1

Buildings, Grid and Batteriesresearch at LBNL

Ashok Gadgil

Senior Scientist, and Deputy Div. Director, EETD, LBNL

Professor, CEE, UC Berkeley

LERDWG meeting, April 15, 2009

2

Buildings Matter

3

U.S. Buildings

Buildings use 72% of nation’s electricity and 55% of its natural gas.

Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs

approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

4

Enable transformation of U.S. Commercial buildings sector in 20 years, starting NOW

– Save >4 Quads/y of energy and reduce >400 million tons of CO2/y by 2030

• Goal: Reduction in energy consumption: 90% in new buildings; >50% in retrofits

– Enhance health, comfort, safety/security and water usage while gaining energy efficiency

Berkeley vision for U.S. commercial building stock

China

India

8.5%/yr growth

1 Quad = 1 quadrillion BTUs = ~1 Exajoule = 10^18 J energy

5

6

Designed Performance

Actu

al P

erf

orm

ance Ideal

Current Status

Building Codes are based on designed

performance, NOT measured

performance

LEED Buildings!!

EUI=energy use intensity

Figure Credit: Michael Frankel, NBI, presentation

at ACEEE 2008

7

Impact of Measurements

Jiang, Liu, Snell, Helmes, ACEEE (2008)

8

Where we could be with

current technologies

Where we would be if all buildings

were built to current code

Where we are today

8

What we’ve

proven we

can do

Where we need to be

for net-zero

Potential

Figure Credit: DOE presentation 2008

Commercial Bldg. Initiative. Chicago mtg.

9

Reality Check

Figure Credit: Michael Frankel, NBI, presentation

at ACEEE 2008

10

Gaps & Opportunities

How widely are they deployed?

How

deep a

re t

he r

eductions in e

nerg

y

consum

ption?

• Incremental and component level research programs are unlikely to “solve”

the problem, i.e. produce the changes in energy use needed.

• Problem too large to be attacked by a single entity

11

Roth et al, 2002

Current State: Building value chain

Conceptual

Design

Detailed

Design

Construction

& InstallationCommissioning

.

Operation

Requirements Specifications 5% of new buildings*

95% of new buildings

Specifications

RequirementsRequirements

1-Integration of Process and Communities

Desired State: Building value chain

Conceptual

DesignDetailed

Design

Construction

& Installation

Commissioning.Operation

Requirements

Operation

Commissioning.

Downloads

Enabled by

Virtual Building

12

Need better tools for architects andbuilding designers

Windows &

LightingHVAC

Onsite Power

& Heat

Natural Ventilation,

Indoor Environment

Need better ways to operate buildings sodifferent subsystems are integrated and

work in synergy

Building Materials

Appliances

Thermal &

Electrical

Storage

Berkeley vision and differentiationIntegrated Whole Building Approach

13

Experience with New York Times HQ

• Construction complete, occupied June 2007

• Automated shading and daylight dimming installed and working

“one of a kind” new building without full-system integration

Experimental Validation

14

Experience with New York Times HQJust a start

• Extensive monitoring planned

• Challenge: Adoption by others…

“one of a kind” new building without full-system integration

Dimmable; Addressable; Affordable

Modeling Daylight Distribution

15

Gaps between predicted & actual performanceModels over-predict savings by ~20-30%

Source: “The Cost Effectiveness of Commercial Buildings Commissioning,” LBNL, 2005.

Faults in Operation of Buildings

Energy Cost Savings

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9293

294

295

296

297

298

299

window

middle

wallreturn diff

return duct

Broken Equipment

Cycling Controls

Operational faults waste ~20% energy• HVAC – air distribution

• Operations and control

Many of these faults are invisible.

Hours

Façade

Damage

Gain Changes by factor

of 10!

Te

mp

. [K

]

Gaps in•Design & modeling•Fault diagnosis and self tuning•Understanding & exploiting dynamics and control incomplex multi-component interacting systems

16

Integrated Approach

Building

Design/Performance BasedOptions for Components

ArchitectureBuilding Materials

(Frame/Walls/Insulation/Windows/Glazing)

Heat & CoolingVentilationLightingDaylighting/FacadesOnsite Power & HeatBattery Based StorageThermal StorageControl SystemsSensors & CommunicationAppliances

Systems Analysis

Based Solutions

Systems Control & OptimizationFeedback/Feedforward control to

maintain Occupancy BasedComfort Vector (Temp, Humidity,Lighting, CO2 level,..)

