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Bureau of Labor Statistics Green Jobs Initiative
Mark MaggiEconomist, Boston
U.S. Department of Labor Women’s Bureau andthe Central MA Workforce Investment Board
Worcester, MASeptember 14, 2012
BLS Green Jobs Initiative
Goals are to provide information on: Number of green jobs and trends over
time Industrial, occupational, and geographic
distribution of these jobs What these jobs pay Career information on green jobs
2
Defining Green Jobs
Definition should be objective and measurable
Use standard classifications to provide comparability to other data
– North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
– Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
3
Defining Green Jobs BLS background work
Reviewed the literature– No widely accepted definition
Examined international work– Statistics Canada, Eurostat
Consulted with stakeholders– Federal agencies, Council of
Environmental Quality, industry associations, States
Green Jobs Study Group– http://www.workforceinfocouncil.org/
GreenJobs.asp4
Defining Green Jobs
Solicited public comment March 16, 2010, Federal Register
Notice Further consultation with Federal
agencies during the comment period Final definition and summary of
comments September 21, 2010, Federal Register
Notice
5
Approaches to Measuring Green Jobs
A. Output Approach: 1. Identify establishments producing green
goods and services
2. Count the associated jobs.
B. Process Approach: 1. Identify establishments using
environmentally friendly technologies and practices.
2. Count the associated jobs
6
BLS Green Jobs Definition
Green jobs are either: A. Output: Jobs in businesses that
produce goods or provide services that benefit the environment or conserve natural resources.
B. Process: Jobs in which workers’ duties involve making their establishment’s production processes more environmentally friendly or use fewer natural resources.
7
BLS Green Jobs Products
Green Goods and Services (GGS): industry and state employment
GGS: occupational staffing patterns and wages for GGS industry employment
Green Technologies and Practices (GTP): occupational staffing patterns and wages for employees engaged in green technologies or practices at establishments
Career information on selected green occupations 8
Categories of Green Goods and Services
1. Electric energy from renewable sources or nuclear
2. Energy efficient equipment, appliances, buildings and vehicles, and goods and services that improve the energy efficiency of buildings and the efficiency of energy storage and distribution
3. Pollution mitigation; greenhouse gas reduction; and recycling and reuse goods and services
4. Organic agriculture; sustainable forestry; and soil, water and wildlife conservation
5. Governmental and regulatory administration; and education, training, and advocacy goods and services
9
Identifying Green Goods and Services
Generally designated as green only goods and services that directly benefit the environment Does not automatically include inputs or
distribution of outputs, but evaluates these for direct environmental benefit
Identified 333 detailed NAICS industries where green goods and services are classified. See www.bls.gov/green
10
Examples of Industries with Green Content
Organic corn production (anything organic) Electric power production from wind, solar, biomass, hydroelectric
or nuclear sources, etc. Manufacturing of energy efficient products (hybrid cars and
batteries) Manufacturing of Energy Star appliances, computers, etc. Sewage treatment facilities, and their construction Construction using Leadership in Energy and Environmental design
(LEED) approved materials Retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency Aluminum smelting - reintroducing recycled cans Urban mass transit Government development and enforcement of environmental
regulations
11
Identifying Green Goods and Services
Where possible, BLS is using well-established, well-recognized standards for consistency, e.g. Energy Star (Environmental Protection
Agency, Department of Energy) LEEDS, Green Globes WaterSense (EPA) Sustainable Forestry Initiative UL Environment (Underwriters Laboratory)
12
Measuring Green Goods and Services Jobs
Green Goods and Services (GGS) survey Sample establishments in industries where
green goods and services are classified Present to respondents a description of
green products or services classified in their industry
Request share of revenue accounted for by sale of green goods and services
Use share of revenue as proxy for share of employment
Request employment if no revenue. 13
Measuring Green Goods and Services Jobs
Green Goods and Services (GGS) survey Sample: approximately 120,000 units Stratified by industry, state and
ownership Mailing began in late April 2011 70 percent response rate attained Results released on March 22, 2012 Ongoing annual survey, quarterly
updates 14
GGS Industry Data: March 22
Data elements: Number of jobs meeting BLS
definition– GGS employment
Percent of total employment for that industry
Level of total employment in that industry
– Annual average from published QCEW (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages) data
– QCEW is based on UI coverage (state and federal)– QCEW is employment benchmark for CES 15
What are GGS jobs?
Any type of job: Mass transit: bus or subway drivers,
accountants, management, human resources, etc.
Construction of hydroelectric plant: electricians, engineers, laborers, cement truck drivers, administrative staff, etc.
