Bulletin of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies

December 2014, vol. V, no. 3 - 4

A publication of the Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies Department of

National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE - Advanced Research (INCDIE ICPE-CA)

Editorial Board Scientific Staff

Alexandru Aldea - NIMP, Bucharest, Romania Robert Allen, University of Southampton Leonardo G. Andrade e Silva - Institute for Nuclear Energy Research, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes,

São Paulo, Brazil Ioan Ardelean - Academy Romanian Institute of Biology, Bucharest, Romania Marius Bâzu - IMT Bucharest, Romania Constantin Brezeanu - Faculty of Electronic, Politehnica University, Bucharest Maria Cazacu – Academy Romanian Institute Petru Poni of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi,

Romania Mircea Chipară - The University of Texas Pan American, Physics and Geology Department,

USA Sorin Coţofană - The Deft University, The Netherland Olgun Güven - Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Division,

Ankara, Turkey Elena Hamciuc – Academy Romanian Institute Petru Poni of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi,

Romania Wilhelm Kappel - INCDIE ICPE - CA, Bucharest, Romania Yoshihito Osada, Hokkaido University, Riken Advanced Science Institute, Japan Mircea Rădulescu - Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Romania Yoshiro Tajitsu, Kansai University, Japan Cristian Teodorescu - NIMP, Bucharest, Romania Elena Trif – Romanian Academy Institute of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania Traian Zaharescu – INCDIE ICPE - CA, Bucharest, Romania Slawomir Wiak - Technical University of Lodz, Poland

Executive Staff Clara Hender, INCDIE ICPE – CA, Bucharest, Romania Cristian Morari, INCDIE ICPE – CA, Bucharest, Romania

Editor in chief Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat - INCDIE ICPE - CA, Dep. MNE, mircea.ignat@icpe-ca.ro

ISSN 2069-1505

Manuscript submission The Guest Editors will send the manuscripts by post or to the e-mail: mircea.ignat@icpe-ca.ro

Address: Splaiul Unirii No. 313, sect. 3, Bucharest-030138 - Romania

Our staff will contact the Guest Editors in order to arrange future actions concerning manuscripts.

Bulletin of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies includes the specific research

studies on:

Microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical components. The typical micro and nanostructure of actuators, micromotors and sensors. The harvesting microsystems. The conventional and unconventional technologies on MEMS and NEMS. The theoretical and experimental studies on electric, magnetic or electromagnetic

field with applications on micro and nano actuating and sensing effects. The design algorithms or procedures of MEMS and NEMS components. The applications of MEMS and NEMS in biology and in biomedical field. The new materials in MEMS and NEMS. The standardization and reliability preoccupations. The economic and financial analysis and evolutions of MEMS and NEMS

specific markets.

CHRONICLE This number of BMNE is dedicated to Stefan Hell, the 2014 Prize Nobel for Chemistry, which is born to Arad.

***

The first annual Session of Scientific Communications of the Excellency Centre for Young Olympics, part of (INCDIE ICPE-CA), was held to 11 September 2014 at the INCDIE ICPE –CA.

The meeting gathered more than 40 researchers, professors, and experts in engineering.

We mention from among the participants: Prof. Take Constantinescu, Prof. Ioan Ardelean (Academy Institut of Biology), Prof. Fl. Teodor Tănăsescu (The president of Electrotechnical Romanian Committee), Prof. Moustafa Oz (the headmaster of the International Lyceum of Bucharest).

The session programme: The games with specific soft: Line Follow - Matei Sarivan - Tudor Vianu

Collegium; ADVR, the first protein which stiffens at impact - Ștefan Iov - Tudor Vianu

Collegium; The Energy Harvesting Cube - Andrei Corbeanu, Luca Florescu- Tudor

Vianu Collegium, Sf. Sava Collegium; The approach of the specific softs for microtechnologies -Alex Glonțaru -

Tudor Vianu Collegium; E-commerce Platform for Mobile Terminale - Alex Glonțaru, Cristian

Dragomir- Tudor Vianu Collegium; The specific architectures to independent energy houses- Raluca Turcu -

Tudor Vianu Collegium; Graphic motor with applications to the scenography- Andrei Pangratie-

Tudor Vianu Collegium; Spiru Haret reform of the Educational System; a model for

contemporaneousness - Tudor Vișan Miu - Gheorghe Lazar Collegium. In this number of Bulletin we publish a part of these papers.

Editor in Chief Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat

First Communication Session of the Excellence Center for Initiation in Scientific Research of Young Olympics

Stefan Walter Hell The German physicist, Stefan Walter Hell (Romanian-born the 23th December1962) is one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany. In 2014 he received the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience “for transformative contributions to the field of nano-optics that have broken long-held beliefs about the limitations of the resolution limits of optical microscopy and imaging”, together with Thomas Ebbesen, and Sir John Pendry. Also in 2014 Stefan Walter Hell received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy", together with Eric Betzig and William Moerner. After the primary school and secondary education Nikolaus Lenau High School in Timisoara, he emigrated in 1978 with his parents in Ludwigshafen, West Germany. He studied at the Heidelberg University and in 1990 he received his doctorate in physics. His thesis advisor was the solid-state physicist Siegfried Hunklinger. The title of the thesis was “Imaging of transparent microstructures in a confocal microscope”. He was an independent inventor for a short period thereafter working on improving depth (axial) resolution in confocal microscopy, which became later known as the 4Pi microscope. Resolution is the possibility to separate two similar objects in close proximity and is therefore the most important property of a microscope.

Dual color localization microscopy SPDMphymod/super-resolution microscopy with GFP & RFP fusion proteins The European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, where he worked from 1991 to 1993 he succeeded in demonstrating the principles of 4-Pi

microscopy. From 1993 to 1996 he worked as a group leader at the University of Turku (Finland) in the department for Medical Physics, where he developed the principle for stimulated emission depletion STED microscopy. From 1993 to 1994 Hell was also for 6 months a visiting scientist at the University of Oxford (England). His habilitation in physics, he received it at the University of Heidelberg in 1996.

He established the department of Nanobiophotonics at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, where he was director. Since 2003 Hell has also been the leader of the department "Optical Nanoscopy division" at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg and Professor in the Heidelberg University Faculty of Physics and Astronomy.

He was able to show that one can substantially improve the resolving power of the fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light (> 200 nanometers), with the invention and subsequent development of Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy and related microscopy methods. Its most important property is the microscope's resolution. Hell was the first to demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, how one can decouple the resolution of the fluorescence microscope from diffraction and increase it to a fraction of the wavelength of light (to the nanometer scale). Ever since the work of Ernst Karl Abbe in 1873, this feat was not thought possible. For this achievement and its significance for other fields of science, such as the life-sciences and medical research, he received the 10th German Innovation Award (Deutscher Zukunftspreis) on November 23, 2006. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014. Awards Prize of the International Commission for Optics, 2000 Helmholtz-Award for metrology, Co-Rezipient, 2001 Berthold Leibinger Innovationspreis, 2002 Carl-Zeiss Research Award, 2002 Karl-Heinz-Beckurts-award, 2002 C. Benz u. G. Daimler-Award of Berlin-Brandenburgisch academy, 2004 Robert B. Woodward Scholar, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006 "Innovation Award of the German Federal President", 2006 Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics 2007 Member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 2007 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, 2008 Lower Saxony State Prize 2008 Nomination for European Inventor of the Year of the European Patent Office, 2008 Method of the year 2008 in Nature Methods Otto-Hahn-Preis, 2009 Ernst-Hellmut-Vits-Prize, 2010 Hansen Family Award, 2011 Körber European Science Prize, 2011 The Gothenburg Lise Meitner prize, 2010/11 Meyenburg Prize, 2011 Science Prize of the Fritz Behrens Foundation 2012 Doctor Honoris Causa of „Vasile Goldis” Western University

of Arad, 2012/05 Romanian Academy, Honorary Member, 2012 Paul Karrer Gold Medal, University of Zürich, 2013 Member of Leopoldina, German national Academy, 2013 Carus Medal of the Leopoldina, 2013 Kavli Prize, 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014

Contents Revues Ioan I. Ardelean .………………………………………………………………………..……………..13 ADVR, the first protein which stiffens at impact Stefan Alexandru Iov ………………………...……………………………….………………....…… 17 MobMall – e-commerce platform for Android Cristian-Alexandru Dragomir, Alexandru-Mihai Glontaru ………………………………..………… 23 Sustainability improvements in standard housing units Raluca Turcu ……………..…………………………………………………………………….....….. 25 Line-Follower Sarivan Ioan-Matei .................................................... ……………………………….……………….. 29

The Energy Harvesting Cube Corbeanu Dan Andrei, Luca Florescu …………………….………….……..………………………... 33