Real-Time Optimization for EnergyConsumption/Cost

Designed Performance

Compare and feedback

Real Performance

Visualize Energy

Analysis & Modeling

Occupancy/Environment BasedEnergy/Exergy Modeling &Analysis

Monitoring & DiagnosticsSensors; Communication

BUILDING

Dyanamic Info• Occupancy• Temperature• Humidity• Air Quality• Light• Appliances

Static Info• Architecture• Floor Plan• Orientation• Structure• Materials

17

Game Changing Technological Innovations

• Science and Engineering– Continuous Visualization, Monitoring, Reporting and

Diagnostics (Self Tuning Buildings)

– Tools for Combined Building Design and Operation• Design: Virtual Building (e.g. Boeing 777)

• Operation: Getting sub-systems to cooperate to minimizeenergy consumption

– Components:• Innovations in Heating/Cooling

• Thermal Storage in Building Walls

• Electrical Storage

• Coatings

• Lighting

• Demonstrations and Technology Test Beds– Reconfigurable building

– Energy consumption of federal, state and universitybuildings on Google maps

Silicon Based

Heat Pump,

Refrigerator,

Power Generator

18

Develop standards and protocols as open

platform for the whole buildings community

to use worldwide and to allow plug-and-play

environment where subsystems from

different vendors could be integrated

seamlessly.

19

Market Fragmentation

Developer• Providing Specs

• Financing

• Operating

Architects &Engineers• Aesthetic &

Technical Design

Construction Firms• Construct the

building

Materials & Systems Supplier• HVAC

• Lighting

• Building Materials

Tenants• Lease space from

Developer or Property

Manager

• Professional firms, retailers,

multinational corps…

Technical Input on Energy

Property Management Firms• Buy Portfolio of

Companies

Market Demand on Energy Efficiency?

Market Demand on

Energy Efficiency?

20

Innovations in Policy & Markets• Beyond Title 24

– Building standards based on measured performance, NOT designed performance• Key to corrective action, reduced liability risk, …..

• Make energy consumption visible to everyone– Find out where the leaks are - reduce liability risks

– Sufficient granularity so that tenants and property manager can see the impact oftheir actions. Property managers can use tenant-level energy billing

• Financial– Financial incentives and disincentives (carrots and sticks) for energy savings with

respect to measured standards

– Shared benefits/burdens by designer, builder and user (split incentive problem)

– Allow owner to market space at higher rates for reduced operating costs

– Mechanisms to ensure that efficiency investments are fully recouped at time ofsale of used buildings

– Combine capital cost with operating costs

• Ratings, Public Campaign

21

Implementation

• Commercialization– Intellectual property creation and licensing

– Product development, sales & deployment by Industrial Consortium Members

• Demonstration Projects– New building design to reach 90% reduction in energy consumption

– Retrofitting existing buildings to demonstrate >50% reduction in energy savings

• Education & Training

– Science, engineering, architecture research

– Vocational training in smart building operation

– Use National Building Systems Testing Facility for education

• Codes & Standards– Performance based standards

• Serving Global Markets Through Best & Emerging Practice Deployment

Engaging Stakeholders: Utilities, Other State Agencies, Industry Organizations (e.g.,ASHRAE, AIA, SMACNA), Building Construction firms, A& E firms, Building Materials &Equipment Suppliers, Building Owners & Operators, ESCOs, Service Contractors,Community Colleges, Venture Investment Community

22

Grid and Buildings

23

Presentation Overview

• Demand Response Basics and the DR Research Center

• Open Standards for Automating DR

• Status of Open Auto-DR Implementation

• Linking DR and Energy Efficiency

• Information Systems and Future Directions

Research Leader: Mary Ann Piette

24

DRRC Research Areas

• Energy Systems Integration and Strategic Issues– Valuing Demand Response

– Dynamic Tariffs and Rate Design

– Communications Infrastructure

• Buildings– Automation, Communications and Control

– End-Use Control Strategies and Models

– Behavior –response to dynamic tariffs

• Industry– Automation, End-Uses and Controls

25

26

DR Technology NeedsDR Communications Infrastructure Needs

– Create real-time, automated DR infrastructure to respond tochanging contingency and market conditions

– DR infrastructure should coexist with legacy systems, technologyand tariff improvements, with near- and long-term benefits.

