Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
BASIX05-08
BuIldIng SuStAInABIlIty IndeXOngoing Monitoring Program
Single Dwelling Outcomes
This is one of a series of BASIX outcomes monitoring reports;
Previously Published:
• 2004-2005 Outcomes (Single dwellings Sydney Region) BASIX Ongoing Monitoring Program
This Report:
• 2005-2008 Single Dwelling Outcomes
BASIX Ongoing Monitoring Program
To be Published:
• 2006-08 Multi Dwelling Outcomes BASIX Ongoing Monitoring Program
• 2006-08 Alterations and Additions Outcomes BASIX Ongoing Monitoring Program
www.basix.nsw.gov.auNSW Department of Planning
BASIX05-08
BuIldIng SuStAInABIlIty IndeXOngoing Monitoring Program
Single Dwelling Outcomes
“BASIX was a pioneering instrument that has stood the test of time and is even more relevant with our critical water and climate change challenges. It needs to keep pushing forwards and take even greater strides in making our homes more sustainable.”Jeff Angel, Executive Director Total Environment Centre
“When launched, BASIX was viewed as an innovative approach to sustainable planning. The outcomes presented in this review are testament to the value of BASIX and provide a world leading example of what can be achieved in the regulation of environmental impacts for residential development.”Ché Wall, Director Green Building Council of Australia
“BASIX in NSW is a path-breaking initiative, and this report demonstrates the change is real and the savings are being banked. The BASIX framework represents an important component of a sustainable urban future.”Professor Stuart White, Director Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney
iFOREWORD
foreword
I am pleased to present the first State-wide monitoring report on BASIX, the New South Wales Government’s online sustainability tool that mandates water and energy savings for residential development in NSW.
Since expanding to regional NSW in July 2005, BASIX single dwellings have saved 5.7 billion litres of water and 173 million kilograms of greenhouse gas emissions across the State.
BASIX is free and accessible to everyone, but is typically used by developers, architects, building designers and owner-builders of residential homes.
It continues to set the benchmark for achieving water and energy savings and is an excellent example of how sustainable homes can be built that are consistent with national objectives in sustainability and emissions reduction.
The Department of Planning continues to monitor BASIX, to assess the level of water and energy savings being achieved. The results of these studies will be used to ensure that BASIX delivers on its sustainability objectives. The BASIX tool will continue to be adapted to meet the changing needs of the community and to deliver the environmental results which the community expects.
I commend the ongoing success of BASIX and congratulate homeowners and those in the building industry who have embraced efforts to reduce water and energy consumption with such enthusiasm.
The Hon. Kristina Keneally MP NSW Minister for Planning.
contentsBASIX - Building Sustainability Index 3
Summary of findings 5
Introduction 15
Project details 23
Water 29
Energy 47
Thermal Comfort 69
Appendices 87
KEY POINT OF BASIX
Mandates water and energy savings for all new residential construction in NSW.
Assesses three essential components of sustainable building design – water use, energy consumption and thermal comfort.
40% target* for energy and water savings, benchmarked to the ‘pre-BASIX’ average NSW home (*single dwellings in coastal NSW).
Target are calibrated for regional climatic zones.
Targets can be adjusted over time to achieve national objectives in water savings and greenhouse gas reduction.
Outcomes are market sensitive, providing user choice to select best practice and cost effective technologies and building methods.
Readily accessible via the internet to the general public and to the construction industry.
www.basix.nsw.gov.au
3
BASIX – Building Sustainability IndexBASIX applies to all new dwellings across NSW and is designed to achieve measurable and quantifiable greenhouse gas and water savings in the residential building market.
The NSW State Environmental Planning Policy (Sustainability Index – BASIX) 2004, has made the completion of a BASIX Certificate a legislative requirement for new housing construction since July 2004.
BASIX certificates are completed using an online web-based tool which calculates the water, energy and thermal comfort performance of the proposed development and documents the commitments that have been made to meet sustainability targets.
There were 131,000 visitors to the BASIX website in 2007-08This report summarises the data collected from BASIX 2005-08 single dwelling certificates and the predicted energy and water savings.
Meeting the NSW State PlanBASIX contributes significantly to two key priorities of the NSW State Plan. E1 - Secure and sustainable water supply for all users and E3 - Cleaner air and progress on greenhouse gas reduction. This report demonstrates how BASIX is meeting or exceeding the commitments set under these objectives.
2005-08 BASIX Savings For 42,570 housing approvals in 2005-08 this means; 5.7 billion litres
of water saved 173 million kilograms
less of CO2-e
4 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
5SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
summary of findings
Water 7
Energy 10
Thermal comfort 12
7SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
An average pre-BASIX house uses around 247 litres of water per person per day. Under BASIX, the average new home in NSW will use less than 135 litres per person per day,# saving each household the equivalent of 570 bottles* of water every day#based on commitments made, 2005-08 certificates
*based on a 600ml bottle
Water – BASIX saved 5.7 billion litres of water, the equivalent of 2,275 Olympic swimming poolsThe BASIX Water target for coastal NSW requires a 40% reduction in mains-supplied potable water consumption, compared to the average ‘pre-BASIX’ home. The average water use benchmark for a pre- BASIX home is 90,340 litres of water per person per year or 247 litres per person per day.
1. Olympic swimming pool volume assumed as 2.5Ml 2. ABS website, article 1350.0 – Australian Economic Indicators,
“Household water use and effects of the drought”, Australia, Jul 2005, p.5
The water target varies for different climatic zones in NSW and was updated in 2005 for the expansion of BASIX from Sydney to regional NSW.
For the reporting period of 2005 – 2008, savings committed to in all BASIX certificates across NSW total 5,690 million litres, or the equivalent of 2,275 Olympic swimming pools1.
These savings have been generated largely through the increased installation of water tanks and water efficient fittings, followed by use of network supplied recycled water and use of on-site greywater treatment. Approximately 98% of BASIX certificates selected some form of alternative water source during the reporting period.
Rainwater tanks – 290 million litres of new water storageThere has been a significant increase in commitments to install rainwater tanks through BASIX. In 2004, approximately 12% of NSW households sourced water from a rainwater tank2. In comparison, 95% of BASIX certificates in 2005/08 nominated a rainwater tank.
Collectively, this represents a large reserve of over 290 million litres of potable water that would otherwise go as runoff to a stormwater system.
8 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
95% of BASIX certificates nominated a rainwater tank (Average 2005-08)
The acceptance of rainwater tanks as an alternative water source for new BASIX dwellings has shown an eight fold increase over existing ‘pre-BASIX’ homes. The resulting increase is much larger compared to the voluntary increased uptake of rainwater tanks through Council rebates and incentive schemes. This observation is supported by the experince in South Australia where even with high dissatisfaction with mains water quality and low rainfall levels, only 48% of households in South Australia had voluntarily installed a rainwater tank3 .
The size of tank installation can be tailored to local conditions. The BASIX web tool calculates an optimal tank size based on local rainfall data and nominated uses. The score achieved reflects a balance of rainfall available, tank capacity and the amount of potable water being substituted.
Table 1
Rainwater tanks NSW (% BASIX certificates)
Existing homes*(% NSW homes)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Rainwater tanks installed
12 91 96 96
*Pre-BASIX existing homes data source: ABS 2004
Compared to retro-fitting of tanks in existing homes, new dwellings also have the opportunity to make internal alternative water connections and maximise roof area for rainwater collection. This increases the amount of potable water being saved.
3. ABS website, article 1350.0 – Australian Economic Indicators, “Household water use and effects of the drought” Australia, Jul 2005, p.5
Home greywater plant filtration system design by Kennedy Associates Architects in association with ENVDS, Clovelly, NSW.
9SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
98% of BASIX certificates nominated alternative water for garden use
Alternative water connections Virtually all new dwelling BASIX certificates committed to using an alternative to mains-supplied potable water in their garden. Over 90% also chose to connect their toilets to an alternative water supply and more than 75% selected alternative water for laundry use. laundry connections have increased significantly over the reporting period, indicating greater acceptance of internal alternative water connections.
Connections to indoor fixtures also have the benefit of non-seasonal use of alternative water. With an estimated 20% of household water being used for gardens but nearly 35% used internally for toilet flushing and laundry use, internal connections to an alternative water supply translate into substantial reductions in demand for potable water. Furthermore, whilst the take up of alternative water connections to the garden is close to 100%, there remains scope to improve the take up of laundry connections and obtain further potable water savings.
Table 2
Alternative water connections (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Garden 98 98 98
Toilet 89 91 92
laundry 69 76 82
Water efficient fixtures Over the reporting period there has been a continuing increase in the commitment to install water efficient fixtures. Mandated minimum standards in 2005-06 resulted in the removal of taps rated less than 3 stars for kitchens and bathrooms. In addition, householders have voluntarily selected taps of more than the minimum three star rating, and this proportion of four stars and above selections has increased from 13% in 2005-06 to 29% in 2007-08 for kitchen taps and 16% to 26% for bathroom taps (appendix Table 40).
1 in 4 of BASIX certificates nominated 4 star (or better) toilets
10 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Energy – 173 million kilograms less of greenhouse gas
The aim of the BASIX Energy index is to reduce residential greenhouse gas emissions per person. Each new home in NSW must meet a reduction target compared to an average pre-BASIX home. For Sydney and coastal NSW this target is 40%.
BASIX uses the proposed dwelling’s design data to calculate its potential greenhouse gas emission levels per person (estimated from ABS occupancy data and the number of bedrooms in the dwelling). These results are compared to the average per person greenhouse gas emissions levels across NSW of 3,292 kg of CO2-e per person per year, or 9 kg of CO2-e per person per day4.
In 2005/06 the energy target was a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for single dwellings. Since 1 July 2006, this target was increased for most homes to a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to the average NSW home.
In the 2005-2008 reporting period, the commitment to energy savings translates to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions totalling more than 173 million kilograms of carbon dioxide. This is equivalent to taking more than 39 thousand cars off the road each year.
Main Components of Household Energy UseThrough selections of construction type, building materials, house design and types of fixed appliances, the BASIX tool allows consumers to have a direct impact on more than 75% of the total energy consumed in an average Australian home. The remaining 25% of household energy is consumed by unfixed appliances such as televisions, entertainment systems, and laundry and kitchen appliances. Whilst this is a growing area of domestic energy use, regulation of this sector is not tied to practices within the construction industry.
BASIX allows consumers to select energy saving methods and technologies that best suit their circumstance. For an average home with access to reticulated natural gas, the selection of gas hot water, cooking and heating provides ready compliance with BASIX. In many regional areas of NSW, where gas supply is not readily available, alternatives such as solar, heat pumps or energy efficient lighting become more prevalent. Efficient thermal performance above the mandatory level of the building shell also assists houses requiring greater energy savings to meet the target, by reducing the demand for heating and cooling.
The main trends in commitments made to meet the BASIX Energy targets are described below.
An average BASIX compliant house produces 1,270kg less CO2-e per person per year than a typical pre-BASIX house. For an average BASIX house, this is the equivalent to each person planting 8 trees a year every year.5
4. This benchmark was updated from 2,807 kg C02-e for the expansion of BASIX from Sydney to NSW. 5. Based on 5 trees absorbing 1000kg CO2 over 20 years and 20% loss factor for trees that die.
11SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
Hot water systemsFor the average NSW home, hot water is responsible for the largest share of greenhouse emissions. The majority of existing NSW homes in 2006 had electric hot water systems (the most greenhouse intensive system); while only 26% had gas hot water systems and 3% had solar hot water systems6.
60% of BASIX certificates selected gas hot water systemsBASIX has encouraged more greenhouse efficient hot water systems and the 2005-08 results show that the increase in gas and solar hot water systems has been considerable in comparison to existing homes (Table 3). The expansion of BASIX from metropolitan Sydney (where gas connections are common) into regional NSW in 2005-06 shows continuing growth in the acceptance of solar hot water systems and heat pumps.
Table 3
Hot water systems NSW (% BASIX certificates)
Hot water system Existing homes* (% NSW)
2004-05(Sydney only)
BASIX2005-06
BASIX2006-07
BASIX2007-08
Gas 26 78 64 62 59
Solar 3 15 21 28 31
Heat pump no information 7 13 10 10
Electric 67 <1 2 <1 <1
Other (wood etc.) 4 <1 <1 <1 <1
* Pre-BASIX existing homes data source: ABS 2006
31% of BASIX certificates nominated a solar hot water system in 2007-08
6. ABS website, article 4621.1 – Domestic Water and Energy Use, New South Wales, Oct 2006, p.3
12 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Thermal comfort – reducing demand for heating and coolingThe thermal performance of the building shell has an impact on the likely energy demand to heat and cool the house to a comfortable temperature. The likely energy demand is also significantly affected by climate and location. A house in a mild coastal climate will require significantly less heating and cooling than houses in inland or high elevation locations.
On average, the energy required to heat and cool a house contributes to around 25% of the total household energy use in NSW. Well designed and insulated houses can readily reduce this energy demand. However, increased consumer expectations for summer thermal comfort (cooling), coupled with the increasing size of the average home, work against the energy efficiency gains made by improved thermal performance.
National projections (Figure 1) show that whilst energy efficiency per square metre has improved (lower line), there has been an increase in whole of house heating and cooling loads (upper line)from about 28 GJ to 33 GJ per household per annum, over the 20 years from 1988 to 20087.
7. Commonwealth of Australia: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2008 Energy Use in the Australian Residential Sector 1986-2020, DEWHA, Canberra, p.42 and 46
Figure 31: Trends in Building Shell Efficiency in Australia from 1986 to 2020
M d r
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
YEAR
SH
ELL
EFF
ICIE
NC
Y (M
J/M
2 )
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SH
ELL
EFF
ICIE
NC
Y (G
J/H
HO
LD)
MJ/m2GJ/House
SolarHeat pumpGas
Modelled Projected
Figure 1 - Trends in Building Shell Efficiency in Australia from 1986 to 2020
Figure 31: Trends in Building Shell Efficiency in Australia from 1986 to 2020
M d r
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
YEAR
SH
ELL
EFF
ICIE
NC
Y (M
J/M
2 )
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SH
ELL
EFF
ICIE
NC
Y (G
J/H
HO
LD)
MJ/m2GJ/House
SolarHeat pumpGas
Modelled Projected
13SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
BASIX works to reverse this trend. To meet the overall BASIX energy target, a house with a high heating or cooling load will have to find commensurate energy savings in other areas.
The BASIX Thermal Comfort section aims to:
• Ensure thermal comfort for a home’s occupants appropriate to the climate and season.
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from use of heaters and air conditioners through good building design and use of appropriate construction materials.
• Provide the potential to reduce demand for new, or upgraded, energy infrastructure by reducing peak demand of energy required for cooling and heating.
The Thermal Comfort section does not have a single benchmark. A ‘pass’ mark is set, based on appropriate heating and cooling loads per square metre for each climate zone. Unlike some existing ‘star’ ratings, which add the sum of the heating and cooling loads to get an overall pass mark, BASIX requires a pass to be obtained for both heating and cooling, leading to good thermal comfort in both winter and summer.
BASIX certificates are on the whole exceeding four stars. The sample data from simulation inputs for 2005-08 shows that single dwellings in NSW are being designed to achieve an average 4.8 NatHERS stars
Figure 2 - Simulation method performance 2005-08
NatHERS STAR RATING
Required BASIX Cap
Average Score Achieved
14 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
In 2005/08 three alternative methods of compliance were offered within the Thermal Comfort Index; ‘Simulation’, ‘Do-it-yourself’ (DIY) and ‘Rapid’.
The Simulation method currently uses the Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) software tool. Data for a Simulation method can only be entered by an accredited ABSA8 assessor.
The DIY method sets minimum insulations standards for most common building materials and technologies whilst allowing flexibility with the rest of the house design.
Rapid is a quick compliance method aimed at simple single storey brick veneer dwellings.
Since late 2005 when DIY was introduced, there has been a strong take up of the DIY method. DIY made up 34% of Thermal Comfort method selections, whilst the Simulation method made up 57% and the Rapid method 9%.
