails to comprehend it and misunderstanding fails to comprehend it and misunderstanding occur. badly expressed message lose their occur. badly expressed message lose their impact.impact.

Faulty translationFaulty translation

Often people translate words in a literal sense Often people translate words in a literal sense thereby losing the spirit behind the words. In thereby losing the spirit behind the words. In accurate translation leads to misunderstanding accurate translation leads to misunderstanding and confusion.and confusion.

Unclarified assumptionsUnclarified assumptions

The sender of a message often makes some The sender of a message often makes some assumptions. Consider the following incident:assumptions. Consider the following incident:On Monday ,prof Sinha announced to his On Monday ,prof Sinha announced to his class. "I will be out of town from Tuesday class. "I will be out of town from Tuesday untill Friday. There will be no classes while I' untill Friday. There will be no classes while I' am gone'. on Tuesday 80 percent of the am gone'. on Tuesday 80 percent of the students came to class but prof.Sinha failed to students came to class but prof.Sinha failed to appear.appear.

Other semantic barriersOther semantic barriers

PicturesPictures

ActionAction

2. PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL 2. PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL BARRIERSBARRIERS

Physical barriers arise due to distance, noise Physical barriers arise due to distance, noise and defects in the mechanical devices used in and defects in the mechanical devices used in communication.communication.

Types of physical and mechanical Types of physical and mechanical barriersbarriers

1.Noise 1.Noise

2.Time gap2.Time gap

3.Distance3.Distance

4.Information overload4.Information overload

Noise Noise

The flow of communication is often blocked The flow of communication is often blocked due to noise caused by traffic, human sounds, due to noise caused by traffic, human sounds, construction work typewriters, fans,etc. In construction work typewriters, fans,etc. In factories loud noise of the machines makes factories loud noise of the machines makes oral communication difficult . Blaring and oral communication difficult . Blaring and other types of electronic noise interface in other types of electronic noise interface in communication through telephone and communication through telephone and microphone.microphone.

Time Time

Time is a barrier to communication . Delayed Time is a barrier to communication . Delayed message creates confusion. in factories persons message creates confusion. in factories persons working in different shifts may fail to working in different shifts may fail to communicate effectively due to time gap.communicate effectively due to time gap.

DISTANCE DISTANCE