16
GGS Employment: U.S. totals
3,129,100 Green Goods and Services (GGS) jobs in 2010 2.4 percent of total employment
2,268,800 GGS jobs in private industry 2.1 percent of total private employment
860,300 GGS jobs in government 4.0 percent of total government
employment17
GGS Employment in Major Industries: Private Sector
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000 461,847
372,077349,024
319,915
245,057
Employment
GGS Employment: Private Industry
1) Manufacturing 461,800 1.8% of manufacturing employment
– Primary metal 66,900• iron and steel recycling
– HVAC equipment 40,800• Air purification equipment• Air conditioning, refrigeration and forced air
heating
– Transportation equipment 38,500• Motor vehicle parts 18,900• Motor vehicle 9,700
GGS Employment: Private Industry
2) Construction 372,100 1.5% of construction employment
– Specialty trade contractors 258,900– Construction of buildings
82,000– Heavy and civil engineering 31,200
• LEED-certified construction projects• Retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency• Construction of power plants using renewable
sources or nuclear
GGS Employment: Private Industry
3) Professional, scientific and technical services 349,000 4.7 % of Prof, scientific and tech employment
– Engineering services 100,800– Architectural services 71,900– Mgt & technical consulting services 71,200– Legal services 4,100
• Design and engineering for waste water plants, LEED buildings, etc.• Research and development in sciences related to the
environment• Legal services on environmental regulations
Electric Power Generation Employment
Private 44,200– Nuclear 35,800– Hydroelectric 3,700– Wind 2,200– Biomass 1,100– Geothermal 600– Solar 400
This industry is limited to just those establishments that produce electric power for distribution.
GGS Employment: Public Employment Percent
of Total
Government 860,300 4.0% Local 476,500
3.4%– Transp. and warehousing 228,900– Utilities 99,800
State 227,100 4.9%– Public administration 141,700– Education and Health 50,100
Federal 156,700 5.3%– Public administration 128,300– Leisure and hospitality 13,500
GGS EmploymentPercent of total state
employment
GGS Employment: States
Top 5 States in percentage of total employment
Vermont 4.4% District of Columbia 3.9% Idaho 3.7% Alaska 3.6% Maryland 3.6%
25
About GGS Employment
First release
Single observation
All data are annual averages for 2010
Baseline for measuring future trends Quarterly updates 2011 Data: Estimated January 2013
26
BLS green jobs products
Green Goods and Services (GGS): industry and state employment
GGS: occupational staffing patterns and wages for GGS industry employment
Green Technologies and Practices (GTP): occupational staffing patterns and wages for employees engaged in green technologies or practices at establishments
Career information on selected green occupations
27
Measuring Green Goods and Services Jobs - Occupations
GGS -Occupational staffing of green goods and service jobs Goal is to understand differences in
occupational staffing and wages between businesses producing green goods and services and other businesses
Administer the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey to establishments in the GGS sample
Publication target—late September 2012
28
BLS Green Jobs Products
Green Goods and Services (GGS): industry and state employment
GGS: occupational staffing patterns and wages for GGS industry employment
Green Technologies and Practices (GTP): occupational staffing patterns and wages for employees engaged in green technologies or practices at establishments
Career information on selected green occupations 29
BLS Green Jobs Definition
Green jobs are either: A. Output: Jobs in businesses that
produce goods or provide services that benefit the environment or conserve natural resources. (GGS)
B. Process: Jobs in which workers’ duties involve making their establishment’s production processes more environmentally friendly or use fewer natural resources. (GTP)
30
Types of Green Technologies and
Practices
1. Generating energy from renewable sources primarily for use within the establishment.
2. Improving energy efficiency within the establishment.
3. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from operations.
4. Reducing or eliminating the creation of, or release of, pollutants or toxic compounds resulting from operations.
5. Reducing or eliminating the creation of waste materials resulting from operations.
6. Conserving natural resources consumed during business operations. (Does not include using recycled inputs in production processes)
31
Measuring Green Technologies and Practices
Jobs
More than 50 percent of the employee’s time is spent: Researching, Developing, Maintaining, or Using technologies or practices related to
the six categories of green activitiesOR
Training workers at the establishment in one or more of the six categories of green activities
32
Measuring Green Technologies and Practices
Jobs
Green Technologies and Practices (GTP) method Sample 35,000 establishments in all
industries (except private households) stratified by region and industry
Present a list of green activities for respondents to evaluate whether or not they are used at the establishment
Request occupation and wage information for employees who spend more than 50 percent of their time in these green activities
33
Measuring Green Technologies and Practices
Jobs
Field tested the concepts and survey instrument—paper form and on-line collection
Survey collection during 9/2011-3/2012 Products
Percent of businesses with each type of activity Employment across all activities Occupations reported performing green
activities and their wages Results released on June 29, 2012
34
GTP DataPercent of establishments reporting, by type of
technology or practice
35
GTP DataOccupations with the highest GTP
employment
36
BLS Green Jobs Products
Green Goods and Services (GGS): industry and state employment
GGS: occupational staffing patterns and wages for GGS industry employment
Green Technologies and Practices (GTP): occupational staffing patterns and wages for employees engaged in green technologies or practices at establishments
Career information on selected green occupations 37
Information on Green Careers
Articles currently available: Wind Energy Solar Power Green Construction Electric Vehicles Recycling Energy Auditors Sustainability
http://www.bls.gov/green/greencareers.htm
38
Contact Information
Mark Maggi, EconomistNew England Information Office
Public information number617-565-2327
http://www.bls.gov/ro1/
39