Figure 4 - Thermal Comfort Index – Selected calculation method NSW average 2005-08
DIY Method34%
Rapid Method9%
Simulation Method57%
Figure 3 - Sustainable housing features encouraged by BASIX
8. Association of Building Sustainability Assessors
introduction
16 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
17INTRODUCTION
This report summarises the results of single dwelling BASIX certificates generated between 1 July 2005 and 30 June 2008. These results are part of the BASIX monitoring program, which is central to an evaluation of the overall BASIX policy objectives and further development of the BASIX policy.
For each BASIX certificate, a range of data is captured identifying the water and energy technologies and thermal design specifications selected for a dwelling to reach its BASIX water and energy targets. This report summarises this data and illustrates how BASIX has shaped the development of new single dwelling homes in NSW over the past three years (2005-08).
How BASIX WorksBASIX has a distinctively different approach to achieving sustainable outcomes than most ‘star’ rating tools. It calculates the potential potable water use and greenhouse gas emissions for the proposed development and compares this against the State-wide benchmark of a ‘pre-BASIX’ home. This allows the performance of the development to be assessed as a percentage saving against the benchmark. New residential developments are required to achieve the water and greenhouse targets for their region. For coastal NSW, this target is currently 40% for detached dwellings. Targets vary for multi-unit dwellings and for inland regions with different climates.
By setting mandatory performance outcomes rather than prescribing design or fixture requirements, BASIX allows flexibility for developers and homeowners. They can choose from a wide range of options and select those energy and water saving methods that are most suitable to their budget, building design, and local conditions. This flexible approach encourages innovations and the uptake of new technologies. Over compliance is both encouraged and measurable.
Introduction The 2008 BASIX Report
Figure 5 - Progress bars help users of the web site track how a dwelling is scoring within each target section.
18 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Using BASIXBASIX is an integrated part of the planning system, supported by and embedded within a comprehensive regulatory scheme. It is implemented under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 as a mandatory component of the development approval process. Compliance is achieved through use of an on-line sustainability tool, accessible to both the general public and industry professionals through the world wide web.
Data entered in the on-line tool is used to generate a certificate that is required to be submitted as part of the dwelling’s development application (Figure 6). In addition to documenting the performance of the development against the water and energy targets, the certificate contains a list of the commitments made to achieve this performance. Compliance with these commitments is then checked by the principal certifying authority (building certifier) throughout the building construction process.
Figure 6 – Example cover page of a BASIX certificate showing project details and the score achieved for each section
In 2007-08, the BASIX website received over 46 million hits and 131 thousand unique visitors. Of these hits, approximately 3% were international visitors to the site.
19INTRODUCTION
The top five countries for international visitors to the BASIX website in 2007-08 were: the USA (51%), Thailand (24%), Japan (5%), Vietnam (4%) and United Kingdom (3%). The ratio of hits to unique visitors indicates a high portion of repeat users consistent with an industry focussed web site. On average, one certificate was generated for every 6 visitors.
Over the reporting period there have been over 28,000 calls and emails to the BASIX Help line. Approximately one third of the total enquires were sent via email. An annual breakdown of the number of Help line enquires is shown in table 4. Higher usage of the helpline service in 2005 to 2007 is consistent with the roll out of new components and upgrades to BASIX, with lower usage in 2007-08 suggesting increased familiarity in the use of BASIX.
Table 4
Number of BASIX Help Line enquiries
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
10925 10068 7243
Monitoring BASIX CommitmentsThe data necessary to generate a BASIX certificate is collected on-line and provides an important source of information on what selections have been made to achieve the sustainable outcomes mandated by BASIX. This report examines this data to show how the NSW BASIX tool is achieving sustainable outcomes in a cost efficient manner. The same data addresses the NSW State Plan objectives and emerging Commonwealth Government objectives to reduce potable water usage and greenhouse gas emissions.
20 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Staged Release of BASIXState Environmental Planning Policy - Sustainability Index – BASIX (the BASIX SEPP), was adopted by the Minister for Planning in July 2004. It required all new single dwelling houses in metropolitan Sydney to meet a target for savings of water and energy of 40% and 25% respectively. In July 2005 coverage of BASIX was expanded to include all NSW single detached dwellings and in July 2006, the energy targets for NSW increased to 40%. This report summarises the results for single dwellings from July 2005 – June 2008 for all NSW and, where relevant, breaks the results down by certificates issued for metropolitan Sydney and regional NSW.
From October 2005, BASIX was expanded to include new residential flat buildings, townhouses and dual occupancy dwellings. In October 2006, BASIX included alterations and additions to existing dwellings worth more than $100,000, and from July 2007, alterations and additions worth more than $50,000. Reports covering these building types will be released separately.
Inputs for the BASIX thermal comfort section are currently based on CSIRO 1st generation software (NatHERS). The process of upgrading BASIX to second generation software (AccuRate, FirstRate5 etc) is underway.
Targets and BenchmarksBASIX sets water and greenhouse gas reduction targets relaive to the NSW average benchmark for per person potable water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions within the residential sector.
The benchmarks were determined from NSW average residential water, electricity and gas consumption data collected from state-wide energy utilities by the NSW Department of Water and Energy (DWE).9
For water, the NSW benchmark is expressed in terms of potable water consumption and is equal to 90,340 litres of water per person per year.
For energy, the NSW benchmark is expressed in terms of residential greenhouse gas emissions and is equal to 3,292 kg of CO2-e per person per year.
By multiplying the water and energy per capita benchmarks by the ABS10 average occupancy rates for dwelling size and location, a water and greenhouse budget for a proposed dwelling can be calculated. Savings are calculated by comparing the dwelling’s modelled performance to this benchmark figure.
BASIX targets are expressed as a percentage saving against the NSW benchmark. While the benchmark is constant across NSW, the targets are varied to suit regional climates and can be amended over time to achieve national water and greenhouse gas commitments. Variable targets that recognise differences in local conditions (such as rainfall, soil type, evaporation rates and prevailing winds) ensures equity across NSW without placing an excessive cost burden on dwellings in certain regions.
For coastal NSW, which covers the majority of residential development, these targets are:
40% reduction in potable water consumption;
40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions11
BASIX also sets minimum performance levels for the thermal comfort of the dwelling, expressed as energy required to heat and cool the dwelling (KJ/m2)
9. Formerly the NSW Department of Energy, Utilities and Sustainability (DEUS) 10. Australian Bureau of Statistics 11. Except for multi-unit developments of 3 storeys or more, where the Energy Target is 20% (6 storeys or more),
30% (4-5 storeys) or 35% (3 storeys)
21INTRODUCTION
Report MethodologyAs BASIX is online and publicly accessible, the certificate data was analysed to remove duplicates, test projects and incomplete assessments, leaving a ‘clean’ sample set for each year as the basis of this report.
The resulting sample size for 2005 – 2008 is 59,574 certificates.
It is acknowledged that data ‘cleaning’ may have discarded some real projects, or conversely, retained test projects which may have lead to some distortion of the results. However, the error factor is considered to be minimal.
Additionally, the certificate sample represents new development applications during the reporting period. The lag time to actual construction of the dwellings is, on average, about 12 months. Accordingly, forward calculations of water and greenhouse gas savings are made using a 12 month time lag.
The total number of development applications lodged to local councils during this period was 42,57012. Due to the fact that a portion of BASIX certificates do not progress to development applications, any results expressed as quantities or volumes are discounted by the ratio of certificates to development applications lodged.
BASIX Energy and Water Targets – Independent ValidationIn addition to BASIX certificate reporting, the Department is working with NSW energy and water utilities to measure actual consumption in constructed BASIX dwellings. A comparison will be made of actual energy and water used versus savings calculated on the BASIX certificate. This program will help evaluate the effectiveness of the BASIX policy in reducing water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
A verification project with Sydney Water has to date examined water consumption in over 600 BASIX compliant houses. This project will be reported separately, but available data to date shows water saving targets for Sydney are being met in houses in compliance with BASIX.
12. Dept of Planning, local Development Performance Monitoring Reports 2005-08,
22 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Webbs Creek
Maroota
RICHMOND
Wallacia
Oakdale CAMPBELLTOWN
HELENSBURGH
PARRAMATTA
BANKSTOWN
NSWBASIX Introduced July 2005
Sydney
ACT
Webbs Creek
Maroota
RICHMOND
Wallacia
Oakdale CAMPBELLTOWN
HELENSBURGH
SYDNEYSYDNEYPARRAMATTA
BANKSTOWN
SydneyBASIX introduced
July 2004
Webbs Creek
Maroota
RICHMOND
Wallacia
Oakdale CAMPBELLTOWN
HELENSBURGH
PARRAMATTA
BANKSTOWN
NSWBASIX Introduced July 2005
Sydney
ACT
Webbs Creek
Maroota
RICHMOND
Wallacia
Oakdale CAMPBELLTOWN
HELENSBURGH
SYDNEYSYDNEYPARRAMATTA
BANKSTOWN
SydneyBASIX introduced
July 2004
Report OutlineResults of the BASIX monitoring program are presented in the sequence of the four sections needed to complete an online BASIX certificate:
Project details
Water
Energy
Thermal Comfort
These sections summarise the characteristics of individual developments and choices made with regards to targeted savings in water use and energy consumption along with related thermal comfort initiatives.
The Sydney sample set is based on the geographical boundaries shown in the map below. The regional sample set refers to data for all of NSW - excluding the Sydney sample set.
Tabulated data on which the following charts are drawn and the basis for calculating volumes and total savings can be found in the appendices.
Due to rounding the report data may produce results +/- 0.5%.
A glossary of terms follows the appendices.
Figure 7: Sydney and regional NSW data areas
project details Site area 25
Floor area 26
Bedroom numbers 28
24 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
25PROJECT DETAILS
Project DetailsThe project details section of BASIX records the dwelling address, type and site details.
For the period July 2005 to June 2008, there were 59,574 BASIX certificates considered valid, with 37% being for dwellings in Sydney.13
Table 5
Sample Size
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2005-08 Total
Total number of BASIX certificates (single dwelling) 20745 16856 21973 59574
Proportion of BASIX certificates in Sydney 42% 32% 35% 37%
Proportion of BASIX certificates in regional NSW 58% 68% 65% 63%
Site areaHow big is a BASIX block of land?
The site area refers to the area of land on which the proposed development is to be carried out.
The distribution of the site area sizes was reasonably was consistent from 2005-06 to 2007-08, with just over half of all blocks in Sydney being less than 600m2.
Table 6
Sydney Site Area Distribution (% BASIX certificates)
Site area range (m2) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
50.81 – 300 8.5 7.5 6.0
301 – 600 47.4 46.7 44.8
601 – 900 29.8 30.7 32.6
49.2901 – 1200 6.7 7.1 8.4
1201 – 1500 1.7 1.4 2.1
>1501 5.9 6.6 6.1
Site area median 569m2 581m2 598m2
The spread is greater in regional areas with sites over 1500m2 making up over 30% of regional certificates and nearly half being over 900m2.
Table 7
Regional Site Area Distribution (% BASIX certificates)
Site area range (m2) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
52.41 – 300 2.0 3.4 2.5
301 – 600 18.0 18.7 17.1
601 – 900 33.1 32.6 32.8
901 – 1200 12.3 11.6 12.4
48.61201 – 1500 3.3 3.2 3.1
>1501 31.2 30.6 32.1
Site area median 859m2 834m2 867m2
13. The total number of development applications during this period was 42,570. Due to the fact that a portion of BASIX certificates do not progress to development applications, any quantifiable results (such as total CO2 savings) are discounted by the ratio of certificates to development applications lodged.
26 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Floor area
How big is a BASIX house?
From July 2005, gross floor area was replaced with conditioned and unconditioned floor areas to describe the dwelling size.
The total floor area includes the conditioned and unconditioned floor area of a dwelling.
The average floor area reported for NSW BASIX certificates was 216m2 in 2005/06, 209m2 in 2006/07 and 220m2 in 2007-08. As a comparison, the average floor area of pre-BASIX NSW houses was 241m2.14
The floor area distributions increased slightly over the reporting period with the main difference being between Sydney and regional areas, where the average floor area reported in Sydney is much higher than the rest of NSW at 248m2 (2007-08).
Differences between the BASIX floor area data and ABS data may be due to a number of reasons including: variations in methods of measurement, a level of under reporting and the fact that the BASIX data sample includes some certificates which do not represent actual houses. This variance will be investigated in future verification reporting.
14. ABS 8731.0 – Building Approvals – “Average floor area of new dwellings”, Australia, July 2001
27PROJECT DETAILS
Figure 8 - Floor area range distribution by location 2005-08 average
Table 8
Sydney Floor Area (% BASIX certificates)
Floor area (m2) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
0-100 2.8 2.7 2.4
101-200 36.4 35.8 30.9
201-300 41.5 42.2 44.1
301-400 14.7 14.7 17.2
401-500 2.9 3.0 3.7
>501 1.7 1.6 1.7
Average floor area 237m2 237m2 248m2
Table 9
Regional Floor Area (% BASIX certificates)
Floor area (m2) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
0-100 6.0 6.9 5.8
101-200 51.8 52.8 49.4
201-300 33.5 32.4 34.7
301-400 6.4 5.8 7.6
401-500 1.5 1.4 1.7
>501 0.9 0.7 0.9
Average floor area 200m2 196m2 204m2
FLOOR AREA RANGE (m2)
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F B
AS
IX C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Regional
Sydney
28 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Number of bedroomsOver 50% of all BASIX homes are 4 bedroom dwellings and this remained constant across the monitoring years.
On average, Sydney homes have more bedrooms than homes in the rest of NSW. The average number of bedrooms in Sydney is 4.2; for the rest of NSW the average is 3.7.
Table 10
Sydney Bedroom Numbers (% BASIX certificates)
No. of bedrooms 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
1 0.8 0.8 0.8
2 2.3 2.0 2.1
3 16.1 14.6 13.5
4 49.7 50.1 50.1
5 24.8 25.3 26.1
>6 6.3 7.1 7.5
Average number of bedrooms
4.2 4.2 4.2
Table 11
Regional Bedroom Numbers (% BASIX certificates)
No. of bedrooms 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
1 1.8 1.7 1.8
2 5.6 6.7 5.3
3 28.2 27.0 27.4
4 51.2 51.3 51.5
5 11.5 11.5 12.0
>6 1.7 1.8 2.0
Average number of bedrooms
3.7 3.7 3.7
water Alternative water supply 33
Alternative water connections 35
Rainwater tanks 37
Greywater systems 39
Stormwater tanks 40
Reticulated recycled water 41
Indigenous or low water use landscaping 43
Pools and spas 44
Water efficient fixtures 45
30 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
31WATER
WaterThe NSW State Plan aims to ensure a secure and sustainable water supply for all users (Priority E1) and for Sydney sets a target to improve efficiency of water by saving 145 billion litres of water per year by 2015. BASIX is making a significant contribution to this aim in Sydney and across NSW.
The BASIX Water target requires up to a 40% reduction in mains-supplied potable water consumption, compared to the average ‘pre-BASIX’ home. The average water use benchmark for a pre- BASIX home is 90,340 litres of water per person per year. The target saving varies for different climatic zones in NSW. Variation in the targets applied to each zone reflect the practicality of achieving water savings in areas with lower rainfall and the current water use patterns of existing homes in those areas compared to the NSW water benchmark.
The following map (Figure 9) illustrates the water saving targets across the State.
Figure 9 - Basix Water Targets Across NSW
COBAR
DUBBO
BOURKE
ORANGE
SYDNEY
WALGETT
ARMIDALE
CANBERRA
NEWCASTLE
TIBOOBURRA
BROKEN HILL
TWEED HEADS
WAGGA WAGGA
COFFS HARBOUR
Table 12
Distribution of certificates by water target zones
water target (%) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Average
0 0.31% 0.42% 0.50% 0.41%
10 0.67% 0.65% 0.65% 0.66%
20 3.94% 5.14% 4.40% 4.49%
30 5.02% 5.55% 6.01% 5.53%
40 90.1% 88.3% 88.4% 88.9%
Close to 90% of all certificates issued in the reporting period are for homes located in the NSW coastal zone with a 40% water saving target. Only about 1% of all certificates issued are for homes located in the low target zones that required zero or 10% water savings.