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Microbial biofilms: Methods and Protocols ,ed.Donelli G.,. 2014, XIII, Humana Press 978-1-4939-0466-2, 380 p. This book belonging to the Series Methods in Molecular Biology, volume 1147, having John M. Walker as Series Editor, is organized in three parts: Investigations on biofilms in health and disease, Investigations on anti-biofilm compounds and strategies, and Investigations on biofilms in the environment and manufacturing plants. In Part 1 (Investigations on biofilms in health and disease) there are described in great details protocols for analyzing bacterial and fungal biofilms, including oral and vaginal biofilms or bacterial biofilm involved in nosocomial infections, biofilms on hardware and periprosthetic tissue in orthopedic infections, animal and non-mamalian models to investigate biofilm formation as well as in situ analysis of the biofilm’s matrix and investigation on quorum sensing components and functions. In Part II (Investigations on anti-biofilm compounds and strategies) the reader can find contributions on microbiological methods for screening of biofilm inhibitors, compounds involved in the degradation of biofilm’s matrix, the use of antibiotics, including antibiotic polymeric nanoparticles, biocides, bacteriophages and photodynamic therapy against biofilms. In Part III (Investigations on biofilms in the environment and manufacturing plants) one can find contributions on air-water interface biofilms as well as on biofilms involved in the corrosion of concrete wastewater pipes, in the biodegradation of cultural heritage stone materials and frescoes. Each chapter has the following structure: an introduction where the principles and are clearly presented; reagents and instruments/ equipment, then the protocol itself is presented in the standard way of this Series, practically –almost- impossible to do a mistake when following the protocol; typical results are also presented and discussed, as well as future prospects and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. The book is very well illustrated (a total of 100 complex images from which 62 are in color), and written in a very clear style. The experienced authors are from the following countries: Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, New Zeeland, Portugal, Republic of Koreea and USA. In my opinion this book should be read by students, researchers, and teachers working in the field of biofilms, as well as scientists working in Microbiology, Ecology or Medicine.

Ioan I. Ardelean

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The Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology, ed. by Rosenberg E., (Editor-in-Chief) DeLong E.F., Lory S., Stackebrandt E., and Thompson F., (Eds.) 4th ed. 2013,Springer, 978-3-642-30122-3, XX, 528 p. This book (belonging to the fabulous Series The Prokaryotes), edited and written by great scientists covers essential contributions on different types of prokaryotic communities as well as on the prokaryotic functions in different environments. This volume is organized in two Sections: Prokaryotic communities (10 chapters) and Ecophysiology (13 chapters). In the first section there are presented two chapters dealing with general and essential aspects concerning the structure and functions as well as quantitative characteristics of microbial communities, whereas the other 8 chapters of this first section are deeply focused on the biology of diverse microbial communities living in: sea-ice ; alpine and arctic soil; tropical soil; plant rhizosphere; freshwater; pelagic oxygen minimum zone; marine deep sediment and coral reef. In Section 2 one can find presentations concerning nowadays ecophysiology of phototrophic, anaerobic and chemolitotrophic prokaryotes, of prokaryotes living at high or low temperatures , at high salinities or/and alkaline environments. Other specific topics such as bacterial behavior, prokaryotic life cycles, syntrophism among prokaryotes, quorum sensing, cell-cell interactions as well as plankton versus sessile life of prokaryotes are also presented. This volume has very reach and useful illustrations (a total of 182 from which 88 in color) and 43 complex tables. This volume is available both as hard copies and e-books, the two main advantages of the online version being the possibility of updating chapters continuously and the availability of the subscribed copies to appropriate offices and laboratories via the library’s server. This book really pushes you not only to carefully read it but also to creatively think your ongoing or future experiments, lectures, presentations or books. The editors and the contributors did a true magnificent job …..Working with this book, please do not forget, dear (young) reader, to pass both with your mind and heart through Foreword (wrote by Ralph S. Wolfe) and Preface (wrote by Eugene Rosenberg). This volume, as well as the whole series, should be available in every large scientific library. Ioan I. Ardelean

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Cell Imaging Techniques: Methods and Protocols, ed. by Taatjes D. and Roth J., 2nd ed. 2013, XVII, A product of Humana Press, 978-1-62703-055-7, 550 p. The present volume (belonging to the Series Methods in Molecular Biology volume 931, having John M. Walker as Series Editor) contains 29 chapters. The different techniques are described in deep details, the chapters having an abstract, introduction, materials, methods , and , last but not least, notes; each method is described step by step with very, very useful links to the notes. Each chapter is a strong invitation to the reader to start to use in his/her own research that particular protocol. The clarity of each chapter clearly shown that the authors speak firstly from their own research experience. The editors chose to have in their book methods/ protocols related to different type of microscopes (such as classic epi-fluorescence microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopy) to observe atoms (calcium), nanoparticles, molecules (such as mRNA, collagen, hemostatic proteins, inhibitor of angiogenesis, DNA and DNA-protein complexes) cell components (whole nuclei, micronuclei, peroxisomes, mithocondria, lipid droplets, secretory nanomachines in cells) and cells (living cells, vascular endothelial cells, sural nerve, human hepatoma cells, mammalian cells involved in autophagy) and different type of tissues and zebra fish embryos. The majority of protocols are performed in vitro but one is applied in living rats. The biological material concerns eukaryotic cells being mainly of biomedical significance. There are no dedicated chapters to prokaryotic cells but this choice of the editors do not negatively affect the quality of this very useful and well written book. There are some chapters which are of general scientific interest, the best example being the first chapter „Digital Images Are Data: And Should Be Treated as Such” and, in my opinion, should be read by any educated human bening, even without direct or indirect connection with science. The Editors, Douglas J. Taatje (USA) and Jürgen Roth (Korea) clearly argue the absence of „many valuable and marvelous techniques” as these techniques have been comprehensively treated in other volumes of the Methods in Molecular Biology series. The illustrations are of very good quality both black and white ones (97) and colored ones ( 53 ).The contributors are very well known specialists from Sweden, Austria, Canada Germany Italy, Japan Poland , Portugal, UK and USA. The book ends with a rather short index but very useful to work with. In my opinion, this book should be read not only by very specialized scientists, but also by those who usually work with classic microscopic methods, to open their minds and increase their appetite for more precise and complex measurements done on different level of complex biological structures. Ioan I. Ardelean

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Algal Biorefineries: Volume 1: Cultivation of Cells and Products. 2014, Bajpai R., Prokop A. and Zappi M., Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York, 978-94-007-7493-3, 324 p. This book,” Cultivation of cells and products” the first volume of an announced Series contains two parts: Bioreactors for Cultivation of Algae and Algae Products. In part I (Bioreactors for Cultivation of Algae) there are presented several chapters on: Status of Algae as Vehicles for Commercial Production of Fuels; Algal Reactor Design Based on Comprehensive Modeling of Light and Mixing and Chemicals; Low Cost Nutrients for Algae Cultivation; Microalgae Bioreactors ; Micro Algae in Open Raceways and High Density Outdoor Microalgal Culture .The first chapter is a general introductory review on the topic of this book , followed by chapters describing their topics with emphasis on: open-loop configuration and closed –loop configuration; the fate of incident light in different type of cultivation systems inoculated with different type of microalgae (senso latu), thus including cyanobacteria (the former blue green algae); proposed bioreactor design for particular bio-product synthesized by a given microalgae, in particular conditions using different types of raw materials (animal wastes, anaerobic digestion of algae biomass itself, residual carbon dioxide) as sources of nutrients. Many of these aspects benefits of copious mathematical modeling. Part II (Algae Products) concerns the following chapters: Mixotrophic Algae Cultivation for Energy Production and Other Applications; Engineering Photobiological H2-Production; Starch Overproduction by Means of Algae; Oil Overproduction by Means of Microalgae; Commercial Products from Algae and Recovery of Lipids from Algae. In this second part There are presented results concerning different production systems (open pond, different types of photo-bioreactors) of algae grown in different carbon (phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic) and light regimes. Their growth is related to biodiesel production, bio-ethanol, biogas, as well as food for humans and animals, polymers, molecular hydrogen, starch lipids and oil. A chapter contains relevant bio-products obtained from macro-algae, including farming of seaweeds. All the chapters are reaching in relevant references, sometimes in tables; however the illustrations are rather scarce (64 from which 34 in color). A rich and useful index helps the reader to easily travel within the book. The book is written by experienced scientists in their field having working address in Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, India, Jordan and USA. The editors : R. Bajpai (USA), A. Prokop (USA), M. Zappi (USA) think for a true Series of Algal Biorefineries, announcing , and inviting scientist to contribute to, following planned topics in the subsequent volumes: Algal selection and metabolism; Cultivation of algae and algal substrates; Products from algae; Environmental and social issues in algal biorefineries and Process improvement and economics. In my opinion, the book provides a background of the state of the art in this field and can be the basis for the Series proposed by the Editors, hoping that the following volumes will have a limited overlapping between chapters and more illustration. Ioan I. Ardelean

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ADVR, the first protein which stiffens at impact

Stefan Alexandru Iov Excellence Center for Initiation in Scientific Research of Young Olympics INCDIE ICPE-CA,

Splaiul Unirii, No. 313, District 3, 030138, Bucharest, Romania, stefiov@yahoo.com

Abstract - The goal of my research is to discover the stiffening at impact mechanism of the adhesive produced by the Araneus Diadematus spider species and to demonstrate that the viscid adhesive could become, by synthesizing the predominant protein, a very important bionic material for the mankind. I identified the predominant protein from the adhesive and I proved that it has a great contribution in this mechanism. Index Terms – spider, protein, stiffening at impact, aggregate gland.

