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Bull Run to Antietam 1861 -1862
Perceptions of the War
• Most thought the Civil War would be quick
maybe one battle
• This changed with Arkansas, Mississippi,
Tennessee and Virginia joining the Tennessee and Virginia joining the
Confederacy
Bull Run- Manassas
• Many wanted to
witness 1st battle, so
they packed picnic
lunches to watch the
battlebattle
Bull Run
Bull Run
• Union- General Irvin McDowell has 35,000 green
troops- takes 4 days to march 25 miles, ordered to
attack Manassas RR junction
• Confederacy- PGT Beauregard uses 4 days to move
up troops with RRup troops with RR
• Union troops attack and gain advantage – General
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson stops the attack and
rallies the troops
• Union troops retreat through picnic area and troops
run back to Washington D.C.
Outcome
• 2,900 Union casualties
• Less than 2,000 Confederate casualties
• Many realized this would be a lengthy war
• Congress authorizes Lincoln to raise• Congress authorizes Lincoln to raise
• 1 million 3 year volunteers
Union Strengths
•
Union strengths
• Technology- railroads, telegraph and roads
• Factories- easily converted to wartime production
• Natural resources
• Economy- balanced with far more money
• Functioning government• Functioning government
• Established army and navy
• Population- workers
• More men of fighting age- 4 to 1
• Food production
Southern Strengths
• Military colleges were mostly in the South
• More experienced fighting men- Mexican war,
skilled marksman and horse soldiers
• Most of trained officers were from the South• Most of trained officers were from the South
• Needed only to defend their land
• Reason to fight- protecting their way of life
Northern Weaknesses
• No reason to fight – slavery didn’t affect them
• North must be aggressor
• No strong military leaders
• Very few experienced fighting men• Very few experienced fighting men
Southern Weaknesses
• Little manufacturing- couldn’t supply their
armies
• No food production
• Large area to protect• Large area to protect
• Few railroads and roads
• Small population
Union Strategies
• Blockade- keep South from
trading
• Control the Mississippi- split
the South in two
• Capture the Southern
•
• Capture the Southern
capital- seize government
• This was called the
Anaconda Plan by
newspapers
Southern Strategies
• Fight a defensive war
• War of attrition
• Use guerilla war tactics-
hit and run
•
hit and run
• Hoped European
nations would help for
their cotton
Fighting Tactics During the War
•
Fighting Tactics
• Concentrate troops and drive the enemy off
the battlefield
• War fought only in open fields, not in cities
and townsand towns
• These tactics worked in previous wars because
weapons were inaccurate