BUILDING THE FOUNDATION

BUILDING THE FOUNDATIONBuilding the Foundation (Skinner, Glasser and Gordon)BySaharudin & Luqmanul irfanThe Skinners Model of Shaping Desired BehaviourDefinition: The practice of providing consequences for both positive and negative behaviours.

Skinners ideasSystematic use of reinforcement (rewards) can shape pupils' behaviour in desired directions. Behaviour becomes weaker if not followed by reinforcement. Behaviour is also weakened by punishment. Behaviour modificationTypes of reinforcements used in behavior modification Social - verbal comments, gestures, and facial expressions. Graphic - marks of various kinds such as numerals, checks, happy faces, and special symbols. Activity - activities that pupils prefer to do in schoolTangible - real objects that pupils can earn as rewards

STRENGTHSWEAKNESSES It is simple to use.The results might not last long Results are immediate.Students may not perform as desired when rewards are terminated It accommodates most teachers' desire to maintain control.Students may not learn how to govern their own behavior. Students can feel successful when they obtain rewards.The approach may seem too much like bribery to some teachers Standards of behavior are uniform, consistent, and clear to all students.It ignores any underlying problems caused by influences at home, in society, or at school Time does not have to be spent in class discussing rules and students' conduct.To use so much control in a democratic society may be unethical It can be readily employed with all students regardless of age.Students do not get an opportunity to clarify emotions, weigh alternatives, decide on solutions, or develop their intellect

The Glassers Model of Choice Theory

Choice theory states that:all we do is behave,that almost all behavior is chosen, andthat we are driven by our genes to satisfy five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun.

ConceptPupils can choose to act the way they want toGood choices produce good behaviour. Bad choices produce bad behaviourTeachers must always try to help pupils make good choicesNo excuses for bad behaviorThere is always consequences follow the behaviorClass rules are essential and they must be enforced.Classroom meetingTeachers duty Emphasise pupil responsibilityEstablish rules that lead to success Accept no excusesCall for value judgment Invoke reasonable consequences Be persistent

StrengthsWeaknessesPromote a high degree of autonomy and responsibility for students.

Difficult for teachers to help students satisfy their need for control without feeling threatened themselves.

They help students see a wide range of possible consequences for their behaviours.Difficult to react properly when communicating with students about their inappropriate behaviours.

They allow students to determine solutions to their own discipline problems.

Classroom meetings may consume more time than is desirable.

They help students understand their needs and how to satisfy these need legitimately.

Difficult to help students who do not want to be in school to make plans to improve their behaviour.

Gordons Model Teachers can plot pupils behaviour into a diagram called Behaviour WindowWHO OWN THE PROBLEM?Gordon reminds teachers to ask themselves, "Who owns the problem?". Although the teacher ultimately assumes responsibility for the classroom, the student actually "owns" many of the problems. For example, one daydreaming student does not interfere with the progress of an entire class. Although the teacher should send the message that daydreaming is unacceptable, the problem is the student's and, ultimately, he or she will have to accept responsibility for changing the behaviour.Key ideas"I" messages - messages that tell another person how you feel about their behaviour. "You" messages - blaming statements Confrontative "I" Messages - messages that attempt to influence another to stop the unacceptable behaviour. Shifting Gears - changing from Confrontative to a listening posture Win-Lose conflict resolution - ends the dispute temporarily with a winner and a loser.

No-Lose conflict resolution - everyone wins Door openers - words or actions that invites folks to talk about what is on their minds Active Listening -carefully listening and demonstrating understanding of what another person is saying Values Collisions- anything concrete that a person believes will be able to improve quality of life etc: food or money

SIX STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESSStep 1: Identify and define the problem or situation. Good solutions depend on accurate identification of the problem at hand. Step 2: Generate alternatives. Once the problem is clarified a number of possible solutions should be generated

Step 3: Evaluate the alternative suggestions. When alternatives have been specified, participants are asked to comment on them. The goal is to choose a solution that is agreeable to allStep 4: Make the decision. After examining the alternatives, the one that seems to suit most people best is selected for trial.

Step 5: Implement the solution or decision. The trial solution is put into place with the understanding that it may or may not work as anticipated and that it can be changed if necessary.

Step 6: Conduct a follow-up evaluation. The results of the trial solution or decision are analysed and evaluated.

StrengthsWeaknessesIt promotes autonomy and self-regulation for students.

Teachers may find some difficulty changing their role from directing and controlling students to actively listening.

It promotes good student-teacher relationships.

Teachers may have difficulty accepting value differences between themselves and their students.

It allows students to deal with personal problems and feelings.

Transmitting I-messages instead of you-messages will be understandably difficult for teachers to master.

It helps teachers communicate their needs to students so that students can appreciate how their behaviours affects others.

A more comprehensive approach may be needed to help teachers avoid having to deal with the number of possible problems likely to surface.

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