I. INTRODUCTION “The Nature doesn’t produce anything without a

future benefit to be identified” J.A. Comenius, Didactica magna

The development of researching methods and

the evolution of technology allowed the researchers to study the spider web at a molecular level. Nevertheless the spider web, with all its components, still has many unknown parts, being extremely complex. The architectural structure of the web, the static and dynamic physical properties of the web, the chemical composition oft he spider wires were all studied, but the adhesive droplets from the web, the ones helping the spider to catch its prey, were very lightly studied.

My research describes a newly discovered protein. The protein, which I called ADVR, is the predominant protein from the adhesive droplets from the spider web of araneus diadematus (the common spider web). Trough its specific shape, the ADVR protein confers to the adhesive unique properties: stiffening at the impact, absorbing the kinetic energy and releasing it slowly, high adhesivity and elasticity. Due to the adapting mechanism of the spiders, araneus diadematus could periodically change the isomer of ADVR used in the web construction. A very actual problem in protheomics is the fact that the proteins can be synthesized in laboratories only as a mixture of isomers, not as a specific single isomer, loosing the properties.The nature itself proved that ADVR doesn't change its properties regardless of the isomer present on the web. So ADVR is the single protein which could be syntesized in the laboratory until now.

II. THEORETICAL ASPECTS The viscid adhesive is an organic viscoelastic

substance produced by the spider species that feed by using webs spun in the wind. On this type of web, the spider produces, with the aggregate gland, the sticky substance that catches and immobilizes the prey.

The specific shape of the predominant protein from the adhesive composition, the intermolecular structure and intermolecular organization of the proteins give this substance the ability to stiffen on impact.

How does the viscid substance works? The adhesive stiffens because it forms new chemical bonds within its structure and those bonds no longer allow the molecule to move freely so it becomes a solid. The energy necessary to form these new bonds is taken from the impact. The new bonds then break after a while because of the gradual loss of energy (they are not cells so they can’t store energy for a long time).

Fig. 1. Araneus diadematus.

Fig. 2. Droplets of viscid adhesive.

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The stiffening at the impact is the most important propriety of the viscid adhesive, being the single natural substance with this propriety.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2012 we identified the spider species which

produces viscid adhesive (Buletin of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies No. 4, December 2012, Preliminaries for a fundamental research: a bionic study on spiders). Also in 2013 my research conducted to the fact that the aggregate gland is producing adhesive outside the spider body (Buletin of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies No. 1-2, June 2013, Could the adhesive produced by the common garden spider become a new biomaterial?)

To identify the predominant protein from the adhesive, it must be studied in pure form, separated from the web. In this respect we obtained adhesive by extracting the aggregate gland from female spiders who have already laid eggs.

We considered that it is best way to let the females to lay eggs in order to ensure the perpetuation of the species. The quality of the adhesive is not influenced by the fact that the female laid eggs. And anyhow, the females continue to feed for a few days after in order to guard the eggs and then stop eating and die.

We captured 70 spiders from which we extracted a quantity of 50 mg adhesive and we conserved 5 spiders’ glands. Out of the 70 spiders, 10 were captured before laying eggs. Seven boxes of eggs were left in a room with outside access in order to let the baby spiders get out in the nature in spring.

Fig. 3. Araneus diadematus which laid eggs.

The time required for capturing was 30 days, in two different places because it was necessary to follow the spiders that lay eggs. The catching period was from August to September because in these months spiders reach maturity and are in the reproduction period.

Spiders were anesthetized with CO2 and the dissection took place in a sterile environment. The extracted glands were introduced in sterile containers where they produced adhesive.

From the 50 mg of adhesive, 10 mg were used for FTIR analysis and 40 mg for electrophoresis and spectrometry for proteins.

Fig. 4. The first 10 mg of adhesive.

I began by putting the adhesive through a FTIR analysis to confirm that a dominant protein actually exists in the adhesive and I continued with electrophoresis to find out the mass of that protein. For electrophoresis I used a specialized gel, the adhesive being centrifuged and absorbed in a tampon solution prior to the experiment itself.

I compared the results of the electrophoresis to those of the mass spectrometry. Using the Proteome Discoverer software, I sorted the resulting proteins after mass and function.

IV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS FTIR (Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy) shown us that the adhesive is a protein

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Fig. 5. FTIR results on pure adhesive.

Electrophoresis: Using electrophoresis on pure spider adhesive, we have found that the adhesive has a predominate protein with the mass of 24 kDa.

Fig. 6. Electrophoresis gel.

Mass spectrometry: The mass spectrometry was made twice. First time on pure adhesive, but the result was irrelevant because we didn’t have the minimum required quantity of adhesive. Second time we repeated the analysis on some spider web collected from the park, trying to identify the adhesive protein by eliminating from all the identified proteins the ones with a known source. We identified 350 proteins existing in the sample.

Using the Proteme Discoverer software, we sorted all the resulted 350 proteins in a descending order of their mass.

Because the electrophoresis has a significant error margin, we analyzed all the proteins with the mass between 22 kDa and 26 kDa. All the proteins from this slot where very clearly identified as not being part of the adhesive, excepting one. This protein was identified as being part of a fish species from the Pacific Ocean – we deducted that the program couldn’t identify this protein from the spider web and choose to associate it with a very similar one. This protein was the only one unidentified from the list with all the proteins found in the sample.

Being very similar with the protein from the adhesive, having a mass of 24.4 kDa, there were 99% chances to have also the same secondary structure. We found the protein in www.rcbs.org online database and we noticed that the secondary structure is confirming perfectly my theory about the stiffening at an impact.

Fig. 7. Interpreting the results of the mass spectrometry.

The protein from the adhesive produced by Araneus diadematus does not exist in the universal databases and catalogues. I named the new discovered protein ADVR and I want to isolate it and register it into the catalogues.

Fig. 8. Shape ADVR.

The stiffening at an impact is confirmed and is a result of the forming of new temporary chemical bonds, the forming of the bonds being possible because of the protein’s form.

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Fig. 9 The stiffening on impact. Explanations: d1>d2, d1: initial distance between molecules d2: distance between molecules after impact

After impact the distance between molecules becomes small enough so that a new chemical bond is formed using the energy of the impact

The impact gets molecules close enough to each other so they can form new chemical bonds, using the impact energy, stiffening the material. The new bonds will break over time, slowly releasing the absorbed energy.

Because of the U-shape of the protein, the adhesive can absorb an impact’s kinetic energy.

Observing how an insect in full speed is caught by a spider web almost invisible, placed in the wind blow, could give us the first answers. The kinetic energy of the insect, resulted from his speed and his mass, is absorbed almost totally by the spider web, the insect being immobilized after the impact, without any oscillations.

Where this kinetic energy is dissipated? Which spider web component is contributing to this phenomenon?

The answers to these questions could lead us to discovery a biomaterial with a lot of practical applications for our day-by-day live, as the shock absorption generated by tsunami, earthquakes.

In an article published on 2012, March 19th, in the online edition of The Journal of the Royal Society Interface (http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org) is mentioned that is proven by researches that 98% from the kinetic energy is absorbed by the radial web threads placed near the impact zone as shown in the picture:

Fig. 10. The impact zone of a spider web with adhesive droplets.

Considering a spider web structure as

presented in Fig. 10, around of an impact zone we will have 9 droplets of adhesive. We have measured with a microscope the average diameter of an adhesive droplets from Araneus diadematus as of 3 micrometers, so we could calculate the volume of one droplet as being 14.13 cubic micrometers, meaning 14.13 * 10-11 cubic decimeters or liters.

Fig. 11 Adhesive droplets at the microscope.

In this way we could calculate the volume of all the 9 adhesive droplets as 127.17 * 10-11 liters, volume of adhesive which will absorb the entire kinetic energy of the insect.

The kinetic energy is:

where m = insect mass and v = flying speed.

Considering the insect mass 100 mg and a flying speed of 3 m*s-1, the insect kinetic energy will be 0.9 Joules. If we’ll refer this energy to the adhesive quantity that will absorb it, we could

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conclude that only 1 ml of adhesive we’ll absorb 7 Joules.