27

28

Automation Goals and Definition

Research Goals• Cost - Develop low-cost, automation infrastructure to improve DR capabilityin California

• Technology - Evaluate “readiness” of buildings to receive signals

• Capability - Evaluate capability of control strategies for current

and future buildings

AutoDR Definition -

• Signaling - Continuous, secure, reliable, 2-way communication with listen

and acknowledge signals

• Industry Standards - Open, interoperable standard communications to

integrate with both common EMCS and other end-use devices that can

receive a relay or similar signals (such XML)

• Timing of Notification - Day ahead and day of signals are provided to facilitate

a diverse set of end-use strategies

29

DRAS Clients –

1. Software only (Smart)

2. Software & Hardware(Simple)

DR Automation Server and Client

4 Energy Management Control System (EMCS) and other systems

carry out shed based on pre -programmed strategies .

3 Polling clients request price level and event data every minute

2 Price-Level and DR event signals sent on DRAS

Utility sends DR notification to DRAS1

30

DR Automation Server Event Architecture

31

Auto-DR System Architecture

32

Auto-DR in 130,000 ft2 County OfficeCurrent Practice

33

Cumulative Auto-DR Shed on 7/9/08

0

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CPP MA Baseline

34

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Ret

ail-I

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hed

Auto CPP Non-Auto CPP

Automated vs Manual Critical PeakPrice Performance

Average CCP

Peak Load Reduction

8% w/AutoDR-1% w/o AutoDR

35

Client-server architecture with

– Single DR Automation Server (DRAS)

– Several client designs• Software (XML)

• Hardware software – Client and Logic with Integrated Relay (CLIR)

LBNL is currently working with over 200 large buildings, and withEPRI, NIST and GridWise to make this a national standard

Commercialization of OpenADR Client

36

Linking Energy Efficiency and DR

37

Grid

Consortium for Electric ReliabilityTechnology Solutions

Research Overview

Research Leader: Joseph H. Eto

CERTS Program Office

39

Consortium for Electric ReliabilityTechnology Solutions

• CERTS was organized in 1999 as a partnership among universities, theprivate sector, and Department of Energy national labs. Consortiumincludes four labs (Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, PacificNorthwest), Power Systems Engineering Research Center (consortium ofuniversities led by Arizona State), and Electric Power Group.

• CERTS Industry Advisory Board includes ISOs, utilities, regulators,generators.

• CERTS research leverages public and private resources, including fundingby the Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and EnergyReliability, Transmission Reliability Program, and the California EnergyCommission, Public Interest Energy Research Program.

• CERTS research is focused on addressing gaps in tools, technologies,systems, market rules, and management processes needed to manage thereliability of the electric grid and efficient market operations.

40

Industry Leaders Council

• RICK SERGELCEONorth American Electric ReliabilityCouncil

• TERRY BOSTON

CEOPJM Interconnection

• TERRY M. WINTERVice PresidentAmerican Superconductor

• STEVE WHITLEYPresident and CEONew York Independent SystemOperator

• PETE IVEYVice PresidentSouthern Company

• CRAIG RHOADESVice PresidentAmerican Electric Power

• DAVID ZIEGNERCommissioner, Indiana PUC

• JOSE DELGADOPresident and CEOAmerican Transmission Company

• RICK A. BOWENCorporate Senior Vice President andPresident of GenerationPeabody Energy

• PAUL BARBERBarber Energy/NERC Board

• DON TENCHVice PresidentIndependent Electricity Market Operator

• CHARLES JENKINSVice PresidentOncor

• MICHAEL KORMOSVice President OperationsPJM Interconnection

41

Grid Solutions Framework andCERTS Research Focus

Low

Investment

High

High

Time

Transformers

Substations

Capacitors

Automation

New Lines

New ROW

New Technologies

Operations

Reliability

Markets

Security

FACTS Technologies

Power Electronics

Advanced Conductors

Storage Technologies

Grid Upgrades New Grid Infrastructure

Grid Upgrades

Grid Monitoring andControl Technologies

Grid Management &Technology Integration

Market Design

Demand Response

Customer Generation

Grid Solutions Framework

CERTSRESEARCH

FOCUS

42

Mapping CERTS Research Experience andCapabilities To Areas of Needed Grid Research

