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US POLICY ON THE IRAQ WAR AND THE GULF REGION UNDER 44 TH
PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH JR.
(Term paper towards partial fulfilment of the assessment in the subject of Contemporary
World Relation)
SUBMITTED TO : S UBMITTED BY:
DR . O M P RAKASH BADAPBIANG T. D KHAR -819
ASSISTANT P ROFESSOR D I A DE ARSHA -8!!
F ACULTY OF P OLICY SCIENCE STUDENTS B.P. S C" LLB
#HONS $
NATIONAL LAW UNI ERSITY
JODHPUR
SUMMER SEMESTER !%1&
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Om Prakash, for allotting us with such a
promising topic and for the guidance he has given us, without which it would have been
impossible for us to accomplish this task.
We would also wish to thank the library staff of the college for their help and cooperation in
compiling material for our project. We wish to take the opportunity to thank each other for
the team work and cooperation and our parents and friends who have always given us a lot of
support and inspiration in all our endeavours.
-Badapbiang T. !har and i"a e"arsha
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TABLE OF CONTENT
!"#OW$%D&%'%#( ............................................................................................. 2
( )$% O* !O#(%#( ................................................................................................ 3
+% % +!- '%(-ODO$O& .....................................................................................4
/#(+OD0!(/O# ....................................................................................................... 6
)0 - D'/#/ (+ (/O# #D &0$* PO$/! ..............................................................6
. P %+ / # &0$* PO /(/O# /# &$O) $ #D 0 % #%+& 0PP$ ......................................6
). / # ( )/$/( /# O /$ %1PO+(/#& ! O0#(+/% ..............................................................7
i. #merican $bjecti"es % &olicies .........................................................................7
ii. '. . and ran .................................................................................................8
iii. ' and ra* ............................................................................................... 9
i". ' and audi #rabia ..................................................................................... 11
%P(%')%+ 22 #D (-% )0 - DO!(+/#% ..............................................................13
) 0 - DO!(+/#% .................................................................................................... 13
0#/(%D # (/O# +% O$0(/O# 2332 .......................................................................14
. P O$/(/! $ #D $ %& $ ) !"&+O0#D O* (-% '%+/! # 4) +/(/ - / #5 /O# O* /+ 6 /# 788914
). / #(%+# (/O# $ + % !(/O# ................................................................................. 15
)0 -: 1/ O* %5/$ #D (+ (%& $% D/#& (O (-% /#5 /O# O* /+ 6 ............17
#. B ' + , # R ' /0T 1 T +/ /T/RR/0C/ $2 0 'C3/#R W #R 4...........................................17
B. B ' + , C$05 0C 0 TR#T/ 6 1 & R/ - / &T 5/ #TT#C7 $0 R#8 ......................................18
C. W #R $0 R#8 #0 T+/ ' / $2 2 $RC/ ....................................................................19
. T +/$R/T C#3 & /R &/CT 5/ $0 T+/ R#8 05# $0 ...................................................20
i. Realist &erspecti"e ........................................................................................ 20
ii. 3iberalism .................................................................................................. 21
iii. deological influences .................................................................................21
(-% *(%+' (- ................................................................................................... 22
#. # R#B & /RC/&T $0 $0 ' R#8 & $3 C6 .................................................................22
B. W $R3 T R B'0#3 $0 R#8 ..................................................................................23
!O#!$0 /O# ........................................................................................................ 26
)/)$/O&+ P- ..................................................................................................... 27
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
AREA :
&ulf policy of 0nited tates of merica under 33 th President &eorge W. )ush ;r.
T OPIC :
0 Policy on the /ra< war and the gulf region 0nder 33 th President &eorge W. )ush ;r.
SUBJECT :
!ontemporary World +elations
O BJECTI ES :
(o analy=e the basis of the foreign policy of 0nited tates towards the &ulf +egion under the
administration of &eorge W. )ush ;r. (he most emphasis has been put on the /ra< war and the
after math.