Spiders have a unique adaptation mechanism. Not only is their adhesive different between species, but it can vary even between individuals of the same species. Proteins have a very large number of isomers and research shows that spiders can periodically change the isomer of ADVR they re using. This is also confirmed by my research, since ADVR showed up in just one analysis, the others probably having a different isomer, isomer which was confused by Proteome Discoverer with a known substance.

This adaptation mechanism could be the reason ADVR will be the only protein which can be synthesized in a laboratory. Natural proteins cannot be reproduced in the laboratory because a technology that synthesizes a certain isomer is yet to be discovered. Usually the result is a mix of multiple isomers. ADVR will be able to be synthesized in the laboratory because nature itself demonstrates that all of its isomers are equally viable.

Due to the property to absorb kinetic energy which then is released slowly and due to the fact that it can be synthesized in a laboratory, using this protein to prevent damage from earthquakes could exploit its properties at maximum. The uses for such a protein don't have to end here.

Today's industry is continuously evolving and the mere existence of such a material would not only help solve many problems, but would also lead to an innovation of the industry, facilitating new inventions.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the support

obtained from:. Mr. Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat, INCDE ICPE - CA Mrs Elena Uyy, Ph.d, Raluca Maria Boteanu, Ph.d

and Viorel Suica, Proteomics Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu”, Romanian Academy.

Mrs. Simona Vasilescu, Biology Teacher at National High School of Computer Science “Tudor Vianu”.

Mrs. Claudia Anghel, Chemistry Teacher at the National High School of Computer Science “Tudor Vianu”

Mr. Pr. Dr. Ioan Ardelean, CS I at IBIOL. Mr. Pr. Dr. Traian Zaharescu, University of

Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry. Mr. Crinu Ciuculescu “C. D. Nenitescu” Institute of

Organic Chemistry, Romanian Academy.

VI. REFERENCES [1] G. Chirita, M. Chirita “Treaty of biomolecules” [2] Sahni, Vasav; Blackledge, Todd A.; Dhinojwala, Ali (2010). "Viscoelastic solids explain spider web stickiness". Nature Communications; [3] Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves and Stuart Warren – Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Second edition 2012; [4] Spider Web Glue: Two Proteins Expressed from Opposite Strands of the Same DNA Sequence, Omer Choresh,* Battuya Bayarmagnai, and Randolph V. Lewis [5] Biology manuals approved by the Romanian Ministry of Education; [6]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928493113005365.

VII. BIOGRAPHIES Stefan Alexandru Iov, was born on July, 15th, 1996. Nowadays is student at National High School of

Computer Science “Tudor Vianu” from Bucharest in 12th grade, participating at two National Chemistry Olympiads, winning the 2nd prize at INESPO 2013 with the project “The spider is changing the game in the adhesives industry”, representing Romania at INTEL ISEF 2014 with the project “The spider is changing the game in the building industry”

His fields of interest include beside Organic Chemistry, Biology – Genetics and Biotechnology – and Informatics, with a strong affinity for practical research.

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MobMall – e-commerce platform for Android

*Cristian-Alexandru Dragomir, **Alexandru-Mihai Glontaru Excellence Center for Initiation in Scientific Research of Young Olympics INCDIE ICPE-CA,

Splaiul Unirii, No. 313, District 3, 030138, Bucharest, Romania, *eu@dragomircristian.net, **alex_glontzaru@yahoo.com

Abstract – This article wants to offer a prospect for e-commerce applications destined for mobile terminals. Besides the presentation of the market, the article brings details about a new concept about online shopping. Index Terms – MobShop, e-commerce, GPS sensors, Android.

I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, we are living in a world that

develops with a rapidity which is hard to follow, thus many users are still learning how to adapt to these changes. Statistics show that in the last year many users have abandoned web based apps in the favor of native apps. In addition, online sales starts to occupy a bigger segment in the market ( 9% of the PIB of Romania in 2013 has come from online e-commerce).

Considering these facts, the necessity of development of an efficient system for the creation of e-commerce apps has appeared.

II. MOBSHOP MobShop is an e-commerce platform which

we developed to let companies administrate their own native Android e-shop without programming skills.

MobShop has a buying process based in three selection steps: category, subcategory, product(s) and then the user order his desired products. With this simplification the user will spend more time in the application without getting bored by the repetitive menus.

With the simplification of the menus, the advantages offered by native coding (rapidity and fluidity), and the reduced internet traffic usage, MobShop can be considered a cheap and efficient way to shop online. By developing special algorithms we managed to reduce the internet traffic usage 12 times in comparison with a web based app.

This is not the only advantage that we bring

with MobShop. Because it is a preinstalled app, we can use the OS to make direct calls to the customer support of the shop from the app, and also make use of the GPS sensors of the mobile terminal to develop a guiding map. In addition to the map, we can also show the current position of the user, stock the addresses of the shops and of the users, thus the client will be always in contact with the distributor.

Another advantage we offer with our template is the navigation within our app. It is organized in two menus to access the main categories, the one in the dashboard and the one in the slide menu. The role of the second menu is to permit the user to navigate anywhere from any screen of the application without having to return to the main dashboard.

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The administration of the database is done through predefined control panels which are available free for the administration of e-commerce websites. The choice of the panel depends only of the preferences of the company since the application can integrate with most of the available web platforms available today.

III. MOBMALL The existence of one efficient solution to

generate native e-shops will make the user to have many apps in his cell phone. Of course, no user will opt in for that solution, thus we managed to create an interface which sorts the existing shops made with our application, while giving the shop to opt in to have a separate application also.

IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We want to thank the members of the

organization “Scoala de Valori”, because without their help this project could never have been made and reach the present performances, and to Mihai Vulpoi, a dedicated man, which always was eager to help us. And finally, we want to thank Dr. Ing. Mircea Ignat, the leader of the ECYO.

V. REFERENCES [1] http://developer.android.com/index.html; [2] http://www.androidhive.info; [3]http://www.flurry.com/bid/109749/Apps-Solidify-Leadership-Six-Years-into-the-Mobile-Revolution#.VDxJz_l_spm.

VI. BIOGRAPHIES Cristian-Alexandru Dragomir born in Bucharest in 28

september 1996, currently studies in the gradution year at Tudor Vianu National High School of Computer Science. He currently works as a independent web developer.

Alexandru-Mihai Glontaru born in Bucharest in 22 march 1996, currently studies in the gradution year at Tudor Vianu National High School of Computer Science.

He is a founder of the ECYO and participated at many projects renowned internationally with this center.

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Sustainability improvements in standard housing units

*Raluca Turcu Excellence Center for Initiation in Scientific Research of Young Olympics INCDIE ICPE-CA,

Splaiul Unirii, No. 313, District 3, 030138, Bucharest, Romania, *raluca_turcu200@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract - The necessity of reducing our energy consumption is changing the construction sector. Nowadays, architecture aims to become more environmentally friendly. This paper discusses ways by which we could transform existent buildings into more sustainable dwellings. By harvesting renewable power from the inside of these structures as well as from their surroundings we intend to increase their energy efficiency. Index Terms – energy, harvesting, housing, microgeneration, sustainability

I. INTRODUCTION The necessity of reducing our energy

consumption is no longer a recondite matter but a well known issue. Nowadays, we find ourselves in a constant struggle of trying to find ways of harvesting enough power to fit our needs through new methods involving the usage of renewable resources.

One of the first and most readily available steps we can make towards reaching our goal of producing and using power in a better way is to adopt a new approach in the construction sector. We need to make our buildings energy efficient.

This paper will discuss how we can adapt the buildings from our communities in order to make them more environmentally friendly.

II. BUILDING ENERGY EFICIENT As awareness grows among the population the

request for home designs or appliances which reduce energy consumption rises. Therefore, we can now purchase a wide variety of products which can make our homes more environmentally friendly. What is more, intrepid architects venture into the design of radically sustainable living spaces, the so called “earthships”1. These autonomous buildings made from recycled materials represent a revolution in the sustainable construction sector. However, being designed especially for living off the grid, they do not provide a solution for reducing our reliance of nonrenewable energy sources in urban environments. This is why we consider that modifying existent buildings in order to make them energy efficient rather than building them

1 The term is a registered trademark of Michael Reynolds

from scratch is a far more efficient solution for achieving any noticeable improvements in the near future.

A. Microgeneration Due to the global energy crisis, many large-

scale energy harvesting technologies are now being developed. However, the interest in microgeneration technologies such as small scale wind turbines or micro hydro has grown in the past few years. Research in this field has already yielded some promising results.

