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Business 187 - Global Dimensions of Business
Slides for preparation and review for second midterm
Prof. Robert Chapman WOOD
The midterm …
25-28 multiple-choice questions A choice of one of two essays
(handed out ahead of time)
Bring Scantron (Form 882-E – the small style)
Blue book (small is OK)
Multiple choice questions will cover … Assigned reading in
Chapters 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 Also p. 355 of Ch. 10 Note that assignments for Chs. 11, 15 are
small parts of those chapters From the first third of the course,
only Ch. 5 (trade theory) will be included Understanding trade theory is essential for
understanding Chapters 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 Also, the Porter article “The Competitive
Advantage of Nations” Chapters 8 and 17 will not be on this test
Use these slides and the class review discussion as guides Study…
the text your notes the original slides available on the class web
page Memorizing stuff from the slides is not enough!
Make sure you understand each concept on the slides
Have slides, your notes, and text open all at once All midterm topics are mentioned on slides, but
the slides themselves cannot provide full detail
Essays graded on whether you practice
critical thinking
Show you understand the concepts In this case –
Gains from trade Comparative advantage Possibly ideas like infant industries, etc.
Your argument (whether you agree with what’s in the text or not) is based on and follows logically from facts and plausible existing theories.
Key issues in Ch. 5: International Trade Theory
Mercantilism Free trade – definition
No barriers limiting trade Economists think you should have the
same incentives when you consider a product from abroad as from your home country.
See special slides on the web site explaining what free trade is and why most economists support it
Arguments for gains from trade
Absolute advantage theory – Adam Smith Comparative advantage theory - Ricardo
Gains from trade when one country is better at everything
Extensions of comparative advantage theory Immobile resources will mean not all resources
shift to new uses Diminishing returns to specialization Free trade further increases efficiency over time
Your company has comparative advantage in the product or service where the ratio Cost in your country . Cost in the other country
is lowest
Product life-cycle theory (and limitations)
“New” trade theory – specialization leads to just a few winners in each industry Should government try to pick and
promote the winners of the future?
Key issues in Chap. 7: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Definition of foreign direct investment Difference between indirect and direct
investments (See Chapter 7-8 slides)
Why firms do foreign direct investment Be able to think about under what circumstances
a firm would produce abroad Why not just license your tech to a local firm?
Acquisitions vs. build-it-yourself
Recent trends Rapid growth over 20 years Recent decline in direct investments
from one developed country to another Growth in direct investment in
developing countries especially East, South, and Southeast Asia
Key issues in Chap 10: Foreign exchange
Note: Parts of the text of Chs. 10 and 11 are confusing and difficult. Download the slides
What are money? foreign exchange? exchange rate?
How to find out a currency’s value (on line or in newspaper)
Dollar as most widely used/traded London as site of most trade
Fixed vs. “floating” exchange rates
Trading terms: bid, offer, spread Fully convertible (hard) currency vs.
“soft” currencies Key issues of “fundamental analysis”
in predicting change in a currency’s value See p. 355 in text (not in original assignment)
Key issues of Chap. 11: The International Monetary System
Fixed exchange rates from 1945-1971 (“The Bretton Woods system”)
The floating exchange rate regime
Key Issues of Chap. 12: Global Corporate Strategy
What goes into the big decisions? The core of strategy: value creation
Strategic positioning: Need to be explicit about choice of strategic emphasis
Reasons a firm that expands abroad may be more successful
Basic strategic choices The problem: pressures on
international businesses Pressures for cost reductions Pressures for local responsiveness
Possible responses “International” strategy Localization (or “Multidomestic”) strategy Global standardization strategy Transnational strategy
Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations
Understand what Porter means by the competitive advantage of an industry
Understand the four determinants Factor conditions (specialized factors) Demand conditions Related and supporting industries Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
Understand what Porter means by each Importance of pressure on firms
Key issues in Chap. 14 Entry Strategy and Alliances
Choosing which foreign markets Know some key criteria for choosing
countries Size Growth rate Stability Spillovers
Know problems of deciding when to enter Scale of entry
Entry modes Exporting Turnkey projects Licensing Franchising Joint Ventures
Selecting mode to match competences Strategic alliances
Dangers Methods that can reduce the dangers
How location decisions should be influenced by Porter’s theories
Essential points from Chap. 15: Exporting and Importing
Information sources – U.S., local trade commissions Lack of trust in exporting/importing Getting paid
Open account – the seller just sends a bill (often very dangerous)
Letter of credit – document that obligates buyer’s bank to pay when goods shipped (usually very reliable)
Key export documents Draft – an order instructing someone to pay at a
specified time Bill of lading – receipt for goods from the carrier (airline,
shipping line)
17-11
Key Points of Ch. 16: Global Production, Outsourcing, Logistics
Definitiions Production
Includes both service and manufacturing activities
Logistics Outsourcing
Goals – include responsiveness To local demands To shifts in customer demand
Centralized vs. decentralized