32 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
The Water section of BASIX asks questions relating to:
The area of landscaped garden and lawn, including areas dedicated to indigenous or low water use species
the efficiency of various household fixtures (showers, taps, toilets etc), recognised by star ratings
the sources and uses of the household’s water supply, including any alternatives to potable water, and
details of any pools or spas included in the development
Used in combination with the project details (postcode, roof area, landscaped area) and information provided by the BASIX tool, such as assumed occupancy rates and the performance of fixtures, BASIX can model the potable water demand of the proposed development.
By nominating an alternative water supply (i.e. a source such as rainwater tanks or reticulated recycled water) developments are able to further reduce their demand on mains supplied potable water, therefore improving their water ‘score’.
In most cases a residential dwelling will need to nominate an alternative water source in order to achieve the required water target.
Since the 2004/05 reporting period, the BASIX tool has been updated to include the following changes to the water section:
Water target varied by climate zone (1/6/05)
Stormwater connections to toilets and laundry permitted (30/6/05)
Rainwater connections for whole of house permitted (30/6/05)
Treated greywater for irrigation (30/8/05), toilets and laundry use permitted
Figure 10 - Where an average NSW household uses water (BASIX benchmark)
Chart compiled by BASIX from ABS and Sydney Water data
Greywater treatment /diversion only0.2%
outdoor21%
laundry trough 2%
dishwasher 1%
washing machine 20%
pool and spa3%
other5%
shower23%
bath 4%
kitchen sink 5%
bathroom basin 2%
toilet 14%
33WATER
Alternative Water SupplyVirtually all BASIX certificates committed to an alternative water supply (approximately 98% of BASIX certificates 2005-08). There were similar proportions between the reporting years with a slight increase in the number of certificates choosing a combination of alternative water sources. Rainwater tanks continue to be the most popular alternative water source. Reticulated recycled water is only available in selected areas and, although on a NSW wide basis the proportion is small, the take up is high in areas that have recycled water available.
Figure 11 - Alternative Water Sources NSW 2005-08 Average (% of certificates nominating alternative water)
(Appendix Table 30)
A number of homes selected a combination of alternative water sources (shown above as Combinations). The three most frequent combinations for 2005-07 were: rainwater and stormwater tanks, rainwater tank and greywater system, rainwater tank and a private dam. Rainwater tanks are included in most combinations
Stormwater tank only0.3%
Reticulated recycled water only 4.9%
Greywater treatment /diversion only 0.2%
Private dam only0.1%
Combinations8.1%
Other1.6%
Rainwater tank only84.8%
34 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
What alternative water supplies are being chosen?
Figure 12 - Growth of Alternative Water Supplies - Pre BASIX to 2008
(Appendix Table 31)
Note: The decrease in the proportion of recycled water between 2004-05 and later years is due largely to the limited availability of recycled water in regional/rural areas.
Table 13
Rainwater tanks NSW (% BASIX certificates)
Existing homes* (% NSW homes)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Rainwater tanks installed
12 91 96 96
* ABS 2004
95% of BASIX certificates nominated a rainwater tank(2005-08 average)
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F B
AS
IX C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%% of pre-BASIXexisting homes
NSW
2004-05
Sydney only
2005-06
NSW
2006-07
NSW
2007-08
NSW
Rainwater tank
Stormwater tank
Grey water
Recycled water
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F B
AS
IX C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%% of pre-BASIXexisting homes
NSW
2004-05
Sydney only
2005-06
NSW
2006-07
NSW
2007-08
NSW
Rainwater tank
Stormwater tank
Grey water
Recycled water
35WATER
Alternative Water ConnectionsHow are people using alternative water?
Table 14
Alternative water connections (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Garden 98 98 98
Toilet 89 91 91
laundry 69 76 82
The alternative water connections show that virtually all new homes are connecting alternative water for use in garden areas and that there has been a continuing trend of increases in internal connections. Approximately 90% of certificates nominate an alternative water source for toilet flushing and close to 80% now nominate alternative water for laundry use. This translates into substantial reductions in demands on potable water.
Figure 13 - Rainwater tank connections 2004-08
(Appendix Table 32)
The rainwater tank connections show that there has been an increase in the different connection options for rainwater tanks, particularly for use in the laundry. Connections to hot water and all of house were introduced in 2005 are most common in rural areas.
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F R
AIN
WAT
ER
TA
NK
CE
RTI
FIC
ATE
S
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
GardenToiletLaundryHot waterAll of house
36 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 14 - Greywater use 2005-08
(Appendix Table 33)
Garden connections continued to be the main end use for greywater in NSW. Internal connections increased slightly over the three reporting years.
Figure 15 - Stormwater use 2005-08
(Appendix Table 34)
Stormwater connections to toilets and laundry were permitted in this reporting period, however garden use continued to be the main connection option selected for stormwater tanks.
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F G
RE
YW
ATE
R S
YS
TEM
CE
RTI
FIC
ATE
S100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Garden
Toilet
Laundry
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F S
TOR
MW
ATE
R T
AN
K C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Garden
Toilet
Laundry
YEAR
37WATER
Rainwater TanksWhat size rainwater tanks are being used?
Proportions of rainwater tank volumes for NSW have stayed fairly constant from 2005-06 to 2007-08. The main changes applicable to this reporting period are that rainwater connection options were increased to allow for hot water and drinking (“all of house”) end uses.
Figure 16 - Rainwater tank volumes NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 35)
The two longest bars in figure 16 highlight that the most common rainwater tank sizes in NSW are between 2000-3000l and 4000-5000l. A smaller peak also occurs in the larger 5000l-10,000l category. This is reflected in the data at Table 15, with the median tank size of 4500-5000 litres. The average tank size of approximately 12,000 litres is skewed by a small proportion of tanks larger than 50,000 litres. Average and median rainwater tank sizes have increased since 2005-06 as shown in the following table.
Table 15
Average and median rainwater tank sizes NSW (litres)
Average Median
2005-06 11468 4500
2006-07 12219 4500
2007-08 12708 5000
PERCENTAGE OF CERTIFICATES
VO
LUM
E (L
)
>50,000L
10,001-50,000L
5,001-10,000L
4,001-5,000L
3,001-4,000L
2,001-3,000L
>0-2,000L
The estimated water capacity able to be stored in rainwater tanks that will be installed under BASIX for 2005-08 is: 2005-06 > 85 million litres2006-07 > 99 million litres 2007-08 > 106 million litres Total for 2005-08 > 290 million litresAppendix Table 76
38 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
The trends in tank sizes vary between Sydney and regional areas and this is shown in Figure 17
Figure 17 - Rainwater tank volumes - Sydney and regional NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 36)
Figure 17 shows that in Sydney the most popular size of rainwater tanks is 2000-3000 litres, whereas in regional areas most are larger than 4,000l. Most of the tanks sized larger than 10,000l are located in regional areas. This reflects that in areas of lower and less frequent rainfall, a larger tank is required to achieve the required efficiency of alternative water supply.
The average roof catchment area connected to rainwater tanks in NSW 2005-08 was 233m2.
REGIONAL
SYDNEY
PERCENTAGE OF CERTIFICATES
VO
LUM
E (L
)
>50,000L
10,001-50,000L
5,001-10,000L
4,001-5,000L
3,001-4,000L
2,001-3,000L
>0-2,000L
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
LArger NOT NeCeSSArILy BeTTer
BASIX calculates the most efficient tank size based on the roof catchment area, local rainfall patterns and the quantity of water allocated to alternative uses. Increasing the rainwater tank size will not necessarily improve the water score unless it is matched by greater capacity to harvest rainwater and increased allocation of the water to an appropriate end use.
39WATER
Greywater
What types of greywater systems are being used?
Greywater re-use systems can be used to collect and re-use water from;
bathroom and laundry in the case of diversion systems, and
bathroom, laundry AND kitchen in the case of treatment systems.
Treated greywater re-use was permitted in BASIX for surface irrigation in August 2005. This resulted in a strong take up of treatment systems over diversion systems which can be used for sub-surface irrigation only. With the development of an accreditation process for greywater treatment systems and the release of guidelines for greywater re-use BASIX expanded the permitted uses for approved greywater treatment systems to include laundry (washing machine) and toilet connections.
The vast majority (96%) of greywater system connections in 2005-08 (treatment and diversion) were for garden use. While toilet and laundry use (available for treatment systems only) make up a much smaller percentage of the connections at 17% and 7% respectively, this proportion is steadily increasing over time. (Figure 14 earlier).
In 2005-07 the majority of greywater systems were treatment systems, however in 2007-08 this trend reversed and treatment systems made up just under half of greywater systems. (Appendix Table 38) This may reflect changes to government policy introduced in 06/07 which now allow the installation of WaterMark15 licensed diversion systems without council approval.
Approximately 80% of certificates that nominated greywater use were located in regional NSW. This indicates that the use of grey water is an efficient way to capture water in areas where rainfall is low.
Figure 18 - Greywater system distribution by location
(Appendix Table 37)
Sydney 21%
Regional 79%
15. The WaterMark is a certification trademark owned by Standards Australia limited .The WaterMark is used in relation to water supply, sewerage, plumbing and drainage goods. Watermark certified goods comply with present regulatory position and meet required specifications and standards.
40 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Stormwater Tanks
What size stormwater tanks are being used?
A stormwater tank is designed to capture and store stormwater, being defined as water collected from trafficable surfaces (i.e. paved or ground surfaces). Roof areas can also be diverted for collection in a stormwater tank (rather than a separate rainwater tank). Untreated stormwater can only be used for garden irrigations (and should not be used on edible plants). Treated stormwater can be re-used for garden irrigation, toilet flushing, and laundry (washing machine) use.
The volume of the stormwater tank specified as part of BASIX water commitments must be in addition to any minimum tank requirements specified by the local council for detention and/or retention.
Figure 19 - Stormwater tank volume NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 39)
The majority of stormwater tanks were sized under 6,000l, however there were also a significant number of larger tanks selected.
BASIX included the option of internal (toilet and laundry) re-use for stormwater during the reporting period. However garden use continues to be the dominant choice for stormwater tank connections (average 81% of stormwater tank certificates, 2005-08). (Figure 15 earlier).
PERCENTAGE OF STORMWATER TANK CERTIFICATES
VO
LUM
E (L
)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
>20,001
10,001-20,000
6,001-10,000
2,001-6,000
>0-2,000
41WATER
Reticulated Recycled Water
Where are the reticulated recycled water schemes located?
Reticulated alternative water means recycled water that is supplied by a water authority or central authority via a reticulated system to individual lots for non-potable use. In most cases this involves the treatment and re-use of sewage effluent.
Reticulated recycled water is only available in certain areas where there is access to a recognised recycled water scheme. The location and size of developments, in relation to the available schemes, therefore determine how many BASIX certificates can nominate recycled water and the distribution of these certificates across NSW.
The top four schemes, based on numbers of BASIX certificates, are:
1. Rouse Hill (North Western Sydney)
2. Ploughmans Valley and North Orange (Central West)
3. Ballina Heights (North Coast)
4. Glenfield Road (South Western Sydney)
The majority of recycled water schemes allow garden and toilet end use only. However Sydney Olympic Park, Seascape Grove, Chisholm and Farley South also allow connection for laundry (washing machine) use.
Recycled water schemes are recognised in BASIX after an application process. The full list of recycled water schemes available in BASIX is available on the BASIX website.
New schemes recognised during the reporting period 2005-08 (listed in order of their inclusion):
Glenfield Road ( Hoxton Park)
Ballina Heights
Ploughmans Valley/North Orange
St Marys Eastern Precinct
Magenta Shores
Seascape Grove
Hume Country Estate
South Foster
Bingara Gorge
Chisholm
Farley South
North West Growth Centre (Colebee)
42 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 16
Recycled water connections
lGA Scheme name Number of certificates 2005-06
Number of certificates 2006-07
Number of certificates 2007-08
Albury Hume Country Estate
- 1 75
Ballina Ballina Heights 27 28 45
Baulkham Hills Shire
Rouse Hill 269 164 165
Blacktown Rouse Hill St Marys East
701 515 690
Campbelltown Glenfield Road (Hoxton Park)
20 5 11
Great lakes South Foster - - 2
Kempsey Seascape Grove - - 5
lismore Perrandenya 7 7 3
liverpool Glenfield Road (Hoxton Park)
- - 4
Maitland Chisholm
Farley South - - 5
Orange Ploughmans Valley/Nth Orange
65 103 147
Wollondilly Bingara Gorge - - 7
Total 1091 823 1160
43WATER
Indigenous or Low Water Use Landscapinglandscaping affects the water consumption of a development. Generally the greater the garden/lawn area the more water that is required to maintain it. In drier and hotter regions in particular large areas of garden and lawn can have a big impact on a development’s overall water score.
Developments are able to reduce the water consumption related to garden and lawn areas, and therefore improve their water score, by nominating areas of indigenous or low water use species as part of their landscaping commitments.
The landscaping commitments, including nominated areas of indigenous planting, are included as part of the conditions of consent and are checked by the consent authority.
The average landscape area in Sydney was approximately 300m2 and in regional areas, approximately 400m2. 28% of certificates in the 2005-08 reporting period included a commitment for a nominated area of indigenous or low water use plantings. In most cases the area nominated for indigenous or low water use plantings represented a small portion of the total landscaped area, with the area nominated being higher in regional areas.
Table 17
Indigenous/low water use landscaping
2005-08 Sydney Regional
Average nominated Indigenous/low water use area as a proportion of the total landscape area
11% 16%
(Appendix Table 40)
The average area of landscaping for all NSW in the reporting period (2005-08) was about 360m2, with an average of approximately 50m2 being indigenous or low water use plantings.
HOUSE & GARAGE
14%
Landscape AreaIndigenous or low waterplanting area
Figure 20 - Average area of low water planting nominated in BASIX certificates
44 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Pools and SpasPools and spas make a significant impact on the BASIX score of a home. In 2005-08, close to 9% of certificates selected a pool and less than 1% selected to install a spa. If all development applications approved in the reporting period are completed in accordance with the BASIX commitments, this will translate into over 5000 new homes with pools. Over 80% of these certificates included a pool or spa cover and close to 20% indicated the pool or spa was shaded.
The average volume of pools was approximately 44kl and just under 4kl for spas (2005-08). (reference - Appendix Table 39)
For an average Western Sydney house, the installation of a 44kL pool requires a compensatory offset of 11.5kL a year.The Energy section of the report discusses options selected for pool and spa heating and operating pumps.
Water Efficient FixturesWhat types of water efficient fixtures are being selected?
Selections available for water efficient fixtures include toilets, taps and showerheads (figure 21). Over the reporting period there were a number of changes to water efficient fixtures within the BASIX tool:
Water using fixtures changed from A-ratings to star ratings (1/7/06), in line with industry standards
low rated fixtures (1A and 2A kitchen and bathroom taps) were removed in line with changes to the BCA16 requirements (1/7/06)
low rated toilets (1A) were removed in line with the introduction of minimum WElS17 standards (01/07/06)
A 3-star minimum rating was introduced for showerheads to meet BCA flow rate requirements (01/05/06).
On-demand hot water recirculation added (30/06/05)
Higher rated toilets and taps were added (4A toilets and 4/5A taps) (30/06/05)
Close to 6% of 2007-08 certificates selected an on-demand hot water recirculation system.
16. Building code of Australia (BCA) 17. Water efficiency labelling and standards (WElS) scheme
45WATER
The following figures 21, 23 and 24 of water efficient fixtures show that applicants are selecting more efficient water fixtures throughout the dwelling.