B. Sources In order to make buildings meet their own

energy needs energy can be harvested from the sources listed below: Mechanical shock and vibration Wind power Hydro power Solar energy Electrochemical sources

C. Energy harvesting Mechanical shocks and vibration will be the

main sources from which we plan to harvest energy. Microgenerators which make use of piezoelectric or electrostrictive conversion will be placed all around the house. We chose these to sources as the main ones as research done in the last years shows them to be most promising. In Fig.1 we can see the increasing research interest in vibration energy harvesting2.

Rotating generators will harvest wind power. They will be placed on the outside of the walls, on the roof and on the fences surrounding the premises. Moreover, electricity could be harvested by harnessing vibrations from wind. Rotating generators and vibro-wind panels take up far less space than large applications like windmills and are also less expensive.

2 Image was taken from: Lei Zuo and Xiudong Tang, ” Large-scale vibration energy harvesting”

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Fig.1. Increasing research interest on vibration energy harvesting indicated by the numbers of relevant articles in the databases engineering village (EI) and web of science (Science Citation

Index (SCI)).

Micro hydro installations will be placed in any water flow that is near the building or in the drainpipes in order to make use of rain water.

Solar energy will be harvested by micro photovoltaic arrays of cells placed on the windows, outer walls and on the roof.

D. Residence example Figures 2 and 3 illustrate where such

generators might e placed in a residence.

Fig. 2. Generators inside a living-room.

Fig. 3. Generators outside the house.

Note: - Vb = vibration microsource - Sh = mechanical shock. - Pz = piezoelectric conversion - el- electrostrictive conversion for the

elastomeric materials Microgenerators embedded in the flooring as

well as on the staircase steps will harvest vibrations. Furthermore, as events which happen on the outside of the building, like the passage of cars on traveled roads situated next to the building cause small vibrations in the windows, we decided to also locate generators there.

Photovoltaic cells as well as rotating generators and vibro-wind panels will be placed on the outside, wherever possible.

E. Possible energy output The following picture, figure 4, shows the

surface of the floors which could be used for harvesting in our model home.

Fig. 4. Interior surfaces. If we consider an energy vibration harvesting

density of ~ 13.7 mW/cm2 it is possible to obtain 3493.5 W from the living room only.

This energy would be ideally used for the lightning system as well as for wireless network sensors.

III. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank the Excellency Centre for Young

Olympics for giving me the opportunity to present my ideas on the above theme. Moreover, I would also like to thank Mircea Ignat, Luca Florescu and Andrei Corbeanu for their work on the Energy Harvesting cube prototype.

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V. REFERENCES [1] Lei Zuo and Xiudong Tang,” Large-scale vibration energy harvesting”, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2013; [2] Goch van T.A.J., “Connecting office buildings to the smart grid: harvesting flexibility”, Dissertation, Stan Ackermann Institute, Eindhoven, 2014; [3] Francesco Cotton, “Introduction to Vibration Energy Harvesting”.

VI. BIOGRAPHY Raluca Turcu is a student in the 12-th grade at the

Tudor Vianu National High School of Computer Science. She is a member of the Excellency Center for Young Olympics which is part of ICPE-CA. Her fields of interests include architecture, engineering, graphics and science.

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29

Line-Follower

Sarivan Ioan-Matei Excellence Center for Initiation in Scientific Research of Young Olympics INCDIE ICPE-CA,

Splaiul Unirii, No. 313, District 3, 030138, Bucharest, Romania, s.i.matei96@gmail.com

Abstract – This article presents the principles of operation of a Line Follower robot type and describes the commissioning process. Index terms – Robot, artificial intelligence, sensors, processor, microcontroller, software, hardware, automatisation, precision, algorithm, PID (proportional, integral, derivative).

I. INTRODUCTION The technology has been more and more

developing since one century ago. We can see that since the invention of the first electronic systems and optimization calculation, and, by default, the creation of processors and, later on, of the microprocessors, technology began to grow exponentially.

Besides the microprocessors, the microcontroller’s invention had a major impact, too. Their emergence facilitated the construction of some automatic mechanisms, completely independent of humans’ intervention. The evolution of the microcontroller made it possible to be easily accessible to enthusiasts, but also students and professionals, enabling them to build and program their own ensembles.

I will present such an ensemble in this article: a robot type Line-Follower, a completely independent mechanism, capable of following a path without the topographic information about it. This is possible through the ability to gather information from the external environment, by using certain sensors to receive and process this information and depending on them to make the robot moving in a desired manner.

Further on, I will present the functioning mode of Line-Follower Pololu 3π robot (fig. 1) and the programming mode.

Building Line-Follower robots type is a challenge for both hobbyists and professionals, and especially their programming. However, the difficulty is not regarding its commissioning, but in the optimization of the program through which the robot can perform better both in competition and for the daily use.

Fig. 1. View from above the robot - Pololu 3π.

II. THE HARDWARE COMPONENT The hardware ensemble of a Line-Follower

robot type is quite easy to understand. The information in the external environment that it has to analyse consists of the position of a black line (drawn on a white field to ensure the accuracy of the sensors) in comparison to the robot’s sensors. This black line, together with space the line that is drawn on, consists of a route of the robot. After information the information is gathered, it is processed and sent to the engine that puts the robot in motion.

The sensors represent an important part of the hardware. We can consider them `the eyes' of the robot. They consist of five diodes IR emitters, 5 phototransistors and a capacitor (fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The 5 sensors of the Pololu 3π robot (with the emitter diodes on).

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This set determines the position of the robot against the black line through the light emitted by the diodes emitter that is reflected on the route. The intensity of the light reflected from the black stripe is smaller than the light reflected by the white field. Note that the black stripe has a width of 2 cm, going under at least two phototransistors (fig 3).

Fig. 3. The Pololu 3π robot on its trajectory.

The sensors operate similar to a pool of water, in which case we want to determine the flow of water flowing through a tap at its base. We know that the more the valve is open, the more quickly the tank drains, and if we have it less open, it will be harder to empty. Analogical, the phototransistors represent the tap, whereas the capacitors represent the water pool. If the light is strong, the phototransistors will open more and the capacitor will drain faster. In this case, the phototransistors are on the white field. If the light is weaker, the capacitor will drain slower; in this case, the phototransistor is on the black stripe. Thus, calculating the time (in milliseconds) needed for emptying the capacitor, it can be determined the position of the robot to track.

The information from the sensors is received by the microcontroller and processed by software (presented later). The details about the operation of microcontroller will be considered in the articles that will follow.

After it is processed, the information is transmitted to the engine, setting the robot in motion in the desired mode and keeping it on track.

III. THE SOFTWARE COMPONENT The software component consists in how the

microcontroller was programmed to receive

process and transmit data, so that the robot behaves in the appropriate way on the trail.

Programming a Robot Line Follower is a challenge, determining if the hardware set will work at full capacity or not. The appropriate program is needed for the robot to behave in the appropriate way. Note that the proper functioning of a Line Follower robot is represented by its capacity of following its route in a more rapid and more precise way.

In programming Line-Follower-s, there are two well-known algorithms used: "left-right" and PID.

The “left-right” algorithm is a rudimentary algorithm that determines the position of the robot to the track through a binary mode. By programming "a threshold" is set, a value according to data gathered from the sensors. Thus, a value above this "threshold" represents a long time to discharge the capacitor, so the sensor is on the black stripe. A value above this "threshold" represents a short time for the discharge of the capacitor, so the sensor is on the white field and not on the stripe (Fig. 4). The sensors are positioned two left and two right and another in the centre; the aim is to bring the sensor from the centre on the black stripe. Each sensor is assigned a correction value. Thus, if the stripe is under the left sensor, the robot will take more right and if the stripe is under the sensor between the middle and the left ones, it will take less right. This algorithm is effective only at very low speeds, which makes it not preferable in competitions where the trail should be completed in the shortest time possible. However, at higher speeds, the movement of the robot will not be smooth and precise, reducing its effectiveness.

Fig. 4. The "left-right" algorithm in operation. The sensors

in the middle are on the black stripe.

The PID algorithm is a complex algorithm, but effective and quite popular in the industrial field. It is a correction algorithm that considers previous, present and future errors. By programming, the values received from the

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sensors are converted so that they constitute a single variable, the deviation from the stripe: with minus to the left and plus to the right. In my case, in the program, -250 is a maximum deviation to the left, and 250 maximum deviation to the right.

The PID processes the complete information received from the sensors, considering the case in which one of the five sensors is at the boundary between the black stripe and the white field.

The algorithm is composed by 3 components (fig. 5): Proportional: calculates the error and adjusts

the current output data using a correction parameter;

Integral: adjusts the output information, by processing the previous errors. It accelerates the correction;

Derivative: adjusts the information by calculating the slope of the error. Thus, it determines future errors. These components have to be limited, for the system to be stable.

Fig. 4: PID

The programming of the Pololu 3π robot is done using C++ programming in the environment provided by Arduino, which is compatible with the microcontroller installed on Line-Follower.