R ESEARCH Q UESTIONS :
2. What was the basis of the )ush ;r. administration policy in the &ulf region>7. What was the status of relationship of 0nited tates with various prominent &ulf
#ations namely audi rabia, /ran and /ra9. What was )ush?s strategy of dealing with the menace of terrorism emanating from the
&ulf +egion>3. What is the concept of )ush?s xis of %vil and strategy leading to /ra< War>@. What are the various theoretical perceptions of /ra< invasion>A. Whether the 0nited #ations Doctrine of /nternational $aw was followed in the /ra<
war>
H YPOTHESIS :
We have basically analy=ed &eorge W. )ush?s Policy with respect to &ulf +egion with more
emphasis on prominent energy player nations. We have come up with the hypothesis that the
major changes with respect to the Policy under )ush ;r. +egime were related to the energy
control keeping in mind that (he &ulf region is the biggest producer of !rude Oil and #atural
&as. We have examine his various strategy and the method of his policy making, linking it
with the various theories of World +elations. nd as it is known that &ulf region is no threat
to 0nited tates of merica as far as security is concern. -ence our clear hypothesis
concluded to the 0 need of control on energy Producing and %xporting #ations as 0 has
the largest population of consumers.
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SOURCES :
Secondary in the nature of reports, documents, reviews, articles, etc. !ollections are made
from journals, websites to present a holistic view of the current scenario.
DATA :
/nferences have been drawn with the help of international conventions, scholarly articles,
government websites and books.
R ESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR DATA COLLECTION :
%xamination of theories and strategic policies through analysis of various decisions taken
under &eorge W. )ush ;r.:s administration.
M ETHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED :deductive approach will be followed in the project wherein the research has been
conducted by taking certain generali=ed notions into account and drawing specific inferences
in the light of the fact situations.
M ODE OF CITATION B
uniform mode of citation shall be adopted and followed consistently throughout this
project. (he style of footnoting shall be as per the citation followed at N'()*+', L'
U+) /0 )(2" J*3 560 .
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presence in the region and its widespread support of authoritarian regimes in the bid to secure
oil supply has led to the rise of anti4 merican sentiments and anti4Western movements. (his
has similarly exacerbated the situation, pushing up energy costs and prices. @
i. American Objectives & Policies%nergy has always had a special place in the 0 foreign policy. During the World War //, 0
officials were extremely concerned over the potentiality of falling huge energy resources of
Persian &ulf into the hands of their enemies. Price hikes of the 2C 8s and rising demand for
oil in the industrial nations intensified the so4 called anxieties. During the period, 0 crushed
nationalist movements and fought against the intrusive policies of former oviet 0nion in
order to secure and stabili=e its own regional position and those of its %uropean allies,
especially %ngland. fter the withdrawal of )ritish troops from the ue= !anal, the 0 became the only force in charge of the security of oil supply to the industrial world.
$ater on after the inclusion of terrorism as a subject of concern with respect to foreign policy,
we can see how the 0nited tates Policy reflects strategic importance of terrorism in various
forms. /n 0. . Policy towards the &ulf region, democrati=ation as a response to terrorism is
based on a pessimistic cultural assessment of the societies concerned. A (he strategic vision of
the 0 administration under )ush ;unior was based on considering terrorism as an existential
threat, preventive intervention, transatlantic co4 operation, forced changes in other countries
and poor international legality.
ii. U.S. and Irans we all know, the 0. . policy vis4 4vis /ran was marked by a highly confrontational
attitude. (he *ebruary 22, 2C C, fall of the hah of /ran, a key 0. . ally, opened a deep and
ongoing rift in 0. .4/ranian relations. lthough 0. . concerns about /ran and its nuclear
program are longstanding, /srael:s threat to use military action against /ran:s nuclear facilities
Hwith or without 0. . backingHhas made 0. . policy toward /ran an urgent issue. 'any of
the policy options being implemented or under consideration are the same options that have
faced the 0nited tates since 2C C. With the exception of a 0. . ground invasion of /ran,
virtually no policy option has been ruled out.
5 "nights, 'ichael J788AK F(roubled Waters, *uture 0 ecurity ssistance in the Persian &ulfG. (heWashington /nstitute for #ear %ast Policy. Policy *ocus.