Figure 21 - Water efficient fixtures 2005-08 - Toilets
(Appendix Table 42)
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
Less than 3 stars3 star4 star and above
Figure 22 - Example of selections available for water efficient fixtures
46 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 23 - Water efficient fixtures 2005-08 - Kitchen Taps
(Appendix Table 42)
Figure 24 - Water efficient fixtures 2005-08 - Bathroom Taps
(Appendix Table 42)
* not available from July 2006 in line with BCA requirements
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Less than 3 star*3 star4 star and above
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Less than 3 star*3 star4 star and above
energy Hot water systems 52
Heating systems 53
Cooling systems 59
Pool and spa energy 63
Cooking selections 65
Alternative energy 67
lighting 68
48 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
49ENERGY
EnergyThe NSW State plan aims to protect the environment through cleaner air and progress on greenhouse gas reductions (Priority E3). This includes a target to achieve a 60 percent cut in greenhouse emissions by 2050 and a return to year 2000 greenhouse gas emission levels by 2025. BASIX is making an important contribution to this target for NSW.
The NSW Greenhouse Plan (2005) sets out strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in NSW. BASIX is contributing to reductions in residential emissions, which make up 23% of stationary energy emissions. Stationary energy is responsible for almost half of NSW emissions18.
BASIX is also well placed to respond to emerging Commonwealth initiatives for greenhouse gas reduction including developments under the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme and international commitments that may be made by the Commonwealth Government.
The objective of the BASIX Energy index is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions per person from residential homes. Each new home in NSW must meet a reduction target compared to an average pre-BASIX home.
BASIX uses the proposed dwelling’s energy design data to calculate the potential greenhouse gas emission levels. These results are then compared to the average per person greenhouse gas emissions levels across NSW, which is equal to 3,292 kg of CO2-e per person per year. This benchmark was updated for the expansion of BASIX from Sydney to NSW.
In 2005/06 the energy target was a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for single dwellings. Since 1 July 2006, each home is required to meet a target of up to a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to the average NSW home. This target varies depending on location and home type.
Variation in the targets applied to each zone reflect the practicality of achieving energy savings in areas with greater climatic extremes and recognise the historic higher energy demand for homes in those areas over the NSW average energy benchmark.
18. NSW Greenhouse Plan 2005, p.12
50 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
The following map and table show the different energy target zones across NSW and the targets relating to the different building types.
Figure 25 - BASIX Energy Targets across NSW
Building type Zone
1 2 3
Detached + semi-detached 40 35 25
3 storey units 35 30 20
4 and 5 storey units 30 25 15
6 storey units and higher 20 15 5
Table 18
Distribution of certificates by energy target zone
energy target zone 2005-06* 2006-07 2007-08 Average
Zone 1 n/a 70.9% 72.0% 46.6%
Zone 2 n/a 10.5% 10.5% 7.0%
Zone 3 100.0% 18.6% 17.5% 46.4%
* Zone 1 target of 25% applied to all certificates in 2005-06
The number of certificates issued across the reporting period is, on average, evenly split between homes that need to achieve a 25% energy saving and those that need to achieve a 40% saving, The average is however skewed by the one target of 25% applying to all of NSW in the 2005-06 period. Since the introduction of the three energy target zones in July 2006, over 70% of all certificates issued have been for homes requiring a 40% saving target.
51ENERGY
Since 2004/05, BASIX energy policy developments have incorporated the use of:
Fluorescent lighting in garages
Ventilation systems in bathrooms, kitchens and laundries
On-demand hot water recirculation systems
6-star gas instantaneous hot water systems
lED and compact fluorescent lights
Energy efficiency rating options for 3-phase and 1-phase airconditioning
Differentiation of gas instantaneous hot water heaters, gas storage hot water heaters, solar hot water heaters and heat pump water heaters based on performance
‘Airconditioning ducting only’ as an option for heating and cooling
52 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 26 - Greenhouse gas emissions of an average NSW household (BASIX benchmark)
‘other’ - household appliances including home entertainment and computers.
Chart compiled by BASIX from ABS data and Commonwealth of Australia 2008: Energy Use in the Australian Residential Sector 1986-2020, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra.
Hot Water Systems
What types of hot water systems are being installed?
Hot water is a major component of a home’s energy demand and BASIX has encouraged new dwellings to take up greenhouse friendly hot water systems, such as gas and solar hot water systems.
Figure 27 - Hot water systems NSW 2004-2008
(Appendix Table 44)
YEAR
SolarHeat pumpGasElectricOther (wood etc)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%PR
OP
OR
TIO
N O
F B
AS
IX C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
other21%
hot water32%
space heating8%
space cooling5%
whitegoods19%
cooking5%
pool & spa3%
lighting7%
53ENERGY
The graph shows the change in hot water system selections over time. There is a distinct difference between pre-BASIX homes and the introduction of BASIX in Sydney in 2004. The use of greenhouse intensive electric instantaneous and electric storage hot water systems has declined significantly with the introduction of BASIX and only a very few certificates now nominate this option. Gas is the most popular hot water system selected in BASIX although solar is gaining in popularity. The proportion of gas hot water systems fell slightly with the expansion of BASIX to the rest of NSW in 2005.
The following section breaks down hot water system types by location.
Figure 28 - Hot water systems Sydney 2004-08
(Appendix Table 45)
For Sydney, the majority of certificates selected gas hot water systems and there was an increase in solar systems. The higher number of gas systems reflects the greater availability of mains gas in Sydney.
A further breakdown of the hot water system sub-categories is shown in the following graph.
Figure 29 - Hot water systems Sydney 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 45)
YEAR
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
Solar (gas boosted)
Solar (electric boosted + timer)
Solar (electric boosted)
Electric heat pump
Gas instantaneous
Gas storage
11%
3%
5%
7%
39%
35%
54 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 30 - Hot water systems Regional NSW 2005-08
(Appendix Table 46)
In regional areas, there was an increasing reliance on solar hot water systems although gas systems remained the most popular selection. In comparison to Sydney, heat pumps and solar systems made up a larger proportion, due to the limited availability of reticulated gas supply in many regional areas.
The following graph shows the full breakdown of regional hot water system categories.
Figure 31 - Hot water systems Regional NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 46)
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
SolarHeat pumpGas
YEAR
Solar (gas boosted)
Solar (electric boosted + timer)
Solar (electric boosted)
Electric heat pump
Gas instantaneous
Gas storage
55ENERGY
Heating Systems
What types of heating systems are being used in living areas and bedrooms?
69% of BASIX certificates opted for heating in living areas over the reporting years. 3-phase electric reverse cycle airconditioning (a/c) was the most popular, followed by 1 phase a/c and then gas fixed flued heating. 3-phase airconditioning is more efficient than 1-phase airconditioning. Proportions remained fairly constant between 2005-06 and 2007-08.
BASIX recognises only the main active heating system in the living areas and bedrooms of the dwelling. Secondary heating (e.g. a fireplace in addition to airconditioning) is not included. The estimated demand for active heating is calculated from the dwelling characteristics and climate entered in the BASIX Thermal Comfort section. If no heating is selected where there is a heating requirement (load), the dwelling is assumed to use some form of unfixed heating, such as a greenhouse intensive electric bar radiator, and an energy load equivalent to a 1 star air conditioner is applied.
Figure 32 - Heating systems - living areas NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 47)
Solar (gas boosted)
Solar (electric boosted + timer)
Solar (electric boosted )
Electric heat pump
Gas instantaneous
Gas storage
No active heatingsystem31%
Gas fixed flued heater11%
Gas hydronic system2%
1-phaseairconditioning
15%
3-phaseairconditioning
30%
Airconditioning ducting only
5%
Electric floor heating<1%
Wood heater6%
56 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
53% of BASIX certificates opted for active heating in bedrooms. The most popular selections were the same as for living areas (3-phase electric a/c, 1-phase electric a/c and gas fixed flued).
Figure 33 - Heating systems - bedrooms NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 48)
The following graphs show the breakdown of living area and bedroom heating selections by location over time.
Figure 34 - Heating systems living areas - Sydney 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
No heating system47%
Gas fixed flued heater6%
Gas hydronic system1%
1-phaseairconditioning
10%
3-phaseairconditioning
30%
Wood heater<1%
Electric floor heating<1%
Airconditioning ducting only
6%
No heatingGasAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting onlyWood heater
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
57ENERGY
Figure 35 - Heating systems living areas - Regional NSW 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
In living areas, airconditioning was much more popular in Sydney than in regional areas. Airconditioning has increased in BASIX certificates in Sydney and across NSW. In regional areas, airconditioning increased in proportion to a reduction in no heating, however selecting no heating was more common in regional areas than in Sydney. Gas and wood heating were more popular in regional areas. Airconditioning ducting only reduced overall.
Figure 36 - Heating systems bedrooms - Sydney 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
No heatingGasAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting onlyWood heater
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
No heatingGasAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting onlyWood heater
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
58 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 37 - Heating systems bedrooms - Regional NSW 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
The main difference in heating selections for bedroom areas was that over half of regional certificates selected no heating, whereas in Sydney the majority selected airconditioning. Airconditioning increased in both areas, while no heating decreased slightly overall. Gas was selected more in regional areas and airconditioning ducting decreased for both locations.
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
No heatingGasAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting onlyWood heater
Figure 38 - Example web page from the BASIX energy section
59ENERGY
Cooling Systems
What types of cooling systems are being used in living areas and bedrooms?
67% of dwellings chose a cooling system in living areas. The most popular selections were 3-phase air-conditioning, 1-phase air-conditioning and ceiling fans.
Similar to heating, BASIX estimates a dwelling’s demand for active cooling based on the climate and building information (Thermal Comfort). BASIX certificates that select no cooling where the dwelling has a cooling requirement are assumed to be installing some form of cooling, such as a low star airconditioning system, and a cooling load equivalent to a 1 star air conditioner is applied to the home.
Figure 39 - Cooling systems - living areas NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 49)
Airconditioning ducting only
6%
No activecooling system
30%
1-phaseairconditioning
14%
3-phaseairconditioning
30%
Ceiling fans + 3-phaseairconditioning
1%
Ceiling fans + 1-phaseairconditioning
3%
Ceiling fans 11%
Evaporative cooling5%
60 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
In bedrooms, about 64% of certificates chose a cooling system, with 3-phase air-conditioning being the most popular, followed by ceiling fans.
Figure 40 - Cooling systems - living areas NSW 2005-08 average
(Appendix Table 50)
The following graphs show the breakdown of living area and bedroom cooling selections by location over time.
Figure 41 - Cooling systems living areas - Sydney 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
No activecooling system
36%
Ceiling fans 12%
Airconditioning ducting only
6%
1-phaseairconditioning
9%
3-phaseairconditioning
29%
Ceiling fans + 3-phaseairconditioning
1%
Ceiling fans + 1-phaseairconditioning
2% Evaporative cooling5%
YEAR
No cooling systemCeiling fanEvaporative coolingCeiling fan + airconditioningAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting only
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
61ENERGY
Figure 42 - Cooling systems living areas - Regional NSW 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
In living areas, airconditioning made up the majority of cooling selections and increased over time in both Sydney and regional areas. No cooling made up a greater proportion of regional certificates and was the second most popular selection overall, however across the three years there was a slight decrease in certificates selecting no cooling. Ceiling fans and evaporative cooling were more common in regional areas than in Sydney.
Figure 43 - Cooling systems bedrooms - Sydney 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
No cooling systemCeiling fanEvaporative coolingCeiling fan + airconditioningAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting only
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
No cooling systemCeiling fanEvaporative coolingCeiling fan + airconditioningAirconditioningAirconditioning ducting only
62 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 44 - Cooling systems bedrooms - Regional NSW 2005-08
(Appendix Table 51)
Cooling system selections showed that the majority of new Sydney dwellings opt to install airconditioning in bedrooms whereas for bedrooms in regional areas, the largest proportion of dwellings selected no cooling in bedrooms. Overall, no cooling decreased slightly, while airconditioning increased. Evaporative cooling and ceiling fans were more popular in regional areas than in Sydney.
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
No cooling system
Ceiling fan
Evaporative cooling
Ceiling fan + airconditioning
Airconditioning
Airconditioning ducting only
YEAR
63ENERGY
Pool and Spa Energy
How are pools and spas being heated?
An average of 9% of new dwelling certificates included a pool and 1% included a spa in 2005-08. Over one third of pools were heated. The most popular type of pool heating was solar heating without gas or electric boosting. Virtually all pools and spas opted for a timer on the pump to control energy use.
A breakdown of pool heating systems shown as ‘other’ in Figure 45 below is detailed in Table 19.
Figure 45 - Pool heating systems NSW average 2005-08
(Appendix Table 52)
Table 19
‘Other’ pool heating systems (% certificates with a pool) 2005-08 average
Solar (gas boosted) 3%
Solar (electric boosted) <1%
Gas 1%
Electric heat pump <1%
Electric resistance 0%
(Appendix Table 52)
No heating60%
Other5%
Solar only35%
64 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Over half of new dwelling spas were heated, with the most popular type of spa heating system being solar, as shown in the following breakdown of spa heating systems by type.
Figure 46 - Spa heating systems NSW average 2005-08
(Appendix Table 53)
No heating30%
Solar (gas boosted)35%
Solar (electric boosted)
5%
Gas 7%
Electric heat pump9%
Electric resistance3%
65ENERGY
Cooking Selections
What types of cooking selections are being chosen?
The most popular cooking selection made on BASIX certificates in all areas is a gas cook top with an electric oven. The most greenhouse intensive choice of electric cook top has declined slightly between the reporting years and is a more popular selection in regional NSW compared to Sydney due to gas mains availability.
Inductions cook tops were recognised in BASIX from 2007-08 and only made up a very small proportion of cooking selections
Figure 47 - Cooking selections NSW average 2005-08
(Appendix Table 54)
Figure 48 - Cooking selections Sydney 2004-08
(Appendix Table 54)
In Sydney, electric cook tops with electric ovens have continued to decrease from 2005-06. However, the option with the least greenhouse gas emissions, gas cook tops with gas ovens, have also decreased from the introduction of BASIX in 2004 to 2005-06 and then remained constant. This may be due in part to the declining availability of affordable gas ovens. Gas cook tops with electric ovens remain the most popular cooking selection in Sydney.
Gas cook top, electric oven
59%
Gas cook top and gas oven
10%
Electric cook top and electric oven
30%
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
Gas cook top and electric oven
Gas cook top and gas oven
Electric cook top and electric oven
Wood combustion cooktop and oven
Induction cooktop and electric oven
66 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Figure 49 - Cooking selections Regional NSW average 2005-08
(Appendix Table 54)
In regional areas, gas cook tops with electric ovens have increased in proportion to the decrease in electric cook tops with electric ovens. Gas cook tops with electric ovens make up the majority of cooking selections in regional areas.
Gas cook top and electric oven
Gas cook top and gas oven
Electric cook top and electric oven
Wood combustion cooktop and oven
Induction cooktop and electric oven
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
67ENERGY
Alternative Energy
How many BASIX certificates are nominating a PV system?
BASIX includes the option to select a photovoltaic (PV) electricity-generating system. 3% of 2007-08 certificates selected a PV system (up from 1% in 2005-06). Over two thirds of certificates nominating a PV system were located in regional NSW areas.
Figure 50 - Number of certificates installing a PV system NSW 2004-08
(Appendix Table 55)
The number of certificates reflects commitments made not actual PV systems.
The average power output for PV systems increased slightly from 2.35 kW (average peak) in 2005-06 to 2.87 kW in 2006-07. In 2007-08 the average power output was 2.28 kW.
NU
MB
ER
OF
CE
RTI
FIC
ATE
S
% O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
(AP
PR
OX
)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
3%
0%
1%
2%
YEAR
68 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Lighting
Where is energy efficient lighting being installed?
Energy efficient lighting is growing in popularity on BASIX certificates. The majority of certificates committed to rooms primarily lit with energy efficient lighting in the kitchen, bathroom, laundry, toilets and hallways. Bedrooms and living room selections also increased due to the increase in the range of lighting options such as lEDs.
In 2005 BASIX introduced the option of nominating rooms with dedicated energy efficient fittings. This option has risen in popularity with 42% of certificates in 2007-08 selecting dedicated fittings in the living areas, up from 37% in 2005-06 (see Appendix Table 48).