Congestion

Management

Local10-50 km

Regional100-1,000 km

Grid

Stability

Seconds Sec. to Min. Min. to Hrs. Hrs. to Day(s) Years

Adequacy ofPower

Adequacy

of Grid

System-wide1,000-5,000 km Interconnection

FrequencyControl

ReducedEmissions

TransmissionEfficiency

Power

Quality

VoltageManagement

Markets

Secondary

Reserves

Time Scale

SynchrophasorMonitoring &Applications

Planning &Analysis

Integration /Test Beds

Reliability &Markets

CERTS ResearchAreas

DistributionEfficiency

Reliability Metrics& ComplianceMonitoring

Hydro/ThermalEfficiency

43

Reliability Research Accomplishments

• North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) – Time SynchronizedData, State Estimation, Wide Area Visibility -- Real-Time Dynamics

Monitoring System™ (RTDMS)

• NERC Real-Time Performance Monitoring, New Metrics, and StandardsCompliance

• SuperOPF Evaluation of Transmission Expansion to AccommodateIntermittent Renewable Electricity Generation

• Real-Time Market Monitoring Tool Evaluation with PJM

• California Phasor, Voltage Security Assessment, and Load ModelingProjects with CAISO and WECC

• Full-scale DER/Microgrid Test Bed with AEP

• Demand Response Spinning Reserve Demonstration with SCE

• Renewables Operational Integration Issues and Metrics for CAISO

• Transmission Project Benefit Quantification and Cost Allocation forCalifornia Energy Commission

44

Research Focus 1:

Reliability Metrics and Compliance MonitoringTools

Common Wide-Area, Real TimeMonitoringPlatform –StandardsCompliance, KeyMetrics forReliabilityIntelligentAlarms, Reports,and EventAnalysis SituationAwarenessVisualizationDashboards forNERC, DOE, andFERC

GOAL

INFRASTRUCTUREDESIGN

WIDE-AREAMONITORING

FORENSICANALYSIS

COMPLIANCEMONITORING

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

VISUAL-IZATION

• 1999 LowFrequencyEvents onEasternInterconnection

• DecliningSystemPerformance

• FrequencyExcursions

Wide-area visualization infrastructure

• Relational time-series database

Wide-area real time ACE-Frequency monitoring tool

• Suppliers performance for AGC and frequency response

InterchangeError (AIE)Monitoring

• Wide-areaInadvertentMonitoring

Performance standards research, validation, field trials• Resources adequacy load- generation analysis and assessment

CPS-BAAL monitoring and

analysis

• Research for

situational

awareness for

resource

adequacy

Visualization, Compliance, Monitoring, Infrastructure, Real Time Wide-Area Standards Compliance and Situational Awareness

Layer 3 – Wide -Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based

Real-Time

ACE-Frequency,

CPS-BAAL, AIE

Monitoring

Real-Time

Suppliers

Performance

For AGC and FR

Voltage Security

Monitoring and

Assessment

Real Time

Dynamics

Monitoring

System (RTDMS)

RESEARCH FOR

FUTURE

SITUATIONAL

AWARENESS

APPLICATIONS

Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability

Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, COM+, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API)

Layer 4 – Wide -Area Visualization Solutions

Geo-Graphic Multi -View Multi -Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards

Long Term Archiving Database

With PI -Type Tagging

Characteristics for Historical

Data Analysis and Assessment

Layer 2 – Common Archiving, Event, Alarms and Logging Monitoring Services

Real Time Intelligent Alarm,Event and Disturbance Processor

and Services

Real Time Data Quality and

Performance Metrics

Reporting and Notification

Layer 3 – Wide -Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based

Real-Time

ACE-Frequency,

CPS-BAAL, AIE

Monitoring

Real-Time

Suppliers

Performance

For AGC and FR

Voltage Security

Monitoring and

Assessment

Real Time

Dynamics

Monitoring

System (RTDMS)

RESEARCH FOR

FUTURE

SITUATIONAL

AWARENESS

APPLICATIONS

Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability

Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, COM+, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API)

Layer 4 – Wide -Area Visualization Solutions

Geo-Graphic Multi -View Multi -Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards

