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Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobilityWolfgang Fahrnberger - Chairman of the Management at NEOMAN Bus GmbH
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Introduction
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - a necessity
3. Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
4. Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
5. Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy
6. The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems
Agenda
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Introduction
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Primary energy consumption
3,9
1,31,01,91,7
0,60
1
2
3
4
5Tr
avel
coac
h
Die
sel
car
Gas
olin
eca
r
Trai
n <
200
km/h
Trai
n >
200
km/h
Dom
estic
fligh
t 500
km
l diesel equiv. / 100 km/occupantSource: ifeu, Heidelberg
Introduction
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Average external costs of passenger transportIntroduction
52,5
22,9
37,7
76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Car Bus Rail Air
€ pro
1.00
0 Pkm
Average external costs
Source: INFRAS/IWW
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Reasons why environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility is necessary
Health hazards (diesel particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone)Climate hazards (greenhouse gases)Environmental hazards (NOx, SO2)
The finite nature of fossil fuels and the expected development of prices for such fuelsThe limited amount of space available for vehicle traffic (congestion/parking spaces)
Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
A look at the world's two most populous countries
436
6 7,6
13101110
459,5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
EU 25 India ChinaPopulation (millions) Autos/1,000 residents
Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity
Total: 1.12 billion autosTotal: 0.2 billion autos
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Levels of fossil fuel reserves
400
120
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Kohle
Erdgas
Erdöl
Schwankungsbreite der betrachteten Quellen
1000
Zeit Jahre
Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen
Vorratsdauer
400
120
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Kohle
Erdgas
Erdöl
Schwankungsbreite der betrachteten Quellen
1000
Zeit Jahre
Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen
Vorratsdauer
Schwankungsbreite der betrachteten Quellen
1000
Zeit Jahre
Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen
Vorratsdauer
Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
US
$ / B
arre
l
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2001
Cut-off point for cost comparison
with synthetic fuels
Actual development(January 2000 – June 2006)
Forecast 2001 (high)
Forecast 2001 (low)
Development of the price of crude oil (Brent)Environmentally friendly mobility - a necessity
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Future-viable mobility - demands to be placed on modes of transport and land-use and traffic planning
Low internal and external costs overall• Conservation of resources in production and operation
- Use of renewable energy sources to power drive systems
• Minimal pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions
• Conservation of space
Reliable in terms of time available for users
Demands on future modes of transport
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
What has been achieved to date with buses in terms of environmentally friendly mobility?
Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Buses by emission reduction categories Federal Motor Transport Authority 2005
Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher
51.1 %
28.9 %
20.0 %
Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Forecast for VDV fleet as of January 2006
Euro 1 and lower Euro 2 Euro 3 and higher
28.9 %
2.0 %
53.0 %
Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Euro emission standards for trucks and buses
0
25
50
75
100
NOX HC CO Particulates*
[ % ]
Euro 0 (1998/99)
Euro 1 (1992/93)
Euro 2 (1995/96)
Euro 3 (2000)
Euro 4 (2005)
Euro 5 (2008)
- 87 % - 82 % - 88 % - 95 %
* The standard for particulates begins from Euro 1
Source: VDA-Jahresbericht “Auto 2004”
Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
D 2066 LUH engine (E5 / EEV) - performance stages
Double EGR coolerincl. radiator
15501900
2100
1250
1750
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
199 310 257 287 316
270 228 350 390 430
Output (kW / hp)
Max
. tor
que
(Nm
)
Performance: D 2066 LUH (EEV)
Performance: D 2066 LUH (Euro5)
228310
Twin turbochargerCharge-air intercooler (engine-mounted)
264360
294400
338460
Air/water intercooler(engine-mounted)
199270
Environmentally friendly mobility - what has been achieved to date
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Evolution of bus engines
?
1897 / diesel 2003 / dieselD20 common rail
?
LPG CNG H2
Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Exhaust emissions with gaseous fuels(MAN engines)
- all MAN gas engines satisfy the EEV standards
- particulate emissions are less than 5 mg/kWh (limit 20 g/kWh)
0
1
2ga
seou
s em
issi
ons
[g/k
Wh]
HCCONO x
0,0 0,0
CNGλ=13-way cat. conv.
LPGλ=13-way cat. conv.
0.43.02.0
EEV limitsg/kWh
CNGlean mix3-way cat. conv.
H2λ=1Red. cat. conv.
NO x
Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
HCCO
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Total CO2 emissions from city buses
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
H2 electrolysis, renewable mix
FC, H2 from biomass
H2 CE, H2 from biomass
FC, methanol from natural gas
FC, H2 electrolysis, power grid Germ.
FC, H2 from natural gas
Methanol CEs, methanol from nat. gas
CNG CEs, natural gas Germ.
Diesel CE, Euro 3
[kg/100 km]
Vehicle drive system Energy supply
Foss
il fue
l pat
hsRe
newa
ble f
uel p
aths
CE combustion engineFC fuel cellCNG compressed natural gasH2 hydrogen
Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
HyFleet:CUTECity buses with hydrogen combustion engine for Berlin
Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Hybrid fuel-cell busEnvironmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
DE hybrid city bus being tested on Nuremberg's No. 36 bus lineRecoveryStart-stop automaticOperation of ancillary units as requiredBus leaves bus stop using electric motorDepending on bus line, fuel savings of 20 to 25%
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
2 x e-motor, 75 kW with transmission InverterDiesel engine 162 kW
with transmissionPSM generator
170 kW
www.ultracapbus.de
Electric ancillary components
UC moduleStep-up/
step-down converter
Components of the DE drive system with Ultracap storage
Environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility - further developments
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Fuel strategy
SunWindWater
Biomass
Natural gasCoal
Natural gas
Oil
Conventionalfuels
Increasing fuel consumption
Present Future
GTL
BTL
H2
CNG
Basis
CTL
Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy
Conclusions drawn from the fuel strategy
Total reserves of fossil energy sources will last into the far future.
Production from fossil resources, especially non-conventional fossil resources, will make these fuels increasingly expensive.
Reducing CO2 emissions will become more and more important.
Synthetic fuels made from biomass (BTL) and hydrogen mustbe used as extensively as possible.
Synthetic fuels, especially hydrogen, offer great potential forsubstantially reducing emissions of all exhaust gas components.
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Bus Rapid Transport (BRT)The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Requirements of coordinated land-use and traffic planning
The following points should be taken into account in the planning of future residential areas and in the renewal and revitalization of existing residential areas:
Preventing traffic in order to improve mobility for everyone
Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most environmentally friendly and promising modes of transport
Transferring necessary traffic and transport to the most economical modes of transport
The importance of buses for environmentally friendly and future-viable mobility systems
VDA Press Workshop July 14, 2006NEOMAN Bus Wolfgang Fahrnberger
Buses ensure environmentally friendly mobility!