Approximately 70% of certificates committed to natural lighting for kitchens and virtually all certificates committed to natural lighting for bathrooms as part of the design. (See Appendix Table 57)
Figure 51 - Energy efficient lighting NSW 2004-08 (rooms primarily lit by energy efficient lamps)
(Appendix Table 56)
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
Bedrooms
Living rooms
Kitchen
Other rooms
thermal comfort
Compliance method selection 74
Simulation method inputs 75
DIY method inputs 78
70 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
71THERMAL COMFORT
Thermal ComfortThe aims and outcomes of Thermal Comfort To ensure thermal comfort for a dwelling’s occupants appropriate to the climate and season
To provide the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from artificial cooling and heating through good building design and use of appropriate construction materials
To reduce the demand for new, or upgraded, energy infrastructure by managing peak demand for energy required for cooling and heating
There are three methods available to demonstrate compliance with Thermal Comfort requirements:
1. Simulation method - using this method applicants need to engage an Accredited Assessor who will simulate thermal performance of the dwelling with an approved tool (eg. NatHERS v2.32A).
2. Do-it-yourself (DIY) method – the DIY method sets minimum insulation levels and allows flexibility in designing your dwelling’s glazing and shading (commenced in December 2005).
3. Rapid method - Rapid is a quick compliance method aimed at simple single storey, (usually) brick veneer dwellings common in regional NSW and parts of Sydney.
The Thermal Comfort section doesn’t have a single benchmark. Instead, an appropriate target is set for each climate zone.
The DIY and Rapid methods allow a user to complete the Thermal Comfort section by entering house design details directly into BASIX online. The Simulation method is typically used for more complex designs and requires an accredited ABSA19 assessor to complete this task.
Simulation Method
The Simulation method requires an ABSA Accredited Assessor to simulate the thermal performance of the home with an approved House Energy Rating Software (e.g. NatHERS, FirstRate, BERS20). This Software assesses the building’s thermal performance and generates heating and cooling thermal loads (measured in MJ per m2 per year). These loads are then entered into the Thermal Comfort section of the BASIX on-line tool.
Thermal load refers to the amount of energy required to heat or cool the home to achieve a comfortable internal temperature. The building design, the amount of roof and wall insulation, the amount of glazing and how well it is shaded all affect the likely thermal load. The lower the load, the more the house can maintain comfortable conditions for the occupants without the need for summer airconditioning or winter heating.
In BASIX 2005-08, the Simulation method set a maximum total (heating & cooling combined) load to ensure a reasonable annual thermal performance. BASIX also set a maximum cooling load to ensure an acceptable summer performance and a separate maximum heating load for winter comfort. These maximum loads are adjusted for different locations, in recognition of the different climatic conditions and the extent to which house design can be expected to maintain levels of comfort throughout the year.
19. Association of Building Sustainability Assessors 20. These have sometimes been inaccurately described as House Energy Rating tools, creating confusion as to how the
results should be interpreted. They only assess the home’s thermal performance and don’t include energy use from any appliances.
72 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
These limits are placed to ensure the building fabric has a sufficient level of performance for its lifetime, regardless of the space heating and cooling appliances that will be installed over this period. The cooling and heating loads also influence the predicted cooling and heating energy load on the Energy page.
Smaller homes tend to have a higher surface area which can increase their heat gain and loss, increasing their thermal loads. larger buildings may have better thermal performance but generally use more energy on an absolute basis. To balance these factors and ensure all homes have appropriate thermal design features, the Simulation Method adjusts the maximum loads according to the floor area of the home.
DIY Method
This method sets minimum insulation levels for roof, walls and floor based on the construction materials selected (brick, timber, concrete etc.). It then allows flexibility in designing a dwelling’s glazing and shading.
In this method, designers need to:
describe the dwelling’s construction types (for floors, walls, ceiling and roof),
commit to minimum insulation levels, and
ensure glazing and shading is appropriate to the climate zone.
To pass Thermal Comfort using this method, the heating and cooling loads must be below the maximum loads (as calculated by BASIX based on the climate zone).
A cross ventilation “bonus” can be used to decrease the cooling load for a dwelling.
73THERMAL COMFORT
Rapid Method
Rapid is a quick compliance method aimed at simple single storey, (usually) brick veneer dwellings common in regional NSW and parts of Sydney.
It provides a set of easy-to-understand criteria which allows a ‘rapid’ Pass in Thermal Comfort, avoiding the need to engage a consultant. The insulation levels and eave projections differ depending on the postcode (climate zone).
For a dwelling to comply with BASIX Thermal Comfort requirements under the Rapid method, the following conditions must be met:
The dwelling is a single storey dwelling
The dwelling has a slab on ground floor or, if the floor is suspended, it meets the minimum insulation requirements
Walls are brick veneer, weatherboard or fibre-cement
Walls meet minimum insulation requirements
All windows and glazed doors are below eaves that project at least 600 millimetres (including gutter width)
Eaves are no more than 500 millimetres above window or glazed door heads
Ceilings meet minimum insulation requirements
The roof has sarking or two wind-driven ventilators with eave and/or roof vents
The total window and glazed door area does not exceed the maximum allowed
Skylights Cross ventilationGlazingInsulationConstructiondetails
Constructiontype
?
g
Project portfolio u Address & type u Details u Water u Thermal Comfort u Energy u Summary u Certificate
Floor types
Select the construction type for all parts of the dwelling that are included in the conditioned and unconditioned floor area.Ignore parts of the dwelling that are external, such as decks or external walls of garages.
Select all that apply. More information on combination types.
Concrete slab on ground Suspended floor/open subfloor Suspended floor/enclosed subfloor Suspended floor above garage
Ceiling and roof types
Flat ceiling and pitched roof Raked ceiling/Pitched or Skillion roof Flat ceiling/Flat roof
Do you have internal walls shared with garage? Yes No
Wall types
Wall type 1
Wall type 2
Wall type 3
Wall type 4External walls
Internal walls
? ?
Thermal comfort u Do-it-yourself (DIY)
Do-it-yourself (DIY) u Status
>>
>>
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes No Yes No Yes No
bedroom
Figure 52 - Example of web page for construction details section under Thermal Comfort tab
74 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Compliance Method Selection
What thermal comfort tools are being used?
Figure 53 - Thermal comfort method selection NSW average 2005-08
(Appendix Table 58)
*DIY introduced in December 2005, 2005-06 totals from December 2005 – June 2006
The use of the DIY method has picked up strongly since it was introduced, from a 29% share of certificates in 2005-06 (when DIY was available for only the second half of the reporting period) to 39% in 2006-07 and 45% in 2007-08.
The use of the Rapid method has declined from 10% to 7%, probably due to DIY being available with greater design flexibility.
The Simulation method was more popular in Sydney than for the rest of NSW as the following graphs show. DIY increased in popularity in both locations and particularly in regional areas, where DIY made up the majority of certificates in 2007-08.
Figure 54 - Thermal Comfort Method Selection Sydney 2005-08
(Appendix Table 59)
*DIY introduced in December 2005
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
DIY
Simulation
Rapid
DIY Method34%
Simulation Method57%
Rapid Method9%
75THERMAL COMFORT
Figure 55 - Thermal Comfort Method Selection Regional 2005-08
(Appendix Table 59)*DIY introduced in December 2005
Simulation Method InputsWhat is the star rating of a BASIX home?
Buildings that cannot be described using the DIY method, use the Simulation method. The Simulation method requires an accredited assessor.
Compared to the NatHERS V2.32A Star Bands, BASIX requires dwellings to meet the equivalent of four stars in Thermal Comfort. However unlike the star bands, BASIX requires compliance for both heating and cooling loads, meaning that at least one will usually exceed compliance. As shown in the actual thermal loads achieved in Appendix Tables 68-70, BASIX certificates are on the whole exceeding four stars. These results show that single dwellings in NSW are being designed to achieve close to five stars.
The following graph illustrates the performance of simulation certificates in comparison to the NatHERS Star Bands. BASIX dwellings are required to meet the equivalent of four stars or better. The actual thermal load scores are close to five stars and show that BASIX homes are being designed more efficiently.
Figure 56 - Simulation method performance 2005-08
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F C
ER
TIFI
CAT
ES
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YEAR
NatHERS STAR RATING
Required BASIX Cap
Average Score Achieved
76 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Heating and cooling load compliance
The following tables show the different thermal comfort climate zones by year and the average proportion that certificates are achieving below (better than) the maximum cooling and heating loads.
Table 20
Simulation cooling load compliance - average % better than required cooling cap
Climate regions Location example 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
8 Moree 17 10 19
9 Amberley 21 23 23
10 Tweed Heads 19 24 22
11 Coffs Harbour 23 25 24
14 Armidale 20 26 28
15 Williamtown 18 21 23
17 Sydney 26 26 27
18 Nowra 27 31 28
20 Wagga 26 27 32
24 Canberra Airport 43 46 41
27 Mildura 19 20 25
28 Richmond 28 30 33
Average 27 29 30
(Zone 25, Cabramurra, has no cooling cap)
(Appendix Table 70-72)
Table 21
Simulation heating load compliance - average % better than required heating cap
Climate regions Location example 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
8 Moree 30 39 29
9 Amberley 42 45 40
10 Tweed Heads 43 50 47
11 Coffs Harbour 25 28 29
14 Armidale 22 23 24
15 Williamtown 25 27 28
17 Sydney 20 21 22
18 Nowra 19 19 21
20 Wagga 16 17 17
24 Canberra Airport 12 14 14
25 Cabramurra 30 27 33
27 Mildura 23 30 27
28 Richmond 24 26 26
Average 22 23 24
(Appendix Table 70-72)
77THERMAL COMFORT
Cross ventilation
Approximately 10% of Simulation method certificates claimed a cross ventilation bonus and of those that did, most selected a breeze path in the living area. Significantly fewer certificates using the simulation method claimed a cross ventilation bonus compared to those using the DIY method.
An Assessor must certify the dwelling as having the required shading for cross ventilation when the Simulation method is used.
Table 22
Simulation cross ventilation breeze path – (% total selections)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No breeze path 87.9 89.2 90.4
living room cross vent only 5.7 5.2 4.7
Bedroom only 2.2 2.2 1.9
living and bedroom 2.6 2.2 1.8
living and bedroom and other space 1.7 1.3 1.2
Suspended floor concession
Only about 5% of simulation method certificates claimed the suspended floor concession. Site slope was the key reason nominated for the suspended floor concessions.
Table 23
Simulation suspended floor concession – (% total selections)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No concession claimed 95.0 96.2 96.3
Site slope > 10% beneath ground floor 4.1 3.3 3.0
Dwelling located in flood-prone area 0.8 0.5 0.5
Dwelling in mine subsidence area n/a 0.1 0.2
78 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
DIY Method InputsDIY is suitable for the majority of standard house types and designs. A more complex house design using unique materials may need to use the Simulation method.
Floor type
The type of floor has a large impact on the thermal performance of a home, and hence floor type influences the glazing stringency of the home and also determines the required insulation levels for suspended floors.
The most commonly selected floor type for DIY dwellings for both reporting periods was concrete slab on ground. There was minimal change in proportions between the reporting years.
Table 24
DIY type of floor construction – (% DIY certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Concrete slab on ground 77.7 80.3 90.5
Suspended floor/open subfloor 10.9 10.2 11.9
Suspended floor/enclosed subfloor 22.2 20.3 22.6
Suspended floor above garage 21.8 22.1 25.0
Due to the fact that more than one floor type can be selected, proportions do not add up to 100%.
The suspended floor concession is granted to suspended floors where the site slope is greater than 10%. This concession increases the maximum thermal loads (MJ per m2 per year) allowed for the home in recognition of the lower thermal performance of homes with suspended floors.
Just over 12% of DIY certificates nominated a suspended floor concession. The most common reason was the site slope.
Table 25
DIY suspended floor concession – (% DIY certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No concession claimed 85.8 86.7 87.7
Site slope > 10% below floor 11.6 10.5 9.3
Dwelling in flood prone area 2.6 2.1 2.3
Dwelling in mine subsidence area n/a 0.7 0.7
Figure 57 - Examples of DIY floor construction options
Figure 58 - Examples of DIY suspended floor construction options
79THERMAL COMFORT
Wall type
Applicants are required to enter the primary wall type for their dwelling. This information is used to calculate the required wall insulation to be added.
The most common external wall type for both reporting periods was brick veneer. There was little change in proportion between years.
Table 26
DIY external wall type – (% DIY certificates) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Brick veneer 50.7 52.2 53.7
Framed (weatherboard, fibre-cement, metal clad)
27.3 29.0 27.1
Cavity brick 10.7 8.2 8.8
Concrete block/plasterboard 2.4 2.5 2.2
Concrete panel/plasterboard 0.7 0.8 0.4
Single skin autoclaved aerated concrete AAC 0.6 0.8 0.7
AAC veneer 2.2 2.1 1.9
AAC external, brick internal 0.1 0.1 0.2
Reverse brick veneer 0.5 0.4 0.7
Mudbrick or rammed earth 0.8 0.9 0.8
Insulated concrete form (ICF) 0.4 0.4 0.5
External insulated façade system (EIFS) 1.5 1.2 1.5
Other/undecided 1.9 1.4 1.5
Roof and ceiling type
Roof type and colour information is used to determine ceiling and roof insulation requirements.
The colour of the roof has an impact on the temperature of the roof space and the temperature inside the dwelling even with roof and/or ceiling insulation. The colour range is defined by solar absorption (SA) which is a measure of the amount of heat transferred through the roof. A lighter colour roof will reflect more heat than a dark roof and will keep the roof space and dwelling cooler on a hot day.
There was an increase in DIY certificates with dark roofs from 27% in 2005-06 to 31% in 2007-08. light coloured roofs accounted for 24% of houses in 2007-08, down from 28% in 2005-06.
Table 27
DIY roof colour selection – (% total roof colour selections)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Light 27.9 22.4 24.3
Medium 44.8 44.1 44.0
Dark 27.3 33.5 31.8
80 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Flat ceilings and pitched roofs made up the majority of ceiling and roof type selections.
Table 28
DIY ceiling and roof types – (% DIY certificates) 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Flat ceiling and pitched roof 84.5 86.1 81.1
Raked ceiling and pitched roof 22.5 22.8 23.1
Flat ceiling and flat roof or skillion roof 6.5 5.1 5.8
Due to the fact that more than one roof type can be selected, proportions do not add up to 100%.
Cross ventilation
BASIX rewards cross ventilation due to its potential to maintain comfortable conditions and reduce the likelihood of airconditioning use in the dwelling. The bonus can be claimed in either the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) or Simulation methods.
Once an applicant has described a complying breeze path to BASIX, the dwelling will be allowed a higher maximum cooling score, therefore allowing more glazing.
Designs need to have the required shading for the glazed areas to be able to claim the cross ventilation bonus.
Approximately a quarter of DIY certificates claimed the cross ventilation bonus in 2006-07 and 2007-08. Fewer DIY certificates claimed the cross ventilation bonus in 2006-07, compared to 2005-06. living areas were the most common rooms with a breeze path.
Table 29
DIY cross ventilation breeze paths – (% total selections)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No breeze path 60.8 71.8 71.7
living room cross vent only 16.2 12.3 12.2
Bedroom only 8.8 6.5 6.5
living and bedroom 8.6 5.5 5.6
living and bedroom and other space 5.6 3.9 3.9
Glazing - Glass and Frame Type
Glazing and window shading can have a large impact on a home’s thermal comfort. Shading and the use of performance glass are encouraged by BASIX.
BASIX calculates the heating and cooling impact of each window, glazed door and skylight, depending on the orientation, area, glazing type, shading and overshadowing. The cumulative impact is then used (along with the construction type details) to estimate the home’s heating and cooling loads.
The average total area of glazing for a BASIX house in 2007-08 was 47.6m2, up from 44.7m2 in 2005-06 and 2006-07.
DIY BASIX homes over 2005-08 had a high proportion of North facing glazing as seen in the graph below.
81THERMAL COMFORT
Figure 59 - Proportion of total glazing area NSW 2005-08
(Appendix Table 61-63)
Frame type and glass types are shown in the following graphs. Aluminium frames and single clear glass makes up the majority of glazing in 2005-08 certificates.