IV. CONCLUSIONS Programming the robot was for me and still is,

both for me and for others, a challenge. Even though I had the hardware component available from the beginning, the programming of a Line Follower requires both programming knowledge and basic knowledge of electronics. Even though a Line-Follower can be optimized through the use of more powerful engines, using a suitable programming algorithm can maximize the potential that would otherwise have been lost. Thus, with a limited robot in terms of hardware, but thanks to the optimizations made to extend

the algorithm, I succeeded to win the bronze medal at the International InfoMatrix LineFollower Competition 2014. I consider that the aim of all these robots is to find new ways to optimize the way of programming some mechanisms used in the daily life, but also to discover new methods through which these robots function. Also, the Line-Follower can be considered a principle of operation for the city of the future, where the vehicles will travel without any human intervention by processing information from the outside environment. The technology is the key to the future.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Mr. Dr. Ing. Mircea Ignat, head of the

Micro-Nano Electro-technological Department of ICPE-CA for providing his support and scientific preparation throughout the project;

To Mr. Pavel Agrigoarei, Freescale Romania, for the initiation in the Embedded Software for Line-Follower;

To Mrs. Prof. Carmen Minca, professor of informatics at the „Tudor Vianu” National College of Informatics, for the preparation provided in the field of informatics;

To my colleague, Andrei Corbeanu, from CEPICSTO ICPE-CA, for providing me with the Pololu 3π robot.

VI. REFERENCES [1] www.pololu.com/docs/0J17 Programming Orangutans and the 3pi Robot from the Arduino Environment; [2] Documentation received from Freescale Romania, in the preparation and initiation process in the Embedded Software world.

VII. BIOGRAPHY Matei Sarivan is pupil of „Tudor Vianu” National

College of Informatics and a member of the Excellency Centre for the Initiations in Scientific Research for Young Olimpics, part of INCDIE ICPE-CA.

Over the years of pre-university education, he has won various prizes in contests and competitions of computer science including: Bronze Medal at the International Robotics Competition „InfoMatrix 2014”, 2nd Prize at the National Robotics Competition „InfoEducatie 2014”.

Matei is interested in: programming, robotics and electronics.

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33

The Energy Harvesting Cube

*Corbeanu Dan Andrei ** Luca Florescu Excellence Center for Initiation in Scientific Research of Young Olympics INCDIE ICPE-CA,

Splaiul Unirii, No. 313, District 3, 030138, Bucharest, Romania, luca.florescu@gmail.com, andicorbeanu@yahoo.com **

Abstract – The research team of the Centre proposes a theoretical and experimental study to the harvesting field, which is concretized in an energy harvesting cube structure. The Energy Harvesting Cube is a demonstrator to evidence the energy retrieve of the environment and can be a good didactic and educational procedure. Index Terms – Energy harvesting, piezoelectric conversion, vibration conversion, electromagnetic conversion, demonstrator.

I. INTRODUCTION Energy harvesting is the generation of

electricity from the environment, which can be used to power electronic and electric devices. Different technologies can be employed depending on the energy source. For movement, mechanical harvesters can be used (which can work from electrostatic, piezoelectric and electromagnetic movement). Other energy sources include light, heat, EM transmission, biological energy sources and more. Some versions are now even printed. Coupled with new forms of energy storage and lower power electronics, these energy harvesters can negate the need for small batteries in many applications enabling new markets, such as wireless sensors that last for decades or charging of consumer electronics devices.

An energy harvesting microgenerator normally has three main components: the microgenerator which converts ambient environment energy into electrical energy, the voltage booster which pumps to generate voltage and the storage element.

Fig. 1 Bloc diagram of EH 1.

Such an EH consists of components from both mechanical and electrical domains as well as external circuits which regulate and store the generated energy. Therefore, the performance

optimization should only be based on a model that describes the EH as an integrated system.

We present a few electromechanical conversions which represent the basis of energy harvesting: electromagnetic conversion specific of the hydro and eolian generators, piezoelectric conversion, and electrochemical conversion.

Fig. 2. Diagram of electromechanical conversion to an electric machine; motor or generator for hydro and eolian

energy.

Fig. 3. Diagram of piezoelectric conversion (direct and inverse) for vibration conversion.

Fig. 4. Diagram of the electrochemical microgenerator conversion.

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Fig. 5. The applications field of the energy harvesting.

II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY HARVESTING CUBE

Fig. 6. The structure of the cube.

Fig. 7. Faces of the energy harvesting cube.

Our research was materialized in a cube structure (Fig. 6 and Fig.7), where each face of the cube represents another energy harvesting or conversion energy form.

Fig.8. The harvesting cube.a) The harvesting energy cube.

Fig. 8. The harvesting cube. b) The piezoelectric face.

III. THEORETICAL ASPECTS

A. Piezoelectric conversion

Fig. 9. Schematic of a vibration to electrical converter.

The electrical power converted from the mechanical system is equal to the electrical damping loss.

35

Energy is converted whenever work is done by the input vibration force against the electrical damping force. The electrical damping effect is achieved using an electromechanical transducer.

Such a transducer can be implemented using one of the following four conversion mechanisms: electromagnetic, electrostatic, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive.

The piezoelectric effect is the ability of some materials to generate on electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress, or to generate mechanical oscillations in response to an electric field.

Piezoelectric ceramics resonate at a certain frequency with a higher yield of electrical charge, fact that makes the efficiency of these devices harder to predict. The constitutive linear equations for such materials are given by:

dEY

D E d

(1)

Where: - mechanical strain; - mechanical stress; Y - Young’s modulus; d - piezoelectric strain coefficient; E - electric field; D - electrical displacement; - dielectric constant.

In general, piezoelectric devices use crystals of lead or zirconate titanite, but the most common is the pure quartz.

Fig. 10. Circuit representation of a piezoelectric generator.

B. Rotative microelectromagnetic generators Two faces of the cube are dedicated to the two

harvesting form energy; the microhydro-energy and the microeolianenergy each of conversion devices are represented by two DC, microelectric generators (the two Dc micromotors which are

use as reversible microgenerators).

M

..

a

a

T

M

mAmA

Variable Battery Variable resistor

VV

Motor Generator

Switch K

Fig. 11. Electromagnetic harvesting conversion microgenerator.

In Fig. 11 an electromagnetic harvesting

conversion microgenerator is presented. In Table 1 we showed the experimental values

of 2 motors: one that converts the mechanical energy in electricity and the other that converts the electricity in mechanical energy. TABLE I. The experimental values of 2 motors.

36

C. Electromagnetic wave harvesting conversion

L1

L

L2

LVC

..

Germanium

D

Ground

Antenn

Rectifier circuit

Fig. 12. Diagram of the electromagnetic waves collector.

An electromagnetic wave has an electric field and a magnetic field, so it is made from electrons moving thought the air.

Fig. 13. The electromagnetic wave.

They can be collected and by creating a potential difference between them and the ground they create electricity. Electricity is basically the movement of electrons (the negative particle of the atom) between a positive side and a negative side (from positive to negative).

Fig. 14. Electron flow rotation.

Before we can use these free electrons at maximum potential, our collector must firstly be correlated with the electromagnetic waves. S = v x t (2)

L1

LVC

..

Antenn

Ground

Fig. 15. The scheme antenna- ground.

Knowing that the S is the wavelength, the v is

the speed of light, because the radio waves moves with the speed of light, and the time is ,

we can express the wavelength as:

fsm ]/[99792458.2

(3)

Where: λ – wavelength; f – frequency.

So we can see that the wave length is

connected to the frequency. We can connect to a certain electromagnetic wave, with a certain wavelength (the most powerful in the area) using a specific frequency.

The Thomson’s law is:

LxCf

21

(4)

Where: L - Inductance (of the L1 coil); C - Capacitance (of the variable capacitor).

Because we are using a variable capacitor we

can change the frequency, and with it the wavelength, to the most powerful electromagnetic wave in the area.

If the electromagnetic waves are too weak (like being inside or being in a poor radio waves area) the collector can’t feel them. The collector is build to use only radio waves due to their long wavelength, which make the easily to be collected.

Between the antenna and the ground there is a

37

capacitor and a coil. Because the capacitor have an infinite resistance, the electricity is going thought the coil (L1), creating a magnetic field, that, because of the induction, is creating electricity in the second coil (L2). We used a germanium diode to maximize the potential difference because the germanium have a very small lose of electricity (0.2 V) compared to the silicon ones (0.6 V).

This electromagnetic effect is the ability to transform the electromagnetic waves into electricity with minimal loses.

D. Electrochemical harvesting conversion

Catode material

Anode material Water + salt

(saline water)

Fig. 16.Tthe electrochemical reverse electrolysis system.

Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of

water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. [10] [11] Water is comprised of two elements – hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Distilled water is pure and free of salts, but it is a very poor conductor of electricity. By adding ordinary table salt (NaCl) to distilled water, it becomes an electrolyte solution, able to conduct electricity.

Ionic compounds such as salt water, conduct electricity when they dissolve in water. They consist of two or more ions that are held together by electrical attraction. One of the ions has a positive charge (called a "cation") and the other has a negative charge ("anion"). Molecular compounds, such as water, are made of individual molecules that are bound together by shared electrons (i.e., covalent bonds).

In “conduction of electricity” through solutions, electrons themselves do not pass through it. The salt creates something called “salt bridge” that allows the cations and anions to keep the balance toward the electrodes where charge transfer takes place at the solution interface. Because of the movement of the ions, between the anode and the cathode material causing movement of electrons that creates electricity.

Catode material

Anode material Ions

electrons<-----------

electrons<--------------

Fig. 17. The explanation of the electrochemical conversion.

As anode and cathode material we use platinum and graphite. In the galvanic series, graphite is the most nonreactive and most cathodic material and platinum is between the most nonreactive and the most cathodic materials too. The difference between them is small, so the amount of electricity will be small too.

This movement of ions creates the reduction of the graphite, which charges the graphite with electrons, that creates electricity, and the oxidation of the platinum, but because platinum oxidizes very hard, the hydroxide (OH-) that is created in the water is reacting to the platinum very hard, so the oxidation will be just a slow release of electrons. In time, the ions will disappear because of the consumption of them in the movement of electrons of the free OH-, that is attracted that react slow with platinum.

This electrochemical effect is the ability to create an optimal amount of electricity from an electrolyte solution.

IV. THE BALANCE OF ENERGY

Fig. 18. Energy harvesting cube. Inside image.

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B. Microeolian electromagnetic generator

Electric DC rotative microgenerator

C. Piezoelectric harvesting conversion microgenerator

Piezoelectric disc

D. Electrochemical harvesting conversion

E. Microgenerator harvesting of the residual electro-magnetic waves.

Antenna- Accord LC circuit-rectifier

F. Photovoltaic conversion harvesting energy.

Photovoltaic cell. 0,5W/ 1,5W

V. CONCLUSIONS The Harvesting team have presented to

INFOMATRIX 2014, a demonstrator harvesting microenergy cube structure to make evident a new world research trend ; the retrieve of the microenergy from the environment.

They won the first place, gold medal, at the National phase, and at the international phase they won bronze medal.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We want to thank our coordinator, Dr. Ing. Mircea

Ignat, for his work and for the guidance of the team, and ICPE-CA for the chance to present our ideas and developing them.

VII. REFERENCES [1] Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2014-2024, Forecasts, Technologies, Player; [2] T.R.Hsu,”MEMS and Microsystems .Design, manufacture and nanoscale engineering”, John Wiley &Sons, inc. New Jersey, 2008; [3] J.A.Pelesko, D.H.Bernstein,”Modeling MEMS and NEMS”, Chapman Hall/CRC Press Company, London, 2003; [4]A.H.Church,”Mechanical Vibrations”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1957; [5] http://www.bbemg.ulg.ac.be/uploads/images/modulebase/EN/b15.gif ; [6] http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/images2/00439.jpg; [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength; [8] http://www.tina.com/English/tina/course/28resonant/resonant; [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water; [10] http://aquarius.nasa.gov/pdfs/electrolysis.pdf.

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES Corbeanu Dan Andrei was born in Bucharest on 16 may

1998. He attends from the 6th to the 8th grade to the International Computer Highschool of Bucharest, the 9th grade in the National College Iulia Hasdeu and curently is

the pupil of the National College Tudor Vianu. Along these years, he participated to various international project competitions and Olympiads in the field of science in America, Holland and Romania, where he gain various prizes.

Luca Florescu was born in Bucharest on the 28th of

April 1998. He is currently studying at National College Saint Sava. In the latest year he participated to science competition INFOMATRIX and previously was awarded in several school Olympiads in physics, math and informatics, either on local stage or city stage.

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Preparation of a Formatted Technical Paper for the Bulletin of Micro and Nanoelectrotehnologies

*Clara Hender, ** Cristian Morari

National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA (INCDIE ICPE-CA), Splaiul Unirii, No. 313, District 3, 030138, Bucharest, Romania,

*clara.hender@icpe-ca.ro, **cristian.morari@icpe-ca Abstract -This document is itself an example of the desired layout (inclusive of this abstract) and can be used as a template. The document contains information regarding desktop publishing format, type sizes, and typefaces. Style rules are provided that explain how to handle equations, units, figures, tables, abbreviations, and acronyms. Sections are also devoted to the preparation of acknowledgments, references, and authors' biographies. The abstract is limited to 150 words and cannot contain equations, figures, tables, or references. It should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance. Index Terms - The author shall provide up to 10 keywords (in alphabetical order) to help identify the major topics of the paper and to be enough referenced.

I. INTRODUCTION This document provides an example of the

desired layout for a published MNE technical paper and can be used as a Microsoft Word template. It contains information regarding desktop publishing format, type sizes, and typefaces. Style rules are provided that explain how to handle equations, units, figures, tables, abbreviations, and acronyms. Sections are also devoted to the preparation of acknowledgments, references, and authors’ biographies.

II. TECHNICALWORK PREPARATION Please use automatic language check for your

spelling. Additionally, be sure your sentences are complete and that there is continuity within your paragraphs. Check the numbering of your graphics (figures and tables) and make sure that all appropriate references are included.

A. Template This document may be used as a template for

preparing your technical paper. When you open the file, select "Page Layout" from the "View" menu (View | Page Layout), which allows you to see the footnotes. You may then type over sections of the document, cut and paste into it (Edit | Paste Special | Unformatted Text), and/or use markup styles. The pull-down style menu is at the left of the Formatting Toolbar at the top of your Word window (for example, the style at this point in the document is "Text"). Highlight a

section that you want to designate with a certain style, then select the appropriate name on the style menu.

B. Format If you choose not to use this document as a

template, prepare your technical work in single-spaced, double-column format, on paper A4 (21x29.7 centimeters). Set top, bottom margins and right margins to 15 millimeters and left margins to about 20 millimeters. Do not violate margins (i.e., text, tables, figures, and equations may not extend into the margins).

C. Typefaces and Sizes Please use a Times New Roman font. (See

your software’s “Help” section if you do not know how to embed fonts.) Table I is a sample of the appropriate type sizes and styles to use.

TABLE I. Table name will be written in Times New Roman font.

Micromotor Code

b [mm] a [mm]

h [mm]

Material

MPR33 33 25 20 PZT 5 MPR27 27 18 9 PZT 5 MPR15 16 10 10 PZT 5

D. Section Headings A primary section heading is enumerated by a

Roman numeral followed by a period and is centered above the text.

A primary heading should be in capital letters and bolded. The standard text format is considered times new roman 12.

The paper title should be in times new roman 20 uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase.

Author name is set to times new roman 12, institution and contact address (E-mail) are set to times new roman 10.

Financial support should be acknowledged below the author name and institution. Example: This work was supported in part by the U.K. Department of Defence under Grant TX123.

A secondary section heading is enumerated by a capital letter followed by a period and is flush

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left above the section. The first letter of each important starting word is capitalized and the heading is bolded and italicized.

Tertiary and quaternary sections are accepted only in special cases, so usually must be avoided in order to keep a clear article structure. If required, a tertiary and quaternary section heading must be italicized and enumerated by adding an arabic numeral after each letter.

E. Figures and Tables Figure axis labels are often a source of

confusion. Try to use words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity "Torque," or "Torque, M," not just "M." Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. As in Fig. 1, write "Torque (cNm)" not just "(cNm)". Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write "Current (A)," not "Current/A." Figure labels should be legible, approximately 10-point type.

Large figures and tables may span both columns, but may not extend into the page margins. Figure captions should be below the figures; table captions should be above the tables. Do not put captions in "text boxes" linked to the figures. Do not put borders around your figures.

All figures and tables must be in place in the text centered and written with times new roman 10. Use the abbreviation "Fig. 1" in sentence and for each figure name. Each table must be defined as „TABLE I”, with capital letters and roman numbers.

Digitize your tables and figures. To insert images in Word, use Insert | Picture | From File.

Fig. 1. Total torque function of angular speed. (Note that "Fig." is abbreviated and there is a space after the figure

number.)

F. Numbering Number reference citations consecutively in

square brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]-[3]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use "Ref. [3]" or "reference [3]" except at the beginning of a sentence: "Reference [3] shows….".

Number footnotes separately with superscripts (Insert | Footnote). Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it is cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.

Check that all figures and tables are numbered correctly. Use Arabic numerals for figures and Roman numerals for tables.

Appendix figures and tables should be numbered consecutively with the figures and tables appearing in the rest of the paper. They should not have their own numbering system.