6 +oberto liboni, %urope:s +ole in &ulfB (ransatlantic Perspective, Paper presented at the seminar
on F%04 &ulf +elationsB %nhancing %conomic, Political and ecurity !o4 operationG, in co4 operationwith the &ulf +esearch !enter Rome9 7A #ov. 788@
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/ran has an interest section in Washington, D!, under the auspices of the %mbassy of
PakistanM it is staffed by /ranian mericans. (he 0. . interest section in (ehranHunder the
auspices of the %mbassy of wit=erland thereHhas no merican personnel stationed there.
(here has been occasional 0. . consideration of re
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enator ;oseph )iden to the * 788 defence authori=ation bill supported the dministration
joining nuclear talks with /ran. 28 (he )ush dministration did not offer /ran an unconditional,
direct 0. .4/ran bilateral dialogue on all issues of 0. . concern. -owever, some say the )ush
dministration Fmissed an opportunityG for a Fgrand bargainG with /ran on its nuclear
program and other issues of concern by rebuffing a reported comprehensive overture from
/ran just before the 'ay 27, 7889, +iyadh bombing. (he Washington &ost reported on
*ebruary 23, 788 , that the wiss ambassador to /ran in 7889, (im &uldimann, had informed
0. . officials of a comprehensive /ranian proposal for talks with the 0nited tates. 22
-owever, tate Department officials and some %uropean diplomats based in (ehran
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*ollowing the terrorist attacks of 22 eptember 7882 the )ush administration devoted
considerable attention to asymmetric threats which, in its view, had multiplied since the
demise of communism in %urope. /n his tate of the 0nion address in ;anuary 7887 President
)ush spoke of an axis of evil, comprising states that sought the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction and supported international terrorism. -e named /ra< as one such state. 'r
)ush said,
F tates li!e these9 and their terrorist allies9 constitute an a:is of e"il9 arming to threaten the
peace of the world. By see!ing weapons of mass destruction9 these regimes pose a gra"e and
growing danger. They could pro"ide these arms to terrorists9 gi"ing them the means to match
their hatred. They could attac! our allies or attempt to blac!mail the 'nited tates. n any of
these cases9 the price of indifference would be catastrophic .G29
/n eptember 7887 President )ush published a new security doctrine, (he #ational ecurity
trategy of the 0nited tates of merica. (his gave greater priority than in the past to the
concept of pre4emption. 23 /t discussed terrorist threats, including the possibility that terrorists
might obtain weapons of mass destruction. $ater, on 27 eptember 7887 President )ush
spoke to the 0# &eneral ssembly, and said that ;my nation will wor! with the '0 ecurity
Council to meet our common challenge< in respect of /ra
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failure to provide an accurate, full, final and complete disclosure of its W'D and prohibited
missile programmes, as re /t became so serious that the (reasury Department and the *)/
sei=ed all the financial documents of Prince )andar in the embassy in an attempt to track
down where audi money had been going inside the 0. . (his is an extraordinary thing to
have happened. (hey were concerned that the audis were financing terrorists or
fundamentalists inside the 0. ., tracking down what the charities were doing.
$ater the 0. . invasion of /ra< in 7889 was a major trauma for audi rabia. While the
audis were worried about the balance of power in the &ulf, the 0. ., their ally, came in and
installed a pro4/ranian hiite government in /ra
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UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION 1441
0nited tates manipulation of the 0nited #ations is a primary factor in the origin and
maintenance of economic sanctions on /ra< and the accompanying military campaigns during
the regime of )ush enior .78 /ra< no longer threatened international peace because the 0nited
#ations pecial !ommission J0# !O'K confiscated and destroyed its major weapons of
mass destruction while sanctions devastated the /ra
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'nder the new inspection regime established by the resolution9 the 'nited 0ations
onitoring9 5erification and nspection Commission ('0 $5 C) and the nternational
#tomic /nergy #gency ( #/#) would ha"e ;immediate9 unimpeded9 unconditional and
unrestricted access< to any sites and buildings in ra*9 including presidential sites. They
would also ha"e the right to remo"e or destroy any weapons9 or related items9 they found.