The distinction between a standard and improved aluminium frame is performance based. Improved frames have a lower U-value. The lower the U-value the better the window unit will resist heat flow in and out of the window. This distinction allows window manufacturers to have products that meet the U-value criteria with a range of design and construction options. Many popular aluminium windows will meet the improved performance level.
Figure 60 - Frame type NSW 2005-08 total glazing area
(Appendix Table 61-63)
Traditionally, double glazing and performance glazing has only been used in cold climates to deal with significant heat loss. Modern house designs have far more glass than traditional houses and even accounting for the increase in floor area are subject to greater heat loss and gain. If standard glass is used, this heat transfer through glass means more heating is needed in winter and more cooling is needed in summer compared to older homes. large areas of single untinted glass can also create glare, resulting in an uncomfortable living environment.
Timber frame10%
Improvedaluminium frame
32%
Aluminium frame58%
82 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Double glazing is one way of compensating for the increased heat flow from large glass areas. It can substantially reduce heat loss in cooler months and can have a beneficial impact in summer to reduce conductive heat gain from outside.
Figure 61 - Glass type double/single comparison NSW 2005-08 total glazing area
(Appendix Table 61-63)
Performance glass is an industry term for ‘toned’ or ‘tinted’ body-coloured glass that reduces heat gain and/or glare. The heat gain control component is the important factor for BASIX. Older types of tinted glass generally had to be darker to control heat but modern body-tinted glass can help control heat without cutting much visible light so a house is cooler but not dark. The performance of the glass is expressed as Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC). The SHGC (lower is better) and visibility figures (higher is more visible) are available for most glass types.
Figure 62 - Glass type clear/tinted comparison NSW 2005-08 total glazing area
(Appendix Table 61-63)
There has been an increase in the use of performance glass and improved aluminium frames as shown through the decline in single clear aluminium glazing (see Figure 49). These results show that BASIX dwellings are being designed with more efficient windows.
Single glass86%
Double glazing15%
Clear glass78%
Performance glass(toned/pyrolytic low-e)
21%
83THERMAL COMFORT
Figure 63 - Single clear aluminium glazing NSW 2004-08
(Appendix Table 61-63)
YEAR
PR
OP
OR
TIO
N O
F TO
TAL
GLA
ZIN
G A
RE
A100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
84 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Glazing – Shading Device Type
Providing adequate shading to windows/glazed doors in summer will reduce a dwelling’s cooling load. This will be essential in warm climates, but in cool and cold climates exposure to winter sun can reduce heating loads.
The effect on thermal loads will depend on the size of the window, type of device, orientation and other overshadowing. The heating load may also increase if shading prevents exposure to winter sun, so in some cases there will be a need to design the shading to balance heating and cooling loads.
Selecting an adjustable shading device will reduce the cooling load but keep the heating load at the same level because BASIX assumes it is used in summer but drawn back in winter to permit solar gain.
The following shading devices are available:
Eaves, balconies, verandahs of various projections
Pergolas of various projections
Awning of various projections – fixed or adjustable
Vertical external louvre/blind – fixed or adjustable
There are specifications that apply to each shading device. The specifications will appear on the BASIX Certificate.
Shading devices such as eave overhangs, verandahs, pergolas or balconies remain the most popular shading method, with vertical external louvres or blinds (fixed or adjustable) making up only 7% of selections and adjustable louvres or awnings making up less than 3%. (2005-08 average)
84% of window area has some form of shading device. (2005-08 average)
Figure 64 - Examples of DIY shading options
85THERMAL COMFORT
Glazing – Overshadowing
Overshadowing is selected if there is an obstruction directly in front of the centre of the base of the window in plan and elevation.
Overshadowing can still be used if there is a bare tree trunk in front of the window and the canopy is above the plane of the window. The Simulation method can be used if there is a large obstruction offset to the side overshadowing the window(s).
Selecting overshadowing will increase the estimated heating load and reduce the cooling loads to different degrees depending on the level of obstruction and climate zone.
11% of window area has some form of overshadowing. (2005-08 average)
Due to the complexities of the glazing options for glass and frame type, shading, overshadowing and orientation, detailed glazing data has been provided in Appendix tables 61-69.
86 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
appendices
list of Tables and figures 89
Tables 91
Calculations 115
Glossary 116
References 120
88 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
89APPENDICES
List of Tables and Figures
WATER
Table 30 Alternative water sources ....................91
Table 31 Growth of alternative water supplies .........................................91
Table 32 Rainwater tank connections ..............91
Table 33 Greywater connections........................92
Table 34 Stormwater tank connections ...........92
Table 35 Rainwater tank volume NSW .............92
Table 36 Rainwater tank volume by location ..93
Table 37 Greywater systems by location .........93
Table 38 Greywater system types by location ................................................93
Table 39 Stormwater tank volume NSW ..........93
Table 40 landscape and Indigenous planting area (m2) ...................................94
Table 41 Pools and spas NSW ...........................94
Table 42 Water efficient fixtures NSW ..............94
Table 43 On-demand hot water recirculation systems ............................95
ENERGYTable 44 Hot water system types NSW ...........95
Table 45 Hot water system types Sydney .......95
Table 46 Hot water system types Regional ....96
Table 47 Heating systems living areas NSW ..96
Table 48 Heating systems bedrooms NSW ....96
Table 49 Cooling systems living areas NSW ..97
Table 50 Cooling systems bedrooms NSW ....97
Table 51 Heating and Cooling systems by location ................................................98
Table 52 Pools NSW ...............................................99
Table 53 Spas NSW ............................................. 100
Table 54 Cooking selections ............................. 100
Table 55 Photovoltaic electricity-generating systems NSW ....................................... 100
Table 56 lighting NSW ....................................... 101
Table 57 Natural lighting NSW ......................... 101
THERMAL COMFORTTable 58 Thermal comfort method
selection NSW ..................................... 102
Table 59 Thermal comfort method selection by location .......................... 102
Table 60 DIY - Total glazing area by orientation (m2) ............................... 102
Table 61 2005-06 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and glass and frame selection NSW ..................................... 103
Table 62 2006-07 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and glass and frame selection NSW ..................................... 104
Table 63 2007-08 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and glass and frame selection NSW ..................................... 105
Table 64 2005-06 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and shading device selection NSW ..................................... 106
Tabel 65 2006-07 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and shading device selection NSW ..................................... 107
Table 66 2007-08 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and shading device selection NSW ..................................... 108
Table 67 2005-06 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and overshadowing selection NSW ..................................... 109
Table 68 2006-07 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and overshadowing selection NSW ...................................... 110
Table 69 2007-08 Total glazing areas (m2) by orientation and overshadowing selection NSW ...................................... 111
Table 70 2005-06 Simulation certificates NSW
................................................................... 112
Table 71 2006-07 Simulation certificates NSW
................................................................... 112
Table 72 2007-08 Simulation certificates NSW
................................................................... 113
90 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
91APPENDICES
AppendicesWater
Table 30
Alternative water sources (% BASIX certificates that included an alternative water source)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2005-08 average
Other 2.6 2.2 0.02 1.6
Rainwater tank only 84.6 84.0 85.8 84.8
Stormwater tank only 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3
Reticulated recycled water only 5.0 4.6 5.1 4.9
Greywater treatment/ diversion only 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
Private dam only 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Combinations 6.6 8.9 8.7 8.1
Table 31
Growth of alternative water supplies (% BASIX certificates)
NSW Sydney only
NSW NSW NSW
% of pre-BASIX existing homes
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Rainwater tank 12.0 89.2 91.1 96.4 95.8
Stormwater tank 6.2 2.6 4.4 4.6
Grey water 4.1 4.2 7.4 6.7
Recycled water 10.7 5.0 4.8 6.1
Table 32
Rainwater tank connections (% Rainwater certificates)
2004-05 (Sydney only)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Garden 98.3 93.2 94.4 93.6
Toilet 87.1 87.8 90.2 89.6
laundry 59.3 73.4 79.9 81.3
Hot water n/a 13.9 15.3 16.0
All of house n/a 13.9 14.5 15.0
92 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 33
Greywater connections (% Greywater certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Garden** 93.7 98.6 94.9
Toilet* 14.5 15.4 20.2
laundry* 6.1 6.3 7.2
**Greywater diversion and treatment combined *Greywater treatment only
Table 34
Stormwater tank connections (% Stormwater certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Garden 76.9 92.1 73.2
Toilet 20.5 24.0 19.4
laundry 13.6 15.8 9.9
Table 35
Rainwater tank volume NSW (% Rainwater tank certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
>0-2,000l 8.3 7.7 7.0
2,001-3,000l 20.4 21.6 21.8
3,001-4,000l 11.5 12.1 12.0
4,001-5,000l 28.1 24.5 23.0
5,001-10,000l 15.6 16.6 18.0
10,001-50,000l 11.4 11.8 12.8
>50,000l 4.8 5.5 5.3
93APPENDICES
Table 36
Rainwater tank volume by location (% Rainwater tank certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Regional
>0-2,000l 6.0 6.8 5.0
2,001-3,000l 14.1 16.8 16.8
3,001-4,000l 8.5 10.5 10.2
4,001-5,000l 30.3 26.8 25.3
5,001-10,000l 17.4 16.8 18.0
10,001-50,000l 16.6 15.1 17.3
>50,000l 7.1 7.2 7.4
Sydney
>0-2,000l 11.6 9.9 10.8
2,001-3,000l 29.8 33.1 31.5
3,001-4,000l 16.1 16.0 15.5
4,001-5,000l 24.7 19.3 18.4
5,001-10,000l 12.8 16.2 18.0
10,001-50,000l 3.6 4.0 4.3
>50,000l 1.4 1.5 1.4
Table 37
Greywater systems by location (% Greywater certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Regional NSW 77.5 82.4 77.8
Sydney 22.5 17.6 22.2
Table 38
Greywater system types by location (% Greywater certificates)
Sydney Sydney Regional Regional
Diversion Treatment Diversion Treatment
2005-06 46.5 53.5 34.2 65.8
2006-07 39.4 60.6 37.0 63.0
2007-08 52.2 47.8 56.4 43.6
Table 39
Stormwater tank volume NSW (% Stormwater certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
>0-2,000l 28.5 25.4 22.9
2,001-6,000l 38.4 35.5 38.2
6,001-10,000l 13.3 16.5 21.0
10,001-20,000l 11.0 14.7 8.9
>20,001 8.7 7.9 9.1
94 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 40
Landscape and Indigenous planting area (m2)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Average 2005-08
Total indigenous planting Sydney
307,882 168,521 246,996 241,133
Total landscape area Sydney
2,585,686 1,613,005 2,362,305 2,186,999
Total indigenous planting regional
807,445 663,407 872,327 781,060
Total landscape area regional
4,875,478 4,410,711 5,558,975 4,948,388
Total indigenous planting all NSW
1,115,327 831,929 1,119,323 1,022,193
Total landscape area all NSW
7,461,163 6,023,716 7,921,280 7,135,387
Table 41
Pools and spas NSW (% BASIX certificates)
Pools 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Certificates installing a pool 8.9 7.3 9.5
Proportion of pools with cover 80.8 80.5 77.2
Proportion of pools with shade 23.6 20.9 13.9
Average volume of pools (kl) 42.0 44.2 44.1
Spas 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Certificates installing a spa 1.0 0.7 1.2
Proportion of spas with cover 90.7 92.0 86.2
Proportion of spas with shade n/a 42.0 35.0
Average volume of spas (kl) 3.8 3.8 3.6
Table 42
Water efficient fixtures NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Toilets
less than 3 star 3.4 2.0 1.9
3 star 79.4 71.0 71.1
4 star and above 16.7 27.0 27.0
Kitchen taps
less than 3 star 8.6 0.0 0.0
3 star 78.7 75.2 71.4
4 star and above 12.7 24.8 28.6
Bathroom taps
less than 3 star 11.3 0.0 0.0
3 star 72.5 73.8 74.4
4 star and above 16.1 26.2 25.6
95APPENDICES
Table 43
On-demand hot water recirculation systems (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
5.0 4.6 5.7
Energy
Table 44
Hot water system types NSW (% BASIX certificates)
NSW Sydney only
NSW NSW NSW
% of pre-BASIX existing homes
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Solar 3.0 14.9 21.1 26.4 30.6
Heat pump 0.0 7.0 13.3 11.3 10.1
Gas 26.0 78.1 63.9 61.9 58.8
Electric 67.0 0.1 1.8 0.3 0.3
Other (wood etc) 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
Table 45
Hot water system types Sydney (% BASIX certificates)
2005-07 2006-07 2007-08
Solar (gas boosted) 5.8 10.6 15.0
Solar (electric boosted + timer) 1.5 5.2 2.5
Solar (electric boosted) 5.0 2.8 6.3
Electric heat pump 8.1 7.3 6.3
Gas instantaneous 34.3 41.2 42.6
Gas storage 43.5 32.9 27.3
Wood combustion 0.0 0.0 0.0
Electric instantaneous 1.1 0.1
Electric storage 0.6 0.02 0.01
96 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 46
Hot water system types Regional (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Solar (gas boosted) 5.6 7.2 9.3
Solar (electric boosted + timer) 4.0 18.3 19.6
Solar (electric boosted) 18.0 4.4 5.4
Electric heat pump 17.2 13.1 12.2
Gas instantaneous 30.1 36.2 35.9
Gas storage 23.0 20.1 16.8
Wood combustion 0.2 0.2 0.2
Electric instantaneous 1.1 0.3 0.2
Electric storage 0.7 0.2 0.2
Table 47
Heating systems living areas NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No active heating system 30.7 31.7 29.0
Gas fixed flued heater 11.1 10.9 10.7
Gas hydronic system 1.8 1.8 1.5
1-phase airconditioning 13.0 15.9 15.4
3-phase airconditioning 28.5 30.0 31.5
Airconditioning ducting only 9.1 3.4 4.0
Electric floor heating 0.4 0.2 0.2
Wood heater 5.5 6.1 7.5
Table 48
Heating systems bedrooms NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No heating system 47.1 48.2 45.8
Gas fixed flued heater 5.1 6.2 6.0
Gas hydronic system 0.8 0.8 1.0
1-phase airconditioning 8.5 10.7 11.6
3-phase airconditioning 28.2 29.9 30.8
Airconditioning ducting only 9.5 3.5 4.0
Electric floor heating 0.3 0.2 0.3
Wood heater 0.4 0.4 0.5
97APPENDICES
Table 49
Cooling systems living areas NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No active cooling system 32.2 31.6 28.0
Ceiling fans 9.6 11.3 12.7
Evaporative cooling 4.6 5.4 5.1
Ceiling fans + 1-phase airconditioning
1.9 2.5 3.2
Ceiling fans + 3-phase airconditioning
1.1 1.3 1.6
1-phase airconditioning 12.5 14.7 14.1
3-phase airconditioning 28.8 29.5 30.9
Airconditioning ducting only 9.3 3.7 4.3
Table 50
Cooling systems bedrooms NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No active cooling system 38.3 37.6 33.1
Ceiling fans 10.3 12.3 13.7
Evaporative cooling 4.3 5.2 5.0
Ceiling fans + 1-phase airconditioning
1.2 1.8 2.5
Ceiling fans + 3-phase airconditioning
1.2 1.3 1.5
1-phase airconditioning 7.6 9.3 9.8
3-phase airconditioning 27.6 28.9 30.4
Airconditioning ducting only 9.5 3.7 4.1
98 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 51
Heating and Cooling systems by location (% BASIX certificates)
Heating living areas -Sydney
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No heating 21.5 23.0 21.4
Gas 7.8 6.1 6.3
Airconditioning 53.3 62.2 62.5
Airconditioning ducting only 16.2 7.5 8.2
Wood heater 0.9 1.1 1.4
Heating living areas - Regional
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No heating 37.4 35.8 33.9
Gas 16.6 15.7 15.4
Airconditioning 33.0 38.3 38.3
Airconditioning ducting only 3.9 1.5 1.6
Wood heater 8.8 8.5 10.5
Heating bedrooms - Sydney
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No heating 27.8 29.1 27.6
Gas 2.2 1.3 1.6
Airconditioning 53.0 61.9 62.6
Airconditioning ducting only 16.8 7.4 8.0
Wood heater 0.1 0.04 0.1
Heating bedrooms - Regional
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No heating 61.2 57.1 55.6
Gas 8.6 9.6 9.8
Airconditioning 24.9 30.8 31.7
Airconditioning ducting only 4.3 1.7 1.8
Wood heater 0.6 0.6 0.7
Cooling living areas - Sydney
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No cooling system 22.5 22.2 19.9
Ceiling fan 3.0 4.2 5.9
Evaporative cooling 0.1 0.1 0.2
Ceiling fan + airconditioning 2.0 2.7 1.6
Airconditioning 55.4 62.6 63.6
Airconditioning ducting only 16.9 8.3 8.6
99APPENDICES
Cooling living areas - Regional
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No cooling system 39.3 35.9 32.5
Ceiling fan 14.4 14.6 16.5
Evaporative cooling 7.8 7.9 7.8
Ceiling fan + airconditioning 3.9 4.3 4.1
Airconditioning 31.0 35.7 37.2
Airconditioning ducting only 3.7 1.6 1.9
Cooling bedroom – Sydney
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No cooling system 24.4 23.9 21.5
Ceiling fan 3.6 4.7 6.0
Evaporative cooling 0.1 0.1 0.2
Ceiling fan + airconditioning 2.2 2.7 3.0
Airconditioning 52.6 60.5 61.0
Airconditioning ducting only 17.2 8.0 8.3
Cooling bedroom – Regional
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
No cooling system 48.5 44.0 39.5
Ceiling fan 15.1 15.8 18.0
Evaporative cooling 7.4 7.6 7.6
Ceiling fan + airconditioning 2.6 3.3 4.6
Airconditioning 22.5 27.7 28.5
Airconditioning ducting only 3.9 1.7 1.7
Table 52
Pools NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Proportion of certificates with a pool 8.9 7.3 9.5
Pool pump controlled by timer 97.2 99.2 99.0
Type of pool heating system
No heating 61.0 61.2 56.3
Solar only 32.5 34.9 38.0
Solar (gas boosted) 3.1 2.4 3.5
Solar (electric boosted) 0.5 0.3 0.4
Gas 1.7 0.6 1.1
Electric heat pump 1.0 0.5 0.7
Electric resistance 0.0 0.0 0.0
100 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 53
Spas NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Proportion of certificates with a spa 1.0 0.5 1.2
Spa pump controlled by timer 99.4 98.2 98.5
Type of spa heating system
No heating 37.4 43.8 42.3
Solar (gas boosted) 35.5 34.8 34.6
Solar (electric boosted) 4.7 3.6 5.4
Gas 8.4 6.3 6.9
Electric heat pump 11.2 8.0 9.2
Electric resistance 2.8 3.6 1.2
Table 54
Cooking selections (% BASIX certificates)
NSW 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Gas cook top, electric oven 56.9 59.9 61.1
Gas cook top and gas oven 10.4 9.3 10.3
Electric cook top and electric oven 32.6 30.6 28.1
Wood combustion 0.1 0.1 0.2
Sydney
Gas cook top, electric oven 71.2 82.9 73.7
Gas cook top and gas oven 10.0 9.6 11.3
Electric cook top and electric oven 18.8 17.1 14.9
Wood combustion 0.0 0.0 0.0
Regional
Gas cook top, electric oven 46.5 52.7 54.1
Gas cook top and gas oven 10.6 9.6 9.8
Electric cook top and electric oven 42.6 37.5 35.4
Wood combustion 0.2 0.2 0.4
101APPENDICES
Table 55
Photovoltaic Electricity-Generating Systems NSW
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
PV (average peak kW) 2.35 2.87 2.28
Table 56
Lighting NSW (% BASIX certificates)
Rooms primarily* lit by energy efficient lamps
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Bedrooms 23.8 38.6 50.0
living rooms 21.4 28.8 44.1
Kitchen 45.1 62.1 64.1
Bathroom/toilets 43.7 61.2 64.7
laundry 44.8 64.5 69.3
Hallways 44.0 63.2 66.2
Dedicated** energy efficient fittings
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Bedrooms 38.3 41.9 43.3
living rooms 37.5 40.7 42.0
Kitchen 38.2 41.7 42.3
Bathroom/toilets 37.8 41.4 42.6
laundry 38.8 43.6 45.2
Hallways 36.9 41.4 43.2
* Primary type of artificial lighting in relation to a room or area, means that at least 80% of light fittings in that room or area are of that type, including the main light fitting.