G. Units Metric units are preferred in light of their

global readership and the inherent convenience of these units in many fields. In particular, the use of the International System of Units (“Système International d'Unités” or SI Units) is advocated. This system includes a subsystem of units based on the meter, kilogram, second, and ampere (MKSA). British units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An exception is when British units are used as identifiers in trade, such as 3.5-inch disk drive.

H. Abbreviations and Acronyms Define less common abbreviations and

acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Standard abbreviations such as SI, CGS, AC, DC, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable.

I. Math and Equations Use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or

the MathType commercial add-on for MS Word for all math objects in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). "Float over text" should not be selected.

To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize symbols for

41

quantities and variables. Use a long dash for a minus sign or after the definition of constants and variables. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators.

The number of each equation must be consecutively added in parentheses and arranged at the right margin, as in (1). Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately following.

Don’t use "Eq. (1)" abbreviation instead of "equation (1)," in a sentence.

2AmLm (1)

with m mechanical mass, A force factor,

mL Electromechanical inductance.

III. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The following is an example of an acknowledgment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of

Mircea Ignat and Puflea Ioan for their work on the original version of this document.

IV. APPENDIX Appendixes, if needed, appear before the

acknowledgment.

V. REFERENCES References are important to the reader;

therefore, each citation must be complete and correct. There is no editorial check on references, only the format times new roman 10 must be considered. [1] Satanobu J., Lee D.K, Nakamura K., Ueha S., ”Improvement of the Longitudinal Vibration System for the Hybrid Transducer Ultrasonic Motor”, IEEE Trans. On Ultrasonic ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 47, no. 1, January 2000, pp. 216-220. [2] Morita T., Yoshida R., Okamoto Y., Kurosawa M., ”A Smooth Impact Rotation Motor Using a Multi-Layered Torsional Piezoelectric Actuator”, IEEE Trans. On Ultrasonic ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 46, no. 6, November 1999, pp. 1439-1446.

VI. BIOGRAPHIES A technical biography for each author must be

included. It should begin with the author’s name (as it appears in the byline). Please do try to finish the two last columns on the last page at the same height. The following is an example of the text of a technical biography:

Mircea Ignat was born in Bucharest on March 4, 1953.

He graduated at 1977 and he received Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Bucharest Polytehnic University in 1999.

His employment experience included the National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Dep. of Electrical Micromachines Research and he is the head of Electromechanics Department.

The research preoccupation include: the syncrone generators and the high speed electric machines. Is member of IEEE.

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ISEF 2015CALL FOR PAPERS17th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering10 - 12 September 2015, Valencia, Spain

Aim of the ConferenceISEF’s 2015 symposium brings together the international community of scientifi c researchers, engineers and designers engaged in methods and techniques of computation, modelling, simulation, measurements and application of electromagnetic fi elds. In order to exchange experiences and information about new trends and rapid progress in the fi eld, authors from around the world are invited to submit original papers, which previously have been unpublished, about their research related to the topics of the symposium. The Conference will feature oral and poster presentations. Companies and research organizations will have technical and commercial exhibitions. This ISEF conference is organizing a special session for MSc and PhD students doing research in the wider area of Electromagnetism. To enhance and support their participation, a reduced registration fee is offered. English will be the working language for all printed material, presentations and discussions.

Topics• Field theory and advanced computations in electromagnetism• Electrical machines, transformers, actuators, micromachines• Electromagnetic components of mechatronics and microelectromecanical systems (MEMS)• Coupled systems and special applications• Electromagnetism in materials (new materials, measurements, modelling, computation)• Electromagnetic phenomena in electrical power systems• Optimization and computer aided design• Software methodology and visualization• Bioelectromagnetism and electromagnetic hazards• Equivalent circuit modelling of field problems• Nondestructive testing (methodology, measurement, diagnosis, testing)• Design and computation of specific electromagnetic devices• Electromagnetic compatibility• Application of artificial intelligence in vector fields calculation• Database and expert systems in the fields computation context• Electromagnetism in education• Artificial and computational intelligence• Noise and vibrations of electrical machines

NEW TOPICS:• Reduced order methods for computation of electromagnetic devices• Computation of electrical machines under faulty conditions• Sensors, Actuators, MEMS – Modelling and design optimization• Propagation of radiowaves – Systems, modelling, applications

SubmissionAuthors are invited to submit 2-page Digest summarizing the theory, methods and results to the Conference Secretariat. The authors of accepted papers will be invited to present their research work at the Conference and submit 4 - 6 page full papers that will be published in the Conference Proceedings on USB. All accepted papers, accompanied by a paid registration, will be included in the conference program and will be published in the conference proceedings.

Post-publicationsA selected number papers presented at the Conference and accepted in a further peer reviewing process will be published in the International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering – COMPEL, Electrical Review (Przeglad Elektrotechniczny), IJAEM, SENSORS, SPRINGER.

Important dates• Monday, 16 March 2015, 2 page digest submission deadline• Monday, 4 May 2015, Notification of acceptance• Wednesday, 1 July 2015, Registration, Payment and Full paper submission deadline• Thursday, 10 September 2015, Conference opening

Registration and SubmissionAll the actions related to the ISEF 2015 (registration, paper submission, etc.) may be completed via the Conference website at: www.isef2015.upv.es

VenueThe symposium will be held at the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), in the Nexus building. UPV is located in the north area of Valencia, on the outskirts of the city, near the beach, 2km away from the historical city center and close to the new and symbolic parts of the city. In the UPV campus there is a wide variety of services such as bars, restaurants, a travel agency, a pharmacy, shops, etc. The campus is well linked to the city, the beach and the airport by bus, tram, underground and highways.

Accommodation / TransportationSpecial prices have been arranged with the Conference Hotels for the ISEF 2015 participants. For more information about the accommodation, travel, transportation, and hotel reservation please visit the ISEF 2015 website at: www.isef2015.upv.es

ExhibitionAn exhibition on computation, modelling, simulation software in electromagnetics, computer tools, scientific instrumentation for electromagnetic testing and validation, as well as electromagnetic devices related to ISEF 2015 is planned to be held during the Conference. The objective is to give the worldwide attendance of the Conference the opportunity to become acquainted with the latest innovations offered by state-of-the-art products available on the market. Potential exhibitors are kindly asked to contact the organizers for further information.

CommitteesISEF International Steering CommitteeS. Wiak - Technical University of Lodz, Poland - ChairmanA. Krawczyk - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland - Scientific Secretary

Members:C. L. Antunes - University of Coimbra, PortugalJ. R. Cardoso - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilG. Cvetkovski - FEIT Skopje, R. MacedoniaA. Demenko - Poznan University of Technology, PolandP. Di Barba - University of Pavia, ItalyI. Doležel - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech RepublicP. Dular - Institut Monteflore, Université de Liège, BelgiumB. Ertan - Middle East Technical University, Ankara, TurkeyK. Hameyer - RWTH Aachen University, GermanyY. Ishihara - Doshisha University, JapanY. Kawase - Gifu University, JapanA. Kost - Technical University of Berlin, GermanyJ. P. Lecointe - Université d’Artois, FranceX. M. Lopez-Fernandez - Vigo University, SpainE. Napieralska-Jusczak - Université d’Artois, FranceL. Petkovska - Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, MacedoniaA. Razek - Lab. Génie Electrique de Paris, FranceJ. Roger Folch, Universitat Politècnica de València, SpainA. Savini - University of Pavia, ItalyC. Seop Koh, Chungbuk National University, South KoreaR. Sikora - Technical University of Szczecin, PolandJ. K. Sykulski - University of Southampton, United KingdomM. Trlep - University of Maribor, SloveniaT. Tsiboukis - University of Thessaloniki, GreeceK. Zakrzewski - Technical University of Lodz, Poland

Senior Honorary CommitteeChairman: J. Turowski - Technical University of Lodz, Poland.Members: K. Pawluk - Electrotechnical Institute, Warsaw, Poland; W. Trowbridge - Vector Fields Ltd., Oxford, Great Britain.

Editorial BoardChairman: K. Zakrzewski - Technical University of Lodz, Poland.Members: C. L. Antunes - University of Coimbra, Portugal; P. Di Barba - University of Pavia, Italy; L. Nowak - Poznan University of Technology, Poland; K. Komeza - Technical University of Lodz, Poland.

Organizing TeamManuel Pineda Sánchez, Chairman of the Organising Committee

Rubén Puche Panadero, Co-ChairMartín Víctor Riera Guasp, Member

Javier Andrés Martínez Román, Member Juan Pérez Cruz, Member

Ángel Sapena Bañó, MemberJosé Roger Folch, Member

Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaInstitute for Energy Engineering

Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems

Contactwww.isef2015.upv.es

isef2015@upv.es

+34 96 387 96 40

@isef2015

ISEF 2015

@