The Council demanded that ra* confirm9 within se"en days9 its intention to comply fully with
the resolution. t further decided that9 within HA days9 ra*9 in order to begin to comply with
its obligations9 should pro"ide to '0 $5 C9 the #/# and the Council a complete
declaration of all aspects of its programmes to de"elop chemical9 biological and nuclear
weapons9 including chemical9 biological and nuclear programmes it claims are for purposes
not related to weapons production or material.
#ny false statement or omission in the declaration will be considered a further material
breach of ra*,s obligations9 and will be reported to the Council for assessment.< >H
B. I NTERNATIONAL R EACTIONPresident )ush welcomed the passage of +esolution 2332, declaring thatB
;The resolution appro"ed today presents the ra*i regime with a test I a final test. ra* must
now9 without delay or negotiations9 fully disarmJ welcome full inspections9 welcome full
inspections9 and fundamentally change the approach it has ta!en for more than a decade.<
(he *rench Prime 'inister, ;ean4Pierre +affarin, welcomed the unanimous vote in the
ecurity !ouncil, stressing that the +esolution would ;facilitate disarmament by peaceful
means.< >F +ussian Deputy *oreign 'inister uri *edotov said that the wording of the
+esolution was Fnot ideal but coming from a difficult compromiseG, adding that the main
thing is that compromise is reached and the world community has managed to avert a real
threat of war. (he way for political and diplomatic settlement of the /ra
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that his government had played a key role in convincing Washington to address the /raK
(he audi cabinet urged /ra< to accept the +esolution so as to avoid inflicting harm on the
/ra
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BUSH S A7IS OF E IL AND STRATEGY LEADING TO THE IN ASION OF IRAQ
A. B USH ’ S A R U!"#$ % $ H" "$"RR"#'" O( # U')"AR * AR +
(he F xis of %vilG was announcement by President )ush in his tate of the 0nion ddress
on ;anuary 7C, 7887, 98 which generated wide reactions and unfavourable remarks. (he
President identified /ra
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0 . (he war according to )ush was for the protection 0 or to increase homeland
security. )ush has played his cards very well as he had succeeded to get 0":s support in
waging war against oil rich country /ra
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presented a powerful message about the need to be resolute, decisive and relentless against
the menace of l 6aeda. (he President reportedly told his staff that everything was different
after eptember 22 and he made it clear that the sole organi=ing principle of his
administration was the fight against terror .9L
(hus, the )ush dministration moved supposedly in a manner largely consistent with
international law, citing the principle of self4defence under rticle @2 of the 0# !harter.
Despite the prohibitions against the use of force in rticle 7J3K, international law allows for a
limited use of force in self4defence in the event of an armed attack, 9C until the ecurity
!ouncil has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. 38
On the other hand, although there wasn?t any connection between /ra
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rticle 7J3K of the 0# !harter does not prohibit only Tuse of forceT, but also Fthe threatG of
force, Fagainst the territorial integrity or political independence of any state or in any other
manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the 0nited #ationsG 33
merican and )ritish military aircrafts attacked many times /ra
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political environment in which each state fears the actual or potential hostility of other states.
$eaders rationally calculate war:s costs and benefits in terms of their state:s power and
security .3
/n realist terms, the invasion was a rational means for the 0. . to achieve its primary goal of
demonstrating its power to allies and competitors alike, and of avoiding the appearance of
post4CI22 decline. s well, it was intended to prevent /ra
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-ussein. 'ore over as pointed out several times in this article the 0 used democracy as an
excuse to wage war on /ra< to lay its hands on oil.