** Dedicated, means a light fitting that is only capable of accepting fluorescent or lED (light Emitting Diode) lamps. It will not accept incandescent, halogen or any other non-fluorescent or non-lED lamps.
Table 57
Natural Lighting NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Kitchen 71.7 72.2 68.4
Bathroom 97.4 98.1 95.0
102 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Thermal Comfort
Table 58
Thermal comfort method selection NSW (% BASIX certificates)
2005-06 (from Dec 05) 2006-07 2007-08
Rapid Method 10.1 8.7 7.4
DIY Method 29.3 38.9 45.1
Simulation Method 60.6 52.4 47.5
Table 59
Thermal comfort method selection by Location (% BASIX certificates)
Sydney 2005-06 (from Dec 05) 2006-07 2007-08
DIY 19.6 26.0 32.0
Simulation 77.7 71.1 65.3
Rapid 2.7 2.8 2.7
Regional
DIY 35.5 44.9 52.2
Simulation 49.6 43.6 37.7
Rapid 14.9 11.5 10.1
Table 60
DIY - Total glazing area by orientation (m2)
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
N 47335 71562 117160
NE 15120 23754 38819
E 32340 52211 82804
SE 10983 16976 28072
S 31854 48813 78088
SW 10489 17092 28547
W 26386 43617 66167
NW 12686 19070 30665
103APPENDICES
Tab
le 6
1
2005
-06
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d g
lass
an
d f
ram
e se
lect
ion
NS
W
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tals
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
clea
r28
275
9702
1940
160
8418
422
6147
1473
275
7911
0341
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
clea
r0
01
06
00
08
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
tone
d23
8781
816
9136
410
1247
914
8072
989
60
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
tone
d4
20
00
00
29
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
pyro
lytic
low
-e27
8873
020
7652
617
9061
520
2181
811
364
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
pyro
lytic
low
-e19
8363
015
6754
611
8963
013
6757
284
85
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, dou
ble
clea
r33
4311
8624
3716
0933
3211
2520
5710
4716
136
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, dou
ble
clea
r81
074
555
242
1049
106
545
240
3620
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, ton
ed/a
ir ga
p/cl
ear
754
138
494
114
476
7565
111
028
10
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, ton
ed/a
ir ga
p/cl
ear
512
284
599
121
365
126
328
215
2550
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e cl
ear
3628
896
2063
553
1908
540
1631
621
1184
0
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e to
ned
252
4713
529
8421
7967
713
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e py
roly
tic lo
w-e
939
289
592
213
504
184
542
155
3418
timbe
r or
uP
VC, c
lear
/air
gap/
clea
r13
7927
361
944
213
4537
764
831
353
97
timbe
r or
uP
VC, t
oned
/air
gap/
clea
r27
951
110
141
373
6630
521
715
43
To
tals
4733
515
120
3234
010
983
3185
410
489
2638
612
686
1871
94
104 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Tab
le 6
2
2006
-07
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d g
lass
an
d f
ram
e se
lect
ion
NS
W
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tals
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
clea
r33
317
1061
323
670
7432
2242
071
2718
504
7733
1308
16
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
clea
r12
865
4796
1042
338
3399
3038
4784
5636
3957
790
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
tone
d22
2480
417
9447
313
4249
818
2379
897
55
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
tone
d16
1373
114
1744
710
7749
611
7771
476
72
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
pyro
lytic
low
-e28
7787
321
1659
217
8164
121
3487
211
886
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
pyro
lytic
low
-e46
4017
7138
3611
7623
8311
2531
7717
6519
873
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, dou
ble
clea
r32
0311
0919
4983
922
7687
019
5093
413
129
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, dou
ble
clea
r24
9871
420
2467
023
8470
718
6965
011
516
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, ton
ed/a
ir ga
p/cl
ear
474
1922
252
251
8327
997
1550
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, ton
ed/a
ir ga
p/cl
ear
695
389
468
231
475
191
639
122
3210
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e cl
ear
3760
990
2310
663
2254
791
2107
921
1379
5
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e to
ned
335
4227
626
130
6126
731
1167
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e py
roly
tic lo
w-e
1150
254
604
125
636
212
375
359
3715
timbe
r or
uP
VC, c
lear
/air
gap/
clea
r16
0746
695
533
611
2935
065
930
458
08
timbe
r or
uP
VC, t
oned
/air
gap/
clea
r30
411
014
681
348
9320
113
114
13
Tota
ls71
562
2375
452
211
1697
648
813
1709
243
617
1907
029
3096
105APPENDICES
Tab
le 6
3
2007
-08
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d g
lass
an
d f
ram
e se
lect
ion
NS
W
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tals
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
clea
r45
528
1500
131
399
1086
430
052
1029
824
296
1076
217
8200
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
clea
r26
341
8531
1941
568
3718
913
6514
1535
876
0710
9517
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
tone
d33
7010
7022
3956
317
0474
121
5989
412
740
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
tone
d31
7414
3625
7185
219
1110
1222
9611
3314
386
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
pyro
lytic
low
-e37
1213
9727
4810
2825
6012
9028
5914
4217
037
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, sin
gle
pyro
lytic
low
-e88
3734
6468
9524
7556
6525
7960
7127
8338
769
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, dou
ble
clea
r50
8013
4232
5699
230
6791
023
0210
6718
017
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, dou
ble
clea
r50
6918
5336
8917
4142
0920
9130
3514
4623
133
stan
dard
alu
min
ium
, ton
ed/a
ir ga
p/cl
ear
273
174
272
4323
914
122
412
114
86
impr
oved
alu
min
ium
, ton
ed/a
ir ga
p/cl
ear
1539
692
1427
351
1162
523
1069
657
7419
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e cl
ear
8646
1848
5260
1097
4639
1149
3779
1411
2782
9
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e to
ned
741
234
476
9838
511
936
417
525
93
timbe
r or
uP
VC, s
ingl
e py
roly
tic lo
w-e
1919
663
1286
311
1409
366
964
563
7480
timbe
r or
uP
VC, c
lear
/air
gap/
clea
r23
5888
214
9354
716
8070
411
3646
692
66
timbe
r or
uP
VC, t
oned
/air
gap/
clea
r57
322
937
927
349
211
125
314
024
50
Tota
ls11
7160
3881
982
804
2807
278
088
2854
766
167
3066
5 4
7032
1
106 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Tab
le 6
4
2005
-06
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d s
had
ing
dev
ice
sele
ctio
n N
SW
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tals
none
5857
1859
5711
2572
7988
2349
4454
1617
3240
8
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 45
0 m
m51
9814
3438
8813
8041
2811
2728
8812
0321
245
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 45
1-60
0 m
m84
5532
1354
6324
1562
4323
5144
0926
2835
178
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 60
1-75
0 m
m53
3015
3437
2111
2533
7692
031
1313
5220
473
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 75
1-90
0 m
m20
9951
211
8234
382
940
896
444
567
81
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 90
1-1,
200
mm
2840
748
1100
355
1213
272
851
510
7889
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 1,
201-
1,50
0 m
m16
6451
388
831
196
336
076
362
060
81
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 1,
500-
2,00
0 m
m48
7013
6223
8172
723
7398
322
7210
7916
047
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y >2
,000
mm
7262
2811
5258
1516
3690
1330
4063
2023
2795
4
perg
ola
(adj
usta
ble
shad
e) 1
,000
-2,0
00 m
m42
360
226
1111
713
129
9610
74
perg
ola
(adj
usta
ble
shad
e) >
2,00
0 m
m82
617
171
130
194
8736
016
125
40
awni
ng (fi
xed)
600
-1,2
00 m
m59
349
348
135
169
7239
919
124
32
awni
ng (fi
xed)
1,2
00-2
,000
mm
114
7637
1622
3643
3137
5
awni
ng (fi
xed)
>2,
000
mm
287
5723
670
177
4612
945
1048
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) 6
00-1
,200
mm
408
119
125
1471
1018
211
810
47
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) 1
,200
-2,0
00 m
m73
284
122
3023
6287
482
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) >
2,00
0 m
m23
84
816
660
8321
500
vert
ical
ext
erna
l lou
vre/
blin
d (fi
xed)
3635
5514
2833
230
4848
0
vert
ical
ext
erna
l lou
vre/
blin
d (a
djus
tabl
e)12
5740
910
6312
635
923
812
8953
652
77
Tota
ls47
831
1541
132
692
1118
832
039
1065
726
683
1281
118
9312
107APPENDICES
Tab
le 6
5
2006
-07
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d s
had
ing
dev
ice
sele
ctio
n N
SW
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tals
none
9706
3496
8006
3665
9593
3343
6203
2578
4659
0
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 45
0 m
m90
9923
4368
0519
7163
3219
0947
4319
8035
182
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 45
1-60
0 m
m80
3127
8265
2622
8168
3823
8356
1024
0336
854
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 60
1-75
0 m
m68
1027
7259
3618
6864
7521
2055
6122
9033
834
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 75
1-90
0 m
m30
0377
219
3847
113
2149
118
8667
610
558
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 90
1-1,
200
mm
4607
1320
2334
762
1774
634
1945
1266
1464
2
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 1,
201-
1,50
0 m
m72
8820
6431
2879
524
5082
122
7814
1220
235
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 1,
500-
2,00
0 m
m33
7612
8131
5710
3828
5095
330
5711
1216
824
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y >2
,000
mm
9258
3632
7914
2506
6151
2621
6962
3132
4217
5
perg
ola
(adj
usta
ble
shad
e) 1
,000
-2,0
00 m
m73
321
130
110
177
3520
811
917
95
perg
ola
(adj
usta
ble
shad
e) >
2,00
0 m
m56
627
053
512
235
012
747
917
426
25
awni
ng (fi
xed)
600
-1,2
00 m
m61
618
749
063
186
9654
917
023
57
awni
ng (fi
xed)
1,2
00-2
,000
mm
136
6711
230
5631
9142
565
awni
ng (fi
xed)
>2,
000
mm
303
4924
240
189
4015
177
1092
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) 6
00-1
,200
mm
147
102
148
4247
2811
315
378
1
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) 1
,200
-2,0
00 m
m11
331
961
646
106
141
9
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) >
2,00
0 m
m58
434
439
121
187
6332
516
020
75
vert
ical
ext
erna
l lou
vre/
blin
d (fi
xed)
1933
319
964
129
167
927
462
224
422
285
vert
ical
ext
erna
l lou
vre/
blin
d (a
djus
tabl
e)11
6852
513
8019
559
824
814
8238
359
80
Tota
ls84
878
2245
350
079
1617
246
318
1622
242
372
1837
329
6868
108 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Tab
le 6
6
2007
-08
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d s
had
ing
dev
ice
sele
ctio
n N
SW
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tals
none
1558
051
5912
708
5825
1697
852
7610
113
3924
7556
3
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 45
0 m
m12
457
3612
8393
2965
8726
3128
6962
3196
4943
9
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 45
1-60
0 m
m14
751
4947
1122
640
8612
024
4057
8823
4172
6408
5
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 60
1-75
0 m
m11
074
4080
9082
2924
8950
3115
7606
3410
5024
1
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 75
1-90
0 m
m46
8615
2332
2683
224
2580
425
4710
4717
090
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 90
1-1,
200
mm
8508
2210
3759
1127
3243
1065
3046
1444
2440
2
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 1,
201-
1,50
0 m
m10
355
3164
5055
1229
3295
1534
3481
1869
2998
2
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y 1,
500-
2,00
0 m
m61
1821
0746
6814
9043
7316
4033
6415
6525
327
eave
/ver
anda
h/pe
rgol
a/ba
lcon
y >2
,000
mm
1837
169
4814
710
4577
1075
946
4211
629
5654
7729
0
perg
ola
(adj
usta
ble
shad
e) 1
,000
-2,0
00 m
m80
219
146
020
812
351
308
191
2335
perg
ola
(adj
usta
ble
shad
e) >
2,00
0 m
m12
0337
686
015
749
320
765
032
342
71
awni
ng (fi
xed)
600
-1,2
00 m
m10
2761
881
819
822
827
884
241
644
25
awni
ng (fi
xed)
1,2
00-2
,000
mm
271
176
149
1185
3722
826
012
16
awni
ng (fi
xed)
>2,
000
mm
374
162
299
1923
089
292
9415
60
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) 6
00-1
,200
mm
646
208
456
8283
109
385
8820
57
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) 1
,200
-2,0
00 m
m18
279
146
3298
4713
956
779
awni
ng (a
djus
tabl
e) >
2,00
0 m
m88
728
045
014
720
912
258
627
629
57
vert
ical
ext
erna
l lou
vre/
blin
d (fi
xed)
2505
612
236
174
186
136
486
219
2663
9
vert
ical
ext
erna
l lou
vre/
blin
d (a
djus
tabl
e)18
5982
517
7245
145
947
420
5689
087
86
Tota
ls13
4206
3678
978
598
2643
572
969
2681
063
544
2909
446
8445
109APPENDICES
Tab
le 6
7
2005
-06
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d o
vers
had
ow
dev
ice
sele
ctio
n N
SW
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tal
not o
vers
hado
wed
4299
813
972
2914
210
256
3443
997
2725
179
1084
517
6559
1-2
m h
igh,
<1.