Layer 4 – Wide -Area Visualization Solutions

Geo-Graphic Multi -View Multi -Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards

Long Term Archiving Database

With PI -Type Tagging

Characteristics for Historical

Data Analysis and Assessment

Layer 2 – Common Archiving, Event, Alarms and Logging Monitoring Services

Real Time Intelligent Alarm,Event and Disturbance Processor

and Services

Real Time Data Quality and

Performance Metrics

Reporting and Notification

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23 - 24

COUNT OF FREQUENCY DISTURBANCES > 28 mHz

BY MONTH, BY HOUR OF DAY

0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32

Count of Events by Month

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45

Research Focus 2:

North American SynchroPhasor Initiative

IndustryApproach toPhasorTechnologyResearch andApplications:

Visualization

State Estimation

ModeMonitoring

Alarming

Real TimeControls

GOAL

INFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENT

FORENSIC ANALYSIS/

BASELINING APPLICATIONSINDUSTRYADOPTION

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

VISUALIZATIONFOR WIDE-AREA

SITUATIONALAWARENESS

• 1996 WesternInterconnectionBlackouts

• 2003 NortheastBlackout

TVA SuperPDC

IEEE 37.118

NISTSynchroLab

• Real TimeDynamicsMonitoringSystem

• CAISOOperatingEngineersWorkstation

• BaseliningStatic Anglesin East

• Small SignalStabilityMonitoringIntelligentAlarmingStateEstimationAdaptiveIslands

EIPP ->

NASPI

WECCWAMTF

ResearchRoadmap

Phasor Measurements, Real Time Wide-Area Situational Awareness,Visualization, Infrastructure, Monitoring, Alarming, and Control

Cleveland

46

Research Focus 3:

Science-Based Analysis of Market Designsand Real-Time Market Monitoring Tools

A CompleteNetworkOptimization Toolfor OrganizedMarkets, andSupporting Real-Time MarketMonitoring Toolsfor MarketOperators andFERC0

GOAL

MARKETANALYSIS

INFRASTRUCTURE

INCORPORATINGNETWORK

PROPERTIES

MARKETMONITORING

TOOLS

COMPLETE OPTIMI-ZATION OF MARKET

DESIGNPROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION

MARKETDESIGN

EVALUATION

• Eastern ISOPrice Spikes1999

• Western MarketMeltdown 2000-2001

Experimentaleconomicspower systemmarketsimulationplatform

Auction designevaluations

Effects ofdemandresponse

VAR and realpower markets

Co-optimization ofreal andreserve powermarkets

Revenuesensitivity

Real-timemarketmonitoringprototype tool

Super OPFdesign studies

Engineering Design Tools, Market Simulation, Real-Time MarketMonitoring Tools

Tools that

optimally

dispatch and

correctly price:

• Real energy

• VArs

• Real power

reserves

• Dynamic

reactive

reserves

• Voltage

47

Research Focus 4:

Demand Response or Load As A Resource

MeaningfulDemand-SideParticipation inCompetitiveWholesaleMarkets forEnergy andAncillary Services

GOAL

• Price Spikes

• SupplierMarket Power

• InelasticDemand

NERC Policy 10revisions to allowfor demandresponse

WECC CMOPSand MORCWGpolicy changes

Programdesign andevaluations forleading ISOdemandresponseprogram(NYISO, ISONE, PJM)

Provision ofspinningreserve withaggregateddemand-sideresources

Quantify uniquesystem values ofDemandResponse –speed ofresponse,geographictargetingMarket powermitigation

Capability Building, Demonstrations, Policy Changes, Enhanced Values

TECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTS

DEMON-STRATIONS

EFFICIENTDEMAND-SIDE

MARKETPARTICIPATION

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

TECHNICAL SUPPORT/

CAPABILITY BUILDING

INSTITUTIONALCHANGE

Technologyreview

Ancillaryservicesreview

59.90

59.92

59.94

59.96

59.98

60.00

60.02

60.04

5:50 6:00 6:10 6:20 6:30

TIME (pm)

FR

EQ

UE

NC

Y (H

z)

2600-MW

Generation

Lost AGC RESPONSE

GOVERNOR RESPONSE

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

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h

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MWh Accepted

2001 2002

1314

1516

17

30-Jul

14-Aug0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

MW

Hour Beginning

48

Research Focus 5:

Distributed Energy Resource Microgrids

A Peer-to-Peer,Plug-and-PlayDesign ThatMinimizesCustomEngineering andPresents Clustersof DER to Grid asControllableLoads – Goodand ModelCitizens of theGrid

GOAL

CONCEPTUALDESIGN

FULL-SCALETEST BED

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

PROOF OF CONCEPT

Tool Development, Simulation, Bench-Scale Testing, Full-Scale Test Bed, and Value Engineering

STANDARDIZEDENGINEERING

DESIGNS

ANALYTICTOOL

DEVELOPMENT

• Customerdemand forreliability andpower quality

• Grid integrationconcerns

MicrogridConcept

muGrid

DER-CustomerAdoptionModel

AmericanElectric PowerTest Bed

IEEE 1547.4

Lower cost ofkey components

Simulationanalysis

Laboratorybench-scaletests

Test beddesign

DR

DR

DR

49

Research Focus 6:

Reliability Technology Issues and NeedsAssessment

GOAL

Science-based,technicalanalysis ofreliabilitytechnologyand policyissues toinformdecision-makers

Technology Scoping, Analytical Studies, DOE Analysis Support

• Blackouts,DecliningReliability

• IncreasedTransmissionCongestion

• InadequateTransmissionInvestment

•Grid of theFuture WhitePapers

•Real-time toolsassessment

•Grid metrics

•Cost of powerinterruptions toUS

•Review of UScongestioncosts

•Transmissioncost allocation

• 2002 NationalTransmissionGrid Study

• 2006 DOECongestionStudy

• 1999 PowerOutage StudyTeam

• 2003 BlackoutInvestigation

• Renewableoperationalintegration

•Transmissionplanning R&Dneeds

• Eventreporting

BLACKOUT INVESTIGATION

ECONOMICASSESSMENT

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

NATIONALPOLICY STUDIES

TECHNOLOGYSCOPING

TECHNICALASSESSMENT

Residential

2%

Commercial

72%

Industrial

26%$1.5 Billion

$20.4 Billion

$56.8 Billion

U.S. Total:

$79 Billion

Momentary

Interruptions

67%

Sustained

Interruptions

33%

U.S. Total:

$79 Billion

$52.3 Billion

$26.3 Billion

Renewable Resource Production

Summer Day 2010

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1 3 5 7 9

11

13

15

17

19

21

23 Hours

Pro

du

ctio

n (G

W)

Geothermal Biomass Small Hydro Solar Wind

50

BATTERIES

51

DOE Battery Research Programs

BATT

Program

Basic Energy

Science

The BATT Program is the Linchpin

from Very Basic Research to Applied

Applied Battery

Research

Developers

DOE EERE PortfolioDOE OS Portfolio

Spin-off

Companies

ANL

BNL

INL

LBNL

SNL

A123

Enerdel

LGChem/CPI

JC-S

Nat. Labs

Universities

FundamentalMaterials

FundamentalMaterial interactions

AppliedMaterial interactions

AppliedSystems

Research Leader: John Newman

52

BATT Program Mission

• The BATT program ($12M/year) performs fundamental research in support of

the DOE/EERE FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program to

develop batteries for vehicular applications (EV, HEV, and Plug-in hybrid)

• Presently, the focus is on lithium-based systems (Li-ion and Li-metal)

• Consists of 28 PIs from various universities, national labs, and one company

• Program lead: Prof. John Newman, UC-Berkeley

Critical Challenges• Cost

• Life

• Abuse tolerance

• Performance (low-temperature operation, energy, and power)

Choice of application decides the critical problems to be solved:

• EV: Need double the energy density of presently available Li batteries

• HEV: low-T operation, cost, and abuse tolerance

• Plug-in hybrid: life (especially calendar life), cost (related to energy)

53

Material Synthesis/

Modifications

Electrode/Battery

Fabrication

Structural

Diagnostics

Structural Modeling Electrode Modeling

Electrochemical

Diagnostics

Electrode

Diagnostics

Electrochemical

Analysis

Material Synthesis, Diagnosticsand Modeling Across Length Scales

ImprovedChemistry

100 μm-300μm

Length Scales

Cathode:

e.g., LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2

Anode:

e.g., Graphite

ee

Li+

New/Improved

Material

10 nm-10 μm

54

Future Strategy of Battery R&DFuture Strategy of Battery R&D

Concerted R&D approach to fundamental problems

in material sciences, and system engineering

challenges must be undertaken

We still need to:

• better understand the nature of processes in micro- or

nano-scale and their implications for battery performance

• offer remedies to existing problems and suggest directions

of future efforts

• help battery manufacturers with technology development

55

BATT Research Focus Areas in FY09-10

Cross-cutting

research

themes

Intermediate-term

exploratory

research

Long-term

exploratory

research

Size control

• Olivine cathodes

• Alloy anodes

Interface control

• SEI on alloys

• Cathode/electrolyte

interface

Electrolyte

•High voltage electrolytes

• Additives for SEI formation

and overcharge protection

Electrodes

•Structured anodes and

cathodes

• New anodes and cathodes

New systems (Li-S,

Li-air)

New cell designs

(bipolar cells)

1-3 years 3-5 years 5-10 years

56

National Center for Energy Storage (NCES)Future Battery R&D in LBNL

ManufacturingNew proposal

BATExtension of

BATT

program

Proposal sent

to DOE Office

of Science

EFRC

Energy Frontiers Research Center (EFRC)

will focus on fundamental understanding of

the processes in batteries and explore novel

battery chemistries.

Batteries for Advanced Technologies

(BAT), to study battery systems for

different applications e.g., transportation,

grid, buildings, military, portable

electronics.

Battery manufacturing facility will build

and test large-scale battery cells. It will

benefit from accomplishments of BAT and

EFRC.

NCES

57

Material Synthesis Across Length Scales

G. Ceder (MIT)

T. Richardson and G. Chen (LBNL)

Low conductivity of lithium iron

phosphate necessitates the synthesis of

nanoparticles to allow material to

operate at high rates.

Micron-sized lithium iron phosphate

particles provide an elegant means of

studying mechanism of lithium intercalation

and may hold the key to high-energy

batteries

5 μm

500 nm

58

Material Modifications on the Nanoscale

Low conductivity of lithium iron phosphate

necessitates the use of a thin carbon coating

on the particle to enhance conduction on the

particle-scale.

LiFePO4

Carbon

In situ growth of carbon nanotubes while

synthesizing lithium iron phosphate allows

good particle-to-particle conduction.

100 nm

5 nm

H. Gabrisch ( U. New Orleans), M. M.

Doeff (LBNL)

M. M. Doeff (LBNL)

LiFePO4Carbon

59

Spectroscopic DiagnosticsAcross Length Scales

c

a

10 μm

c

a

c

a

c

a

LiFePO4

FePO4

Detailed TEM analysis allows for

identification of evolution of phases in

the nanoscale during battery cycling

Raman maps on the

particle-scale show the

anisotropy of the process

FePO4LiFePO4T. Richardson and G. Chen (LBNL)

R. Kostecki, T. Richardson, G. Chen (LBNL)

10 μm

60

Computer SimulationsAcross Length Scales

500 1000 150020

40

60

80

100

Avai

lable

Ener

gy (

Wh/k

g)

Discharge Power (W/kg)

Gr./LiMn2O4

Gr./LiMnPO4

Gr./LiFePO4

Gr./NMC

PHEV-10

Gr./NMC

-Less

carbon/

binder

P/E=13

Pulse power (W/kg)

Monte Carlo simulations allows

prediction of solubility limits of Li

in LiFePO4

Continuum modeling allows

correlation of material properties to

performance. Simulations allow for

accessing ability of materials to

satisfy vehicular applications

G. CederJ. Newman ,

V. Srinivasan,

61

Electrochemical Analysis

Experiments on test cells allow for

identification of ideal formulation to

meet requirements.

Thin-film electrodes allow detailed

investigation of the active material

without complexity of the porous

network

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0

Capacity (As)

Vo

ltag

e (

V)

vs.

Li

co

un

ter

V. Srinivasan

600 nm silicon film

8 h charge/discharge

100

1000

10000

100 1000 10000

Power density (W/l)

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

2 hr rate

0.5 hr rate

V. Battaglia and G. Liu

62

63

64

65

End of Presentation

66

http://eetd.lbl.gov