iii. Ideolo2ical in3luences
#eoconservative belief in efficacy of unilateral force, orientalist beliefs about 'iddle %astern peoples, and evangelical !hristian beliefs concerning /srael 5engeful 0. . nationalism after
CI22. With the widely felt psychological need to administer punishment unashamed by the
invasion of fghanistan, and with )in $aden still at large, the administration may have seen
in addam -ussein a scapegoat for the CI22 attacksB -e was, like the perpetrators, an rab
'uslim and could readily fill the role of evildoer .@8
(his perspective would help explain why )ush administration policy makers on /ra<
generally excluded tate Department personnel with first4hand experience of the region and
knowledge of its politics and history. (he )us administration infused a feeling of religious
combat, the mighty good !hristians against evil doer /slamists. (o us this seem
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(he subse
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B. * OR) $ RIBU#A) O# I RA0
'any weeks before the 0 had declared war on /ra
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W. )ush was a mere tool to invade /ra< for the 0." and 0. : own economic interest in this
oil rich nation. /n pursuit of their agenda on oil, the )ush and )lair governments blatantly
ignored the massive opposition to the war expressed by millions of people around the world. A7
(his is a clear cut action against justice and morality that these nations so commonly use in
their tactics to gain control over this oil bearing nation.
(he main contentions against the 0" and 0. &overnments that led the war on /ra< were
based upon the 0# doctrine on international law. (he charges were on crime against
humanity and the contravention of 0nited #ations !harter and the #uremberg Principles.
/"idence for this can be found in the lea!ed owning treet emo
of >Hrd =uly9 >AA>9 in which it was re"ealed1 G ilitary action was
now seen as ine"itable. Bush wanted to remo"e addam through
military action9 justified by the conjunction of terrorism and
W . But the intelligence and facts were being fi:ed around the
policy.G ntelligence was manufactured to will fully decei"e the
people of the ' 9 the '79 and their elected representati"es. KH
0sing disproportionate force and weapon systems with indiscriminate effects, such as cluster
munitions, incendiary bombs, depleted uranium JD0K, and chemical weapons. Detailedevidence that leukaemia had risen sharply in children residing in those areas that had been
targeted by D0 weapons.
ubjecting /ra
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0" led alliance, including holding more than @88 people at &uantanamo )ay. A3 Denying
legal protection, and using Fextraordinary renditionsG to send people to be tortured in other
countries known to commit human rights abuses and torture prisoners. ll of which has been
stated in the W(/ report.
;# good case can be made that propaganda is a more important
means of social control in open societies li!e the 'nited tates
than in closed societies li!e the late o"iet 'nion... This system of
thought control is not centrally managed... t operates mainly by
indi"idual and mar!et choices9 with the fre*uent collecti"e ser"ice
to the national interest arising from common interests and
internalised beliefs.<K?
4 %dward -erman
-owever it is rather sad to know that this was a losing battle to fight against such war
crimes. blanket of almost total media silence covers )ush and )lair:s crimes in /ra
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challenge against the limits of 0nited #ations system regulating the use of force. On the other
hand, the weapons of mass destruction Jthat have been cited as the main reason of the war by
the 0 and the 0" within the context of pre4emptive self4defenseK haven?t been found in
post4war /ra< yet. 'oreover, following the collapse of )a?th regime, /ra< has became a
?heaven? for transnational terrorism under the merican4)ritish occupation, despite the fact
that the invasion was materiali=ed as a part of ?war against terrorism?. #o matter what the
outcome of its involvement in /ra
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
O( /0 A6( *0)()/
!harter of the 0nited #ations, available atB
httpBIIwww.un.orgIenIdocumentsIcharterIchapter .shtml Jlast visited ep. 22, 78292A
Deputy Defence ecretary Wolfowit= J0nited tates Department of Defence, 7889K............2L
$ibrary +esearch Paper /ra
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A, 7887M F ddress at Whitehall palace, $ondonG, #ovember 2C, 7889. ll speeches are
accessible through Rwww.whitehouse.govS........................................................................22
President &eorge W. )ush, tate of the 0nion ddress J;an. 7C, 7887K, a"ailable at1 ...........2@
(ext of the President:s tate of the 0nion address, 7C ;anuary 7887, from the White -ouse
web site at...............................................................................................................................L
(he )P tatistical +eview of World %nergy 7883G, available atB www.bp.cmI statistical
review.....................................................................................................................................3
World (ribunal on /ra
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0#Press +elease !I @A3, L #ovember 7887,
httpBIIwww.un.orgI#ewsIPressIdocsI7887I ! @A3.doc.htm................................................29
World (ribunal on /ra