5 m
aw
ay29
5119
228
4312
933
814
343
422
072
50
2-4m
hig
h, 2
m a
way
678
164
477
8635
987
494
222
2567
2-4m
hig
h, 2
-5 m
aw
ay12
2841
878
929
865
827
084
860
151
10
2-4m
hig
h, 5
-8 m
aw
ay57
917
644
713
029
013
047
821
424
44
2-4m
hig
h, 8
-12
m a
way
203
110
220
2812
579
241
6310
69
>4m
hig
h, <
2 m
aw
ay15
050
202
554
2497
3561
7
>4m
hig
h, 2
-5 m
aw
ay30
519
046
913
026
511
241
023
521
17
>4m
hig
h, 5
-8 m
aw
ay44
994
308
8816
079
407
219
1803
>4m
hig
h, 8
-12
m a
way
950
162
373
6133
365
640
187
2771
Tota
l50
490
1552
935
270
1120
937
020
1071
729
230
1284
220
2308
110 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Tab
le 6
8
2006
-07
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d o
vers
had
ow
dev
ice
sele
ctio
n N
SW
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tal
not o
vers
hado
wed
6414
721
659
4713
715
792
4537
215
842
3790
317
189
2650
40
1-2
m h
igh,
<1.
5 m
aw
ay93
723
668
715
259
414
055
819
535
00
2-4m
hig
h, 2
m a
way
802
294
755
184
556
100
755
185
3630
2-4m
hig
h, 2
-5 m
aw
ay18
4661
710
4236
985
232
814
7155
570
81
2-4m
hig
h, 5
-8 m
aw
ay77
818
757
614
529
714
667
818
329
90
2-4m
hig
h, 8
-12
m a
way
403
6540
827
191
3942
773
1633
>4m
hig
h, <
2 m
aw
ay25
551
226
2815
243
171
4797
4
>4m
hig
h, 2
-5 m
aw
ay79
917
960
215
337
410
367
330
231
85
>4m
hig
h, 5
-8 m
aw
ay81
020
943
263
196
128
397
180
2415
>4m
hig
h, 8
-12
m a
way
905
305
461
9635
623
269
321
832
65
Tota
l71
682
2380
052
326
1701
048
942
1710
243
726
1912
629
3714
111APPENDICES
Tab
le 6
9
2007
-08
Tota
l gla
zin
g a
rea
(m2 )
by
ori
enta
tio
n an
d o
vers
had
ow
dev
ice
sele
ctio
n N
SW
N
NE
ES
ES
SW
WN
WTo
tal
not o
vers
hado
wed
1051
2135
031
7341
525
749
7226
625
887
5721
827
388
4220
76
1-2
m h
igh,
<1.
5 m
aw
ay17
7139
313
5828
911
0734
311
2835
367
42
2-4m
hig
h, 2
m a
way
1129
395
1031
348
770
382
966
407
5428
2-4m
hig
h, 2
-5 m
aw
ay32
2410
7425
9169
417
3463
222
4991
113
108
2-4m
hig
h, 5
-8 m
aw
ay14
3448
910
8327
158
134
010
7738
056
54
2-4m
hig
h, 8
-12
m a
way
752
249
468
116
259
153
696
253
2945
>4m
hig
h, <
2 m
aw
ay34
985
267
132
212
5422
312
314
44
>4m
hig
h, 2
-5 m
aw
ay13
9340
593
929
760
931
611
5927
353
91
>4m
hig
h, 5
-8 m
aw
ay11
0549
110
6316
037
626
868
127
644
20
>4m
hig
h, 8
-12
m a
way
1615
430
755
199
471
273
839
353
4935
Tota
l11
7892
3904
282
970
2825
478
385
2864
866
235
3071
647
2142
112 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
Table 70
2005-06 Simulation certificates NSW
NatHERS climate
zone
Average heating loads
Average heating
caps
Average cooling loads
Average cooling
caps
Total thermal
load actual
Total thermal load cap
8 70 100 142 172 212 272
9 39 67 103 130 142 197
10 35 62 66 81 101 143
11 65 87 40 52 105 139
14 105 135 61 77 166 211
15 89 119 35 42 123 161
17 68 85 40 54 108 139
18 119 146 26 36 145 182
20 194 230 55 74 248 303
24 224 250 30 52 253 302
25 289 413 92 381 413
27 128 167 56 69 184 236
28 88 116 41 56 129 172
Please note that the average loads and caps have been rounded
Table 71
2006-07 Simulation certificates NSW
NatHERS climate
zone
Average heating loads
Average heating
caps
Average cooling loads
Average cooling
caps
Total thermal
load actual
Total thermal load cap
8 65 104 152 169 217 273
9 37 68 101 131 138 199
10 32 64 63 82 95 146
11 63 87 39 52 102 140
14 104 134 57 76 160 210
15 85 117 32 41 117 158
17 67 85 40 54 107 139
18 120 147 25 36 144 183
20 190 229 54 74 244 303
24 218 247 29 54 247 301
25 312 429 87 399 429
27 117 167 56 69 172 236
28 86 116 40 56 126 173
Please note that the average loads and caps have been rounded
113APPENDICES
Table 72
2007-08 Simulation certificates NSW
NatHERS climate
zone
Average heating loads
Average heating
caps
Average cooling loads
Average cooling
caps
Total thermal
load actual
Total thermal load cap
8 71 100 130 160 202 261
9 39 66 100 129 139 195
10 33 63 63 81 96 143
11 61 86 40 52 101 137
14 101 133 55 76 156 208
15 85 117 32 41 116 158
17 66 85 39 53 105 138
18 115 144 25 35 140 180
20 189 227 50 74 239 301
24 220 254 32 53 252 308
25 294 439 75 369 439
27 121 165 52 69 173 234
28 85 115 37 56 123 171
Please note that the average loads and caps have been rounded
114 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
115APPENDICES
CalculationsLocal Development Performance Monitoring DataTable 73
Development application numbers* BASIX certificate numbers
2005-06 13,992 20,745
2006-07 14,067 16,856
2007-08 14,511 21,973
* source: local Development Performance Monitoring Data, NSW Department of Planning, 2006, 2007 & 2008
Water and energy savings calculationsTable 74
Water and energy savings calculations
Benchmark Average Score
Average Occupancy
Number of DAs
Total Savings
2005-06
Water 90340l 46% 3.27 13992 1901364877 l
Energy 3292kg 34.8% 3.27 13992 52416331 kg
2006-07
Water 90340l 45.9% 3.18 14067 1854903750 l
Energy 3292kg 40.2% 3.18 14067 59199016 kg
2007-08
Water 90340l 46.1% 3.2 14511 1933874701 l
Energy 3292kg 40.7% 3.2 14511 62215924 kg
Table 75
Total savings over 2005-08 reporting period for NSW
Water 5,690,143,328 litres
Energy 173,831,271 Kilograms of CO2-e
Rainwater tank storage capacity calculationsTable 76
Rainwater tank storage calculations
Number of tanks Average tank size* Total tank storage
2005-06 12692 6,770 l 85,925,000 l
2006-07 12924 7,680 l 99,256,000 l
2007-08 13428 7,895 l 106,014,000 l
* Average of 95 percentile. Excludes tanks over 60,000l
116 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
GlossaryAAccredited Assessor: means a person accredited by the Association of Building Sustainability Assessors (ABSA) or by another organisation accredited by the Department of Planning (DoP) under the Thermal Comfort Protocol, to issue Assessor Certificates.
Alternative energy system: means a system which generates electricity on the land the subject of the application, using an energy source other than the electricity supply grid, and includes a photovoltaic power system and a wind generator.
Alternative water: means water that is not mains-supplied potable water.
BBreeze path: means a path of air flow within a dwelling between two ventilation openings.
CConditioned floor area in relation to a dwelling, means the total floor area of the dwelling, excluding:
a) floor area that is not fully enclosed;
b) bathrooms (but not ensuites) and laundries, with a ventilation opening; and voids, store rooms, garages and carparks
Cooling load: for a dwelling, means the quantity of energy (per unit and time) that must be used to lower the indoor temperature of a building and maintain it at an acceptable level.
Corrected cooling load: means the cooling load adjusted by BASIX to account for any complying breeze paths in the dwelling.
CO2-e: means Carbon Dioxide equivilents and is a universal standard of weighting the global warming potential of a group of greenhouse gasses, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
DDedicated: in relation to light fittings, means a light fitting that is only capable of accepting fluorescent or lED (light Emitting Diode) lamps. It will not accept incandescent, halogen or any other non-fluorescent or non-lED lamps.
Dwelling: means a room or suite of rooms occupied or used or so constructed or adapted as to be capable of being occupied or used as a separate domicile.
117APPENDICES
FFloor area: means the area of floor measured within the finished surfaces of the walls, and includes the area occupied by any cupboard or other built-in furniture item, fixture or fitting.
GGarden: means all areas planted with vegetation excluding lawn.
Greywater diversion system: means a system for the diversion (but not the treatment or storage) of greywater.
Greywater for diversion can be collected from the shower, hand basin, bath and laundry. Kitchen basin wastewater is heavily polluted with food particles, oil, fats etc and should not be re-used without treatment. It is therefore unsuitable for connection to a greywater diversion system.
Untreated, diverted greywater can be used for garden irrigation only, and must be connected to a sub-surface irrigation system
Greywater treatment system: means a system for the collection, treatment and storage of greywater.
Greywater is wastewater not contaminated by human excrement, including wastewater from a bath, shower, hand basin and laundry. Kitchen basin wastewater heavily polluted with food particles, oils, fats and other highly polluted waste should not be reused without treatment.
Depending on the level of treatment, treated greywater can be used for garden irrigation and certain internal uses.
HHeat pump: means a device that utilises an electric pump to move energy from the surrounding environment (air) to heat water.
Heating load: for a dwelling, means the quantity of energy (per unit and time) that must be used to raise the indoor temperature of a building and maintain it at an acceptable level.
IIndigenous species: means a species of vegetation identified in DoP’s Indigenous Species list as being indigenous to the land on which the proposed development is to be carried out (available at www.basix.nsw.gov.au), or a species of vegetation which the local council for that area deems is an indigenous species in that area.
Instantaneous: in relation to a hot water system, means a system where water is heated as it is required (for example when a tap is turned on), without the use of storage tanks.
118 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
LLow water use species: means a species of vegetation identified as a ‘one drop plant’ under Sydney Water’s Plant Selector Water Drop Rating Scheme (available at www.sydneywater.com.au), or a species of vegetation which the local council for that area deems is a low water use species in that area.
MMain living area: in relation to a dwelling, means the living area (being an area bounded by enclosing walls, doorways, or apertures in enclosing walls that are less than 3m2) with the greatest floor area.
OOn-demand hot water recirculation system: means a system that, on demand, recirculates cold water sitting in the hot water pipe back to the water heating system for heating before use, as a means of saving water. It does not include continuously recirculating hot water systems.
Orientation: in relation to a part of a dwelling, means the direction in which the part of the dwelling faces, in accordance with the following sectors of a compass (based on true north): N = >337.5 - 22.5, NE = >22.5 - 67.5, E = >67.5 - 112.5, SE = >112.5 - 157.5,S = >157.5 - 202.5, SW = >202.5 - 247.5, W = >247.5 - 292.5, NW = >292.5 - 337.5.
PPhotovoltaic system: means a system consisting of flat panels, typically made from silicon, that are installed in an unshaded location and directly convert sunlight into electricity.
Planter box: means a fixed garden with an impermeable base.
Primary type of artificial lighting: in relation to a room or area, means that at least 80% of light fittings in that room or area are of that type, including the main light fitting.
RRainwater: means water discharged from non-trafficable roof areas within a development site.
Rainwater Tank for pool/spa top-up: A tap connected to the rainwater tank must be located within 10 metres of the edge of the pool/spa.
Recycled water: means water such as grey water, stormwater and other types of wastewater, that have been treated for reuse.
Reticulated recycled water: means recycled water that is supplied by a water utility or central authority via a reticulated system to individual lots for non-potable use.
Roof area: the area of all roof surfaces measured to the outside of the gutters, excluding parapets and trafficable roof terraces, and measured in the horizontal plane
119APPENDICES
SShaded: Shaded in relation to a pool or spa means that at least 80% of the pool or spa is covered by a shading device such as a shade cloth or roof structure. The shading material must satisfy one of the following: be opaque, have a shade ratio of not less than 80%, or have a shading co-efficient of less than 0.35.
Site area: the area of land on which the proposed development is to be carried out
Skylight: means a window which is installed in a roof to permit natural light to enter the room below and is at an angle between 0 and 70 degrees measured from the horizontal plane.
Solar hot water system: means a solar hot water system which is rated under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Regulations 2001.
Storage: in relation to hot water systems, means a hot water system where water is heated and stored in an insulated tank.
Stormwater: means water collected from trafficable surfaces, including paved or ground surfaces.
TThermal Comfort Protocol: means the document of that name dated 30 June 2005, published by DoP, and available at www.basix.nsw.gov.au.
UUnconditioned floor area: in relation to a dwelling, means the total floor area of all bathrooms (not including ensuites) and laundries, with a ventilation opening.
120 BASIX 05-08 | SINGlE DWEllINGS
References Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001
Average floor area of new dwellings Cat no. 8731.0, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002 Housing and Lifestyle: Energy efficiency in the home, Cat no. 4102.0, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2005 Household Water Use and Effects of the Drought Cat no. 1350.0, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006 Domestic Water and Energy Use, New South Wales Cat no. 4621.1ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007 Water Conservation and Management Cat no. 4613.0, ABS, Canberra.
Commonwealth of Australia: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2008 Energy Use in the Australian Residential Sector 1986-2020, DEWHA, Canberra.
NSW Government: Department of Planning, 2007 BASIX Ongoing Monitoring Program: 2004-2005 Outcomes, DoP, Sydney.
NSW Government: Department of Planning, 2005-08 Local Development Performance Monitoring, DoP, Sydney
NSW Government: NSW Greenhouse Office, 2005 NSW Greenhouse Plan, NSW Greenhouse Office, Sydney.
NSW Government: Premier’s Department, 2006 NSW State Plan, NSW Premier’s Department, Sydney.
This document is printed on ecoStar from Raleigh Paper.
ecoStar is an environmentally responsible 100% recycled paper made from 100% post-consumer waste which is bleached chlorine free (PCF). FSC Chain of Custody certified, ecoStar is manufactured under the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System which guarantees continuous environmental improvement.
100%
SA-COC-001783